Worksheet for chapter 1

1) The total magnetic flux out of a cylindrical permanent magnet is found to be 0.032 mWb.
If the magnet has a circular cross section and a diameter of 1 cm, what is the magnetic flux
density at the end of the magnet?

Solution

The total flux = 0.032 x 10-3 Wb, cross-sectional area of magnet:

πD 2 π(0.01) 2
A= = = 78.53 × 10− 6 m 2
4 4

Φ 0.032 × 10−3
B= = = 0.407 T
A 78.53 × 10− 6

Note that this magnetic flux density exists only at the immediate end of the magnet. As we move
away from the end of the magnet, the magnetic flux spreads out, and therefore the magnet flux
density decreases.

2) The coil in Figure 1.1 has 1000 turns wound on a cardboard toroid. The mean (or
average) diameter D of the toroid is 10 cm, and the cross section is 1 cm. The total magnetic flux
in the toroid is 3µWb when there is an excitation current of 10 mA in the coil.

(a) What is the magnetic flux when the current is increased to 20 mA?
(b) What is the magnetic flux density within the coil when the current is 20 mA?

Solution

(a) If we double the current to 20 mA. then

Fm = NI = 1000 × 20 × 10 −3 = 20At

and Φ must double to 6 µWb.

(b) For a toroid. the magnetic flux is assumed to be uniform across the interior cross-sectional area
of the coil.

Φ 6 × 10 −6
B= = = 76 mT
A ( π / 4)(1 × 10 − 2 )2
 Figure 1.1: Toroid coil.

3) In Figure 1.1 we assume that the magnetic flux is practically uniform in the cross-
sectional area of the toroid. The mean path length is 0.314 m and the cross-sectional area through
which the flux exists is 78.5 x 10-6 m2. Calculate the number of ampere-turns required to set up
magnetic flux of 1 Wb.

Solution

The reluctance of the homogeneous magnetic circuit is

l 0.314
ℜm = = = 3.18 × 109 At / Wb
μA 4 π × 10− 7 × 78.5 × 10− 6

F = ℜmΦ = 3.18 × 109 ×1.0 = 3.18 ×109 At

This is obviously a very large number and we may conclude that the path reluctance is very high.

This means that it is comparatively difficult to establish a large magnetic flux in air. For this
reason, when we need high flux densities, it becomes necessary to use materials having high
values of permeability (such as iron or steel) for large portions of the magnetic paths.

4) Calculate the absolute and relative permeabilities of cast steel operating at magnetic flux
densities of 0.7 T and 1.0 T.

Solution

From the magnitization curve in fig 1.2 for cast steel, the values of H are 400 At/m and 800
At/m. respectively. The absolute permeabilities are:
 B 0.7
For 0.7 T: µ= = = 1.75 × 10− 3 H / m or T / At / m
H 400

B 1.0
For 1.0 T: µ= = = 1.25 × 10− 3 H / m
H 800

The relative permeabilities are

µ 1.75 × 10−3
For 0.7 T: µr = = = 1392.61
µ0 4π × 10− 7

µ 1.25 × 10−3
For 1.0 T: µ r = = = 994.72
µ0 4π × 10− 7

Thus we see that cast steel has at least 1000 times more ability to set up magnetic

flux lines than do nonmagnetic materials.

Figure 1.2 Typical Magnitizations curves.

 5) Illustrates the method of solution for a simple one-material series circuit.

The circuit of Figure 1.3 is a magnetic core made of cast steel. A coil of N turns is wound on it.
For a flux of 560 µWb, calculate the necessary current, neglecting any fringing effects.The cross-
sectional area A is constant.

Solution

N = 550 turns

l1 = 20 cm = 20 ×10-2 m

l2 = 12 cm = 12 ×10-2 m

A = 4 cm2 = 4 ×10-4 m2

φ =560 ×10-6 Wb

560 × 10−6
B= = 140 × 10− 2 = 1.4T
−4
4 × 10

For B = 1.4 T, H = 2200 At/m (from the B-H curve of Figure 1.2). The average or mean length
of the magnetic path is 20 + 12 + 20 + 12 cm = 64 = 0.64 m. Therefore,

Hl=NI=2000×0.64 At

2200 × 0.64
I= = 2.56 A
550

Figure 1.3 Magnetic circuit for Example 1.5

 6) The magnetic frame shown in Figure 1.4 is built up of iron of square cross-section, 3 cm
side. Each air gap is 2 mm wide. Each of the coils is wound with 1000 turns and the exciting
current is 1.0 A. The relative permeability of part A and part B may be taken as 1000 and 1200
respectively. Calculate the following: (i) reluctance of part A, (ii) reluctance of part B,(iii)

φ
reluctance of two air gaps, (iv) total reluctance of the complete magnetic circuit, (v) the mmf,
(vi) total flux, and (vii) flux density. Leakage and fringing may be neglected.

17 cm PART A

I 2 mm

N N
10 cm

PART B

20 cm

Figure 1.4 magnetic circuit of example

Solution

Figure 1.4 shows the given magnetic frame consisting of two iron parts A and B separated by
two air gaps of 2 mm each. Dotted line shows the mean magnetic circuit set up in this frame,
when the coils wound over it carries current. The magnetic circuit consists of four portions
connected in aeries, i.e. (i) magnetic flux path in part B, (ii) magnetic flux path in air gap, (iii)
magnetic flux path in part A and (iv) flux path in air gap. Hence the total reluctance of this
magnetic circuit will be equal to the sum of the reluctances of these four parts calculated
separately.

i) Reluctance offered by a magnetic path is given by,

lg
ℜ=
µ0 µ r A

lA
Reluctance for part A, ℜA =
µ0 µ r A
Cross-sectional area of part A, whose cross-section is a square with 3 cm side, AA = 3 × 3 = 9
cm2 = 9 × 10-4 m2.

Length of mean path of flux in part A, lA = 20 − (1.5+1.5) = 17 cm = 0.17m

Permeability, µ 0 = 4π × 10 −7

Relative permeability µr for part A = 1000

Thus reluctance of part A,

0.17
ℜA =
4π × 10 × 1000 × 9 × 10 − 4
−7

= 15.03 × 10 4 At / Wb

lB
ii) Reluctance of part B, ℜ B =
µ0 µ r A B

Cross-sectional area of part B, AB = 9 × 10-4 m2 .

Relative permeability µr , of part B = 1200

Length of mean path of flux in part B, lB = 17 + 8.5 + 8.5 = 34 cm = 0.34 m

Thus reluctance of part B,

0.34
ℜB =
4π × 10 × 1200 × 9 × 10 − 4
−7

= 25.04 × 10 4 At / Wb

lg
iii) Reluctance of air gaps, ℜag =
µ0 A

Length of mean path of flux in the two air gaps, lg = 2 + 2 = 4 mm = 0.004 m.

0.004
ℜag =
Hence reluctance of two air gaps, 4π × 10 − 7 × 9 × 10 − 4
= 353.5 × 10 4 At / Wb

iv) Total reluctance of the magnetic circuit,

 ℜ = ℜ A + ℜ B + ℜag
= (15.03 + 25.04 + 353.5) × 10 4
= 393.57 × 10 4 At / Wb

v) The magnetomotive force produced by two coils on iron part B, each having 1000 turns
and carrying a current of 1 A
= (2 × 1000) × 1 (mmf = NI)

= 2000 At.

vi) As per Ohm's law for magnetic circuits, mmf = Flux × Reluctance
NI
φ=
ℜ
2000
=
393.57 × 10 − 4
= 5.08 × 10 − 4 Wb

φ
B=
A
vii) Flux density,
5.08 × 10 − 4
= = 0.564 Wb / m 2 [Tesla ]
−4
9 × 10

7) In Figure 1.6, the following dimensions apply:

lg = lf = lc = 12 cm
la = lb = le = ld = 14 cm
Aa = Ab = Ac = Ad = Ae = A = 1 cm2
Ag = 3 cm2

The material is sheet steel. The flux densitv in the center leg is 0.9 T. Calculate the MMF
required to produce this flux density.
 φ
ℜ
φ
+

Figure 1.6 Magnetic circuit with center leg & equivalent magnetic circuit.

Solution

The total flux in the center leg is 0.9 × 3 × 10-4 = 2.7 × 10-4 Wb. The flux divides into two parts,
the left-hand path through afe and the right-hand path through bcd. The flux density in path g is
Bg = 0.9 T and therefore Hg = 320 At/m. The flux density in section a is

2.7 × 10−4
Ba = = 1.35T
2 × 1 × 10− 4
and therefore
Ha = 950 At/rn
Ha = Hb = Hc =Hd =He= Hf

Therefore,
NI = Hglg + Ha (la + lf + le )

= 320 × 12 × 10-2 + 950 ( 14 + 12 + 14 ) × 10-2

= 38.4 + 380 = 418.4 At

8) We can add one more degree of complexity to the circuit of Figure 1.6b. In Figure 1.7 we cut
an air gap in the center leg, and the air gap is 1.5 mm wide. All other dimensions remain
unchanged and the flux density in the center leg is still 0.9 T. Find the number of ampere-turns
on the center leg required to produce this flux density.

Solution
We can still use the equivalent-circuit concept as shown in Figure 1.6b, the only difference being
that NI is now in series with two reluctances in the center path, the air gap and the steel in leg g.
 (NI) - (MMF drop in air gap) - (MMF drop in section g )
= MMF drop in section b + c + d
= MMF drop in section a + f + e

In the center leg, the flux density is still fixed at 0.9 T. Therefore.

Bg = 0.9 T

The MMF drop per unit length in the center steel section is still Hg = 320 At/m, as before.
Therefore,

MMF drop in leg g = 320 (12 - 0.15) × 10 -2 = 37.92 At

The MMF drop across the air gap is found from

Fmgap = Hgaplgap
For air

µ = µ0 = 4π×10-7 Wb/(At/m) or H/m

Therefore,

0.9
H gap = −7
= 7.16 × 105 At / m
4π × 10

Figure 1.7 Parallel magnetic circuit with air gap.

The MMF drop across the gap

Hgap lgap= 7.16 ×105 ×1. 5 ×10-3 = 1.074×103 At

Noting that the MMF drop across the path afe is still 380 At, as before,
 NI − (37.92 + 1074) = 380 At

NI = 1491.91 At

Inductance:

From Faraday’s law , changes in magnetic flux create a voltage e, called the electromotive force
(emf), across the coil equal to

dφ
e=N
dt
Substituting (1.23) into (1.24) gives

d  Ni  N 2 di di
e=N  = =L
dt  ℜ  ℜ dt dt

where inductance L has been introduced and defined as

N2
Inductance, L= heneries
ℜ
 Worksheet for chapter 2

1) A single phase transformer has 350 primary and 1050 secondary turns. The net cross-
sectional area of the core is 55 cm2. If the primary winding be connected to a 400 V, 50 Hz
single phase supply, calculate (i) the maximum value of flux density in the core and (ii) the
voltage induced in the secondary winding.

Solution

Voltage applied to the primary = 400 V

Induced emf in the primary, E1 ≈ voltage applied to the primary, V1 = 400 V

Number of turns in the primary N1 = 350

Net cross-sectional area Ai = 55 cm2

= 55 ×10-4 m2

Frequency of the supply f = 50 Hz

Induced emf in the primary is given by

E1 = 4.44f φm N1 = 4.44f Bm A i N1 E1 =

Maximum value of flux density in the core,

400
Bm =
4.44 × 50 × 55 × 10 − 4 × 350
= 0.93 T ( Wb / m 2 )

Number of turns in the secondary winding, N2 = 1050

For an ideal transformer,

E1 N1
=
E2 N 2

Voltage induced in the secondary winding,

 N2
E 2 = E1 ×
N1
1050
= 400 ×
350
= 1200 V

2) The required no-load voltage ratio in a single phase 50 Hz, core type transformer is
6600/500. Find the number of turns in each winding, if the flux is to be 0.06 Wb.

Solution

6000
No-load voltage ratio =
500

No-load voltage of low voltage winding = 500 V

Flux φ= 0.06 Wb

Frequency f = 50Hz

Induced emf in the low voltage winding (secondary) of the transformer is given by,

E 2 = 4.44f φm N 2

or 500 = 4.44 × 50 × 0.06 × N 2

Number ut turns in the low voltage,

500
N2 =
4.44 × 50 × 0.06
= 37.5 ( not possible)

The number of turns in each winding should be a whole number, moreover each winding in the
core type transformer is accommodated on both the limbs. i.e. half number of turns of each
winding on one limb. As such the number of turns in each winding should be even.
Considering these facts , the number of turns in low voltage winding, N2 = 38

Number of turns in high voltage winding

V1 6600
N1 = N 2 × = 38 ×
V2 500
= 501.6 ( not possible)

Considering all the factors mentioned above, the number of turns in the high voltage winding
N1=500. Here the number of turns finally taken is 500 and not 502, because the high voltage
winding will be split up into a number of coils. With 250 turns on each limb, high voltage
winding on one limb can be split into 5 coils of 50 turns each.

3) A single phase transformer working at unity power factor has an efficiency of 90% at
both one half load and at the full load of 500 W. Determine the efficiency at 75 % of full load.
Solution
Efficiency of the transformer at full-load = 0.9
Output at full load = 500 W
Let the iron losses of the transformer be = x watts
and the total copper losses at full load be = y watts
Then, the total losses at full load = x + y
Hence,
500
0.9 =
500 + x + y
= 10 A
Or 0.9x + 0.9y = 50 (i)
Efficiency of the transformer at half of full load = 0.9
2
1 y
Total copper losses at half of full load =   × y =
2 4
Output of the transformer = ½ × 500 = 250 W
250
Thus, 0.9 =
250 + x + y
4
0.9x + 0.225y = 25 (ii)
Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii)
 y = 37 W
and x = 18.53 W
i.e. total copper losses at full load = 37 W
Iron losses = 18.53 W
Output of the transformer at 75 per cent of full load
= 0.75 x 500
= 375 W
Total copper losses at 75 per cent of full load
= (0.75)2 x 37
= 20.8 W
Efficiency at 75 percent of full load
375
η at 75% = × 100
375 + 18.53 + 20.8
= 90.5%
4) An 11000/415V, delta-star transformer feeds power to a 30 kW, 415V, 3-phase induction
motor having an efficiency of 90% and full-load pf 0.833. Calculate the transformer rating
and phase and line currents on both high and low voltage sides.
30
Transformer kVA rating = = 40KVA
0.9 x 0.833
Total load in VA 40,000
Solution Line current on l.v. side of transformer = = = 55.65A
3 x line voltage 3 x 415
.

For star connected 1.v. winding, phase current in 1.v. winding = line current on 1.v side =
55.65A.
40,000
Line current on HV, side of transformer = = 2.1A
3 x 11000
For delta connected HV winding, phase current in HV winding:
1 1
= (line current on h.v. side) = x 2.1 = 1.212A
3 3
 Chapter Three Worksheet

1) A 3-phase, 50 Hz induction motor has a full-load speed of 1440 r.p. m. For this motor,
calculate the following:
(a) number of poles ; (b) full-load slip and rotor frequency ;(c) speed of stator field with
respect to (i) stator structure and (ii) rotor structure and (d) speed of rotor field with respect to
(i) rotor structure (ii) stator structure and (iii) stator field. For parts (c) and (d), answer should
be given in rpm and rad /sec.
Solution. (a) The use of full-load speed of 1440 rpm as synchronous speed gives
120 × f 1
NS =
P
120 × 50
Or 1440 =
P
120 × 50 1
or P= = 4 poles
1440 6
Since the number of poles must be even and a whole number, the induction motor must have 4
poles. Note that an induction motor runs at a speed, a little less than synchronous speed.
(b) Synchronous speed,
120 × f1 120 × 50
NS = = = 1500 r.p.m.
P 4
N s − N 1500 − 1440
∴ Slip, S = = = 0.04
Ns 1500
Rotor frequency, f 2 = Sf1 = 0.04 × 50 = 2 Hz

(c) (i) Speed of stator field with respect to stator structure

= N S = 1500rpm
2π × N S 2π × 1500
∴ ωS = = = 150.08 rad / s
60 60
(ii) Speed of stator field w.r.t. revolving rotor structure
= 1500 − 1440 = 60 rpm
2π × 60
= = 6.283 rad / s
60
(d) (i) Speed of rotor field w.r.t. rotor structure
 120 ( rotor frequency )
=
poles
120 × 2
= = 60 r.p.m. = 6.283 rad / s
4
(ii) Speed of rotor field w.r.t. stator structure
=(Mechanical speed of rotor) + (Speed of rotor field w.r.t rotor structure)
= 1440 + 60 =1500 rpm = 150.08 rad/s.
(iii) Since both the stator and rotor fields are rotating at synchronous speed of 1500 rpm with
respect to stator structure, speed of rotor field with respect to stator field is zero. Thus the
stator and rotor fields are stationary with respect to each other.
2) A properly shunted centre-zero galvanometer is connected in the rotor circuit of a 6-
pole, 50 Hz wound-rotor induction motor. If the galvanometer makes 90 complete oscillations
in one minute, calculate the rotor speed.
Solution. One complete oscillation of galvanometer corresponds to one cycle of rotor fre-
quency.
90
∴Rotor frequency, f 2 = Sf1 = = 1.5 Hz
60
f 2 1.5
or Slip, S = = = 0.03 s = fz fl =501.5 = 0.03
f1 50

120 × 50
Rotor speed, N = N S (1 − S) = (1 − 0.03) = 970 r.p.m.
6
3) 4-pole, 50 Hz, 3-phase induction motor has a rotor resistance of 0.024Ω per phase and
standstill reactance of 0.6 Ω per phase. Determine the speed at which the maximum torque is
developed.
Solution
Rotor resistance per phase, R2=0.024Ω
Rotor standstill reactance per phase, X2=0.6Ω
Since the torque under running condition is maximum at that value of the slip which makes rotor
reactance per phase equal to the rotor resistance per phase,
R2 0.024
Slip corresponding to maximum torque, ST max = = = 0.04
X2 0.6
Speed corresponding to maximum torque,
 N = N S (1 − ST max )
120 × 50
= (1 − 0.04 )
4
= 1440 rpm

4) A 3φ, 460V, 1740rpm, 60Hz, 4-pole wound-rotor induction motor has the following
parameters per phase:
R1=0.25Ω R2’=0.2Ω
X1=X2’=0.5Ω Xm=30Ω
The rotation losses are 1700 w. with the rotor terminals short-circuited, find
a.)
i) Starting current when started direct on full-voltage
ii) Starting torque
b.)
i) Full-load slip
ii) Full-load current
iii) Ratio of starting current to full-load current
iv) Full-load power factor
v) Full-load torque
vi) Internal efficiency and the motor efficiency at full-load
c.)
i) Slip at which maximum torque is developed
ii) Maximum torque developed
Solution
460
a) V1 = = 265.6 V / phase
3
At start S=1. The input impedance is
 r' 
jX m  2 + jx '2 
s
Z1 = r1 + x1 + '  =
r2
s
(
+ j x m + x '2 )
 j30(0.2 + j0.5)
= 0.25 + j0.5 +
0.2 + j(30.5)
= 1.08∠66 Ω

265.6
I st = = 245.9 ∠ − 66°A
1.08∠66°
2πN s 2π × 1800
ωsyn = = = 188.5 rad / s
60 60
V1 jX m 266.5 × j 30.0
Vth = = = 261.3V
r1 + j ( xm + x1 ) 0.25 + j 30.5

jX m ( R1 + jX 1 ) j 30( 0.25 + j0.5 )

Z th = = = 0.55∠63.9°Ω
R1 + j( X 1 + X m ) 0.25 + j 30.5
= 0.24 + j0.49 Ω
∴ Rth = 0.24 Ω ; X th = 0.49 Ω
2
3 Vth R2'
Tst = ⋅ .
ω syn ( Rth + R2' ) 2 + ( X th + X 2 ) 2 S
3 261.3 2 0.2
= × × =
188.5 ( 0.24 + 0.2 ) + ( 0.49 + 0.5 )
2 2
1
= 185.2 N .m
b) At full-load
N s − N 1800 − 1740
S= = = 0.0333
Ns 1800

R2' 0.2
= = 6.01 Ω
s 0.0333
j30(6.01 + j0.5)
Z1 = 0.25 + j0.5 +
6.01 + j(30.5)
= 0.25 + j0.5 + 5.598 + j1.596
= 6.2123∠19.7 Ω

265.6
I FL = = 42.754 ∠ − 19.7°A
6.2123∠19.7 °
I st 245.9
= = 5.75
I FL 42.754
 PF= cos(19.7)=0.94 lagging
3 261.32
TFL = × 6.01
188.5 (0.24 + 6.01) 2 + (0.49 + 0.5) 2
= 163.11 N.m
Air gap power
Pag = Tωsyn = 163.11 × 188.5 = 30,746.2 W

Rotor copper loss:

P2 = sPag = 0.0333 × 30,746.2 = 1023.9 W

P2 = (1 − s )Pag = (1 − 0.0333) × 30,746.2 = 29,722.3 W

Pout = Pmech − Prot = 29 ,722.3 − 1700 = 28 ,022.3 W

Pin = 3V1 I 1 cos θ 1 = 3 × 265.6 × 42.754 × 0.94 = 32 ,022.4 W

Pout 28,022.3
ηmotor = = × 100 = 87.5%
Pin 32,022.4

ηint ernal = ( 1 − s ) = 1 − 0.0333 = 0.967 → 96.7%

c)
From Eq. 3.16
R '2
S T max =
[R 2
th + ( X th + X '2 ) 2 ]
1
2

0.2 0.2
= = = 0.1963
[0.24 2
+ (0.49 + 0.5)
2
]
1
2 1.0187

From Eq.1.17
2
3 Vth
Tmax = .
2ω syn R + [ R 2 + ( X + X ' ) 2 ] 1 2
th th th 2

3  261.3 2 
=  
 [
2 × 188.5  0.24 + 0.24 2 + (0.49 + 0.5)2 ]
1
2 

= 431.68N.m

Tmax 431.68
= = 2.65
TFL 163.11
 Worksheet for DC machines

1 A dc shunt generator supplies a load of 10 kW at 220 V through feeders of resistance

0.1Ω. The resistance of armature and shunt field windings is 0.05 Ω and 100 Ω respectively.
Calculate, (i) terminal voltage, (ii) shunt field current and (iii) generated emf.
Solution
Load supplied , Pdel = 10 kW
= 10 × 103 W
Voltage at the load terminals = 220 V
Thus load current,

P 10 × 103
I L = del =
V 220
= 45.5A

Resistance of the feeders = 0.1 Ω

Voltage drop in the feeders = IL × 0.1
= 45.5 × 0.1 = 4.55 V
Terminal voltage across the armature terminals, V′ = 220 + 4.55
= 224.55 V
Shunt field current,

V' 224.55
I sh = =
R sh 100
= 2.25A

Generated emf,

Eg = V' + Ia R a
= 224.55 + 45.5 × 0.05
= 226.82 V

2 A 4-pole dc shunt generator with lap-connected armature supplies a load of 100 A at

200 V. The armature resistance is 0.1 Ω and the shunt field resistance is 80 Ω. Find (i) total
armature current, (ii) current per armature path, and (iii) emf generated. Assume a brush
contact drop of 2V.
Solution
Terminal voltage across the armature terminals, V = 200 V
Shunt field resistance, Rsh = 80 Ω
Shunt field current,
V 200
I sh = =
R sh 80
= 2.5A

Load current, IL = 100 A

Armature current, Ia = IL + Ish
= 100 + 2.5
= 102.5 A
ii) Shunt generator is lap-wound, as such the number of parallel circuits in the armature
winding is equal to the number of poles.
Thus number of parallel circuits a = 4
Total armature current, Ia = 102.5 A
Thus the current per armature path,
102.5
=
4
= 25.625A
iii) Emf generated,
E g = V + I a R a + Vbd
= 200 + 102.5 × 0.05 + 2
= 212.25 V

3 A short shunt compound generator supplies 200 A at 100 V. The resistance of armature,
series field and shunt field is respectively, 0.04, 0.03 and 60 Ω. Find the emf generated.
Solution
Terminal voltage across the load, VL = 100 V
Load current, IL = 200 A
Resistance of series field winding Rse = 0.03 Ω
Voltage drop in series field winding = IL Rse
= 200 ×0.03
 =6V
Terminal voltage across the armature, V = VL + IL Rse
= 100 + 6
= 106 V
Shunt field current,
V 106
I sh = =
R sh 60
= 1.77A

Armature current, Ia = IL + Ish

= 200 + 1.77
= 201.77 A
Generated emf,
E g = VL + I L R se + I a R a
= 100 + 6 + 201.77 × 0.04
= 114.07 V

4 The armature of a four pole, wave wound shunt generator has 120 slots with 4
conductors per slot. The flux per pole is 0.05 Wb. The armature resistance is 0.05 Ω and the
shunt field resistance 50 Ω. Find the speed of the machine when supplying 450 A at a terminal
voltage of 250 V.
Solution
Terminal voltage, VL = 250 V
Load current, IL = 450 A
Shunt field resistance, Rsh = 50 Ω
Shunt field current,
VL 250
I sh = =
R sh 50 I
= 5.0A
Armature current, Ia = IL + Ish
= 450 + 5
= 455 A
Armature resistance, Ra = 0.05 Ω
Generated emf,
E g = VL + I a R a
= 250 + 455 × 0.05
= 272.75 V

Generated emf,
PφNZ
Eg = V
60 × a
Number of poles, P == 4; Flux per pole, φ = 0.05 Wb; Number of slots on armature = 120;
Conductors per slot = 4
Thus total number of conductors on armature = 120 ×4 = 480
As the armature is wave wound, number of parallel paths, a=2
Substituting these in the above equation,
4 × 0.05 × N × 480
272.75 =
60 × 2
Speed of rotation,
272.75 × 60 × 2
N=
4 × 0.05 × 480
= 341 rpm

5 A long-shunt compound generator supplies a load at 110 V through a pair of feeders of

total resistance 0.04 Ω. The load consists of five motors, each taking 30 A and a lighting load of
150 bulbs each of 60 W. The armature resistance is 0.03 Ω, series field resistance 0.04 Ω and
shunt field resistance, 55 Ω. Find, (i) load current, (ii) terminal voltage, and (iii) emf generated.
Solution
i) Current drawn by each motor = 30 A
Thus current drawn by five motors = 30 × 5
= 150 A
Total lighting load = 150 × 60
= 9000 W
9000
Current taken by the lighting load = = 82A
110
Hence, total load current = 150 + 82
= 232 A
ii) Voltage at the terminals of the load = 110 V
 Total resistance of the feeders = 0.04 Ω
Current through the feeders = 232 A
Voltage drop in feeders = 232 × 0.04
= 9.28 V
Terminal voltage across the generator terminals,
V = VL + drop in feeders
= 110 + 9.28
= 119.28 V
iii. Resistance of shunt field, Rsh = 55 Ω
Current in shunt field winding,
V 119.28
I sh = = = 2.2 A
R sh 55
Current in the armature winding, Ia = IL +Ish
= 232 + 2.2 = 234.2 A
Current in the series field winding, Ise = Ia = 234.2 A
Total resistance of armature and series field winding = Ra + Rse
= 0.03 + 0.04 = 0.07 Ω
Generated emf ,
E g = V + I a (R a + R se )
= 119.28 + 234.2 × 0.07
= 135.67 A
 Synchronous Worksheet

1 The following data are obtained for a 3φ, 10 MVA, 14 kV, star-connected synchronous
machine.
If Open-Circuit Air Gap Line

(A) Voltage (kV) Voltage (kV) Short-Circuit

100 9.0

150 12.0

200 14.0 18 490

250 15.3

300 15.9

350 16.4

The armature resistance is 0.07 Ω/phase.

a) Find the unsaturated and saturated values of the synchronous reactance in ohms and also
in pu.
b) Find the field current required if the synchronous generator is connected to an infinite
bus and delivers rated MVA at 0.8 lagging power factor.
c) If the generator, operating as in part (b), is disconnected from the infinite bus without
changing the field current, find the terminal voltage.
Solution
The data are plotted in Figure 5.18.
14,000
Base voltage Vb = = 8083 V / phase
3

10 × 106
Base current Ib = = 412.41 A
3 × 14,000
8083
Base impedance Zb = = 19.6 Ω
412.41
a) From Eq. (5.8) and Figure 5.18,
18,000 × 106
Zs unsat = 3 = 21.21 Ω
490
X s unsat = 21.212 − 0.07 2 = 21.2 Ω
21.2
= pu = 1.08 pu
19.6
From Eq. (5.11) and Figure 5.18, and because Ra is Verv small,
14,000
1/ 2
Zs sat = 3 = 16.5 Ω =  X 2 + 0.07 2 
 s sat 
490  

Figure 5.18 for example 5.1

b) It will be convenient to carry out the calculation in pu values rather than in actual values
Vt = 1∠0 pu

pf = 0.8 = cos 36.9

I a = 1∠ − 36.9
16.5
Zs = 0.841∠ tan −1 = 0.84∠89.8 pu
0.07
Now
E f = Vt + I a R a + jI a X s
= Vt + I a Zs

= 1∠0 + 1∠ − 36.9 ⋅ 0.85∠89.8

 = 1∠0 + 0.84∠52.9
= 1.5067 + j0.67
= 1.649∠24 pu

Vt = 1.649 × 14∠24 kV, line-to-line

Vt = 23.09∠24 kV, line-to-line

Note that δ=240 and is positive , as it should be for generator operation.
The required field current from the modified air gap line (Figure 5.18) is
I f = 1.649 × 200 = 329.8 A
c) From the open-circuit data (Figure 5.18) at If = 329.8 A the terminal voltage is
Vt = 16.25 kV (line-to-line)

2) In a factory a 3φ, 4 kV, 400 kVA synchronous machine is installed along with other
induction motors. The following are the loads on the machines:
Induction motors: 500 kVA at 0.8 PF lagging.
Svnchronous motor: 300 kVA at 1.0 PF.
a) Compute the overall power factor of the factory loads.
b) To improve the factory power factor, the synchronous machine is overexcited (to draw
leading current) without any change in its load. Without overloading the motor, to what
extent can the factory power factor be improved? Find the current and power factor of the
synchronous motor for this condition.
Solution
a) Induction motors:
Power = 500 × 0.8 = 400 kW
Reactive power = 500 × 0.6 = 300 kVAR
Synchronous motor:
Power = 300 kW
Reactive power = 0
Factory:
Power = 700 kW
Reactive power = 300 kVAR

Complex power = 700 2 + 300 2 = 762 kVA

 700
Power factor = = 0.92 lagging
762
b) The maximum leading kVAR that the synchronous motor can draw without exceeding its
rating is

4002 − 3002 = 264.58 kVA

Factory kVAR = j300 − j264.58
= j 35.42 (i.e., lagging)

New factory kVA = 7002 + 35.42 2 = 700.9 kVA

700
Improved factory power factor = = 0.996 lagging
700.9
Synchronous motor current:
400 kVA
I SM = = 57.74 A
3 × 4 kV
Synchronous motor power factor:
300 kW
Pf SM = = 0.75 lead
400 kVA