Female Reproductive System

o Describe the anatomy of the female reproductive system: location, structure

and function
o Discuss the onset of menarche
o Describe events that occur in the menstrual cycle in relation to the endocrine
system, the ovary and the uterus
o Discuss the effects of hormones involved during the following stages:
Proliferative (follicular), Secretory (luteal), and Menstrual
o Describe the process of oogenesis in the ovaries
Male Reproductive System
o Describe the location structure and function of the organs of the male
reproductive system
o Describe the development of secondary characteristics at puberty in the male
o Discuss male hormones
o Describe spermatogenesis
Renal System
o List the main functions of the renal system
o Describe the external and internal anatomy of the kidney
o Outline the blood and nerve supply to the kidney
o Identify the following structures of the nephron: Bowman's capsule,
glomerulus, afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, proximal convoluted tubule,
loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting tubule (collecting duct)
o Describe the physiological processes of filtration, reabsorption and secretion
with reference to the nephron
o List substances that pass in or out of the nephron during filtration,
reabsorption and secretion
o Outline the actions of antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone in the kidney
o Identify the contents of urine
o Explain the role of the kidney in the elimination of nitrogenous waste
o Outline the structure and function of the ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
*Cardiovascular System*
o Describe structure and function of the heart
o Describe blood flow from the pulmonary to systemic systems
o Define heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, tachycardia, bradycardia and
sinus rhythm
o Define blood pressure and peripheral resistance
o Explain how cardiac output and peripheral resistance generate blood pressure
o Outline the role of baroreceptors and cardiovascular centre in the control of
blood pressure
o Define hypotension and hypertension.
o Describe the constituents of blood
o Outline the function of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets (thrombocytes) and
plasma
o Introduce tissue fluid and lymph
o List 4 main blood types
o Outline the concept of donor/recipient compatibility/incompatibility
o Outline the clotting cascade
Genetics and Epigenetics
o Outline the relationships between DNA, genes and
 chromosomes
o Describe the structure and function of DNA and RNA in
relation to protein synthesis
o Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis
o Describe the significance of crossover in genetic
inheritance
o Define the terms: allele, locus, genotype, phenotype, homozygosity,
heterozygosity, mutation, homologous chromosomes, autosomes and sex
chromosomes
o Draw a Punnett square indicating the genotypic and phenotypic traits
o Outline with examples the inheritance of autosomal recessive, autosomal
dominant and sex-linked traits
o Explain co-dominance in relation to the ABO blood group
o Differentiate between chromosomal, single gene, polygenic and multifactorial
disorders
o Define epigenetics
o Discuss the processes involved in epigenetics
o Discuss the implications for epigenetics
Microbiology
o Understand the difference between pathogenesis and virulence, fomites and
vectors and how an opportunistic infection differs from a general infection
o Compare the main groups of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses,
protozoa) and relate their properties to the spread of infection using specific
examples e.g. Candida albicans, Human papillomavirus (HPV), Trichomonas
vaginalis, chlamydia trachomatis
o Discuss the importance of bacteriology, virology and parasitology to infection
prevention and control
o Explain the process of gram staining and its importance to microbiology
o Discuss antibiotics, antibiotic stewardship and the impact of antibiotic
resistance
o Define the following terms: pathogenesis and virulence, fomites, vectors and
opportunistic infection
o Understanding the structure of microorganisms and what is it about their
structure that makes them good at infecting us
o How we can identify and target pathogens based on our understanding of
how they work
o What is antibiotic stewardship and the dangers of antibiotic resistance
*Respiratory System*
o Define respiration
o Describe the structure of the respiratory system
o Define pulmonary ventilation, external and internal ventilation.
o Discuss the steps that occur during pulmonary ventilation
o Define lung capacity and terminology
o Describe blood supply to the lungs
o Discuss the steps that occur during external respiration
o Discuss the steps that occur during internal respiration
o Explain the control of breathing
o Common conditions of the respiratory system
Immune System
 o Outline the functions of the immune system and define immunity
o Identify the cells, tissues and organs that make up the immune system
o Discuss the role of the lymphatic system in the immune response
o Describe innate (non-specific) immunity
o Describe the inflammatory response
o Describe adaptive (specific) immunity
o Explain the terms ‘antigen’ and ‘antibody’
o Describe cell-mediated immunity to include the role of T lymphocytes
o Describe humoral immunity to include the role of B and T lymphocytes
o Outline the physiological processes of immunity in the context of active and
passive immunity
Digestive System
o List the main functions of the digestive system and its individual organs
o Describe the layers of the digestive tract
o Describe the structure and function of the following accessory organs: salivary
glands, pancreas, liver and the gall gladder
o Identify the contents and function of bile
o Identify nutritional requirements for an adult
o Describe absorption of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates
o Describe how we assess normal functionality of the digestive system
Musculoskeletal System
o List the functions of the skeleton
o Describe the formation of the bone making reference to osteoblasts,
osteoclasts and osteocytes
o Describe the classification of bones
o Identify the major bones in the human body
o Identify the different types of joint and describe their structure and range of
movement
o Describe the main structural and functional characteristics of skeletal muscle,
smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
o Identify the major muscle groups of the body and describe their function
o Describe the role of actin and myosin in muscle contraction
Endocrine System
o Briefly outline the process of endocrine signalling, including the roles of
endocrine (ductless) glands, hormones, target tissues and receptors
o Outline the position and structure of the following endocrine glands and
tissues: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal, ovaries, testes, liver,
kidney and heart
o List the main hormone products of these glands and their major functions
o Outline the relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary (both
anterior and posterior)
o List the main releasing hormones produced by the hypothalamus
o Outline the components of the thyroid axis and state the function of each
o Describe the main physiological effects of hypothyroidism and
hyperthyroidism
o Discuss the role of the pancreas in blood glucose homeostasis
Nervous System
o Describe the structure of the nervous system
 o Discuss the organisation of the nervous system including the Central Nervous
System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
o Identify the key parts of the neuron
o Identify the major neurotransmitters
o Describe the structure and function of the neuroglia
o Describe the major functions of the brain
o Identify the meninges of the brain and outline their function
o Outline the production, circulation and the functions of cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF)
o Describe the structure and function of the autonomic nervous system
o Compare the functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of
the autonomic nervous system

Flashcards Draft

Female Reproductive System

Describe the anatomy of the female reproductive system: location, structure and function

Discuss the onset of menarche

Describe events that occur in the menstrual cycle in relation to the endocrine system, the ovary and
the uterus

Discuss the effects of hormones involved during the following stages: Proliferative (follicular),
Secretory (luteal), and Menstrual

Describe the process of oogenesis in the ovaries

Male Reproductive System

Describe the location structure and function of the organs of the male reproductive system

Describe the development of secondary characteristics at puberty in the male

Discuss male hormones

Describe spermatogenesis

Renal System
List the main functions of the renal system

Describe the external and internal anatomy of the kidney

Outline the blood and nerve supply to the kidney

Identify the following structures of the nephron: Bowman's capsule, glomerulus, afferent arteriole,
efferent arteriole, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting
tubule (collecting duct)
Describe the physiological processes of filtration, reabsorption and secretion with reference to the
nephron

List substances that pass in or out of the nephron during filtration, reabsorption and secretion

Outline the actions of antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone in the kidney

Identify the contents of urine

Explain the role of the kidney in the elimination of nitrogenous waste

Outline the structure and function of the ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

*Cardiovascular System*
Describe structure and function of the heart

- Structure:
 PEME:
 Pericardium: connective tissue that protects, anchors and prevents over
stretching
 Epicardium: smooth epithelial layer that is slippery to prevent friction
 Myocardium: striated cardiac muscleˬ that enables contraction
 Have intercalated disks that:
 Connect fibres together via desmosomes so they contract
together
 Have gap junctions that control the movement of ions and
impulse conduction
 Endocardium: smooth epithelial layer that reduces friction and covers
valves
 Left and right chambers separated by septum ˬ
 Muscle and fibrous tissue
 Creates electrical resistance but is an insulator
 Valves only open in one direction to prevent backflow
- Function:
 Provide cells with essential molecules and remove waste
 Pick up: Oxygen, nutrients, hormones
 Drop off: CO2, nutrients, hormones, urea
 Electrical impulse coordination ˬ to ensure blood flows in the right direction, :



Describe blood flow from the pulmonary to systemic systems

- Pulmonary Vein > Left Atrium > Left Atrioventricular (bicuspid/mitral) Valve > Left
Ventricle > Aortic Valve > Body > Aorta > Vena Cava > Right Atrium > Right
Atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve > Right Ventricle > Pulmonary Valve > Pulmonary
Artery > Lungs

Define heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, tachycardia, bradycardia and sinus rhythm
 - Heart Rate:
- Cardiac Output:
- Stroke Volume:
- Tachycardia:
- Bradycardia:
- Sinus Rhythm:

Define blood pressure and peripheral resistance

Explain how cardiac output and peripheral resistance generate blood pressure

Outline the role of baroreceptors and cardiovascular centre in the control of blood pressure

Define hypotension and hypertension.

Describe the constituents of blood

Outline the function of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets (thrombocytes) and plasma

Introduce tissue fluid and lymph

List 4 main blood types

Outline the concept of donor/recipient compatibility/incompatibility

Outline the clotting cascade

Genetics and Epigenetics

Outline the relationships between DNA, genes and

chromosomes

Describe the structure and function of DNA and RNA in

relation to protein synthesis

Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis

Describe the significance of crossover in genetic

inheritance

Define the terms: allele, locus, genotype, phenotype, homozygosity, heterozygosity, mutation,
homologous chromosomes, autosomes and sex chromosomes

Draw a Punnett square indicating the genotypic and phenotypic traits

Outline with examples the inheritance of autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant and sex-linked
traits

Explain co-dominance in relation to the ABO blood group

Differentiate between chromosomal, single gene, polygenic and multifactorial disorders

Define epigenetics

Discuss the processes involved in epigenetics

Discuss the implications for epigenetics

Microbiology
Understand the difference between pathogenesis and virulence, fomites and vectors and how an
opportunistic infection differs from a general infection

Compare the main groups of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa) and relate their
properties to the spread of infection using specific examples e.g. Candida albicans, Human
papillomavirus (HPV), Trichomonas vaginalis, chlamydia trachomatis

Discuss the importance of bacteriology, virology and parasitology to infection prevention and control

Explain the process of gram staining and its importance to microbiology

Discuss antibiotics, antibiotic stewardship and the impact of antibiotic resistance

Define the following terms: pathogenesis and virulence, fomites, vectors and opportunistic infection

Understanding the structure of microorganisms and what is it about their structure that makes them
good at infecting us

How we can identify and target pathogens based on our understanding of how they work

What is antibiotic stewardship and the dangers of antibiotic resistance

*Respiratory System*
Define respiration

Describe the structure of the respiratory system

Define pulmonary ventilation, external and internal ventilation.

Discuss the steps that occur during pulmonary ventilation

Define lung capacity and terminology

Describe blood supply to the lungs

Discuss the steps that occur during external respiration

Discuss the steps that occur during internal respiration

Explain the control of breathing

Common conditions of the respiratory system

Immune System
Outline the functions of the immune system and define immunity

Identify the cells, tissues and organs that make up the immune system

Discuss the role of the lymphatic system in the immune response

Describe innate (non-specific) immunity

Describe the inflammatory response

Describe adaptive (specific) immunity

Explain the terms ‘antigen’ and ‘antibody’

Describe cell-mediated immunity to include the role of T lymphocytes

Describe humoral immunity to include the role of B and T lymphocytes

Outline the physiological processes of immunity in the context of active and passive immunity

Digestive System
List the main functions of the digestive system and its individual organs

Describe the layers of the digestive tract

Describe the structure and function of the following accessory organs: salivary glands, pancreas, liver
and the gall gladder

Identify the contents and function of bile

Identify nutritional requirements for an adult

Describe absorption of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates

Describe how we assess normal functionality of the digestive system

Musculoskeletal System
List the functions of the skeleton

Describe the formation of the bone making reference to osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes

Describe the classification of bones

Identify the major bones in the human body

Identify the different types of joint and describe their structure and range of movement

Describe the main structural and functional characteristics of skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and
cardiac muscle

Identify the major muscle groups of the body and describe their function

Describe the role of actin and myosin in muscle contraction

Endocrine System
Briefly outline the process of endocrine signalling, including the roles of endocrine (ductless) glands,
hormones, target tissues and receptors

Outline the position and structure of the following endocrine glands and tissues: pituitary, thyroid,
parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal, ovaries, testes, liver, kidney and heart

List the main hormone products of these glands and their major functions

Outline the relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary (both anterior and posterior)

List the main releasing hormones produced by the hypothalamus

Outline the components of the thyroid axis and state the function of each

Describe the main physiological effects of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism

Discuss the role of the pancreas in blood glucose homeostasis

Nervous System
Describe the structure of the nervous system

Discuss the organisation of the nervous system including the Central Nervous System (CNS) and
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Identify the key parts of the neuron

Identify the major neurotransmitters

Describe the structure and function of the neuroglia

Describe the major functions of the brain

Identify the meninges of the brain and outline their function

Outline the production, circulation and the functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Describe the structure and function of the autonomic nervous system

Compare the functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous
system