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Understanding PC & Troubleshooting Answers

The document discusses various topics related to computer hardware and software: - It describes the three main computer buses (data, address, and control) and their functions in transferring information. - It defines different types of RAM like SRAM, SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, and EDRAM and their characteristics. - It discusses methods of troubleshooting BIOS passwords by removing the CMOS battery or using jumpers on the motherboard. - It lists features the BIOS should support like antivirus, parallel/USB ports, and power management. - It describes the basic components of a hard drive like platters, magnetic heads, tracks, cylinders, and how data is stored.

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Mutsinzi Ivan
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
19 views

Understanding PC & Troubleshooting Answers

The document discusses various topics related to computer hardware and software: - It describes the three main computer buses (data, address, and control) and their functions in transferring information. - It defines different types of RAM like SRAM, SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, and EDRAM and their characteristics. - It discusses methods of troubleshooting BIOS passwords by removing the CMOS battery or using jumpers on the motherboard. - It lists features the BIOS should support like antivirus, parallel/USB ports, and power management. - It describes the basic components of a hard drive like platters, magnetic heads, tracks, cylinders, and how data is stored.

Uploaded by

Mutsinzi Ivan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SESSION AUGUST 2023

PROGRAM BCA
SEMESTER I
COURSE CODE & NAME Understanding PC & Troubleshooting
NAME OF STUDENT MUTSINZI IVAN

QN.1 Ans
There are three types of bus, that is the control bus, data bus and address bus.
The data bus is a signal line that manages data stored in a designated area and facilitates data
exchange between the CPU and memory as well as between the CPU and I/O.

The signal line known as the address bus indicates where the memory and I/O are located.
The takeoff destination or storage destination of the data must be specified while exchanging
the data.
This location is specified by the address bus.

The address bus designates a location, and the control bus is a signal line that indicates whether
to read or write to that location.

As soon as the control bus issues the "Write" command, the memory and I/O designated on
the address bus receive the data that was sent on the data bus.
The data is output to the data bus upon receiving the command "Read" from the control bus.

QN.2 Ans
SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)
The state of a six-transistor memory cell is used to store data in this kind of RAM. Static RAM
is mostly utilized by the CPU as cache memory.

SD RAM (synchronous dynamic Random-Access memory)


They store data using capacitors using IC’s (Integrated Circuits). Access periods range from
25 to 10 nanoseconds, and the modules, known as DIMMs (dual in-line memory modules),
have 168 connections.

DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory)


It is comparable to SDRAM. There is only one difference between the two: the larger
bandwidth provides faster performance. Its maximum transfer rate was roughly 1,064 Mbps to
the L2 cache.

ED RAM (Extended Data Output Random Access Memory)


It was developed to enhance the efficiency of RAM chips utilized in the 1990s.
It moves on to the next bit without waiting for the analysis of the previous one to be completed.
ED DRAM begins looking for the next bit after determining where the first bit is located.

QN.3 Ans
Password trouble shooting in CMOS.
Password troubleshooting in CMOS typically involves resetting or clearing the BIOS password
on a computer's motherboard.

Removing the motherboard's CMOS battery is a popular technique for changing the BIOS
password. When the computer is shut off, this battery keeps the BIOS configuration and
settings intact. The BIOS settings are restored to their original values—which can possibly
involve deleting the password—by taking out the battery for a short while.

Using a jumper on the motherboard is another way to remove the BIOS password. A jumper
is a tiny gadget that connects two motherboard pins and is usually used to set up different
hardware configurations. The BIOS settings are reset by changing the jumper to a certain
location, which may involve removing the password.

Features of the BIOS


Antivirus support
Should provide antivirus facility.
Should save the master boot record from being changed.

Parallel Port Support.


Should support full range of port modes which includes Standard Parallel port, bidirectional
mode, enhanced capabilities port (ECP), Enhanced parallel port (EPP)

USB Support
Should support complete compatibility with all the USB (Universal Serial BUS is a
specification used by the system to transfer data between the computer and the external digital
device.) hardware and hubs

Power Management Support


Power management is very much important for desktop and lower version of the system to
avoid wastage of energy.
Support DPMS (Display Power management Signaling is a specific standard used to reduce
the power consumption in the monitor) for monitors and other display device.

QN.4 Ans
Hard drive is made up of various parts that each perform a distinct hard disc function. A hard
disc is made up of one or more platters, which are solid, rough substrates. Aluminum is used
to make platters since it is a lightweight material. They have a circular form, and to read and
write data, magnetic materials are coated on both sides of the platters. To read or write data
onto the disc, two or more magnetic heads are attached to the platter. Platters revolve around a
common axis, and heads are free to move about the platter's radius. As a result, it enables the
heads to read the entire surface.

Every platter division's information is designed to depict a certain place. This creates a
pattern of concentric circles that are utilized to store the information. A track is any
concentric circle on a platter, and these tracks are further subdivided into segments. The head
of the corresponding other surface is also on the corresponding track when the head of one
surface is on that track. The collective term for all of the tracks is "cylinder."

QN.5 Ans
A high-capacity optical disk medium designed for storing, rewriting, and playing back high-
definition video is called a Blu-ray disk (BD). It was intended to replace the DVD and has a
big capacity for data storage.

Many organizations create the Blu-ray Disc standards, and a number of technical guidelines
and standards are adhered to guarantee compatibility and interoperability.
These are some of the important software guidelines that Blu-ray Disc follows to:

Video and Audio Codecs: H.264 (Advanced Video Coding): H.264 is the main video
compression standard used in Blu-ray Discs. It offers superior video compression fit for
content in high definition.
High-Efficiency Video Coding, or HEVC (also known as H.265): HEVC is a type of video
compression that is more efficient than H.264 and is used in some more recent Blu-ray Discs.
Standards for the File System:
The Universal Disk Format, or UDF: The UDF file system is commonly used by Blu-ray
Discs to store and organize data. A popular file system standard for optical discs, UDF is
vendor-neutral.

Digital rights management and copy protection:


AACS (Advanced Access Content System): AACS is a DRM (digital rights management)
technology that prevents unlawful copying of Blu-ray content. To secure the content, it has
key management and encryption features.

BD-ROM regional coding Markings:


Region codes on Blu-ray discs are frequently used to limit playback to particular
geographical areas. This is comparable to the DVD region coding.

Interactive Content Based on ava:


Blu-ray Disc Java (BD-J): BD-J is a Java version created especially for Blu-ray players, and
it allows Blu-ray Discs to support interactive content. This makes it possible to create
interactive apps, games, and menus on the disk.

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