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2ndCB Group20 2023

This document is a thesis presented to Green Valley College Foundation Inc. that examines the challenges faced by female detainees at the South Cotabato Rehabilitation and Detention Center in Koronadal City. The thesis was written by Shara May Laruya and Cris Patian to fulfill their requirements for a Bachelor of Science degree in Criminology. It includes an introduction outlining issues faced by women in prison, both leading up to and during their imprisonment. The thesis also provides acknowledgements, a table of contents, and will include literature reviews, a methodology section, and references. The overall purpose is to identify challenges for female detainees to help enhance rehabilitation programs.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
176 views38 pages

2ndCB Group20 2023

This document is a thesis presented to Green Valley College Foundation Inc. that examines the challenges faced by female detainees at the South Cotabato Rehabilitation and Detention Center in Koronadal City. The thesis was written by Shara May Laruya and Cris Patian to fulfill their requirements for a Bachelor of Science degree in Criminology. It includes an introduction outlining issues faced by women in prison, both leading up to and during their imprisonment. The thesis also provides acknowledgements, a table of contents, and will include literature reviews, a methodology section, and references. The overall purpose is to identify challenges for female detainees to help enhance rehabilitation programs.

Uploaded by

Shara May Laruya
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 38

GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.

Km.2,Bo.2 General Santos Drive,City of Koronadal ,South Cotabato,Philippines


Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]

THE CHALLENGES FACED BY FEMALE DETAINEES AT THE SOUTH


COTABATO REHABILITATION AND DETENTION CENTER IN KORONADAL CITY:
BASIS FOR PROGRAM ENHANCEMENT

An Undergraduate Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of
School of Criminology
Green Valley College Foundation Inc.
Koronadal City

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
of Bachelor of Science in Criminology

By

SHARA MAY M. LARUYA


CRIS PATIAN

June 2023

i
GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Km.2,Bo.2 General Santos Drive,City of Koronadal ,South Cotabato,Philippines
Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]

APPROVAL SHEET

This research entitled “The Challenges Faced by Female Detainees at the


South Cotabato Rehabilitation and Detention Center in Korondal City: Basis
for Program Enhancement”, prepared and submitted by Shara May Laruya
and Cris Patian, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree, Bachelor of
Science in Criminology, has been examined and recommended for acceptance and
approval.

Name of Adviser
Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

APPROVED by the Panel of Examiners with a grade of .

AIZA EDON, RCrim, MSCJ


Chairman

JOPERSON G. PABLO, RCrim, REB, REA


Member

JOLAS AGUSTIN, RCRIM


Member

ACCEPTED and APPROVED in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the


Degree, Bachelor of Science in Criminology.

JOBELLE MARIE A. HABERLE, MBA


College Dean
June 2023

ii
GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Km.2,Bo.2 General Santos Drive,City of Koronadal ,South Cotabato,Philippines
Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This study was not made possible without the help of the people behind it.

The researcherS wished to express their sincere gratitude to Green Valley College

Foundation Inc., to the School Administrators and to the Faculty And Staff of the

school for giving him the permission and support in conducting this study, thus

making this research possible.

Special acknowledgment and appreciation is extended to the following people

to whom researcher owed the completion and realization of this study.

JESSIEL H. ELIVER, RCRIM, CCS, thesis adviser for the encouragement,

patience and suggestions to improve this study. Without him, this study may not be

completed.

To JOLAS I. AGUSTIN, RCRIM, Program Coordinator, ERIC JASON E.

SOMBRERO, MBA, Vice President for Academic Affairs; to JOPERSON G. PABLO,

RCrim, REB, REA, JOLAS AGUSTIN, RCRIM, and AIZA EDON, RCrim, MSCJ,

the panel members for their valuable and insightful suggestions and encouragement.

Also we want to thank those respondents for their cooperation and willingness

to answer the questionnaires.

Grateful acknowledgment is extended especially to the researcher’s parents

for the unconditional support, both financially and emotionally throughout the process

of thesis writing.

Their friends, classmates and relatives for cheering her up and giving

suggestions whenever the researcher need.


GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Km.2,Bo.2 General Santos Drive,City of Koronadal ,South Cotabato,Philippines
Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]

Above all, the researcher would like to extend her heartfelt thanks to the

Almighty God for the life, good health, divine guidance and outpouring blessings all

throughout the writing of the study.

iii
GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Km.2,Bo.2 General Santos Drive,City of Koronadal ,South Cotabato,Philippines
Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

Title Page i
Approval Sheet ii
Acknowledgment iii
Table of Contents iv
Dedication vi
List of Figures vii

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTINGS

Introduction

Statement of the Problem

Conceptual Framework

Theoretical Framework

Significance of the Study

Hypothesis

Scope and Delimitation of Study

Definition of Terms

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Foreign Literature

Local Literature

Foreign Studies

Local Studies

Research Gap

Definition of Terms
GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Km.2,Bo.2 General Santos Drive,City of Koronadal ,South Cotabato,Philippines
Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]

iv
Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

Research Locale

Respondents of Study

Research Instruments

Data Gathering Procedure

Statistical Treatment of Study

Ethical Consideration

REFERENCES

v
GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Km.2,Bo.2 General Santos Drive,City of Koronadal ,South Cotabato,Philippines
Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]

DEDICATION

This is wholeheartedly dedicated to our beloved parents, who have been our source

of inspiration and gave us strength when we thought of giving up, who continually

provide their moral, spiritual, emotional, and financial support. To our siblings,

loveones, relatives, mentors, friends, and classmates who shared their words of

advice and encouragement to finish this study.

And lastly, we dedicated this book to the Almighty God, thank you for the

guidance, strength, power of mind, protection, and skills and for giving us a healthy

life. All of there, I offer to you.

The Researchers
GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Km.2,Bo.2 General Santos Drive,City of Koronadal ,South Cotabato,Philippines
Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]

vi

List of Figures

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

1 Conceptual Framework
2 Map of the Philippines
3 Map of South Cotabato
4 Map of GVCFI
GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Km.2,Bo.2 General Santos Drive,City of Koronadal ,South Cotabato,Philippines
Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]

vii
CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Women within the contemporary face many problems; some resulting from

their lives before imprisonment, other resulting from their imprisonment itself.

Women in prison have experienced victimization, unstable family life, school and

work failure, and misuse and mental state problems. Social factors that marginalize

their participation in mainstream society and contribute to the rising number of

ladies in prison including poverty, minority group member, single motherhood, and

homelessness. While within the U.S, prisons, women, like prisoners throughout the

globe, face specific pains and deprivations arising directly from their imprisonment

(Walker, R. 2015).

While all people at large are vulnerable when bereft of their liberty, certain

groups are at particular risk of abuse and other human rights violations. Women in

detention constitute one such group. For women, the discrimination that face in

broader society reaches deep into places of detention, like prisons, which are largely

still designed and managed for men, by men. As a minority, although a growing one

in many counties detained women are often overlooked, at the expense of their

dignity, wellbeing and their fundamental human rights. As now well established

in law of nations, women’s specific needs also require different and sometimes

greater attention so as for girls to enjoy their rights equally to men (Alkins, A. M.

2012).

According to a recent assessment on the issue of women in jails,

circumstances in imprisonment are tougher for them.exposed the different


GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
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Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]

challenges encountered by women in prisons. When assessing women's conditions

in jail, issues of jail congestion, access to justice, availability of basic needs and

services, and the burden of women's traditional roles, interviews and focus groups

with prisoners' wives revealed how the already appalling conditions of Philippine jails

disproportionately affect women. “Due to the high proportion of female detainees,

basic essentials like food and water are sometimes poor if not impossible to obtain.

Women are at risk of discrimination in detention facilities that are still primarily

created for and run by men. Detention centers face budget constraints and women

deprived of their freedom are forced to accept the meager meals served to them

despite the growing number of detainees. “Some reports of food-related

dissatisfaction and complaints relate to poor nutritional quality and lack of food

variety.” In addition to food shortages, some women even reported being fed spoiled

or undercooked food (Santos, B. 2023).


GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Km.2,Bo.2 General Santos Drive,City of Koronadal ,South Cotabato,Philippines
Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]

Statement of the Problem

This study will be conducted to identify the challenges faced by female

detainees at the South Cotabato Rehabilitation and Detention Center: Basis for

Program Enhancement.

1. What are the challenges of the female detainees at the South Cotabato

Rehabilitation and Detention Center?

1.1 Health, Hygiene


1.2 Overcrowding
1.3 Sanitation
1.4 Visitation Rights
2. What Policy or Program Enhancement can be proposed from the

Challenges of the Female Detainees at the South Cotabato Rehabilitation and

Detention Center?

3. Is there any relationship between the challenges of female detainee and

program enhancement?
GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Km.2,Bo.2 General Santos Drive,City of Koronadal ,South Cotabato,Philippines
Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework.

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Program Enhancement Challenges Faced by


Female Detainees
1. Program Intervensions
2. Resources Allocated
1. Health and Hygiene
3. Education and Awareness
Conditions
Campaign
2. Overcrowding Reduction
4. Collaborative Efforts
3. Sanitation
4. Visitation Rights

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study


GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Km.2,Bo.2 General Santos Drive,City of Koronadal ,South Cotabato,Philippines
Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]

Theoretical Framework

Theoretical frameworks are an important tool in research (Sabatier & Weible,

2014). The theoretical framework provides the explanation for or importance of

conducting a study and helps to research the research problem (Anfara, 2008). It

acts because the conceptual model that's a suggestion betting on which the

literature review section is developed reason of a theoretical framework is

beneficial regarding understanding the context and perspective of the study. More

research is required on crime rates, which are believed to be contributing factors to

overcrowding (Anfara, 2008).

The theoretical frameworks utilized in this study were the concentric zone

model (Park, Burgess, & McKenzie) and also the social disorganization theory (Shaw

& McKay, 1969). The social disorganization theory helps in explaining the actual

fact that the people belonging from low-earning areas mainly perform more crime

compared to high class society social disorganization theory was most

ordinarily accustomed explain crime rates; it may be accustomed show why certain

incidents occur in specific areas. The social disorganization theory are

often accustomed explain overcrowding because crime rates are one among the

explanations why correctional institutions are overcrowded. This theory was

developed supported a number of the principles of the concentric zone models’

theory, which states that low-income areas have higher crime rates.
GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Km.2,Bo.2 General Santos Drive,City of Koronadal ,South Cotabato,Philippines
Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]

Significance of the Study

This research would be beneficial to the following:

1. Jail Officer. This study will help them to determine the challenges and

coping mechanism of the female detainee as will as how they help will

help the local Government of the South Cotabato.

2. Female Detainee. This study will help them the different policy or program

enhancement of the local government.

3. Parents. This study will give them knowledge on Challenges and Coping

Mechanism of Female Detainee at the South Cotabato Rehabilitation and

Detention Center as well as how they will guide their children or family

member.

4. Researcher. This study will help them to determine what policy or

program enhancement would be implemented to lessen those challenges

inside the prison or correction.

5. Students and other researchers. This will be considered as a reference

for future studies.

Hypothesis

There is no significant relationship between the female detainees and program

enhancement.

Scope and delimitation


GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Km.2,Bo.2 General Santos Drive,City of Koronadal ,South Cotabato,Philippines
Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]

The study covers only the challenges and coping mechanism of female

detainee at the South Cotabato Rehabilitation Center with a particular emphasis on

health, hygiene, overcrowding, sanitation, and visitation rights and also Program

Enhancement proposed from the Challenges of the Female Detainees at the South

Cotabato Rehabilitation and Detention Center.

Definition of Terms
Challenges - difficulties, obstacles, or problems that impede the well-being, rights,

or rehabilitation of female detainees. This could encompass various aspects such as

mental health issues, inadequate facilities, lack of access to services, abuse,

discrimination, etc.

Female Detainees - women or girls who have been confined or held in custody,

typically by legal authorities, often awaiting trial or serving a sentence in a detention

facility.

Health and Hygiene - refers to issues related to healthcare, medical needs,

personal hygiene, access to healthcare facilities, and adequate sanitation practices

within the detention center.

Koronadal City - the city where the South Cotabato Rehabilitation and Detention

Center is situated. It could be significant in understanding the local context, policies,

socio-cultural factors, and available resources affecting the detention center and its

female detainees.

Program Enhancement - refers to the process of improving, refining, or augmenting

existing programs or interventions aimed at addressing the challenges faced by

female detainees. This enhancement could involve policy changes, introducing new
GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Km.2,Bo.2 General Santos Drive,City of Koronadal ,South Cotabato,Philippines
Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]

support services, educational programs, mental health initiatives, vocational training,

or any measure aimed at bettering the conditions and outcomes for female

detainees.

Overcrowding - describes a condition where the number of detainees exceeds the

capacity of the facility, leading to limited space, increased tension, and potential

conflicts among detainees.

Sanitation - encompasses the cleanliness and hygiene conditions within the facility,

including the availability of clean water, proper waste management, and overall

cleanliness standards.

South Cotabato Rehabilitation and Detention Center – a specific facility located

in South Cotabato province in the Philippines, designated for the confinement,

rehabilitation, or detention of individuals who have committed crimes or are

suspected of committing crimes, awaiting trial or serving a sentence.

Visitation Rights - denotes the challenges related to female detainees' rights to

receive visitors, including family members, legal representatives, or support

networks. This could involve restrictions, limitations, or barriers preventing regular or

appropriate visitations. Ights

To comprehensively address the challenges faced by female detainees at the

South Cotabato Rehabilitation and Detention Center in Koronadal City, a study or

analysis may focus on these specific terms within the context of the facility. This

could involve assessing the unique issues confronted by female detainees,

understanding their needs, evaluating the existing programs and services available,

and proposing enhancements or interventions to better support their well-being,


GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Km.2,Bo.2 General Santos Drive,City of Koronadal ,South Cotabato,Philippines
Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]

rehabilitation, and successful reintegration into society.ndicates challenges related to

the rights ofors, such as family m

embers or legal rep

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES


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Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]

Related Literature

In 2002, the National Statistical Coordination Board reported that CIW was

actually the foremost congested facility among the 7 operating units under BuCor.

While the New Bilibid Prison registered an 85% congestion rate (with 16,134

population but only 8,700 capacity), CIW posted the next 90% congestion rate (with

951 population but only 500 capacity) Expansion of the power first came on June 16,

2003 with the development of an extension building in Mandaluyong City. Then on

September 18, 2007, it opened a branch in Mindanao – the penal facility for ladies in

Mindanao (CIWM), a satellite prison under the supervision and direction of the

Davao Prison and Penal Farm administration. These extensions "helped the

problem of congestion, but didn't solve it (Bravo, C. n.d).

In 14 February 1931, the penal facility for girls (CIW) was

born. It’s administered and managed by a Penal Superintendent. It absolutely

was the only institution dedicated to women offenders serving over three (3) years’

imprisonment. The CIW housed 270 inmates who originally came from the Old Bilibid

Compound. It had been in 1982 when a hearth blazed through CIW because of faulty

wiring, which practically destroyed the most facility. Quite a year later, reconstruction

was completed and on 26 September 1983 a replacement building was erected.

Over the decades, the quantity of inmates ballooned exponentially but the facilities

remained the identical. The CIW inmates grew to over 2, 000 from270 inmates in

1931.Dormitories with single beds had to get replaced with two bunk beds that

might accommodate four people at a time. Common areas were converted into

dormitories to present room to the growing population. Inmates said goodbye to a

number of their hallways and their dining room to alleviate the congestion problem. It
GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
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Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]

absolutely was on 16 June 2003 and 18 September 2007, when the CIW

welcomed a brand-new extension building at Mandaluyong City and CIW Mindanao,

respectively, that helped the difficulty of congestion, but it failed to solve it. Today

CIW Mandaluyong has 2,008inmates with an inmate-to-guard ratio of 69:1, and CIW-

Mindanao incorporates a total of 286 inmates and has an inmate-to-guard ratio of

21:1 (Bravo, C. n.d).

In June 2018, the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) noted a

congestion rate of 612 percent in Philippine jails. The rise within the number of

detainees is basically thanks to the high number of drug suspects arrested during

anti-illegal drug operations. The media have flagged the overall state of congestion

and its attendant health and sanitation problems, some calling for more penal farms

and rehabilitation facilities to deal with the growing number of prisoners within

the country’s jails (CMFR, 2018).

On October 8, the Inquirer focused its news lens to reveal the worsening

situation for female detainees within the city jails, with a congestion rate of 1,014

percent. The report noted that quite 1,200 women detainees share space for 90

people during a two-story facility divided into three “dormitories” (CMFR, 2018).

The management of ladies within the Philippines’ vast and fragmented penal

system demonstrates a broad spectrum of approaches. In some smaller, provincial

facilities women are reportedly detained with minimal or no attention to their human

rights or particular needs, including the proper to be held separately from male

inmates, causing strong concern for his or her safety and wellbeing (Baker, J. and

Dignity, n.d).
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In other women-only prisons and pre-trial facilities close attention is given to

inmates’ welfare and good practices are often found for other resource-constrained

countries – particularly within the management of visits and also the use of

structured activity to stay inmates active and motivated. In chatting with detainees

has been ready to understand the critical importance of ties to the skin world,

particularly to children and lawyers, of dignified spaces during which to fulfill visitors,

and of opportunities to require on responsibility, and stay busy. We’ve been told of

the acute need for gender sensitive healthcare, particularly in areas of reproductive

and sexual health, and for survivors of gender-based violence, and substance

abusers. Women have spoken of gendered risks and dangers that they face while in

detention, including sexual exploitation, mental state risks and harmful styles

of misinformation. They need also shared their experiences of abandonment and

stigma, which many believe are experienced differently and disproportionately by

women (Baker, J. and Dignity, n.d).

The proportion of ladies in prison in any prison system throughout the

globe generally varies between 2 per cent and 9 per cent though outside that range

Liechtenstein., Monaco, the Maldives and metropolis all have over 20 per cent and

Grenada and St Kitts and Nevis within the Caribbean have less than one per cent.

The review confirmed that ladies are a little minority of prisoners everywhere but the

variations within the figures are still significant. Whereas in England and Wales the

proportion of girls is 5.2 per cent, in France only 3.7 per cent of prisoners are

women. These differences within the proportion of ladies to men imprisoned in

several jurisdictions suggest that countries have different attitudes and policies

about the employment of imprisonment for ladies as compared with men. The
GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
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Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]

policies in some countries result in a more sparing use of imprisonment of

ladies than do those in others (Fair, H. 2007).

Problem of overcrowding doesn't arise or, for instance within the case of

Denmark, overcrowding is forbidden by law. The changes over time within

the imprisonment of girls compared there with of men are extremely different across

the countries surveyed. Some have seen a way more rapid increase than

others within the women’s prison population. within the u. s. the women’s prison

population increased by 2.9 per cent between 2000 and 2005 compared to a 1.8 per

cent growth within the men’s prison population and in Australia the quantity of

ladies in prison increased by 90 per cent between 1996 and 2006, compared to a

rise of 39 per cent within the male prison population.4 In other countries like Finland

and Denmark the numbers have remained fairly stable, which may be seen as

indicating a unique approach to both men’s and women’s imprisonment. During

1997–1998 an effort with intensive supervision and electronic monitoring was dole

out in Sweden. Since 1999 this method has been a permanent alternative to

serving a jail sentence. This innovation has markedly changed the prison

population. The share of these convicted of significant crime and sentenced to at

least one year or more has risen. This is applicable to architecture, to security and to

any or all other facilities. In Sweden three of the four prisons now used for girls were

originally built for men. In most countries any special provision for ladies’ prisoners is

added on to the conventional male provision instead of designed from scratch from a

women-centered perspective (Fair, H. 2007).

The needs of girls held in detention have received little attention and still be

neglected by health systems and prison authorities. One reason for this, too
GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
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readily accepted till now, is that ladies’ prisoners are a transparent minority group

within prisons everywhere the globe. It’s only recently that spotlight has been

drawn to the actual fact that a minority status doesn't justify the widespread

ignorance of women’s basic rights and therefore the considerable gender

insensitivity still dominating criminal justice systems (WHO, 2009).

In Europe alone, there are about 100 000 women and girls in prison.1

although representing a little proportion of the prison population, at a median level

of 4.4% in Europe, the feminine prison population is increasing, often at a

far greater rate than that for male prisoners. Many ladies in prison serve a

brief sentence and are imprisoned for non-violent, property or drug-related

offences. They often come from deprived backgrounds and

knowledge problems associated with alcohol and drug dependencies, infectious

diseases, reproductive diseases and histories of physical and regulatory offence.

Alarmingly high rates of psychological state problems are reported, like post-

traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety and a bent to self-harm and

suicide. As an example, in England and Wales, it absolutely was noted that 90%

of the ladies prisoners have a diagnosable follies, substance use or both (WHO,

2009).

In addition, many imprisoned women are mothers and are usually the

first or sole career for his or her children. Separation of mother and child can

cause long-term developmental and emotional harm for the kid and might affect

the mother’s physical and mental state, while at the identical time the prison

environment could be an off from ideal environment for a baby to be


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raised. It’s rare that decisions are clearly made within the best interests of the kid

(WHO, 2009).

Recognizing that the general public health importance of prison health was

being neglected, the WHO Regional Office for Europe established in 1995 the

Health in Prisons Project (HIPP). This continuously expanding network of 38

Member States in Europe is committed to reducing the general public health

hazards related to prisons together with protecting and promoting health in

prisons. Published reports of the HIPP during recent years, including the widely

used WHO guide to the essentials in prison health in 2007 and therefore

the Trenčin Statement on Prisons and Mental Health in 2008, have combined the

newest research and analysis from experts throughout the planet and have clearly

raised the profile of prison health issues (WHO, 2009).

Women are susceptible to sexual assault and other styles of violence in

detention, which can be wont to force them to confess to offences they need not

committed. In some societies the interrogation by men is probably going to

intimidate women who have hitherto had scant contact with unrelated men. This

also contains a threat of sexual assault, whether or not such a threat is realized.

There are numerous reports of illiterate and poor women signing statements

(often with a thumbprint), the contents of which they are doing not understand. In

some systems where there's over-reliance on confession as evidence,

uncorroborated confessions can form the premise for conviction (UN, 2014).

Widespread force against women and their statutory offense before

imprisonment are documented in countries worldwide. Women who are admitted

to prison are more likely than men to suffer from mental disabilities, often as
GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
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a result of violence, physical and sex offense. Imprisonment generates

new psychological state problems or exacerbates existing ones. In most

communities’ women are careers, sometimes the only careers; of their

families and therefore the sudden change of their role from caregiver to “criminal”

and isolation from loved ones usually have an intensely adverse effect on their

mental well-being. Consequently, research in some countries has found that

mental disabilities among female prisoners are more common compared to male

prisoners. Women’s mental state is probably going to deteriorate in prisons which

are overcrowded, where differentiation of prisoners supported a

correct assessment isn't made and prisoner programed are either non-existent or

inadequate to deal with the particular needs of girls. The harmful effects

on psychological state are exacerbated when women don't feel safe,

if they're supervised by male staff and feel in danger of further abuse (UN, 2014).

Female prisoners, typically from economically and socially disadvantaged

backgrounds, and plenty of women in low-income countries suffer from a range of

health conditions which can be untreated within the community. In many countries

women face additional discrimination and barriers in accessing adequate health-

care services within the community, because of their gender. Therefore, female

prisoners often have greater primary health-care needs compared to men. Their

condition may deteriorate in prisons thanks to the absence of adequate medical

aid, lack of hygiene, inadequate nutrition and overcrowding. Additionally, all

women have gender-specific medical requirements and want to own regular

access to specialists in women’s health care (UN, 2014).


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In many countries worldwide health care in women’s prisons

encompasses an oversized number of kids living with their mothers, yet because

the treatment of pregnant women and nursing mothers, with which most prison

services don't seem to be equipped to cope (UN, 2014).

Violence against women, especially sexual violence, has numerous short-

and future sexual and reproductive health consequences for victims. As such,

women prisoners represent a high-risk group for sexual and reproductive health

diseases, including cancer. Women have a specific physical vulnerability to HIV.

Studies have shown that girls are a minimum of twice as likely as men to contract

HIV through sex. The preexistence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can

greatly increase the danger of contracting HIV. Thanks to the

everyday background of female prisoners, which might include injecting drug

use, sex offense, violence, sex work and unsafe sexual practices, a big number of

girls are infected with STIs, including HIV and hepatitis, by the time they enter

prison. Thus, the proportion of ladies in prison with STIs is comparatively very

high. In some countries where tuberculosis is prevalent, such women also will be

at higher risk of tuberculosis infection (UN, 2014).

A large number of female prisoners worldwide are in need of treatment for

substance dependence, though only a minority has access to treatment

programs. Additionally, it's increasingly recognized that girls have distinctive

needs in respect to substance dependence treatment, though few programs offer

specialized services for them. When drug dependence is untreated in prison, the

likelihood of re-offending is high, either on drugs charges or thanks to theft or

illegal sex work, often to finance the addiction. Studies indicate that
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ladies with drug abuse problems are more likely than men to own experienced

physical and/or statutory offense. A history of violent assault can increase the

danger of substance use and post-traumatic stress disorder or

other psychological state problems. it's been reported that rates of post-traumatic

stress disorder among women in misuse treatment range from 30 to 59 per

cent.26 some findings have indicated that the percentages of ladies with

coexisting psychiatric disabilities being returned to prison within 12 months of

release were increased by 58 per cent as compared to women with only a

substance addiction Compared to 40 percent in men (UN, 2014).

In many countries women are sexually abused and humiliated

by enforcement officials, including in prisons. Such abuse can range from subtle

humiliation to rape. The previous can include verbal abuse, improper touching

during pat-down searches, frequent and unnecessary searching and spying on

prisoners during showers and in living areas. Rape may occur within the variety

of sexual services which women prisoners are forced to supply reciprocally for

access to goods and privileges or to enjoying their most simple human

rights. Statutory offense of girls by male prisoners may occur with the complicity

of prison guards. Women who are charged with or convicted of crimes against

morality, furthermore as lesbian, bisexual or transgender women are at particular

risk (UN, 2014).

Rehabilitation is usually facilitated by improving an inmate’s academic and

job skills. Records show that several prisoners are poorly educated. A majority

is grammar school drop outs or has not even finished grammar school. Prison

education amounts to remedial schooling designed to rearrange inmates to


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urge basic skills in reading, writing and arithmetic. In most correctional facilities,

vocational programs are incorporated into job assignments and performance on-

the-job training. The goal is to provide inmates with skills that will improve their

eligibility for jobs upon release. Most prison vocational training is geared toward

traditional blue-collar employment in areas like electronics, auto mechanics and

handicrafts. At the Reception and Diagnostic Center, a basic computer literacy

course with typing as a support course is accessible for inmates who have

finished a minimum of high school level (Bucor, 2012).

The degree to which an inmate's pre-prison characteristics or the prison

environment affect their ability to adjust to prison life. The transition of prisoners to

jail is impacted by social isolation. When given some degree of control over their

immediate environment, inmates seem to adapt to confinement more successfully

(Shivani, 2013).

Effective coping mechanisms increase inmates' chances of surviving the

difficulties of incarceration by reducing the amount of stress they endure. (Chikwe &

Grace, 2016).

The convicts used a variety of coping mechanisms, including crying,

organized support, peer and family support, activities, problem-solving, and

maladaptive coping. Nearly all other coping mechanisms got better over time. As the

offender’s gain experience and start to acclimate to the prison environment, one

could make the hopeful assumption that they are learning to cope with their

pressures more positively (Rhea 2001).

Prisoners in Nigerian prisons discuss coping mechanisms for dealing with the

difficulties of incarceration. According to the study, participation in religious activities,


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the creation of surrogate families, and participation in educational and vocational

training are the key coping mechanisms for dealing with the obstacles of

incarceration. Prison inmates in Nigeria use participation in religious activities as a

coping mechanism for overcoming the difficulties of incarceration (Chikwe and Grace

2016).

Prison inmates in Nigeria rely on their participation in religious events as a

coping mechanism since doing so brings them feelings of inner peace, joy, and

optimism. This tactic is similarly founded on the idea that religion gives inmates a

sense of security and encourages them to choose pro-social behavior over violent or

unsuitable behavior. (Chikwe & Grace, 2016)

The creation of alternative families is also a coping strategy among prisoners.

Indeed, deprived of loving and caring family relationships, incarcerated prisoners

must create an alternative family (surrogate family) to satisfy their human need for

love. and belonging. Participating in educational and vocational programs is one

strategy for coping with the challenges of incarceration among those detained.

These programs keep them busy and thus eliminate the stress caused by

laziness(Chikwe & Grace, 2016).

Noting frequent contact with family, most interviewees had additional means

and relationships to build and strengthen their identities, especially through

education. Participate in learning activities that provide opportunities to connect with

others. This positively affects self-esteem and self-perception. Respondents' high

levels of hope and motivation suggest that female prisoners are able to cope

relatively well with the stresses associated with prison life (Francois and Brittany

2015).
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Research Gap

WHO, 2009 WHO found that the needs of The author concluded that needs

female detainees have received of female detainee have received

little attention and still be little attention and were neglected

neglected by health systems and by health system and prison

prison authorities authorities but did not make it as

a basis for policy and program

development

The challenges faced by female detainees at the South Cotabato

Rehabilitation and Detention Center in Koronadal City highlight the need for program

enhancement. Research on this topic is crucial in order to better understand the

specific needs and experiences of female detainees and to develop effective

interventions for their rehabilitation and reintegration into society. While there is

some existing research on the challenges faced by female detainees, there are still

several gaps that need to be addressed. Existing research on the challenges faced

by female detainees at the South Cotabato Rehabilitation and Detention Center in

Koronadal City is limited. Further research is needed to explore the specific

challenges faced by female detainees at this particular facility and to identify the

factors that contribute to these challenges. Additionally, there is a lack of research

examining the effectiveness of current programs and interventions in addressing

these challenges. Furthermore, there is a need for research that investigates the

impact of trauma exposure and re-traumatization on female detainees at the South

Cotabato Rehabilitation and Detention Center. Existing research acknowledges that

female detainees at the South Cotabato Rehabilitation and Detention Center in


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Koronadal City face unique challenges, including histories of victimization, substance

use disorders, serious mental illness, and trauma. However, there is a lack of

research exploring the specific needs and experiences of these female detainees

and how these challenges can be effectively addressed through gender-sensitive

interventions and programming. Existing research has also primarily focused on

adult female detainees, with limited attention given to female juvenile offenders and

their distinct familial functioning and recidivism patterns (Brown et al., 2003).

The existing research also lacks an examination of post-release approaches

that may be more effective with female detainees. Therefore, there is a need for

further research that specifically examines the challenges faced by female detainees

at the South Cotabato Rehabilitation and Detention Center in Koronadal City, with a

focus on understanding their unique needs and experiences. Additionally, there is a

lack of research on the availability and accessibility of intervention programs for

female detainees at the South Cotabato Rehabilitation and Detention Center

Definition of Terms

Congestion Rate - the ratio between the actual number of detainees or prisoners

and the intended or designed capacity of a detention facility. It indicates

overcrowding within the facility.

Coping Mechanisms - strategies and behaviors adopted by prisoners or detainees

to manage the stresses, challenges, and difficulties associated with incarceration,

including religious activities, forming surrogate families, engaging in education or

vocational training, and participating in support networks.


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Expansion - the process of enlarging or extending a detention center or prison

facility to accommodate more individuals or to alleviate overcrowding.

Gender-based Risks - risks and vulnerabilities specific to women in detention, such

as sexual exploitation, mental health risks, misinformation, stigma, and gender-

specific healthcare needs.

Healthcare Needs - the specific medical, mental health, and reproductive healthcare

requirements of female detainees, including access to gender-sensitive healthcare,

treatment for substance abuse, reproductive health services, and mental health

support.

Human Rights Concerns - issues related to the violation or protection of

fundamental rights and dignity, such as visitation rights, access to healthcare,

gender-sensitive care, protection against violence and exploitation, and fair

treatment within the criminal justice system.

Inmate-to-Guard Ratio - the ratio or proportion between the number of inmates or

detainees and the number of correctional officers or guards responsible for

overseeing and managing them within a prison or detention facility.

Prison Population Growth - the increase in the number of individuals incarcerated,

often influenced by factors such as changes in laws, law enforcement strategies,

drug policies, and societal conditions

Reconstruction - the process of rebuilding or repairing a structure or facility that has

been damaged or destroyed, such as a prison building, to restore its functionality


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Rehabilitation Programs - initiatives aimed at improving the skills, education,

vocational training, and psychological well-being of inmates to facilitate their

successful reintegration into society upon release.

Satellite Prison - a prison or detention center that operates as an extension of a

main facility, often located in a different geographic area but under the supervision

and management of the main prison administration.


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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presented the research designed, local of the study,

respondents, research instrument, data gathering procedure, statistical treatment

data and ethical consideration.

Research Design

This study will use the descriptive method of research because its main

purpose is to identify the Challenges of Female Detainee at the South Cotabato

Rehabilitation and Detention Center.

According to Ardales (2002), descriptive survey method is a technique of

gathering data by asking questions to people who are thought to have the desire

information. A formal list of questionnaires is prepared.

Research Locale

The study will be conducted in the South Cotabato Rehabilitation and

Detention Center. The respondents will be interviewed inside the jail. The

researchers chose the place because it will give the researchers the needed

information. The study will be conducted in the first semester of the academic year

2023-2024.
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Figure 2. Map of the Philippines

Figure 3. Map of South Cotabato

Figure 4. Map of GVC


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Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study will be the Female Detainee at the South

Cotabato Rehabilitation and Detention Center. Moreover, they are chosen through

purposive sampling.

Research Instrument

The research instrument that will be use in the study is the survey

questionnaire. It consists of question to identify the Challenges faced by Female

Detainees at the South Cotabato Rehabilitation and Detention Center: Basis for

Program Enhancement.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers observed the following procedures in data gathering:

1. The researchers will write a letter to the Warden of the South Cotabato

Rehabilitation and Detention Center to conduct a survey and gather

information.

2. Upon approval of the request letter, the researchers will personally distribute

the survey questionnaire to the respondents.

3. The researchers will personally retrieve the questionnaires as soon as the

respondents finished answering the questionnaire.

4. The data tallies is statistically processed in order to answer the questions

asked in the statement of the problem. The researchers will analyze the data

on the basis of the statistical result.


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Statistical Treatment

The researcher will use the statistical tools:

Weighted Arithmetic mean will be used to determine the Challenges of the

Female Detainee at the South Cotabato Rehabilitation and Detention Center.

Ethical Consideration

Throughout the research procedure, ethical standards are adhered to. Both

the responders’ identities and their personal information may keep strictly

confidential at all times. The researcher made certain that they interacted with

respondents in a proper and respectful manner, that they did not intrude on their

privacy without their explicit permission, that they did properly.not affect or cause any

harm to their emotions. All the data obtained from them.


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