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Review ch-1, 21 Key1

The document contains 12 questions regarding logic, reasoning, and symbolic logic. Question 1 involves translating statements between standard and negated forms. Question 2 evaluates the truth value of compound statements. Questions 3-7 involve determining validity of arguments using truth tables. Questions 8-9 involve translating between equivalent logical forms. Questions 10-11 test deductive vs inductive reasoning and evidence for continental drift theory. Question 12 involves using seismic wave data to calculate distance to an earthquake epicenter.

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38 views4 pages

Review ch-1, 21 Key1

The document contains 12 questions regarding logic, reasoning, and symbolic logic. Question 1 involves translating statements between standard and negated forms. Question 2 evaluates the truth value of compound statements. Questions 3-7 involve determining validity of arguments using truth tables. Questions 8-9 involve translating between equivalent logical forms. Questions 10-11 test deductive vs inductive reasoning and evidence for continental drift theory. Question 12 involves using seismic wave data to calculate distance to an earthquake epicenter.

Uploaded by

darlingcharming4000
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Question 1)

a) Express each statement in an equivalent way


- All whales are mammals: There are no whales that are not mammals.
- Some thieves are not criminals: Not all thieves are criminals.
- There are no seniors who did not graduate: All seniors graduated.
- Some aeroplanes have wings : At least one aeroplanes has wing.

b) Write the negation of the statement in part a

- All whales are mammals: Some whales are not mammals.


- Some thieves are not criminals: All thieves are crimials.
- There are no seniors who did not graduate: Some seniors did not graduated.
- Some aeroplanes have wings: No aeroplanes have wings

Question 2) Determine the truth value for the following statement when p is false, q is true,
and r is false.
a) ~p ˅ (q ˄ ~r) b) ~(p ˅ q) ˄ ~ (p ˄ q)

a) If P: F q: T r:F Then: ~p ˅ (q ˄ ~r) should be True


b) If P: F q: T r:F Then: ~(p ˅ q) ˄ ~ (p ˄ q) should be False

Question 3) Use the truth table to show whether or not the statements are equivalent? The
truth values in the last column are identical, therefore, they are equivalent

p˅q ~p→ q

p q p˅q p q ~p ~p→ q
T T T T T F T
T F T T F F T
F T T F T T T
F F F F F T F

Question 4) Let p, q, r represent the following statements.


p: The temperature is above 85⁰
q: We finished studying
r: We go to the beach
Write each symbolic statement in words. (If the symbolic form needs parentheses place them.)

a) r → p ˄ q
We go to the beach, if and only if the temperature is above 85⁰ and We finished studying
b) b) ~r → ~(p ˄ q) = ~r → ~p ˅ ~q)
If we do not go to the beach, then The temperature is not above 85⁰ or we did not
finish studying

Question 5) Let p, q, r represent the following statements.


p: You can make a stir fry.
q: You can make spaghetti.
r: You cannot cook for a dinner late.
Write each symbolic statement in words. (If the symbolic form needs parentheses place them.)

r → (~p ˄ ~q)
If You cannot cook for a dinner late, then You can make a stir fry and You can make spaghetti.

Question 6) Make the truth table for the following statement and indicate one set of conditions
that makes the compound statement true, or state that no such conditions exist.

I go to office hours and ask questions, or my professor does not remember me

p: I go to office hours p q r ~r p ˄ q (p ˄ q) ˅~r


q: I ask questions
r: my professor remembers me T T T F T T
(p ˄ q) ˅~r T T F T T T
T F T F F F
T F F T F T
F T T F F F
F T F T F T
F F T F F F
F F F T F T

Question 7) Determine whether the argument is valid or invalid?

If it rains or snows, then I cannot go for shopping


I’m going for shopping
Therefore, it is neither raining nor snowing
p: It rains (p ˅ q) → ~r
q: It snows r
r: I’m going for shopping -------------------
~p ˄ ~q
p q r ~r ~p ~q p˅q (p ˅ q) → ~r ~p ˄ ~q
T T T F F F T F F
T T F T F F T T F
T F T F F T T F F
T F F T F T T T F
F T T F T F T F F
F T F T T F T T F
F F T F T T F T T
F F F T T T F T T

There is no row, where all premises are True and conculsion is False, therefore the argument is
Valid.

Question 8) Determine whether the argument is valid or invalid?

If some journalists learn about the invasion, the newspapers will print the news.
If the newspapers print the news, the invasion will not be a secret.
No journalists learned about the invasion.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Therefore, the invasion was secret.

p: Some journalists learn about the invasion p→q


q: The newspapers will print the news q → ~r
r: The invasion will be a secret ~p
-------------------
r

p q r ~r ~p p→q q → ~r
T T T F F T F
T T F T F T T
T F T F F F T
T F F T F F T
F T T F T T F
F T F T T T T
F F T F T T T
F F F T T T T

There is a row where all premises are True and conclusion is False therefore, the argument is Invalid.
Question 9) Write the equivalent of each statement.

a) If you attend the lecture and study, then you succeed.


p: you attend the lecture (p ˄ q) → r = ~r → ~ (p ˄ q) = ~r → (~p ˅ ~q)
q: You study
r: you succeed

b) p→ (q ˅ ~r) = ~(q ˅ ~r) → ~p = ~q ˄ r → ~p

Question 10) Inductive or deductive reasoning:


- Every student who has been admitted to and attends Mount Royal University has
a student record. Stan is a MRU student. Therefore, he has a student record.
Deductive

- Kenny pulls a coin from a bag and finds that it is a loonie. He keeps pulling the coins out
of the bag and every single time he pulls a loonie. He concludes that all the coins in the
bag are loonies.
Inductive

What type of reasoning is most identified with the scientific method?


Inductive

- What type of reasoning is used during proofs in mathematics?


Deductive

Question 11) What evidence did Wegener have for continental drift?
- Fossils of a cold climate plant are also found in warm climates.
- The range of a reptile fossil was split over continents.
- There was evidence for ice-sheets on land near the equator.
- All 1 , 2, and 3

Question 12) Station A records the body waves of an earthquake and find that the waves that
arrive first come at a speed of 7 km/s and the second waves that follow immediately arrive at a
speed of 4 km/s. The time delay between these wave arrivals is 10 seconds at the station A.
Calculate the distance “d” of the epicenter from this measuring station .

Δt
dA =[ 1 1 ] = 93.3 Km
(𝑉𝑠 ) – ( 𝑉𝑝)

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