2ndCB Group20 2023
2ndCB Group20 2023
An Undergraduate Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of
School of Criminology
Green Valley College Foundation Inc.
Koronadal City
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
of Bachelor of Science in Criminology
By
June 2023
i
GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Km.2,Bo.2 General Santos Drive,City of Koronadal ,South Cotabato,Philippines
Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]
APPROVAL SHEET
Name of Adviser
Adviser
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
ii
GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Km.2,Bo.2 General Santos Drive,City of Koronadal ,South Cotabato,Philippines
Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study was not made possible without the help of the people behind it.
The researcherS wished to express their sincere gratitude to Green Valley College
Foundation Inc., to the School Administrators and to the Faculty And Staff of the
school for giving him the permission and support in conducting this study, thus
patience and suggestions to improve this study. Without him, this study may not be
completed.
RCrim, REB, REA, JOLAS AGUSTIN, RCRIM, and AIZA EDON, RCrim, MSCJ,
the panel members for their valuable and insightful suggestions and encouragement.
Also we want to thank those respondents for their cooperation and willingness
for the unconditional support, both financially and emotionally throughout the process
of thesis writing.
Their friends, classmates and relatives for cheering her up and giving
Above all, the researcher would like to extend her heartfelt thanks to the
Almighty God for the life, good health, divine guidance and outpouring blessings all
iii
GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Km.2,Bo.2 General Santos Drive,City of Koronadal ,South Cotabato,Philippines
Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page i
Approval Sheet ii
Acknowledgment iii
Table of Contents iv
Dedication vi
List of Figures vii
Chapter 1
Introduction
Conceptual Framework
Theoretical Framework
Hypothesis
Definition of Terms
Chapter 2
Foreign Literature
Local Literature
Foreign Studies
Local Studies
Research Gap
Definition of Terms
GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Km.2,Bo.2 General Santos Drive,City of Koronadal ,South Cotabato,Philippines
Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]
iv
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Research Locale
Respondents of Study
Research Instruments
Ethical Consideration
REFERENCES
v
GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Km.2,Bo.2 General Santos Drive,City of Koronadal ,South Cotabato,Philippines
Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]
DEDICATION
This is wholeheartedly dedicated to our beloved parents, who have been our source
of inspiration and gave us strength when we thought of giving up, who continually
provide their moral, spiritual, emotional, and financial support. To our siblings,
loveones, relatives, mentors, friends, and classmates who shared their words of
And lastly, we dedicated this book to the Almighty God, thank you for the
guidance, strength, power of mind, protection, and skills and for giving us a healthy
The Researchers
GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Km.2,Bo.2 General Santos Drive,City of Koronadal ,South Cotabato,Philippines
Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]
vi
List of Figures
1 Conceptual Framework
2 Map of the Philippines
3 Map of South Cotabato
4 Map of GVCFI
GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Km.2,Bo.2 General Santos Drive,City of Koronadal ,South Cotabato,Philippines
Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]
vii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Women within the contemporary face many problems; some resulting from
their lives before imprisonment, other resulting from their imprisonment itself.
Women in prison have experienced victimization, unstable family life, school and
work failure, and misuse and mental state problems. Social factors that marginalize
ladies in prison including poverty, minority group member, single motherhood, and
homelessness. While within the U.S, prisons, women, like prisoners throughout the
globe, face specific pains and deprivations arising directly from their imprisonment
(Walker, R. 2015).
While all people at large are vulnerable when bereft of their liberty, certain
groups are at particular risk of abuse and other human rights violations. Women in
detention constitute one such group. For women, the discrimination that face in
broader society reaches deep into places of detention, like prisons, which are largely
still designed and managed for men, by men. As a minority, although a growing one
in many counties detained women are often overlooked, at the expense of their
dignity, wellbeing and their fundamental human rights. As now well established
in law of nations, women’s specific needs also require different and sometimes
greater attention so as for girls to enjoy their rights equally to men (Alkins, A. M.
2012).
in jail, issues of jail congestion, access to justice, availability of basic needs and
services, and the burden of women's traditional roles, interviews and focus groups
with prisoners' wives revealed how the already appalling conditions of Philippine jails
basic essentials like food and water are sometimes poor if not impossible to obtain.
Women are at risk of discrimination in detention facilities that are still primarily
created for and run by men. Detention centers face budget constraints and women
deprived of their freedom are forced to accept the meager meals served to them
dissatisfaction and complaints relate to poor nutritional quality and lack of food
variety.” In addition to food shortages, some women even reported being fed spoiled
detainees at the South Cotabato Rehabilitation and Detention Center: Basis for
Program Enhancement.
1. What are the challenges of the female detainees at the South Cotabato
Detention Center?
program enhancement?
GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Km.2,Bo.2 General Santos Drive,City of Koronadal ,South Cotabato,Philippines
Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]
Conceptual Framework
Theoretical Framework
conducting a study and helps to research the research problem (Anfara, 2008). It
acts because the conceptual model that's a suggestion betting on which the
beneficial regarding understanding the context and perspective of the study. More
The theoretical frameworks utilized in this study were the concentric zone
model (Park, Burgess, & McKenzie) and also the social disorganization theory (Shaw
& McKay, 1969). The social disorganization theory helps in explaining the actual
fact that the people belonging from low-earning areas mainly perform more crime
ordinarily accustomed explain crime rates; it may be accustomed show why certain
often accustomed explain overcrowding because crime rates are one among the
theory, which states that low-income areas have higher crime rates.
GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Km.2,Bo.2 General Santos Drive,City of Koronadal ,South Cotabato,Philippines
Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]
1. Jail Officer. This study will help them to determine the challenges and
coping mechanism of the female detainee as will as how they help will
2. Female Detainee. This study will help them the different policy or program
3. Parents. This study will give them knowledge on Challenges and Coping
Detention Center as well as how they will guide their children or family
member.
Hypothesis
enhancement.
The study covers only the challenges and coping mechanism of female
health, hygiene, overcrowding, sanitation, and visitation rights and also Program
Enhancement proposed from the Challenges of the Female Detainees at the South
Definition of Terms
Challenges - difficulties, obstacles, or problems that impede the well-being, rights,
discrimination, etc.
Female Detainees - women or girls who have been confined or held in custody,
facility.
Koronadal City - the city where the South Cotabato Rehabilitation and Detention
socio-cultural factors, and available resources affecting the detention center and its
female detainees.
female detainees. This enhancement could involve policy changes, introducing new
GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Km.2,Bo.2 General Santos Drive,City of Koronadal ,South Cotabato,Philippines
Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]
or any measure aimed at bettering the conditions and outcomes for female
detainees.
capacity of the facility, leading to limited space, increased tension, and potential
Sanitation - encompasses the cleanliness and hygiene conditions within the facility,
including the availability of clean water, proper waste management, and overall
cleanliness standards.
analysis may focus on these specific terms within the context of the facility. This
understanding their needs, evaluating the existing programs and services available,
CHAPTER II
Related Literature
In 2002, the National Statistical Coordination Board reported that CIW was
actually the foremost congested facility among the 7 operating units under BuCor.
While the New Bilibid Prison registered an 85% congestion rate (with 16,134
population but only 8,700 capacity), CIW posted the next 90% congestion rate (with
951 population but only 500 capacity) Expansion of the power first came on June 16,
September 18, 2007, it opened a branch in Mindanao – the penal facility for ladies in
Mindanao (CIWM), a satellite prison under the supervision and direction of the
Davao Prison and Penal Farm administration. These extensions "helped the
was the only institution dedicated to women offenders serving over three (3) years’
imprisonment. The CIW housed 270 inmates who originally came from the Old Bilibid
Compound. It had been in 1982 when a hearth blazed through CIW because of faulty
wiring, which practically destroyed the most facility. Quite a year later, reconstruction
Over the decades, the quantity of inmates ballooned exponentially but the facilities
remained the identical. The CIW inmates grew to over 2, 000 from270 inmates in
1931.Dormitories with single beds had to get replaced with two bunk beds that
might accommodate four people at a time. Common areas were converted into
number of their hallways and their dining room to alleviate the congestion problem. It
GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Km.2,Bo.2 General Santos Drive,City of Koronadal ,South Cotabato,Philippines
Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]
absolutely was on 16 June 2003 and 18 September 2007, when the CIW
respectively, that helped the difficulty of congestion, but it failed to solve it. Today
CIW Mandaluyong has 2,008inmates with an inmate-to-guard ratio of 69:1, and CIW-
In June 2018, the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP) noted a
congestion rate of 612 percent in Philippine jails. The rise within the number of
detainees is basically thanks to the high number of drug suspects arrested during
anti-illegal drug operations. The media have flagged the overall state of congestion
and its attendant health and sanitation problems, some calling for more penal farms
and rehabilitation facilities to deal with the growing number of prisoners within
On October 8, the Inquirer focused its news lens to reveal the worsening
situation for female detainees within the city jails, with a congestion rate of 1,014
percent. The report noted that quite 1,200 women detainees share space for 90
people during a two-story facility divided into three “dormitories” (CMFR, 2018).
The management of ladies within the Philippines’ vast and fragmented penal
facilities women are reportedly detained with minimal or no attention to their human
rights or particular needs, including the proper to be held separately from male
inmates, causing strong concern for his or her safety and wellbeing (Baker, J. and
Dignity, n.d).
GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
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Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]
inmates’ welfare and good practices are often found for other resource-constrained
countries – particularly within the management of visits and also the use of
structured activity to stay inmates active and motivated. In chatting with detainees
has been ready to understand the critical importance of ties to the skin world,
particularly to children and lawyers, of dignified spaces during which to fulfill visitors,
and of opportunities to require on responsibility, and stay busy. We’ve been told of
the acute need for gender sensitive healthcare, particularly in areas of reproductive
and sexual health, and for survivors of gender-based violence, and substance
abusers. Women have spoken of gendered risks and dangers that they face while in
detention, including sexual exploitation, mental state risks and harmful styles
globe generally varies between 2 per cent and 9 per cent though outside that range
Liechtenstein., Monaco, the Maldives and metropolis all have over 20 per cent and
Grenada and St Kitts and Nevis within the Caribbean have less than one per cent.
The review confirmed that ladies are a little minority of prisoners everywhere but the
variations within the figures are still significant. Whereas in England and Wales the
proportion of girls is 5.2 per cent, in France only 3.7 per cent of prisoners are
several jurisdictions suggest that countries have different attitudes and policies
about the employment of imprisonment for ladies as compared with men. The
GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Km.2,Bo.2 General Santos Drive,City of Koronadal ,South Cotabato,Philippines
Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]
Problem of overcrowding doesn't arise or, for instance within the case of
the imprisonment of girls compared there with of men are extremely different across
the countries surveyed. Some have seen a way more rapid increase than
others within the women’s prison population. within the u. s. the women’s prison
population increased by 2.9 per cent between 2000 and 2005 compared to a 1.8 per
cent growth within the men’s prison population and in Australia the quantity of
ladies in prison increased by 90 per cent between 1996 and 2006, compared to a
rise of 39 per cent within the male prison population.4 In other countries like Finland
and Denmark the numbers have remained fairly stable, which may be seen as
1997–1998 an effort with intensive supervision and electronic monitoring was dole
out in Sweden. Since 1999 this method has been a permanent alternative to
serving a jail sentence. This innovation has markedly changed the prison
least one year or more has risen. This is applicable to architecture, to security and to
any or all other facilities. In Sweden three of the four prisons now used for girls were
originally built for men. In most countries any special provision for ladies’ prisoners is
added on to the conventional male provision instead of designed from scratch from a
The needs of girls held in detention have received little attention and still be
neglected by health systems and prison authorities. One reason for this, too
GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Km.2,Bo.2 General Santos Drive,City of Koronadal ,South Cotabato,Philippines
Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]
readily accepted till now, is that ladies’ prisoners are a transparent minority group
within prisons everywhere the globe. It’s only recently that spotlight has been
drawn to the actual fact that a minority status doesn't justify the widespread
In Europe alone, there are about 100 000 women and girls in prison.1
far greater rate than that for male prisoners. Many ladies in prison serve a
Alarmingly high rates of psychological state problems are reported, like post-
suicide. As an example, in England and Wales, it absolutely was noted that 90%
of the ladies prisoners have a diagnosable follies, substance use or both (WHO,
2009).
In addition, many imprisoned women are mothers and are usually the
first or sole career for his or her children. Separation of mother and child can
cause long-term developmental and emotional harm for the kid and might affect
the mother’s physical and mental state, while at the identical time the prison
raised. It’s rare that decisions are clearly made within the best interests of the kid
(WHO, 2009).
Recognizing that the general public health importance of prison health was
being neglected, the WHO Regional Office for Europe established in 1995 the
prisons. Published reports of the HIPP during recent years, including the widely
used WHO guide to the essentials in prison health in 2007 and therefore
the Trenčin Statement on Prisons and Mental Health in 2008, have combined the
newest research and analysis from experts throughout the planet and have clearly
detention, which can be wont to force them to confess to offences they need not
intimidate women who have hitherto had scant contact with unrelated men. This
also contains a threat of sexual assault, whether or not such a threat is realized.
There are numerous reports of illiterate and poor women signing statements
(often with a thumbprint), the contents of which they are doing not understand. In
uncorroborated confessions can form the premise for conviction (UN, 2014).
to prison are more likely than men to suffer from mental disabilities, often as
GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
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Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]
families and therefore the sudden change of their role from caregiver to “criminal”
and isolation from loved ones usually have an intensely adverse effect on their
mental disabilities among female prisoners are more common compared to male
correct assessment isn't made and prisoner programed are either non-existent or
inadequate to deal with the particular needs of girls. The harmful effects
if they're supervised by male staff and feel in danger of further abuse (UN, 2014).
health conditions which can be untreated within the community. In many countries
care services within the community, because of their gender. Therefore, female
prisoners often have greater primary health-care needs compared to men. Their
encompasses an oversized number of kids living with their mothers, yet because
the treatment of pregnant women and nursing mothers, with which most prison
and future sexual and reproductive health consequences for victims. As such,
women prisoners represent a high-risk group for sexual and reproductive health
Studies have shown that girls are a minimum of twice as likely as men to contract
HIV through sex. The preexistence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can
use, sex offense, violence, sex work and unsafe sexual practices, a big number of
girls are infected with STIs, including HIV and hepatitis, by the time they enter
prison. Thus, the proportion of ladies in prison with STIs is comparatively very
high. In some countries where tuberculosis is prevalent, such women also will be
specialized services for them. When drug dependence is untreated in prison, the
illegal sex work, often to finance the addiction. Studies indicate that
GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
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Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]
ladies with drug abuse problems are more likely than men to own experienced
physical and/or statutory offense. A history of violent assault can increase the
other psychological state problems. it's been reported that rates of post-traumatic
cent.26 some findings have indicated that the percentages of ladies with
by enforcement officials, including in prisons. Such abuse can range from subtle
humiliation to rape. The previous can include verbal abuse, improper touching
prisoners during showers and in living areas. Rape may occur within the variety
of sexual services which women prisoners are forced to supply reciprocally for
rights. Statutory offense of girls by male prisoners may occur with the complicity
of prison guards. Women who are charged with or convicted of crimes against
job skills. Records show that several prisoners are poorly educated. A majority
is grammar school drop outs or has not even finished grammar school. Prison
urge basic skills in reading, writing and arithmetic. In most correctional facilities,
vocational programs are incorporated into job assignments and performance on-
the-job training. The goal is to provide inmates with skills that will improve their
eligibility for jobs upon release. Most prison vocational training is geared toward
course with typing as a support course is accessible for inmates who have
environment affect their ability to adjust to prison life. The transition of prisoners to
jail is impacted by social isolation. When given some degree of control over their
(Shivani, 2013).
difficulties of incarceration by reducing the amount of stress they endure. (Chikwe &
Grace, 2016).
maladaptive coping. Nearly all other coping mechanisms got better over time. As the
offender’s gain experience and start to acclimate to the prison environment, one
could make the hopeful assumption that they are learning to cope with their
Prisoners in Nigerian prisons discuss coping mechanisms for dealing with the
training are the key coping mechanisms for dealing with the obstacles of
coping mechanism for overcoming the difficulties of incarceration (Chikwe and Grace
2016).
coping mechanism since doing so brings them feelings of inner peace, joy, and
optimism. This tactic is similarly founded on the idea that religion gives inmates a
sense of security and encourages them to choose pro-social behavior over violent or
must create an alternative family (surrogate family) to satisfy their human need for
strategy for coping with the challenges of incarceration among those detained.
These programs keep them busy and thus eliminate the stress caused by
Noting frequent contact with family, most interviewees had additional means
levels of hope and motivation suggest that female prisoners are able to cope
relatively well with the stresses associated with prison life (Francois and Brittany
2015).
GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Km.2,Bo.2 General Santos Drive,City of Koronadal ,South Cotabato,Philippines
Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]
Research Gap
WHO, 2009 WHO found that the needs of The author concluded that needs
development
Rehabilitation and Detention Center in Koronadal City highlight the need for program
interventions for their rehabilitation and reintegration into society. While there is
some existing research on the challenges faced by female detainees, there are still
several gaps that need to be addressed. Existing research on the challenges faced
challenges faced by female detainees at this particular facility and to identify the
these challenges. Furthermore, there is a need for research that investigates the
use disorders, serious mental illness, and trauma. However, there is a lack of
research exploring the specific needs and experiences of these female detainees
adult female detainees, with limited attention given to female juvenile offenders and
their distinct familial functioning and recidivism patterns (Brown et al., 2003).
that may be more effective with female detainees. Therefore, there is a need for
further research that specifically examines the challenges faced by female detainees
at the South Cotabato Rehabilitation and Detention Center in Koronadal City, with a
Definition of Terms
Congestion Rate - the ratio between the actual number of detainees or prisoners
Healthcare Needs - the specific medical, mental health, and reproductive healthcare
treatment for substance abuse, reproductive health services, and mental health
support.
main facility, often located in a different geographic area but under the supervision
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
This study will use the descriptive method of research because its main
gathering data by asking questions to people who are thought to have the desire
Research Locale
Detention Center. The respondents will be interviewed inside the jail. The
researchers chose the place because it will give the researchers the needed
information. The study will be conducted in the first semester of the academic year
2023-2024.
GREEN VALLEY COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.
Km.2,Bo.2 General Santos Drive,City of Koronadal ,South Cotabato,Philippines
Telefax: (083) 228 4034/228-9722; email address: [email protected]
The respondents of the study will be the Female Detainee at the South
Cotabato Rehabilitation and Detention Center. Moreover, they are chosen through
purposive sampling.
Research Instrument
The research instrument that will be use in the study is the survey
Detainees at the South Cotabato Rehabilitation and Detention Center: Basis for
Program Enhancement.
1. The researchers will write a letter to the Warden of the South Cotabato
information.
2. Upon approval of the request letter, the researchers will personally distribute
asked in the statement of the problem. The researchers will analyze the data
Statistical Treatment
Ethical Consideration
Throughout the research procedure, ethical standards are adhered to. Both
the responders’ identities and their personal information may keep strictly
confidential at all times. The researcher made certain that they interacted with
respondents in a proper and respectful manner, that they did not intrude on their
privacy without their explicit permission, that they did properly.not affect or cause any
REFERENCES
Alkins, A. M. (2012). Crime, Corrections and California: what does immigration have
to do with it? Public Policy Institute of California
Baker, J. and Dignity, (n.d). Condition for women in detention in the Philippines,
retrieved October 1, 2020from https://www.dignity.dk/wp-
content/uploads/pubseries_no11.pdf
Brown, R A., Killian, E., & Evans, W. (2003, October 1). Familial Functioning as a
Support System for Adolescents' Postdetention Success.
https://scite.ai/reports/10.1177/0306624x03252750
Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility (2018). Prison Congestion: Focus
on Women Detainees. Retrieve september 28, 2020, from
https://cmfr-phil.org/media-ethics-responsibility/journalism-review/prison-congestion-
focus-on-women-detainees/?
Chikew, A & Grace, C.A. (2016), Strategies for Coping with the Challenges of
Incarceration Among Nigerian Prison Inmates. Journal of Education and Practice
Vol.7, No.23, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
Rhea, P. (2001), Stress and coping styles of female prison inmates. The University
of Toledo