IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION

BUILDING COMPONENT SAFETY INFORMATION

GUIDE TO GOOD PRACTICE

BCSI 1-03
FOR HANDLING, INSTALLING & BRACING
OF METAL PLATE CONNECTED
WOOD TRUSSES
JOINTLY PRODUCED BY
WOOD TRUSS COUNCIL OF AMERICA
AND
TRUSS PLATE INSTITUTE
FIRST EDITION PUBLISHED - OCTOBER 1, 2003

;
˜12"

One
brace
requir
ed on
each
of the
se tw
o webs
.

HAZARD! WARNING! CAUTION! DANGER! ALERT! SAFETY!

 BCSI 1-03

HAZARD! WARNING! CAUTION!

DANGER! ALERT! SAFETY!

Use of the words above in any language should tell the

reader that an unsafe condition or action will greatly
increase the probability of an accident occurring which
could result in serious personal injury or death.
Disregarding or ignoring handling, installing and bracing
safety recommendations is the major cause of truss erec-
tion/installation accidents.
The erection of wood trusses is inherently dangerous and
requires, above all, careful planning and communication
between the Erection/Installation Contractor, installation
crew and the crane operator. Depending on the experience
of the Contractor, it is strongly recommended that a meet-
ing be held with all individuals involved in the
lifting/hoisting, installing and temporary bracing operations
to review the provisions of the Building Component Safety
Information (BCSI) booklet, the Truss Design Drawings,
the Building Structural System Design Documents
(BSSDD) i.e. architectural/structural plans and specifica-
tions, the Truss Placement Diagram (if/when required by
BSSDD), OSHA jobsite lifting and fall protection require-
ments (see BCSI-B11, Fall Protection & Wood Trusses)
and site specific environmental issues.
It is recommended that these procedures be followed
before any lift operations are performed. This meeting
should be held before the trial lift at each new jobsite and
must be repeated for any individuals newly assigned to the
erection/installation operation. Truss bracing requires an
understanding of triangulation in the various planes per-
pendicular to the planes of the members of the truss. This
understanding is essential for a safe installation. The
Erection/Installation Contractor must be familiar with gen-
eral bracing concepts as discussed in the above
referenced industry publications. It is not intended that
these recommendations be interpreted as superior to the
project Architect's or Engineer's design specification for
handling, installing and bracing wood trusses and it does
not preclude the use of other equivalent methods for brac-
ing and providing stability for the walls and columns as
may be determined by the Erection/Installation Contractor.

i
 BCSI 1-03

Every project has different site conditions that can have a

specific effect on the erection process. Before the first
truss is erected, every individual involved needs to under-
stand the installation plan and the intended bracing
requirements for a safe, efficient and accident-free jobsite.
PRECAUTIONARY NOTE TO USERS OF BCSI
This Guide to Good Practice for Handling, Installing &
Bracing Metal Plate Connected Wood Trusses (BCSI 1-03)
may be edited, changed, revised or withdrawn at any time.
Purchasers and users of this guide are advised to visit the
Products section of www.woodtruss.com to confirm that
this version is the latest available information. BCSI 1-03 is
published with an Effective Date. Use only the latest ver-
sion. Additionally, errata and updates are published
periodically and are available on this website.

EDITORS NOTE: Capitalized terms found throughout this

document are defined in the “Glossary of Terms” (see
pages 113-128).
ii
 BCSI 1-03

BUILDING COMPONENT SAFETY INFORMATION

BCSI 1-03
GUIDE TO GOOD PRACTICE
FOR HANDLING, INSTALLING & BRACING
OF METAL PLATE CONNECTED
WOOD TRUSSES
JOINTLY PRODUCED BY
WOOD TRUSS COUNCIL OF AMERICA
AND
TRUSS PLATE INSTITUTE
PUBLISHED - OCTOBER 1, 2003
EFFECTIVE DATE
01/01/04

Copyright © 2003
WOOD TRUSS COUNCIL OF AMERICA
and TRUSS PLATE INSTITUTE
All rights reserved. This book or any part thereof
may not be reproduced in any form without the
written permission of the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America.
iii
 BCSI 1-03

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The thoughts, ideas and hard work of many have brought the
Building Component Safety Information (BCSI 1-03) document to
press.
Special thanks to WTCA's membership in its entirety for perspec-
tive and feedback in guiding the creation of this work, under the
leadership of Scott Arquilla, WTCA 2003 President; Mike Ruede,
Immediate Past President; Dan Holland, President Elect; and
Kendall Hoyd, Secretary. Special thanks are also due to each of
the TPI Member Companies: Alpine Engineered Products,
Cherokee Metal Products, CompuTrus, Eagle Metal Products,
MiTek Industries, Robbins Manufacturing Company, TeeLok
Corporation, and Truswal Systems Corporation, and in particular
TPI's President Charles C. Hoover, Jr., P.E., for his leadership in
creating the cooperative spirit that is the key to any successful
endeavor where two organizations are involved in a project as
substantial as this.
Certain individuals have been especially dedicated to making this
document possible: Scott Arquilla, Clyde Bartlett, David
Brakeman, Steve Cabler, Steve Cramer, Bob Dayhoff, Dave
Denoncourt, James Gingrich, Kirk Grundahl, Kelly Gutting, Joe
Heinsman, Dan Holland, Ted Kolanko, Mike Kozlowski, Stu Lewis,
Mike Magid, John Meeks, Joe Michels, Carl Schoening, Marvin
Strzyzewski, Gary Sweatt, and Ken Watters II.
WTCA would like to thank those who serve on its Engineering &
Technology and Marketing Committees, and TPI would like to
thank those who serve on its Technical Advisory Committee
(TAC) for their continued dedication to advancing our industry's
work on safety and technology.
Finally, a key thank you must go to those that tended to all the
details in the background, without which this document would not
yet be completed. This group includes Dave Brakeman, TPI-TAC
Chairman; Kelly Gutting, TPI Technical Director; Ryan Dexter,
Lora Gilardi, Libby Maurer, Anita Meredith, Stan Sias, Rachel
Smith, Barb Speer, and Richard Zimmermann, of WTCA staff.

PHOTO AND GRAPHIC ARTS CREDITS

Graphic art, photographs, sketches, drawings, forms, and table

formats that appear in this document have come from many
sources, some known and others unknown. WTCA and TPI wish
to thank the following known suppliers of graphic materials for the
BCSI 1-03 Booklet:
Alpine Engineered Products; Cherokee Metal Products;
CompuTrus; Eagle Metal Products; MiTek Industries; Robbins
Manufacturing; Simpson Strong-Tie Company; TeeLok
Corporation; Truss Plate Institute; Truswal Systems Corporation;
USP Structural Connectors; and Wood Truss Council of America.

iv
 CONTENTS

HAZARD/GENERAL WARNING STATEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i

PRECAUTIONARY NOTE TO USERS OF BCSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iv
PHOTO AND GRAPHIC ARTS CREDITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
PUBLICATIONS BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix
IMPORTANT NOTE REGARDING ON-CENTER SPACING . . . . . . . . . . .xi
BCSI-B1 GUIDE FOR HANDLING, INSTALLING AND BRACING
OF METAL PLATE CONNECTED WOOD TRUSSES . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
GENERAL NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
UNLOADING AND LIFTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
JOBSITE HANDLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
HOISTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
BEGINNING THE ERECTION/INSTALLATION PROCESS . . . . . . . 10
INSTALLATION TOLERANCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
BRACING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
CONSTRUCTION LOADING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
CAUTION NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
BCSI-B2 TRUSS INSTALLATION AND TEMPORARY BRACING . . . . 21
GENERAL WARNINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
CONSIDERATIONS BEFORE STARTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
SETTING FIRST FIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
EXTERIOR GROUND BRACING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
INTERIOR GROUND BRACING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
DETAILING THE INSTALLATION PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
TOP CHORD TEMPORARY LATERAL BRACING OPTIONS . . . . . .37
TOP CHORD BRACING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38
WEB PLANE BRACING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
BOTTOM CHORD BRACING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
FIELD ASSEMBLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
MULTI-PLY AND GIRDER TRUSSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
BCSI-B3 WEB MEMBER PERMANENT BRACING/WEB
REINFORCEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
PRIMARY OPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
CONTINUOUS LATERAL BRACING (CLB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
WEB REINFORCEMENT (JOBSITE APPLIED) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
WEB REINFORCEMENT (SHOP APPLIED) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56

v
 CONTENTS

BCSI-B4 CONSTRUCTION LOADING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

CONSTRUCTION LOADING DOS AND DON’TS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
MAXIMUM STACK HEIGHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
BCSI-B5 TRUSS DAMAGE, JOBSITE MODIFICATIONS AND
INSTALLATION ERRORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
GENERAL NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
DAMAGE, MODIFICATION, ERROR FOUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
REPAIR TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
DAMAGE, MODIFICATION, ERROR EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
REPORTING DAMAGE, MODIFICATIONS, INSTALLATION
ERRORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
BCSI-B6 GABLE END FRAME BRACING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
GENERAL NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
BUILDING DESIGNER RESPONSIBILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
TRUSS DESIGNER RESPONSIBILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
CONTRACTOR RESPONSIBILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
BRACING CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
GABLE END FRAME WEB REINFORCEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
GABLE END FRAME BRACING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
SAMPLE BUILDING DESIGN DETAILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
SAMPLE TRUSS DESIGN DETAILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
SAMPLE PERMANENT BRACING CONFIGURATIONS . . . . . . . . .73
BALLOON FRAME AND SCISSOR GABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
BCSI-B7 TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT BRACING
FOR PARALLEL CHORD TRUSSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
GENERAL NOTES AND DETAILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
INSTALLATION ERRORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
STRONGBACK BRIDGING REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
INSTALLATION BRACING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
CONSTRUCTION LOADING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
BCSI-B8 TOE-NAILING FOR UPLIFT REACTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
GENERAL NOTES INSTALLATION GUIDELINES . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
TOE-NAIL ON MECHANICAL CONNECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
TOE-NAIL UPLIFT DESIGN CAPACITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
BCSI-B9 MULTI-PLY GIRDERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
PLY-TO-PLY CONNECTION DETAILS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
GOOD INSTALLATION PRACTICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
FASTENER GUIDELINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88

vi
 CONTENTS

SCREWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
BOLTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
BCSI-B10 POST FRAME TRUSS INSTALLATION AND BRACING . . . 91
GENERAL WARNING NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
MECHANICAL INSTALLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
IMPORTANT NOTES ON LIMITATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
TEMPORARY BRACING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
STABLE BASE UNIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
BRACING THE BASE UNIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
TEMPORARY TOP CHORD LATERAL BRACING SCHEDULE . . .100
TOP CHORD LATERAL BRACING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
BOTTOM CHORD BRACING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
TOP CHORD DIAGONAL BRACING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
WEB MEMBER BRACING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
WARNINGS AND RESPONSIBILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
BCSI-B11 FALL PROTECTION AND WOOD TRUSSES . . . . . . . . . . 107
GENERAL NOTES AND RESOURCE INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . .107
FALL PROTECTION DOS AND DON’TS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
SAFE INSTALLATION OPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
WARNING SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
GLOSSARY OF TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
REFERENCED INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS AND
GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
REFERENCED INDUSTRY STANDARDS, GUIDELINES
AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION TAGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
QUICK REFERENCE TO BCSI-B SERIES DOCUMENTS . . .BACK COVER

vii
CONTENTS

viii
 BCSI 1-03

INTRODUCTION

The Wood Truss Council of America (WTCA) and Truss Plate

Institute (TPI) have each adopted policies to promote handling,
installing and bracing guidelines for metal plate connected wood
trusses that are simple, safe, proven methods consistent with
good framing construction practices in the field. The intention of
this Building Component Safety Information (BCSI 1-03) booklet
is to implement those policies.
The methods and procedures in BCSI 1-03 are intended to
ensure that the overall construction techniques employed will put
floor and roof trusses safely in place in a completed structure.
These recommendations for handling, installing and bracing
wood trusses are based upon the collective experience of lead-
ing technical personnel in the wood truss industry, but must, due
to the nature of responsibilities involved, be presented only as a
guide for use by a qualified Building Designer or Erection/
Installation Contractor. It is not intended that these recommenda-
tions be interpreted as superior to the project Architect's or
Engineer's design specification for handling, installing and brac-
ing wood trusses and it does not preclude the use of other
equivalent methods for bracing and providing stability for the
walls and columns as may be determined by the truss
Erection/Installation Contractor. Thus, the Wood Truss Council of
America and the Truss Plate Institute expressly disclaim any
responsibility for damages arising from the use, application, or
reliance on the recommendations and information contained
herein.

PUBLICATIONS BACKGROUND

The WTCA and TPI have developed the BCSI 1-03 booklet to
replace the HIB-91, Commentary and Recommendations for
Handling, Installing and Bracing Metal Plate Connected Wood
Trusses. The BCSI 1-03 booklet was developed using DSB-89,
Recommended Design Specification for Temporary Bracing of
Metal Plate Connected Wood Trusses; HIB-91; HIB-91 (Summary
Sheet); HIB-98, Recommendations for Handling, Installing and
Temporary Bracing of Metal Plate Connected Wood Trusses
Used in Post-Frame Construction; and several existing bracing,
warning and safety documents (for a complete list, see refer-
ences on page 131-134). The consistent message throughout all
of these documents is that proper truss handling, installing and
bracing are crucial for consistent jobsite safety and acceptable
structural performance. More information regarding the design
and manufacturing of metal plate connected wood trusses can be
found in ANSI/TPI 1-2002, National Design Standard for Metal
Plate Connected Wood Trusses.

ix
 BCSI 1-03

The eleven sections of the BCSI 1-03 booklet are available as B-

Series Summary Sheets. These documents condense each
section into fewer pages that emphasize the main points with
graphics, less text and may be more suitable for end-users on the
jobsite. The B-Series Summary Sheets include:
BCSI-B1 Summary Sheet - Guide for Handling, Installing and
Bracing of Metal Plate Connected Wood Trusses: This guide
for builders features proper techniques for unloading, storing, lift-
ing, erecting, installing, and bracing trusses. It includes specific
information for protecting trusses from weather and damage at
the jobsite, how to lift individual trusses by crane, bracing guide-
lines to prevent trusses from toppling during erection, and
installation tolerances to keep the trusses in-plane and plumb.
Numerous graphics with universal red warning labels accompa-
nied by written instructions provide an easy-to-follow reference. A
supplemental warning tag can be attached to individual trusses
urging Erection/Installation Contractors to refer to the BCSI-B1
Summary Sheet for more bracing information.
BCSI-B2 Summary Sheet - Truss Installation and Temporary
Bracing: Temporary bracing is an important, yet often over-
looked, element of safe truss installation. BCSI-B2 provides
options for safe temporary bracing installations and strongly
emphasizes how all lateral bracing needs to be stabilized with
diagonal bracing, while showing how to get the first five trusses
erected and braced efficiently and safely for the benefit of the
crew and the project.
BCSI-B3 Summary Sheet - Web Member Permanent
Bracing/Web Reinforcement: It is crucial to the structural
integrity of individual truss components that truss web member
bracing is installed as indicated on the Truss Design Drawings.
BCSI-B3 explains how web member permanent bracing must be
installed and stabilized, by diagonal bracing or other means, in
the field. It also describes the use of web reinforcements when
web member braces are not practical.
BCSI-B4 Summary Sheet - Construction Loading: During
construction, trusses must not support any loads from equipment
or construction materials until the truss assembly is properly
braced or sheathed. This document gives safe stack heights for
several materials and illustrates good and bad loading practices.
BCSI-B5 Summary Sheet - Truss Damage, Jobsite
Modifications and Installation Errors: Trusses are precisely
engineered components. They must be inspected for any dam-
age or alterations to lumber or plates upon delivery and again
after mechanical, electrical and plumbing installations. Contact
the Truss Manufacturer for detailed repair instructions if damage,
modifications or installation errors are found.

x
 BCSI 1-03

The following B-series Summary Sheets were specifically creat-

ed for special conditions that may be encountered during the
truss installation and bracing process:
BCSI-B6 Summary Sheet - Gable End Frame Bracing: Gable
style roofs require special end frame bracing, especially in high-
wind areas. BCSI-B6 explains how to determine gable end
bracing details and provides installation guidelines.
BCSI-B7 Summary Sheet - Temporary and Permanent
Bracing for Parallel Chord Trusses: Floor trusses are more sta-
ble during installation because lumber is oriented in the flat-wise
direction. Nevertheless, it is important to observe good installa-
tion and bracing practices so floor systems are installed safely
and successfully, and offer better long-term floor performance.
BCSI-B8 Summary Sheet - Toe-Nailing for Uplift Reactions:
Uplift reactions, most often caused by wind forces, may require
special connections beyond code-prescribed toe-nailing. BCSI-
B8 explains the uplift capacity of a toe-nailed connection and
gives connection options when toe-nailing is not enough.
BCSI-B9 Summary Sheet - Multi-Ply Girders: Girder trusses
may consist of multiple truss components that need to be
attached together to act as one. BCSI-B9 discusses how to deter-
mine the proper number of plies, attachment methods, types of
fasteners and standards for fastener installation.
BCSI-B10 Summary Sheet - Post Frame Truss Installation
and Bracing: Recommendations for handling, installing and tem-
porary bracing of metal plate connected wood trusses in
post-frame construction. These guidelines are for Contractors
handling, installing and bracing flat bottom chord MPCWT in
engineered building system applications from 4' to 12' on-center.
BCSI-B11 Summary Sheet - Fall Protection and Wood
Trusses: Trusses are NOT designed to be fall protection
anchors. BCSI-11 presents several tips to enable framing crews
to safely and efficiently install trusses while meeting OSHA's fall
protection guidelines.

IMPORTANT NOTE REGARDING ON-CENTER SPACING

This BCSI Booklet is directed towards truss installations of 24"

on-center maximum unless noted otherwise, namely BCSI-B10
Post Frame Truss Installation. Installations of less than 24" on-
center are acceptable. 19.2", 16" and 12" on-center are
occasionally specified by Building Designers and/or Truss
Designers. These closer on-center spacings are acceptable
using the handling, installing and bracing criteria of this booklet.

xi
BCSI 1-03

xii
 BCSI-B1

BCSI-B1
GUIDE FOR HANDLING, INSTALLING
AND BRACING OF METAL PLATE
CONNECTED WOOD TRUSSES

GENERAL NOTES
Familiarity with the Building Structural System Design
Documents (BSSDD), Truss Design Drawings (TDD),
Truss Placement Diagrams (if/when required by the
BSSDD), this BCSI document and specific site conditions
is required to properly receive, store, erect, brace and
connect the trusses to the building system.
All of the care and quality involved in the design and
manufacture of wood trusses can be jeopardized if the
trusses are not properly handled, erected, and braced.

WARNING! The consequences of improper handling,

erecting and bracing may be a collapse of the struc-
ture, which at best is a substantial loss of time and
materials, and at worst is a loss of life. The majority of
truss accidents occur during truss installation and not
as a result of improper design or manufacture.
Prior to truss erection/installation, it is strongly recomend-
ed that the Erection/Installation Contractor supervisor
meet with the erection/installation crew and crane operator
for a safety and planning meeting; making sure each crew
member understands his or her roles and responsibilities
during the erection/installation process.

GENERAL WARNING! The consequences of

improper handling, erecting, and bracing may be
collapse of the structure, or worse, serious personal
injury or death.

PHOTO B1-1

1
 BCSI-B1

WARNING! Banding and truss plates have sharp

edges! Handle with care. WEAR GLOVES WHEN
HANDLING AND SAFETY GLASSES WHEN CUT-
TING BANDING!

FIGURE B1-1

TEMPORARY ERECTION BRACING

Trusses are not marked in any way to identify the
frequency or location of temporary erection bracing.

ALL TEMPORARY BRACING MUST COMPLY with

the recommendations and options as described here-
in and/or in the latest edition of the individual
B-Series Summary Sheets that are referenced.

PERMANENT TRUSS BRACING

Design of permanent truss bracing for the roof or floor
trusses is the responsibility of the Building Designer and
should be shown on the BSSDD. Permanent bracing loca-
tions for individual compression members of a wood truss
are shown on the TDD, and must be put in place by the
Erection/Installation Contractor. If properly planned, tem-
porary erection bracing that is applied can be used as
permanent truss bracing, making the completion of the
permanent truss bracing more efficient. Permanent truss
bracing is needed for the proper performance of indi-
vidual trusses within the roof or floor system. The
design of the bracing and its connection to the truss and
then to the overall building system is the responsibility of
the Building Designer, and is in addition to the permanent
truss bracing plan, which is also specified by the Building
Designer. Permanent bracing should provide sufficient
support at right angles to the plane of the truss to hold
every truss member in the position assumed for it in the
design. In addition, permanent bracing should be designed
to resist lateral forces imposed on the completed building
by wind or seismic forces. If there is not a permanent truss
bracing plan contact the Building Designer.

2
 BCSI-B1

SPECIAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

Special design requirements, such as wind bracing, portal
bracing, seismic bracing, diaphragms, shear walls, or other
load transfer elements and their connections to wood
trusses must be considered separately by the Building
Designer, who must determine the size, location, and
method of connections for all bracing as needed to resist
these forces.

UNLOADING AND LIFTING

AVOID LATERAL BENDING

(See page 6.)

; Beginning with the unloading

process, and throughout all
phases of construction, care
FIGURE B1-2
must be taken to avoid
LATERAL BENDING of trusses, which can cause
damage to the lumber and metal connector plates at
the joints.

; Due to treatment effects, fire retardant treated truss-

es require special care when handling to
prevent chord and web member breakage. Limit
exposure to elements per manufacturer’s recommen-
dations.

WARNING! USE SPECIAL CARE IN WINDY

WEATHER. Buildings under construction are vulner-
able to high winds, and present a safety hazard. It is
the responsibility of the Erection/Installation Contractor
to recognize adverse weather conditions and take
prompt and appropriate action to protect life.

; A crane should not be used in close proximity to elec-

trical power lines. If you must use a crane in close
proximity to electrical lines, contact the local power
company [OSHA: 29 CFR1926.550(a)(15)(i)]. Clear-
ance between electrical power lines and cranes.

; If using a crane within five miles of an airport, contact

the airport 30 days prior to crane use to learn about
any safety regulations that must be followed (FAA: 49
CFR Part 77).

3
 BCSI-B1

JOBSITE HANDLING

Spreader bar for FIGURE B1-3

truss bundles

; Check bundle banding prior to moving bundles.

DO NOT RELY ON BANDING TO SECURELY

TRANSFER BUNDLES ON THE JOBSITE

; Banded truss bundles, in a vertical position, should

be picked up at the top chords.

PHOTO B1-2 PHOTO B1-3

; Proper banding and smooth ground allow for unload-

ing of trusses without damage. This should be done
as close to the building site as possible to minimize
handling. Use care to not damage trusses with the
forks of the forklift.
DO NOT BREAK BANDING UNTIL ERECTION/
INSTALLATION BEGINS
DO NOT DRAG OR PUSH TRUSSES ALONG GROUND

PHOTO B1-4

DO NOT STORE UNBRACED BUNDLES UPRIGHT

DO NOT LIFT BANDED TRUSSES BY THE STRAPS

4
 BCSI-B1

PHOTO B1-5

DO NOT STORE ON UNEVEN GROUND

PHOTO B1-6

; If trusses are stored vertically, they must be braced in

a manner that will prevent tipping or toppling.

ONE WEEK OR LESS MORE THAN ONE WEEK

FIGURE B1-4 FIGURE B1-5

; If trusses are stored horizontally for more than one

week, blocking of sufficient height should be used on
eight to ten foot centers, (or as required to minimize
lateral bending), to lessen moisture gain from the
ground.

WARNING! Exercise care when removing banding to

avoid damaging trusses and prevent personal injury.
Gloves and safety glasses should be worn.

; During long term storage, trusses must be protected

from the environment in a manner that provides for
adequate ventilation of the trusses. If tarpaulins or
other protective covers are used, the ends must be
left open for ventilation. Plastic is not recommended,
since it can trap moisture.

5
 BCSI-B1

HAND ERECTION

FIGURE B1-6

; Trusses with spans less than or equal to 20' should be

supported at the peak.

FIGURE B1-7

; Trusses with spans less than or equal to 30' should be

supported at quarter points.

AVOID LATERAL BENDING

6"max.
1½"

10' 10'

10'
.
ax
3"m

10'
.
ax

FIGURE B1-8
3"m

20'
.
ax
6"m

; Follow these maximum allowable deflections during

handling and installation.
6
 BCSI-B1

HOISTING

; Hand erection of trusses is allowed, provided exces-

sive lateral bending is prevented (see page 6).

; All trusses that are erected one at a time must be held

safely in position by the erection equipment until such
time as all Top Chord Temporary Lateral Bracing
(TCTLB) has been installed and the trusses are
securely fastened to all bearing points assumed in the
design.

WARNING! DO NOT LIFT TRUSSES WITH SPANS

GREATER THAN 30' BY THE PEAK

FIGURE B1-9

Greater than 30'

WARNING! The Erection/Installation Contractor

should provide adequate rigging (crane, forklift,
slings, taglines, spreader bars) for sufficient control
during lifting and placement to assure safety to per-
sonnel and to prevent damage to trusses and
property. Slings, taglines, and spreader bars should
be used in a manner that will not cause any damage
to the metal connector plates and truss lumber. Lifting
devices should be connected to the truss top chord
with only a closed loop attachment utilizing materials
such as slings, chains, cables, and nylon straps of
sufficient strength to carry the weight of the truss.

; Care must be taken to position truss bundles so that

the supporting structure is not overloaded. Trusses
which are lifted in place in banded bundles should be
securely supported by temporary means which will
permit the safe removal of banding and sliding of indi-
vidual trusses.

7
 BCSI-B1

AVOID LATERAL BENDING (See page 6.)

TRUSSES UP TO 30': For trusses up to 30' use a mini-

mum of two pick-points at top chord joints spaced 1/2 the
truss length apart. Keep line angle to 60° or less.

FIGURE B1-10A

60° or less

Approx. 1/2
truss length
Tagline
For trusses up to 30'

FIGURE B1-10B

60° or less

Approx. 1/2
truss length
Tagline
For trusses up to 30'

; TRUSSES UP TO 60': For trusses between 30' and

60' use spreader bar 1/2 to 2/3 truss length. Attach
truss to the spreader bar with lines that slope inward
or “toe-in”, as shown. Lines that “toe-out” can cause
the truss to buckle.
FIGURE B1-11

Spreader bar

Toe-in Toe-in

Spreader bar 1/2 to

2/3 truss length
Tagline
For trusses up to 60'

8
 BCSI-B1

FIGURE B1-12

Spreader bar
Toe-in Toe-in

Spreader bar 1/2 to

2/3 truss length
Tagline
For trusses up to 60'

TRUSSES UP TO AND OVER 60': For trusses over 60'

use spreader bar 2/3 to 3/4 truss length. The spreader bar
prevents lateral bending and should be attached to top
chords and webs at 10' intervals. Locate the spreader bar
at or above mid-height of the truss to prevent overturning.

FIGURE B1-13
Locate Spreader bar
10' o.c.
above or stiffback
max.
mid-height

Spreader bar 2/3 to

3/4 truss length
Tagline
For trusses up to and over 60'

FIGURE B1-14
Spreader bar
or stiffback 10' o.c.
max.

Spreader bar 2/3 to

3/4 truss length
Tagline
For trusses up to and over 60'

WARNING! DESIGN THE SPREADER BAR OF ANY

MATERIAL WITH SUFFICIENT STRENGTH AND
RIGIDITY TO CARRY THE WEIGHT AND TO
RESIST BENDING OF THE TRUSS. IF IN DOUBT,
SEEK PROFESSIONAL GUIDANCE.

9
 BCSI-B1

BRACING MATERIAL AND CONNECTIONS

WARNING! Inadequate size and/or fastening of brac-

ing material is a major cause of erection dominoing.
Minimum size bracing lumber is 2x4 stress-graded lumber
unless other size is specified by the Building Designer.
Minimum Nail Size
10d (0.128x3")
12d (0.128x3.25")
16d (0.135x3.5")
TABLE B1-1 FIGURE B1-15

; For all bracing and spacing members (except end-

grain nailed spacers which require 16d
deformed-shank; ring, barb or screw nails):
• Always drive 2-10d (0.128x3"), 2-12d (0.128x3.25")
or 2-16d (0.135x3.5") nails into each truss for both
lateral and diagonal members.
• Drive nails flush, or use double-headed nails for
easiest brace removal.

BEGINNING THE ERECTION/INSTALLATION PROCESS

; It is important for the Erection/Installation Contractor

to provide substantial bracing for the first truss erect-
ed. Trusses making up the rest of the first set are tied
to the first truss and rely upon it for stability. Likewise,
after this first set of trusses is adequately diagonally
braced, the remaining trusses installed rely on this
first set for stability. Performance of the truss bracing
system depends to a great extent on how well the first
group of trusses is braced (see BCSI-B2).
GROUND BRACE - EXTERIOR (See BCSI-B2, page 26)

; Exterior ground bracing ties the first set of trusses off

to a series of braces that are attached to stakes driv-
en into the ground and securely anchored. The
ground brace itself should be supported as shown in
Figures B1-16 and 17 or it is apt to buckle. Additional
ground braces in the opposite direction, inside the
building, are also recommended.

; For ground brace design, see DSB-89, Recommen-

ded Design Specification for Temporary Bracing of
MPCWT (see Ground Bracing, page 117).
10
 BCSI-B1

Top chord continuous lateral bracing

; Locate ground
braces for first truss
directly in line with
all rows of top chord 2x4 min.
continuous lateral
bracing (temporary
or permanent).

45°
FIGURE B1-16

Ground brace diagonal Brace first truss well before

erection of additional units

Bearing for trusses

Lateral

FIGURE B1-17

Ground brace strut

Ground stakes End diagonals to ground stakes
Ground brace connections should use a min. 2-16d (0.135x3.5") nails clinched.

GROUND BRACE - INTERIOR (See BCSI-B2, page 27)

; Where height of building or ground conditions prohib-

it bracing from the exterior, tie the first truss rigidly in
place from the interior at the floor level, provided the
floor is capable of supporting the ground bracing
forces. Install the first truss in the middle of the build-
ing and brace similar to exterior ground bracing
shown above. Diagonally brace the first set of trusses
before removing ground braces and setting remaining
trusses.
Temporary support wall (or interior partitions)
Second through fifth trusses

Ground brace lateral

FIGURE B1-18

Ground brace
diagonals
Ground brace strut
End brace
First floor

Second floor

Second floor system must have adequate capacity to support ground braces

11
 BCSI-B1

INSTALLATION TOLERANCES (PER ANSI/TPI 1-2002, CH. 6)

Out of Plumb
D/50 D (ft.)
1/4" 1'
Depth, D

FIGURE B1-19 Plumb 1/2" 2'

bob 3/4" 3'
1" 4'
1-1/4" 5'
D/50 max 1-1/2" 6'
1-3/4" 7'
Out of Plane 2" t8'
Max. Truss TABLE B1-2
Bow Length
3/4" 12.5' Max. Bow
7/8" 14.6'
1" 16.7' Length
FIGURE B1-20A
1-1/8" 18.8'
1-1/4" 20.8'
Max. Bow
1-3/8" 22.9' Length
1-1/2" 25.0'
Max. Bow Length
1-3/4" 29.2'
FIGURE B1-20B
2" t33.3'
TABLE B1-3

; Top chord bearing flat or parallel chord trusses should

have a maximum 1/2" gap between the inside edge of
the bearing and the first diagonal or vertical web
member (see Figure B7-3, page 75).

; Complying with installation tolerances is critical to

achieving an acceptable roof or floor line, AND TO
ACCOMPLISHING EFFECTIVE BRACING. Setting
trusses within tolerance the first time will prevent
the need for the hazardous practice of re-spacing or
adjusting trusses when roof sheathing or roof purlins
are installed. Trusses leaning or bowing can cause
nails to miss the top chords when sheathing is
applied, and create cumulative stresses on the brac-
ing, which is a frequent cause of truss dominoing.

; The location of trusses along bearing support must

be within +/- ¼" of plan dimension. Construction
requirements that force placement beyond this toler-
ance must be reviewed and approved by the Building
Designer and Truss Designer.
12
 BCSI-B1

BRACING WARNINGS

DIAGONAL BRACING IS
VERY IMPORTANT!

FIGURE B1-21

DO NOT WALK ON UNBRACED TRUSSES

FIGURE B1-22

DO NOT WALK ON TRUSSES OR GABLE ENDS

LYING FLAT

; All anchors, hangers, tie-downs, seats, and bearing

ledgers that are part of the supporting structure must
be accurately and properly placed and permanently
attached before truss erection/installation begins.
Trusses must not be installed on anchors or ties that
have temporary connections to the supporting struc-
ture. The truss must be properly connected to each
support.

THE STRUCTURE IS NOT STRUCTURALLY SOUND,

STABLE OR SAFE until all the hardware and bracing
is properly installed.

DIAGONAL BRACING IS
VERY IMPORTANT!
SEE BCSI-B2 TRUSS INSTALLATION AND
TEMPORARY BRACING (PAGES 21-50) FOR
ADDITIONAL BRACING OPTIONS.

13
 BCSI-B1

BRACING REQUIREMENTS FOR 3 PLANES OF ROOF

; Temporary erection bracing must be applied to three
planes of the roof trusses to ensure stability:
1) Top chord (roof sheathing plane)
2) Bottom chord (ceiling plane)
3) Web member (sloping plane or vertical plane
perpendicular to trusses)

; 1) TOP CHORD TEMPORARY BRACING is the

most important step for the Erection/Installation
Contractor. Truss top chords are susceptible to later-
al buckling. See BCSI-B2 for more bracing options.

FIGURE B1-23 Continuous Diagonal bracing

lateral bracing
Top chord

Maximum Top Chord Temporary Lateral Brace Spacing

Truss Span Spacing Requirements
TABLE
B1- 4 Up to 30' Use 10' spacing*
30' - 45' Use 8' spacing*
45' - 60' No greater than 6'*
60' - 80'+ No greater than 4'*
+Consult a Professional Engineer for trusses longer than 60'

FIGURE B1-24

2x4x12' or greater lapped

over two trusses

|45°
*Spacing of temporary
continuous lateral bracing 10 truss spaces
per Table B1-4 (20' max)

This top chord bracing approach applies to all sloping chord trusses,
scissors trusses and 2x_ parallel chord trusses.

EXACT SPACING BETWEEN TRUSSES SHOULD

BE MAINTAINED AS BRACING IS INSTALLED to
avoid the hazardous practice of removing bracing to
adjust spacing. This act of “adjusting spacing” can
cause trusses to topple if connections are removed at
the wrong time.
14
 BCSI-B1

; 2) BOTTOM CHORD TEMPORARY/PERMANENT

BRACING is required to hold on-center spacing for
the bottom chord. Place continuous lateral braces
and diagonals on top of the bottom chord as
shown. They may be removed after the permanent
ceiling diaphragm is in place or remain to become
part of the permanent bracing system.

FIGURE B1-25
Continuous lateral bracing
Diagonal bracing

Bottom
chord

*10' - 15' max.

FIGURE B1-26
2x4x12' length lapped
over two trusses.

Bottom chords

Repeat diagonals
every 10 truss
*10'-15' spaces (20' max)
max

Some chord and web members not shown for clarity.

This bracing approach apples to all truss types except 3x2 and
4x2 parallel chord trusses.

*IMPORTANT NOTE: Install bottom chord TEMPORARY

lateral bracing in rows no more than 15' on-center. Install
bottom chord PERMANENT lateral bracing at the locations
required by the TDD and BSSDD. The maximum on-center
spacing of permanent lateral braces is 10' but may be less
if required by the TDD and/or Building Designer.

; Connect end of bracing to end wall. Add diagonal

bracing at each end and every 10 truss spaces (20'
maximum).

15
 BCSI-B1

; 3) WEB MEMBER PLANE requires temporary/per-

manent diagonal bracing, as shown in Figure B1-28.
It is critical in preventing trusses from leaning or domi-
noing. Install diagonal bracing on vertical web
members whenever possible, at or near bottom chord
lateral bracing. Rated panel sheathing may be substi-
tuted for diagonal bracing. See BCSI-B2 and B3 for
more web member bracing information.
FIGURE B1-27

Continuous lateral Diagonal

bracing bracing

Locate diagonal braces at or near bottom chord lateral bracing.

See Note on p. 15 for spacing.

ery
g ev Web members
n )
ci ax
bra 20' m
FIGURE B1-28
a l
on s(
d iag pace
at ss s
pe
Re 0 tru
1

Bottom
chords

Some chord and

*10'-15' max. same spac- web members not
ing as bottom chord shown for clarity.
lateral bracing (see Note
page 15)
This bracing approach applies to all truss types
except 3x2 and 4x2 parallel chord trusses.

; Webs that require permanent lateral bracing must

also be diagonally braced for rigidity. With some pre-
planning, temporary web bracing may be used as
part of the permanent bracing.

; Long spans, heavy loads or truss spacings greater

than 2' on-center may require closer spacing of later-
al bracing and of diagonals. Consult the Building
Designer or BCSI-B10 Post Frame Truss Installation
and Bracing.

16
 BCSI-B1

BRACING 3x2 AND 4x2 PARALLEL CHORD TRUSSES

; Alternate proprietary methods of temporary bracing

are available. See manufacturer’s specifications.

DIAGONAL BRACING IS
VERY IMPORTANT!
SEE BCSI-B2 TRUSS INSTALLATION AND
TEMPORARY BRACING (PAGES 21-50)
FOR ADDITIONAL BRACING OPTIONS.

; 3x2 and 4x2 parallel chord truss top chords can be

braced as follows:
* Maximum Lateral Brace spacing
10' o.c. for 3x2 chords
FIGURE B1-29
15'* 15' o.c. for 4x2 chords
or
10'
Repeat Diagonal Bracing
every 15 Truss spaces (30')

The end Diagonal

Brace for cantilevered
Trusses must be placed All lateral
on vertical webs braces lapped
in line with the support. at least two Trusses.
See NOTE below.
Top chord temporary lateral brace spacing shall be
10' o.c. max. for 3x2 chords and 15' o.c. for 4x2 chords.

; NOTE: End diagonals, and/or rated panel sheathing,

blocking panels, ribbon board, or rim board as speci-
fied by the Building Designer, are essential for
stability and must be installed on both ends of the
truss system and repeated every 15 truss spaces (30'
maximum). See Figures B1-30, 31 and 32 below.

Blocking Panel Rim Board

FIGURE B1-30 FIGURE B1-32

Ribbon Board
FIGURE B1-31

17
 BCSI-B1

CONSTRUCTION LOADING

; Proper distribution of construction materials is a must

during construction. See BCSI-B4 Construction
Loading document for loading specifics (see pages
57-60).

DO NOT PROCEED WITH CONSTRUCTION UNTIL

ALL BRACING IS SECURELY AND PROPERLY IN
PLACE

FIGURE B1-33

NEVER STACK MATERIALS ON UNBRACED OR

INADEQUATELY BRACED TRUSSES

FIGURE B1-34

NEVER STACK MATERIALS NEAR A PEAK

FIGURE B1-35

Cantilever

NEVER STACK MATERIALS ON THE CANTILEVER

OF A TRUSS

18
 BCSI-B1

; ALWAYS STACK MATERIALS OVER TWO OR

MORE TRUSSES

NEVER OVERLOAD SMALL GROUPS OR SINGLE

TRUSSES. POSITION LOAD OVER AS MANY
TRUSSES AS POSSIBLE. DO NOT EXCEED
STACK DEPTH IN TABLE B4-1 PAGE 58.

FIGURE B1-36
FIGURE B1-37

; Acceptable against outside

load bearing wall and ori-
ented perpendicular to
truss span.

; Acceptable over load bear-

ing wall laying flat only and
oriented perpendicular to FIGURE B1-38
truss span.

NEVER CUT, ALTER OR DRILL ANY STRUCTURAL

MEMBER OF A TRUSS UNLESS SPECIFICALLY
PERMITTED BY THE TRUSS DESIGN DRAWING

FIGURE B1-39

; Any field modification that involves the cutting,

drilling, or relocation of any structural truss member
or connector plate shall not be done without the
approval of the Truss Manufacturer or a licensed
Design Professional.

; Trimming overhangs to length is considered a part of

normal erection and is permitted.

19
 BCSI-B1

CAUTION NOTES

; Errors in building lines and/or dimensions, or errors

by others (i.e., unequal plate elevations, walls not par-
allel, etc.), shall be corrected by the Contractor or
responsible construction trade Subcontractor or
Supplier BEFORE erection/installation of trusses
begins.

; Non-load bearing walls may become load bearing if

large construction loads are applied above them. This
can cause floors below to have deflection problems.

; Under industry guidelines, trusses that have been

field altered at the jobsite or overloaded during the
construction phase may render your Truss Manufac-
turer’s limited warranty null and void. Check your
Truss Manufacturer’s limited warranty for specific
information.

DISCLAIMER: The Truss Manufacturer and Truss

Designer must rely on the fact that the Contractor and
crane operator are professionals and that he/she has the
capability to undertake the work they have agreed to do
on any given project. If the Contractor believes they need
assistance in some aspect of the construction project,
they should seek assistance from a competent party. The
methods and procedures outlined are intended to ensure
that the overall construction techniques employed will
put floor and roof trusses into place SAFELY. These rec-
ommendations for handling, installing and bracing wood
trusses are based upon the collective experience of lead-
ing technical personnel in the wood truss industry, but
must, due to the nature of responsibilities involved, be
presented only as a GUIDE for use by a qualified Building
Designer or Erection/Installation Contractor. It is not
intended that these recommendations be interpreted as
superior to the project Architect's or Engineer's design
specification for handling, installing and bracing wood
trusses and it does not preclude the use of other equiva-
lent methods for bracing and providing stability for the
walls and columns as may be determined by the truss
Erection/Installation Contractor. Thus, WTCA and TPI
expressly disclaim any responsibility for damages aris-
ing from the use, application, or reliance on the
recommendations and information contained herein.

20
 BCSI-B2

BCSI-B2
TRUSS INSTALLATION
AND TEMPORARY BRACING

COMMENTARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

For trusses up to 2'-0" on-center and 80'-0" in length.

WARNING! The erection of wood trusses is inherent-

ly dangerous and requires, above all, careful planning
and communication between the Erection/Installation
Contractor, crane operator and installation crew.
Depending on the experience of the Contractor it is
strongly recommended that a meeting be held with all
individuals involved in the lifting/hoisting, installing
and temporary bracing operations to review the provi-
sions of this booklet, the Truss Design Drawings
(TDD), the Building Structural System Design
Documents (BSSDD) (architectural/structural plans
and specifications), the Truss Placement Diagram
(if/when required by BSSDD), OSHA jobsite lifting
and fall protection requirements (see BCSI-B11, Fall
Protection and Wood Trusses) and site specific envi-
ronmental issues.

WARNING! Disregarding handling, installing and

bracing safety recommendations is the major cause
of truss erection/installation accidents. Ignoring an
unsafe condition or action will greatly increase the
probability of an accident occurring which could easi-
ly result in property damage, but more significantly,
may also cause serious personal injury or death.
Proper truss erection/installation and bracing requires
an understanding of triangulation in the various
planes of the truss; top chord, bottom chord and web,
and in a direction perpendicular to these members. It
is critical to note that all lateral bracing must be stabi-
lized by diagonal members in the same plane. Lateral
bracing by itself is not adequate without the added
rigidity of triangulation from the diagonal bracing. This
understanding is essential for a safe installation.
The Erection/Installation Contractor must be familiar
with general bracing concepts as discussed in the

21
 BCSI-B2

above industry publications. It is not intended that

these recommendations be interpreted as superior to
the project Architect's or Engineer's design specifica-
tion for handling, installing and bracing wood trusses
and it does not preclude the use of other equivalent
methods for bracing and providing stability for the
walls and columns as may be determined by the
Contractor. The Contractor is also responsible for the
proper and safe lifting of the trusses. See BCSI-B1
(pages 1-20) for additional commentary on handling
and installing. Every project has different site condi-
tions that can have a specific affect on the erection
process. Before the first truss is erected every individ-
ual on the erection crew, including the crane operator,
needs to understand the installation plan and the
intended bracing requirements for a safe, efficient and
accident-free jobsite.

PHOTO B2-1

WHAT NOT TO DO: No Diagonal Bracing

PHOTO B2-2

; Always Diagonally Brace for Safety!

22
 BCSI-B2

CONSIDERATIONS BEFORE STARTING

Prior to starting the erection/installation process there are
several checks that are the responsibility of the Contractor.
These include:

; 1. Is the building the correct size? Are all actual

dimensions the same as those depicted in the
BSSDD? If not, corrective actions must be taken prior
to the truss installation.

; 2. Are all the load bearing walls plumb and properly

braced? Stopping in the middle of the truss installa-
tion to straighten and brace the walls is dangerous.
Having an inadequately braced wall buckle during the
erection process will surely cause property damage
and may cause serious personal injury or death.

; 3. Are all special supporting structures (headers,

beams, lintels) accurately and securely installed at
the locations shown on the BSSDD? If not, corrective
actions must be taken prior to the truss installation.

; 4. Are the tops of all bearing walls flat, level and at the
same elevation? Are the walls straight in their length,
and parallel where they should be parallel? Uneven
bearing surfaces are a major cause of truss uneven-
ness, and may cause costly delays and/or repairs.
Check and correct bearing wall deficiencies prior to
starting the truss erection process.

; 5. Are the delivered trusses the right size? Check

trusses for damage and dimensions as soon as they
arrive on the site to avoid possible installation delays.

; 6. Are all required hangers, tie-downs, and bracing

materials on site and located where they will be read-
ily accessible when needed? Missing materials or
parts should be secured prior to starting the truss
erection process. Do not attempt to “make do” without
all required materials. Jobsite safety has no room for
shortcuts.

; 7. Is the jobsite clean and neat with no scraps, cut-

offs and trash on the floor or around the perimeter of
the building? Truss erection typically involves bringing
the trusses in overhead with the assistance of a
crane. Worker attention is often directed upward even

23
 BCSI-B2

while moving around. A clean jobsite will help to avoid

trips and falls.

; 8. Are site conditions going to dictate the ground brac-

ing techniques for the first truss? Steeply sloping lots
or upper level truss installations usually warrant using
an interior ground brace scheme, as exterior braces
get exceedingly long and require substantial bracing
of the braces.

; 9. Is the building configuration such that some sets of

trusses can be set using the building structure itself
as the ground bracing for the first truss set? Particular
attention must be paid to the adequacy of the wall
bracing if this technique is chosen.

; 10. Is the roof a hip style? Can the crane lift and hold
the girder truss while the end jacks are installed to
brace the girder? This could eliminate the need for
ground bracing the first truss assuming all hardware
and hangers are installed prior to the crane releasing
the girder. Sheathing this assembly would assure a
rigid framework to which subsequent trusses could be
braced.

PHOTO B2-3 FIGURE B2-1

WARNING! Truss spacers are for spacing only! Never

use the commercially available light weight metal fold-
out/single unit spacer products for truss bracing.
Truss spacers do not provide bracing of any kind and
are not structural members. Failure to heed this warn-
ing is a dangerous act which could lead to a truss
collapse, property damage, or worse, serious person-
al injury or death.

24
 BCSI-B2

SETTING THE FIRST FIVE TRUSSES

Before starting, here are some general safety practice
reminders:
1. All members of the erection/installation crew should
have been briefed by this time as to the installation plan
and the intended bracing requirements.
2. All multi-ply trusses, including girders, should be fas-
tened together per the TDD prior to lifting into their
assumed positions on the building.
3. Check all trusses for damage (see BCSI-B5) prior to,
during and after the erection/installation process. Do
not install damaged trusses unless specifically instruct-
ed to do so by the Truss Manufacturer.
4. Reminder! All rows of lateral bracing must be stabilized
with diagonal bracing. Lateral bracing alone is not ade-
quate without the added rigidity of triangulation from
diagonal bracing.

SUMMARY OF THE EIGHT STEPS IN THE

TRUSS INSTALLATION PROCESS

; STEP 1. Establish ground bracing procedure; interior

or exterior.

FIGURE B2-2 Interior

If ground level is too far

from truss for exterior
ground bracing, use
interior ground bracing

Exterior

; STEP 2. Look-up on-center spacing of top chord tem-

porary lateral braces (TCTLB) (see Table B2-1).

; STEP 3. Set first truss (or gable end frame) and fas-
ten securely to ground braces using minimum 2-16d
(0.135x3.5'') nails clinched at each junction, and to
the wall, or as directed by the Building Designer.

25
 FIGURE B2-3 - EXTERIOR GROUND BRACING TO FIRST TRUSS INSTALLED (SEE GROUND BRACING PAGE 117)
Typical attachment of
Typical attachment
vertical, diagonal and lateral
of vertical brace
braces to truss First truss (or gable to end wall
Ground brace diagonal end frame) of braced
group of trusses Blocking
Ground brace
Lateral diagonal
brace
Ground brace
vertical

26
BCSI-B2

Truss Ground
brace
Driven ground lateral
Ground brace vertical
stake End wall
Side View Elevation View Strut
Ground brace vertical
Backup ground
NOTE! BRACING MATERIAL MUST BE
stake End brace Side Elevation
MIN. 2X4 STRESS-GRADED LUMBER
Horizontal tie member View View
CONNECTED WITH MIN. 2-16D
(0.135x3.5") NAILS AT EACH JUNCTION. with multiple stakes
 FIGURE B2-4 - INTERIOR GROUND BRACING TO FIRST TRUSS INSTALLED (SEE GROUND BRACING PAGE 117)
Typical attachment of
vertical, diagonal and lateral
braces to truss
First truss of
Ground brace diagonal
braced group of
trusses
Lateral
brace Ground brace
vertical

27
Ground brace
BCSI-B2

diagonal
End brace
Truss

Ground brace vertical

Second floor Ground
Side View Elevation View
brace
lateral
NOTE! BRACING MATERIAL MUST BE
Note: Second floor system
MIN. 2X4 STRESS-GRADED LUMBER
CONNECTED WITH MIN. 2-16D First floor shall have adequate capacity
(0.135x3.5") NAILS AT EACH JUNCTION. to support ground braces.
 BCSI-B2

The use of ground brace verticals alone, attached to

the endwall, is not considered good construction
practice and is not permitted.

; STEP 4. Set trusses 2, 3, 4 and 5 with TCTLB in line

with ground bracing. Attach securely at all bearings,
shimming bearings as necessary. Attachments to
non-bearing interior walls must allow for a floating
connection. Do not shim.

WARNING! NEVER release the truss being installed

from the lifting slings/crane until all TCTLB are
installed and bearing attachments are made. Exercise
caution to assure the trusses are accurately located
at their proper on-center spacing while the lateral
bracing is being applied. Releasing a truss early or
releasing a truss to adjust spacing is an extremely
dangerous act. To do so leaves the truss in an unsta-
ble condition and places the installation crew in
harms way. This is an UNSAFE act that may cause
the truss to topple and could cause serious personal
injury or death.

; STEP 5. Install top chord diagonal bracing (see diag-

onal bracing options based upon TCTLB design on
pages 38-39). Alternately, roof sheathing applied at
this stage will act as diagonal bracing for the top
chords and adequately brace the first five trusses
(see Figure B2-5).

FIGURE B2-5

; STEP 6. Install web plane diagonal bracing to stabi-

lize the first five trusses set. Web plane permanent
bracing or web member permanent bracing, if
required, may serve this purpose.

28
 BCSI-B2

; STEP 7. Install the bottom chord plane temporary lat-

eral and diagonal bracing to stabilize the bottom
chord plane(s).

DO NOT REMOVE GROUND BRACING UNTIL ALL

THE TOP CHORD, BOTTOM CHORD AND WEB
BRACING IS INSTALLED ON AND IN AT LEAST
THE FIRST FIVE TRUSSES

; Start roof sheathing immediately after securing the

bracing on the web and bottom chord planes.

; STEP 8. Continue the erection/installation process by

installing the next four trusses and then repeating
Steps 5, 6 and 7. Repeat the process of setting four
trusses then stopping and bracing them for all of the
remaining trusses in the building run.

WARNING! This erection/installation procedure is

dependent on the diagonal bracing being installed
continuously. After the initial set of five trusses is set
and braced, diagonal bracing must be applied every
four trusses thereafter (see Option B, page 44).

DETAILS OF THE EIGHT STEP TRUSS

INSTALLATION PROCESS
STEP 1. ESTABLISHING GROUND BRACING AND
SETTING THE FIRST TRUSS
Ground bracing can be done on either the exterior or inte-
rior of the building, to the top of an adjacent wall, or to the
structure itself. Site conditions may well dictate the most
efficient procedure. The procedure selected is not as impor-
tant as following the simple guidelines for locating the
ground braces. Ground brace locations are determined by
the requirements for TCTLB. Locations for TCTLB are
determined by the overall truss length (see Table B2-1 on
page 30) and the effective top chord segment length of any
particular plane. It is important to note that there must be a
TCTLB at EVERY top chord pitch break (i.e. change of
slope). The effective top chord segment length then must
be braced at intervals not exceeding the lengths given in
Table B2-1 (see Figures B2-6, Figure B2-7 and Figure B2-
9).

29
 BCSI-B2

Bracing interval (see Table B2-1)

FIGURE B2-6

Truss Span
Truss span
Bearing wall Bearing wall
Ground brace typical

Set first truss into position and connect to bearing walls

and ground brace verticals at top and bottom chord inter-
sections.

STEP 2. CALCULATING GROUND BRACE LOCATION

Maximum TCTLB Spacing

Truss Span TCTLB Spacing Requirements

Up to 30' 10' on-center maximum
TABLE B2-1 30' to 45' 8' on-center maximum
45' to 60' 6' on-center maximum
60' to 80'+ 4' on-center maximum
+Consult a Professional Engineer for trusses longer than 60'

; Example 1: 33' span 6/12 truss

FIGURE B2-7 ” 12
6’-2 6
” 18’-
6’-2 6”

”
6’-2

5’-6” 5’-6” 5’-6” 5’-6”

33’-0” Span

The 33' truss above will require TCTLB at not more than 8'
on-center per Table B2-1. Measure the top chord length
from the peak to truss heel. The sloping length will be
roughly 18'-6". One TCTLB would divide the 18'-6" in half,
or two sections. Half of 18'-6" is 9'-3" which exceeds the 8'
on-center maximum in Table B2-1. Therefore, the chord
segment needs to be divided into three sections 18'-6''÷3
= 6'-2''. TCTLB will be 6'-2'' on-center along the slope.

30
 BCSI-B2

; Continuous TCTLB required over bearing if the height

is 10" or greater as shown.
Bracing
FIGURE B2-8

10" or greater

Truss attachment
required at support(s)

; Locating TCTLB and ground bracing for hip trusses,

specials, etc.
TCTLB must be located at each pitch break along the
top chord. Additional braces are required according to
the maximum on-center spacing in Table B2-1, page
30.

FIGURE B2-9 *
Under 8’ Over 8’ (add
add aabrace
brace)
= Pitch break
*
* * * *
5’-6” 5’-6” 5’-6” 8’-10” 3’-4” 4’-4”

33’-0” Span

; For all bracing and spacing members nail as follows

(except end-grain nailed spacer blocks which require
16d deformed shank; ring, barb or screw nails):
• Always drive 2-10d (0.128x3"), 2-12d (0.128x3.25")
or 2-16d (0.135x3.5") nails into each truss for both
lateral and diagonal members (see Table B1-1,
page 10).

FIGURE B2-10

• Minimum size bracing material is 2x4 stress-graded

lumber unless otherwise specified by the Building
Designer.
• Drive nails flush, or use double-headed (duplex)
nails for easiest brace removal.

31
 BCSI-B2

; The graphic below depicts the maximum on-center

spacing of TCTLB per Table B2-1, page 30.
• Ground bracing not shown for clarity.
• All bracing is at least 2x4 stress-graded lumber.
• Use 2 nails minimum in each brace at each truss.

Note: Spans over 60' may require

complex temporary bracing.
Consult a Professional Engineer.

10'
o.c. 8' o
max .c. m
.* ax.*
|45°
Trus Typical
s spa
ns u up t
p to o 45
30' '

*MAXIMUM TOP CHORD

TEMPORARY LATERAL BRACING SPACING

These TCTLB options apply to all 2x_oriented sloped

and flat chord trusses.

Flat Truss
FIGURE B2-12

Gambrel Truss
FIGURE B2-13
32
 BCSI-B2

Apply diagonal bracing or sheathing immediate-

ly. For spans over 60', sheathing immediately is
the preferred method (see Step 5, page 28).

Note: Spans over 60' may require

complex temporary bracing.
Consult a Professional Engineer.

FIGURE B2-11

4' o
.c. m
6' o ax.*
.c. m
ax.*

up t
o 80
up t '
o 60
'

*MAXIMUM TOP CHORD

TEMPORARY LATERAL BRACING SPACING

Mono Truss
FIGURE B2-14

Scissors Truss
FIGURE B2-15

33
 BCSI-B2

STEP 3. SET FIRST TRUSS AND FASTEN SECURELY

TO GROUND BRACES

; Set up the ground bracing for the first truss from the
building interior or exterior.

; Example of first truss installed with interior ground

bracing:

Interior ground bracing

FIGURE B2-16

IMPORTANT SAFETY WARNING!

First truss must be attached securely
to all required ground braces
prior to removing the hoisting supports.

; Example of first truss installed with exterior ground

bracing:

Exterior ground bracing

FIGURE B2-17

34
 BCSI-B2

; Example of first truss installed with interior ground

bracing to top of wall and back to floor.

; X = wall setback = truss height rounded to next full

truss spacing, or girder truss set back in hip end fram-
ing.

X Truss height

Interior ground bracing

to end wall
FIGURE B2-18

2x_ bracing (or end

jacks in a hip set
application)
Truss height

Braced truss (or

girder truss in hip
set application)
X
Wall must be properly braced
with adequate diagonals, per-
pendicular walls, etc.

FIGURE B2-19

To maintain adequate bracing angles, establish “X” at

approximately the overall height of the trusses being erect-
ed.

IMPORTANT SAFETY WARNING!

First truss must be attached securely
to all required ground braces
prior to removing the hoisting supports.

35
 BCSI-B2

STEP 4. SET TRUSSES 2, 3, 4 AND 5 WITH TCTLB

IN LINE WITH GROUND BRACING

; Example of first five trusses with interior ground bracing:

See TCTLB
detail options
page 37.

FIGURE B2-20

; Example of first five trusses with exterior ground

bracing:
See TCTLB
detail options
page 37.

FIGURE B2-21

; Example of first five trusses with interior ground brac-

ing to top of wall and back to floor:
See TCTLB
detail options
page 37.

FIGURE B2-22

36
 BCSI-B2

; Set trusses 2,3,4 and 5 using the short piece tempo-

rary spacers (on top or between trusses) in line with
the ground braces.

TCTLB OPTION 1 - DETAIL

2 nails at every FIGURE B2-23
27''+
connection

22½''

27''+
1½'' minimum
end distance 22½''
Use of longer spacers
will reduce splitting potential.
Do not use split spacer pieces.

TCTLB OPTION 2 - DETAIL

FIGURE B2-24

22½''

Use 2-16d
deformed shank
nails minimum at
each spacer to
truss connection.
Do not use split spacer pieces.

TCTLB OPTION 3 - PROPRIETARY METAL BRACING

PRODUCTS*
FIGURE B2-25

22½''

*See manufacturer’s specifications.

See WARNING on page 24.
37
 BCSI-B2

STEP 5. INSTALL TOP CHORD DIAGONAL BRACING

; Triangles make trusses strong. Triangles make brac-

ing strong.

FIGURE B2-26

; Some Truss Manufacturers attach supplemental

warning tags, containing the same message, to the
trusses.

FIGURE B2-27

PHOTO B2-4

PHOTO B2-5

38
 BCSI-B2

; Example of diagonal bracing on first five trusses with

interior ground bracing:
See TCTLB
detail options
page 37

FIGURE B2-28

; Example of diagonal bracing on first five trusses with

exterior ground bracing:
See TCTLB
detail options
page 37

FIGURE B2-29

; Example of diagonal bracing on first five trusses with

ground bracing to top of building wall and back to
floor:
See TCTLB
detail options
page 37

FIGURE B2-30

39
 BCSI-B2

STEP 6. INSTALL WEB MEMBER PLANE BRACING

(LATERAL AND DIAGONAL/TEMPORARY AND PER-
MANENT)
Diagonal bracing should also be installed as temporary
installation bracing perpendicular to the plane of the truss-
es and attached to similar web members.

; Permanent lateral web bracing requirements will be

specified on the TDD (see BCSI-B3).

; Diagonal bracing must be installed on web members

(verticals whenever possible), located at or near bot-
tom chord lateral bracing. Properly attached rated
panel sheathing may be substituted for diagonal brac-
ing.

; Web diagonal braces must be installed so that they

cross the web members at about 45° and should be
nailed with a minimum of 2-16d (0.135x3.5'') nails at
each end and each intermediate truss web.

; Web lateral and diagonal braces for installation pur-

poses may be installed at the locations specified for
permanent bracing and may become part of the per-
manent bracing system.

; Web diagonal braces should be no less than 2x4

stress-graded lumber.

; The web diagonal braces, acting together with the top

chord and bottom chord temporary lateral bracing,
form triangulation perpendicular to the plane of the
truss, thus creating additional lateral stability for the
braced trusses.
(See Web Member Plane Bracing BCSI-B1, page 16.)

Continuous lateral Diagonal

bracing bracing

10'- 15' maximum FIGURE B2-31

See note page 15.

40
 BCSI-B2

; This bracing approach applies to all truss types

except 3x2 and 4x2 parallel chord trusses.

ery
g ev ) Web members
in x
rac ma
a l b (20'
n es
go
t dia spac
a
pe uss
Re 10 tr

Bottom
chords

10'-15' Note: Some chord and web FIGURE B1-32

max. members not shown for clarity.

; IMPORTANT NOTE: TEMPORARY/PERMANENT

DIAGONAL BRACING, as shown, is critical in pre-
venting trusses from leaning or dominoing. Repeat as
shown to create a succession of rigid units. Mono
trusses, deep flat trusses and similar high end type
trusses will also need temporary lateral and diagonal
bracing at the ends.

; The Building Designer should be consulted during

the pre-erection/installation meeting if the bracing
requirements are not perfectly clear.

STEP 7. BRACING THE BOTTOM CHORD PLANE

Step 7a. Bottom chord temporary lateral bracing

(BCTLB) is used to stabilize the bottom chords dur-
ing installation and to maintain proper spacing
between trusses. It may also be used as permanent
bracing. Therefore, most installation lateral bracing is
placed on the top edge of the bottom chords and fas-
tened with a minimum of 2-16d (0.135x3.5'') nails at
each truss intersection, at the locations specified for
the permanent bracing and becomes a part of the
permanent bracing system.

41
 BCSI-B2

FIGURE B2-33

Approx. 45°

10'-15' 10'-15' 10'-15'

Plan view of bottom chord lateral and diagonal bracing

; Bottom chord TEMPORARY lateral bracing must be

continuous and installed at no more than 15' on-cen-
ter and may only be removed (if desired) after the
permanent ceiling diaphragm is in place.

; Bottom chord PERMANENT lateral bracing must be

installed at no more than 10' on-center (but may be
less if required by the specific truss design and/or
the Building Designer). Temporary lateral bracing
may be installed at the required locations of the
PERMANENT lateral bracing (see TDD for locations)
and remain to become part of the permanent bracing
system.

Step 7b. The Building Designer should specify how the

bottom chord lateral bracing is to be anchored or
restrained to prevent lateral movement. This may be
accomplished by:

; Diagonal bracing in the plane of the bottom chord

repeated at the same intervals as the top chord diag-
onal bracing (see BCSI-B1, pages 14-15); or other
means as determined by the Building Designer.

; Temporary diagonal bracing which is installed in the

plane of the bottom chord may become part of the
permanent bracing system.

42
 BCSI-B2

STEP 8. CONTINUE THE INSTALLATION AND REPEAT

THE BRACING ROUTINES
OPTION A: Top chord temporary continuous lateral
braces must have diagonal braces a maximum of
every 20'. See detail below:

WARNING! This diagonal bracing option can only be

used if the Contractor has installed long length Top
Chord Temporary Continuous Lateral Braces.
Step A: Install trusses 1 through 5 using TCTLB
Options 1-3 from page 37.
Step B: Add long length (min. 2x4x12') continuous lat-
eral braces to tie all trusses together.
Step C: Add diagonal bracing (at |45°) as indicated
in Figure B2-34 below:

TCTLB spacing between rows is based on truss

span (see Table B2-1, page 30 for guidelines).

Diagonal bracing
required at each
FIGURE B2-34
end of truss row
and every 10 truss
spaces.

10 truss
spaces max.
4 truss spaces max.
10 truss
spaces max.

Ground bracing not

shown for clarity.

˜12"
FIGURE B2-35

43
 BCSI-B2

OPTION B: Top chord temporary spacer pieces must

have diagonal braces attached to all trusses. See
details below:

WARNING! After the initial set of five trusses are

installed and braced, DO NOT set more than four
trusses when using temporary spacer pieces before
you STOP, and diagonally brace as shown. This
approach WILL NOT work without diagonal bracing
applied early and often.

TCTLB spacing between rows is based on truss

span (see Table B2-1, page 30 for guidelines).

FIGURE B2-36

Temporary diagonal
bracing repeated entire
See details page 37. length of building.

WARNING! DO NOT use TCTLB, either continuous

or short spacers alone. ALWAYS include diagonal
bracing!

Above: Inadequate bracing - Above: Illustrates use of

What Not To Do adequate bracing
PHOTO B2-6 PHOTO B2-7

44
 BCSI-B2

ENSURE THAT ALL TRUSSES ARE

PROPERLY DIAGONALLY BRACED AT
THE END OF EACH DAY’S WORK
Sheath early... sheath often. Do not wait until
all trusses are set to apply sheathing.

WARNING! Remove only as much 2x4 bracing as is

necessary to nail down the next sheet.

DO NOT EXCEED TRUSS DESIGN LOAD WITH

CONSTRUCTION LOADS (SEE BCSI-B4)

PHOTO B2-8

ALTERNATE INSTALLATION METHOD:

Build it on the ground and lift it

into place.

; Build it on the ground.

; Sheath it for stability.

; Install web and bottom PHOTO B2-9

chord bracing as required
by the building designer.

; Pick it up and — set it in

place.

; Be sure to get the proper

professional engineering
guidance to lift the entire
system into place safely
and efficiently.
PHOTO B2-10

45
 BCSI-B2

FIELD ASSEMBLY AND OTHER SPECIAL CONDITIONS

; In some cases, the size or shape of wood trusses is

such that some field assembly is required. The
requirements for field assembly should be specified
on the TDD supplied by the Truss Manufacturer
unless otherwise agreed. The Erection/Installation
Contractor is responsible for proper field assembly.

Top chord lateral Supported truss section

bracing required
Supporting
truss section

Diagonal bracing required on underside of flat

top chord of supporting trusses.

Typical Piggyback Truss System

FIGURE B2-37

; Trusses which are too high for delivery to the jobsite

in one piece may be manufactured in two or more
sections and “piggybacked” at the jobsite. The
Erection/Installation Contractor must install all tempo-
rary and permanent bracing shown on the TDD
and/or the BSSDD.

WARNING! The supporting trusses must be com-

pletely installed with all permanent bracing and/or
sheathing as required BEFORE installing the cap.
During the erection/installation of the supporting
trusses, temporary bracing per the minimum require-
ments of BCSI-B2, Truss Installation and Temporary
Bracing, is required until the full permanent bracing
and/or sheathing is installed.

46
 BCSI-B2

Field splices

Safe work surface Truss support (temporary)

Temporary scaffold

Field Spliced Truss (Special design required)

FIGURE B2-38

; Trusses which are too long for delivery to the jobsite

in one piece may be designed to be delivered in two
or more parts, and then field spliced together at the
jobsite. The Erection/Installation Contractor should
carefully follow the splicing specifications shown on
the TDD(s) and/or BSSDD. Splicing may be per-
formed on the ground before installation, or the truss
sections may be supported by temporary shoring and
splices installed from a safe working surface (see
Figure B2-38). All temporary and permanent bracing,
and/or sheathing, per BCSI-B2 and/or the BSSDD,
must be applied as the erection/installation progress-
es.
; For buildings with large open spans, such as large
warehouses, shopping centers, churches, and gymna-
siums, it is recommended that temporary supports be
set up at interior locations during the erection/installa-
tion process. This will provide greater erection stability
and increased safety at the jobsite. Temporary interior
supports should be left in place until all temporary and
permanent bracing is installed.
; Some buildings may be designed to have open ends
(no end walls) or large door openings in the end walls.
Diagonal bracing should be applied to the bottom
chords between the bottom chord lateral braces and
at about 45° to the laterals (see Figure B2-33). This
diagonal bracing should be applied at both ends of an
open end building, and repeated along the length of
the building at the same spacing as calculated for the
top chord diagonal braces. Such buildings may also
require additional bottom chord permanent bracing to
resist buckling of the bottom chord due to compres-
sion caused by wind uplift. Consult the Building
Designer.

47
 BCSI-B2

MULTI-PLY TRUSSES AND GIRDER TRUSSES

WARNING! The proper attachment of truss plies in

multi-ply trusses is required along the entire lengths
of the truss top and bottom chords and web mem-
bers. The Truss Designer specifies the specific
ply-to-ply connections required for chords and webs
on the TDD. If possible, multi-ply trusses should be
connected together in accordance with the TDD prior
to erection/installation.

WARNING! Girder truss plies must be completely

and securely attached together prior to attaching the
supported trusses to the girder (see BCSI-B9, Multi-
Ply Girders).

VALLEY SET FRAME INSTALLATION

; A valley set is a group of truss frames designed to sit

on top of other trusses to change the direction of the
roof planes.

; The top chord of the supporting trusses needs to be

laterally and diagonally braced by either roof sheath-
ing or other alternate bracing methods as specified by
the Building Designer. The supporting trusses should
be designed either for the application of sheathing or
purlin spacing from the bottom chord of the valley set
frames.

FIGURE B2-39

48
 BCSI-B2

SPECIAL APPLICATIONS USING TRUSSES

CAUTION! Trusses that are installed for ornamental

purposes or other special applications, and which are
not intended to carry roof loads, floor loads, or exteri-
or environmental loads such as snow or wind loads,
still require bracing to prevent lateral buckling due to
incidental material loads (e.g., from lattice work or
other finished framing) and installation forces. Even
very small loads may cause lateral buckling in mem-
bers that do not have adequate bracing. The
Erection/Installation Contractor is advised to adhere
to the lateral bracing requirements specified on the
TDD, or consult with the Truss Manufacturer on later-
al bracing spacing requirements.

OTHER APPLICATIONS REQUIRING SPECIAL BRACING

Top chord supported

parallel chord truss

FIGURE B2-40

Continuous lateral brace

required at first bottom
chord panel point

Optional lateral support at first bottom

chord panel point in lieu of bottom
chord lateral brace

; For top chord supported parallel chord trusses, the

lateral bracing should be applied at the first bottom
chord panel point to prevent torsional overturning
under load, (see Figure B2-40). This may not be a
requirement for trusses with lumber oriented in the
horizontal direction.

; Where a parallel chord truss is supported on the bot-

tom chord at each end of the truss and is properly
anchored to the supports, no bottom chord lateral
brace is required at the bearing location.

49
BCSI-B2

50
 BCSI-B3

BCSI-B3
WEB MEMBER PERMANENT
BRACING/WEB REINFORCEMENT

; Often web members within the plane of the truss will

require some type of "bracing" to eliminate buckling
under design loads.

; These members need either lateral support to reduce

their buckling length or some other means of rein-
forcement to increase the web member net section
properties to offset the compression forces.

; PRIMARY OPTIONS INCLUDE:

• Continuous Lateral Bracing (CLB)
• T-reinforcement
• L-reinforcement
• Scab reinforcement
• Stacked web reinforcement
• Proprietary metal reinforcement products
; The Truss Design Drawing (TDD) will depict which
web bracing/reinforcement option has been assumed
in the design.

One brace required on each of these two webs.

FIGURE B3-1

51
 BCSI-B3

CONTINUOUS LATERAL BRACING (CLB)

; If web bracing is required on a particular truss design,

CLBs are most frequently specified.

; Webs may require one or more CLBs. The TDD will

specify the number and location of braces.

Important Note: CLB must always be diagonally

braced for rigidity. CLBs alone DO NOT prevent all
similar webs from buckling together.

FIGURE B3-2

One brace
required on
this web

Two braces
required on
this web

; CLBs work most efficiently when applied to three or

more similar trusses and must always be diagonally
braced.

; Some Truss Manufacturers will mark web member

permanent bracing locations on the truss itself. One
supplemental marking example is the truss tag shown
below.

FIGURE B3-3

52
 BCSI-B3

WARNING! It is the responsibility of the Building

Designer to adequately stabilize the lateral bracing
using diagonal bracing or some other means. Further,
the Building Designer should specify the frequency
that this diagonal bracing must be placed to transfer
the loads adequately into the diaphragms.

; Unless otherwise specified by the Building Designer,

the diagonal brace must be at least 2x4 stress-grade
lumber. Fasten to each truss with 2-10d (0.128x3''),
2-12d (0.128x3.25''), or 2-16d (0.135x3.5'') nails.
Proprietary metal diagonal bracing products can also
be used.

FIGURE B3-4

Repeat diagonal bracing every 20' or

Permanent as specified. Closer spacing may be
continuous required by the Building Designer.
lateral brace

FIGURE B3-5

Note: Some
chord and web
members not
shown, for clarity.
Always Diagonally Brace the
Permanent Continuous Lateral Bracing!

ALTERNATIVE DIAGONAL BRACING OPTIONS

FIGURE B3-6

53
 BCSI-B3

INDIVIDUAL WEB REINFORCEMENT (JOBSITE APPLIED)

; T, L or scab reinforcements are three options that use

the principle of adding a member to increase the
web’s section properties, therefore requiring no fur-
ther bracing for stability. They also use commonly
available materials and fasteners with the size, grade
and nailing schedule specified by the Truss Designer.
Refer to the TDD to get specific installation instruc-
tions.

; All reinforcing lumber or proprietary metal reinforcing

products are specified on the TDD or by the Building
Designer.

; T-reinforcement typically provides the greatest

increase in buckling strength for a given size of rein-
forcing material.
Reinforcement
on one edge
FIGURE B3-7

Truss member

; L-reinforcement is similar to T-reinforcement, but cre-

ates a flat surface on one face of the truss for the
application of sheathing material.

Truss member

Reinforcement
FIGURE B3-8
on one edge

54
 BCSI-B3

; Scab reinforcement is installed on one face of the

web. It can be more structurally efficient for multiple-
ply webs and provides easier nailing due to the wider
lap area on the web.
Scab
reinforcement
on one face

Truss member
FIGURE B3-9

; Some Truss Manufacturers mark permanent web

member reinforcement locations on the truss itself.
One marking example is the truss tag shown below.

FIGURE B3-10

55
 BCSI-B3

INDIVIDUAL WEB REINFORCEMENT (SHOP APPLIED)

; Proprietary metal reinforcement products or stacked

web reinforcements are installed in-plant and elimi-
nate the need for additional jobsite reinforcement of
the webs.

Specially
designed metal
reinforcement
FIGURE B3-11
Truss member

Stacked web
reinforcement
plated to truss
member

FIGURE B3-12

Truss member

; Permanent bracing for wind, seismic and/or other lat-

eral loads perpendicular to the plane of the trusses
will always be needed in every building; however, field
applied permanent web member reinforcement could
be designed out of the truss in most cases with care-
ful design consideration and contracting.

56
 BCSI-B4

BCSI-B4
CONSTRUCTION LOADING

The term “construction loading” is used to describe loads

from workers and building materials on an unfinished
structure; for example, when builders stack bundles of
panel sheathing or gypsum board on trusses for temporary
storage.

; Construction loads should be placed only on fully

braced or sheathed structures.

; Use extreme caution when placing construction loads

and only stack reasonable amounts of materials (see
Table B4-1, page 58).

WARNING! Stacking excessive construction loads on

floor or roof trusses is an unsafe act.

; Trusses that have been over-stressed due to exces-

sive construction loading will usually show excessive
sagging (deflection), or in more severe cases may
show broken webs and/or chord members or web
members that have pulled out of the plated joints.

WARNING! Trusses are very unstable and have NO

CAPACITY to carry load until they are properly
braced and/or sheathed. Placing loads on unbraced
truss assemblies is a hazardous act that is prohibited.
Failure to heed this warning could cause property
damage, or worse, severe personal injury or death.

; Make sure that the truss assembly is properly braced

according to the guidelines in BCSI-B1 and BCSI-B2.

CONSTRUCTION LOADING DOS AND DON’TS

DON’T stack materials

on unbraced trusses.

; DO stack a reasonable
amount of material that
will not overload the FIGURE B4-1
trusses.

57
 BCSI-B4

Maximum Stack Height for 1. This table is based

Material on Floor Trusses on trusses designed
with a live load of 40
Material Height (h) psf or greater.
Gypsum Board 12''
Plywood or OSB 16'' 2. Stack heights
assume short term
Asphalt Shingles 2 bundles duration of load.
Concrete Block 8'' Material stacks should
Clay Tile 3-4 tiles high not sit on trusses for
more than seven days.
TABLE B4-1

DON’T exceed stack heights listed in Table B4-1

FIGURE B4-2

DON’T allow the stack to lean

against walls, or stack materials
so that they overload single or
small groups of trusses.
FIGURE B4-3

; DO stack materials
along outside supports
or directly over inside
supports of properly
braced structures.
FIGURE B4-4

DON’T overstack materials midway between sup-

ports. Never exceed stack heights per Table B4-1.

FIGURE B4-5

58
 BCSI-B4

; DO distribute loads over as

many trusses as possible.
Position sheets flat with the
longest edge perpendicular to
the trusses as shown.
FIGURE B4-6

DON’T drop loads on trusses. The impact can

damage the trusses even if the load is small.

FIGURE B4-7

; DO leave construction materials on lifting equipment

until installation, if possible.

PHOTO B4-1

DON’T stack materials at locations that will produce

instability, such as on cantilevers or near truss-to-gird-
er connections.
Girder
truss

FIGURE B4-8

FIGURE B4-9
cantilever
WARNING! Stacking excessive construction loads on
floor or roof trusses is an unsafe act. Failure to follow
these recommendations could lead to property dam-
age, or worse, serious personal injury or death.
59
BCSI-B4

60
 BCSI-B5

BCSI-B5
TRUSS DAMAGE, JOBSITE MODIFICATIONS
AND INSTALLATION ERRORS

; Every truss is made up of lumber, connector plates

and carefully executed engineering design and man-
ufacturing.

; Damage, jobsite modifications or improper installation

will reduce the strength of a truss. Seek professional
assistance (the Truss Manufacturer or a Design
Professional) to remedy the condition.

; Some Truss Manufacturers will mark the trusses with

warnings against jobsite modifications. One supple-
mental marking example is the truss tag shown below:

FIGURE B5-1

PHOTO B5-2
Do not cut truss webs. This condition needs a repair.

; Care must be exercised at all times to avoid damage

through handling during storage, delivery, unloading,
and erection of trusses. The Contractor must ensure
that handling and installation procedures do not
reduce the load carrying capacity of the truss
(ANSI/TPI 1-2002 Section 2.3.3).

61
 BCSI-B5

FOLLOW THESE STEPS TO CORRECT DAMAGE,

JOBSITE MODIFICATIONS OR INSTALLATION
ERRORS:

; If a truss is damaged, altered or improperly installed:

1. Report damage, alterations or installation errors to
the Truss Manufacturer immediately. Failure to
report may void any warranties.
2. Do not attempt to repair the truss without a repair
detail from the Truss Manufacturer or a Design
Professional. The Truss Designers’ expertise
allows them to properly specify the size of the
scab, plate or gusset, and the number, size, type
and spacing of fasteners.
3. Follow the Repair Truss Design Drawing (RTDD)
exactly. If anything is unclear, seek professional
guidance.
4. Keep the RTDD; the Building Official, Building
Designer or Owner may ask for this document.
5. If a RTDD is not for the exact field condition do not
use it. Always follow the RTDD specifically pre-
pared for each repair.
6. If the designed repair cannot be accomplished,
call the Truss Manufacturer or a Design Profes-
sional.

COMMON REPAIR TECHNIQUES

; There are no “standard” repair details available that

cover every situation. Trusses and the type of damage
can vary greatly so each repair detail is generated on
a case-by-case basis. Truss Designers most often
specify:
• Plywood or oriented strand board (OSB) gussets
over damaged plates or joints.
• Metal nail-on plates.
• Lumber scabs or repair frames over broken chords
or webs.
• Truss plates applied by a portable press.

62
 BCSI-B5

COMMON EXAMPLES OF DAMAGE,

MODIFICATIONS OR INSTALLATION ERRORS
If you see one of the conditions detailed below (or anything
unusual), follow these steps:

FIGURE B5-2

Cracked web

Damaged plate

Removed plate Drilled hole

; Describe the damage directly on the original Truss

Design Drawing included in the jobsite package.

FIGURE B5-3

; A great help to starting the repair process is to draw

a picture of the damage on the original TDD and fax,
email or deliver it to the Truss Manufacturer. Be pre-
pared to supply the Truss Manufacturer with the
following information:

; Truss ID mark.

; Location of the truss on the Truss Placement Diagram.

63
 BCSI-B5

; Is the truss installed or is it still in the stack?

; Is the lumber damaged? If so, provide:

• Location of damaged web or chord.
• Type of lumber damage (e.g. crack, break, cut
or drilled hole).
• Dimension of the damaged area (e.g. 4" break or
2" drill hole). Note exact location of defect.
• Location of damage on the web or chord from a
panel point or bearing location.
; Is the plate damaged? If so, provide:
• Location or number of the damaged plate or joint.
• Type of plate damage (e.g. loose, gaps, peeling,
cut or drilled).
• Is there damage to one or both faces of the joint?
; Digital photographs of lumber or plate damage, job-
site modifications or installation errors transmitted to
the Truss Manufacturer and the Truss Designer could
save significant time in trying to explain the site situ-
ation or circumstances.

; Example below of a properly repaired truss after it

was shortened four inches.

PHOTO B5-2

FIGURE B5-4

64
 BCSI-B6

BCSI-B6
GABLE END FRAME BRACING

Most manufactured gable end frames contain only flat ver-

tical “studs”, not triangles. Gable end frames are part of
the Truss Designers’ responsibilities and will be included
with the other Truss Design Drawings (TDD). Gable end
frames are designed to transfer vertical loads from the
roof down to the continuous bearing wall below. In service,
gable end frames also experience loads perpendicular to
their plane from wind or seismic events.

Gable End FIGURE B6-1

Frame

Continuous Bearing Wall

D
IN
W

FIGURE B6-2

; The sheathed gable end frame is intended to transfer

the wind/seismic loads to the roof and ceiling diaphragms.
In order to do this, the gable end frame relies upon prop-
erly designed and installed sheathing, bracing, and
connections to the bearing wall and roof and ceiling plane
diaphragms.

; The Building Designer, Truss Designer and Erection/

Installation Contractor all play a vital role in gable end
frame bracing.

65
 BCSI-B6

BUILDING DESIGNER RESPONSIBILITIES FOR GABLE

END FRAME BRACING

; The Building Designer, knowing the intended flow of

loads for the entire building, is responsible for taking
the resultant loads from the gable end frame and
transferring the loads to the footings. This may involve
transferring the loads through additional bracing from
the gable end frame to the roof and ceiling
diaphragms (e.g. roof sheathing and gypsum ceiling).

; The gable end frame design requirements depend on

a number of factors:
• The length, spacing, species and size of the flat
gable studs
• Structural loads
• Wind force, which depends on:
ƒ Wind speed
ƒ Mean roof height
ƒ Building category
ƒ Exposure
ƒ Internal pressure
ƒ Topographic factors

Exposure
distance to terrain obstructions

Ridge

½h
h
Mean ½h
Roof
Eave
Height

Ground
d
ee
Sp
d
in
W

FIGURE B6-3

; The Building Designer, through the Building

Structural System Design Documents (BSSDD), is
responsible for all gable end frame bracing, including
the bracing member size and locations, attachment
to trusses, gable end sheathing, and fastener size
and locations including any mechanical connectors
required.
66
 BCSI-B6

; Other factors the Building Designer must consider

are:
• Thickness and type of roof, wall and ceiling sheath-
ing
• Attachment of sheathing to the wall/gable end
frame interface and attachment of wall to founda-
tion to resist uplift, lateral wind, and diaphragm
loads
• Transfer of load between wall and gable end frame
bottom chord.

TRUSS DESIGNER RESPONSIBILITIES FOR GABLE

END FRAME REINFORCEMENT

; The Truss Designer must note on the gable end

frame TDD the type and location of permanent web
member reinforcement requirements assumed in the
design. This could be in the form of a single or dou-
ble L, T, scab, horizontal L or any other means of
reinforcement deemed appropriate to reduce the
bowing/buckling of the "flat studs".

; The Truss Designer is responsible for indicating the

loading and environmental design assumptions that
were made in the design of the gable end frame as
defined in the BSSDD.

; Many Truss Designers have simplified this design

process by producing standard design tables and
details based on the typical design assumptions
used by Building Designers.

L E O N LY
SAMP
FIGURE B6-4

67
 BCSI-B6

FIGURE B6-5

; These tables do some of the work of the Building

Designer with respect to incorporating the gable end
frame into the overall structural design, but they do
not take the place of a full analysis by the Building
Designer.

ERECTION/INSTALLATION CONTRACTOR RESPON-

SIBILITIES FOR GABLE END FRAME BRACING

; The Erection/Installation Contractor is responsible for

properly installing the gable end frame as detailed in
the BSSDD combined with the gable end frame TDD.
The installation process includes installing the
sheathing, bracing and all specified fasteners and
connections.

GABLE END FRAME BRACING CONSIDERATIONS

; If the wind load is high enough, and the vertical studs

are long enough, the frame may also require perpen-
dicular reinforcement to prevent it from rotating at the
gable end frame/wall interface and/or the verticals
from buckling. Serviceability failures may occur if the
gable end frame is not properly reinforced.

68
 BCSI-B6

Load transfer through roof and ceiling diaphragms

Roof diaphragm
Gable end frame

WIND
FORCE

Sheathing
Ceiling diaphragm
End wall

FIGURE B6-6

Potential Failure Types

Roof diaphragm

HIGH Excessive
WIND bow in gable
FORCE end frame

Connection failure
between top of
wall and bottom of Ceiling and finish cracking and
gable end frame related serviceablity issues (i.e.
construction defects).
FIGURE B6-7

; Gable end frame reinforcement helps prevent these

types of serviceability failures and safely transfers
forces from the gable end frame into the associated
diaphragms.

; Gable end frame reinforcement may include blocking

at the ceiling and roof level diaphragms, gable stud
reinforcement, lateral and diagonal bracing, mechan-
ical connectors/straps and specific fastener size and
frequency schedules.

69
 BCSI-B6

GABLE END FRAME WEB BRACING/REINFORCEMENT

; Gable frame web reinforcement types

FIGURE B6-8

T-reinforcement

Vertical member of gable end frame

L-reinforcement

; Scab reinforcement on structural gable end frame

Scab reinforcement
on one face

FIGURE B6-9

Truss member

70
 BCSI-B6

; Gable end frame bracing

Note: Top chord sheathing

not shown for clarity.
FIGURE B6-10

Diagonal brace to roof diaphragm blocking

Gable end

Roof
diaphragm
blocking
Horizontal L
reinforcement

FIGURE B6-11 Bottom chord continuous

lateral permanent bracing

Gable end/wall permanent diagonal bracing.

Locate in line with bottom chord permanent
CLB or as specified in the BSSDD (see Figure
B6-12).

71
 BCSI-B6

; Sample detail gable end bracing (as provided by the

Building Designer)
FASTEN OSB TO FRAMING
@ 3" O.C. ON EDGE, 6" 2x4 SYP OUTRIGGER
BLOCK SHEETING O.C. IN FIELD WITH 8d AT 24" ON CENTER.
EDGES WITHIN 4' CLIP TO GABLE TOP
OF GABLE TRUSS. CHORD WITH HB W/(10) 8d.
7/16 OSB

BLOCK BETWEEN
OUTLOOKERS.
FASTEN TO GABLE TOP
CHORD W/ 10d TOE-NAILS
@ 8" O.C.
GABLE TOP CHORD
2X4 NO.2 SYP X-BRACING L-BRACE ON GABLE VERTS
AT MID-SPAN AND AT 48" AS SPECIFIED BY TRUSS
O.C. RUN BACK 8' FROM MANUFACTURER.
GABLE. ATTACH TO
GABLE AND TRUSS
GABLE TRUSS
VERTICALS W/(3) 16d.
IF VERTICAL IS NOT PRESENT,
SCAB FULL HEIGHT VERTICAL
FROM BOTTOM CHORD TO
TOP CHORD W/(4) 10d EACH
END. (TYP)

CLIP END OF LATERAL BRACE

TO GABLE BOTTOM CHORD
WITH (2) H2.5 W/(8) 8d.
2X4X8' SYP LATERAL STRAP GABLE TRUSS
BRACE @ 48". FASTENED TO STUD WALL WITH GABLE BOTTOM CHORD.
TO EACH TRUSS W/(2) MSTA12 WITH (8) FASTEN TO TOP PLATE W/ 10d
16d COMMON. 10d @ 48" O.C. TOE-NAILS @ 8' O.C.
FIGURE B6-12

; Sample “Standard Gable End Detail” (as provided by

Truss Designer)

FIGURE B6-13
72
 FIGURE B6-14
NOTE! ALL BRACING MATERIAL MUST BE A ;
MINIMUM OF 2x4 STRESS-GRADED LUM-
BER (AS SPECIFIED BY THE TDD OR
BUILDING DESIGNER).

73
BCSI-B6

LEGEND:

Diagonal bracing

Continuous lateral bracing

Sample detail permanent bracing configurations

Note: Top chord sheathing not shown for clarity.

Vertical web diagonal bracing
 BCSI-B6

BALLOON FRAMED GABLE END WALLS AND SCISSOR

TRUSS GABLE END FRAMES

; In some cases, the applied loads will exceed the

capacity of the gable end frame, end wall studs, or
ceiling diaphragm. The Building Designer may decide
to design a balloon-framed end wall instead, which
eliminates the need for a gable end frame. Scissor
truss applications are a good example. The scissor
truss gable end frame must match the profile of the
scissor trusses adjacent to it for proper bottom chord
plane bracing to be installed.

Example of balloon-framed gable end wall FIGURE B6-15

(with optional fire blocking at ceiling line)

Example of raked gable end wall

(with scissor gable end frame) FIGURE B6-16

; Important Note: Scissor truss applications must not

be framed with flat bottom chord gable end frames as
this creates a hinge in the wall/gable interface that is
below the bottom chord plane diaphragm. Adequate
bracing of this condition is difficult and sometimes
impossible.

74
 BCSI-B7

BCSI-B7
TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT BRACING
FOR PARALLEL CHORD TRUSSES

The bracing recommendations discussed in this docu-

ment will address parallel chord trusses (PCT) built with
the major cross-sectional axis of the lumber oriented hor-
izontally. (For bracing recommendations on PCT with the
lumber oriented vertically, typically called “flat trusses”,
see BCSI-B2, Truss Installation and Temporary Bracing.)

; PCT are used primarily

in floor and flat roof
applications.

; Both 3x2 and 4x2 lum-

ber are widely used in
PCT construction.

; The wider bearing sur- FIGURE B7-1

face (2.5" for 3x2 and
3.5" for 4x2), shallow depths (typically 24" or less)
and relatively short spans (40' or less) make PCT
easier to handle and much more stable during the
erection/installation process.

; Top chord bearing PCT are more stable than bottom

chord bearing trusses during the erection/installation
process due to their center of gravity being below the
bearing surface.

STANDARD FLOOR DETAILS

FIGURE B7-2 FIGURE B7-3

75
 BCSI-B7

COMMON INSTALLATION ERRORS

Intended bearing location

FIGURE B7-4

; It is critically important that bottom chord bearing PCT

be installed right-side-up and right end-to-end. Many
Truss Manufacturers will use supplemental tags (as
shown below) to instruct and warn the Contractor to
correctly position trusses during erection/installation.

FIGURE B7-5

FIGURE B7-6

; Lateral and diagonal bracing of PCT are extremely

important. Top chord temporary lateral bracing must
not exceed 10' on-center for 3x2 chords, and must
not exceed 15' on-center for 4x2 chords.

76
 BCSI-B7

INSTALLATION BRACING REQUIREMENTS

* Maximum lateral brace spacing

10' o.c. for 3x2 chords FIGURE B7-7
15'*
or 15' o.c. for 4x2 chords
10'
15'* Repeat diagonal bracing
or
10'
every 15 Truss spaces (30')

The end diagonal

brace for cantilevered
Trusses must be placed All lateral
on vertical webs braces lapped
in line with the support. at least two trusses. See note below.

; Note: End diagonals, and/or rated panel sheathing,

ribbon board, blocking panels, or rim board as speci-
fied by the Building Designer, are essential for stability
and must be installed on both ends of the truss system
and repeated every fifteen truss spaces (30' maxi-
mum). See detail Figures B7-8, 9 and 10 below.

Blocking panel Ribbon board

FIGURE B7-8 FIGURE B7-9

Rim board
FIGURE B7-10

; CLB at truss ends can be eliminated with the use of

the blocking panel, ribbon board or rim board details
above.

; Bottom chord permanent lateral bracing must be

installed at locations not exceeding 10' on-center or
as directed by the Building Structural System Design
Documents or Building Designer.
77
 BCSI-B7

STRONGBACK BRIDGING REQUIREMENTS

; 2x_ dimension lumber strongback bridging must be

installed at locations indicated on the Truss Design
Drawing (TDD) and/or Truss Placement Diagram to
enhance the performance of the truss by helping to
limit deflection and/or vibration. This application is
most common with floor trusses where strongback
bridging is attached to vertical webs or scabs near the
bottom chord of the truss at specified intervals.
Section 7.5 of ANSI/TPI 1-2002 has specific provi-
sions for using strongbacks to reduce deflection and
vibration, including: minimum size (2x6), orientation,
spacing and attachment to the truss.

; Strongbacks should be attached to walls at their outer

ends or restrained by other means.

FIGURE B7-11

FIGURE B7-12

; In addition, many Truss Manufacturers will also

include a supplemental tag, such as the one shown
below, to further assist the Erection/Installation
Contractor in correctly installing strongback bridging.

FIGURE B7-13

78
 BCSI-B7

LATERAL AND DIAGONAL

BRACING ARE
VERY IMPORTANT!

FIGURE B7-14

DO NOT WALK ON UNBRACED TRUSSES

CONSTRUCTION LOADING

; Proper distribution of construction materials is a must

during construction. See BCSI-B4 Construction
Loading, for loading specifics.

; Always stack materials over two or more trusses.

NEVER OVERLOAD SMALL GROUPS OR SINGLE

TRUSSES. DO NOT LEAN AGAINST WALL

; Position load over as many trusses as possible with

longest edge perpendicular to trusses.

FIGURE B7-15
FIGURE B7-16

; Acceptable against outside

load bearing wall and ori-
ented perpendicular to
truss span.

; Acceptable over load bear-

ing wall laying flat only and
oriented perpendicular to
FIGURE B7-17
truss span.

79
BCSI-B7

80
 BCSI-B8

BCSI-B8
TOE-NAILING FOR UPLIFT REACTIONS

; Conditions like wind loads or cantilevers can produce

uplift reactions at truss bearing supports. When this is
the case, the truss-to-bearing connection is required
to resist the uplift reaction.

FIGURE B8-1

FIGURE B8-2

INSTALLATION GUIDELINES

; Wood trusses are commonly attached to the top

plates of bearing walls using a toe-nailing detail like
the one shown below. Is this toe-nailed connection
sufficient? It depends; the uplift resistance of toe-
nailed connections is governed by three factors:

Minimum 1" spacing between

FIGURE B8-3 nails on the same face.

81
 BCSI-B8

; 1. Proper Installation
To get the most out of a toe-nailed connection, it is
important to toe-nail correctly. The figure below illus-
trates proper toe-nailing. The dimensions shown are
only meant to serve as a rough guide. Toe-nailing
through truss plates does not affect the uplift capaci-
ty of the connection provided the truss plate is not
damaged during installation.

FIGURE B8-4

30°

1/3 Nail Length

; 2. Grade and Species of Top Plate Lumber

The grade and species of the top plate also affect the
amount of uplift resistance obtained from a toe-nailed
connection. For example, a toe-nailed connection
using a Southern Pine top plate will provide greater
resistance than the same connection using a Spruce-
Pine-Fir top plate.
FIGURE B8-5

; 3. Type of Nails
The type of nail used in a toe-nailed connection also
influences its uplift capacity. When installing toe-nails,
use care to avoid splitting of bottom chord lumber.
The Building Designer should provide nail spacing
and minimum end and edge distances. In lieu of such
guidance, a rule-of-thumb is to limit the total number
of toe-nails to three for a 2x4 top plate and five for a
2x6 top plate.

; 4. Non-Bearing Wall Considerations

Attachments to non-bearing interior walls must allow
for a floating connection (see page 117). Do not shim.

82
 BCSI-B8

IS TOE-NAILING ENOUGH OR IS A MECHANICAL

FASTENER REQUIRED?

; Use Table B8-1 on page 84 to estimate the uplift

capacity of a toe-nailed connection. For example,
three 16d common nails toe-nailed into a Southern
Pine top plate will provide 216 lbs. (3 x 72 lbs.) of
nominal uplift resistance. For wind load cases, multi-
ply the nominal uplift by the wind load duration factor
as described in Footnote 1 and Table B8-2 (page 84).
This factored uplift resistance for the toe-nailed con-
nection must be equal to or greater than the uplift
reaction listed on the Truss Design Drawing (TDD).

MECHANICAL UPLIFT CONNECTIONS

If the toe-nail uplift resistance is less than the uplift reac-
tion on the TDD, it is necessary to use a mechanical uplift
connection like those shown below. See hardware manu-
facturer’s literature for uplift values and fastener schedule.

FIGURE B8-6
FIGURE B8-7

FIGURE B8-8

; Building codes can also specify minimum connec-

tions between the truss and the bearing surface. For
instance, the 2003 International Residential Code,
Section R802.10.5 states (in part):
“Truss to wall connection. Trusses shall be connected to
wall plates by the use of approved connectors having a
resistance to uplift of not less than 175 pounds (79.45kg)
and shall be installed in accordance with the manufactur-
er's specifications.”
83
 BCSI-B8

NOMINAL UPLIFT DESIGN CAPACITY PER TOE-NAIL

Based on NDS-97 & NER-272

Value for Top Plate Species
Inches Pounds
Nail Type Diam. Len. SP DF-L HF SPF SPFs
16d Gun Nail 0.131 3.5 58 46 32 30 20
12d Gun Nail 0.120 3.25 50 39 27 25 17
10d Gun Nail 0.120 3.0 46 36 25 23 16
16d Common 0.162 3.5 72 57 39 37 25
16d Box 0.135 3.5 60 47 33 31 21
16d Sinker 0.148 3.25 56 44 30 29 19
12d Common 0.148 3.25 61 48 33 31 21
12d Box 0.128 3.25 53 42 29 27 18
12d Sinker 0.135 3.125 59 46 32 30 20
10d Common 0.148 3.0 57 45 31 29 20
10d Box 0.128 3.0 49 39 26 25 17
10d Sinker 0.120 2.875 44 35 24 22 15
Footnotes: TABLE B8-1

1. Nominal design values shall be multiplied by all applicable

adjustment factors to determine allowable design values per
NDS®.
2. Uplift capacities for pneumatically driven nails are similar to box
nails of the same length and diameter.
3. For nail capacities not shown here, consult a design profession-
al.
4. Table values are based on the wood species of the top plate.
5. Wet use factors should be applied per NDS®.
6. Apply fire retardant treated lumber factors per manufacturer’s
specifications.
7. SP: Southern Pine DF-L: Doug Fir Larch HF: Hem-Fir
SPF: Spruce-Pine-Fir SPFs: Spruce-Pine-Fir, South

LOAD DURATION FACTOR, CD (FOR CONNECTIONS)

TYPICAL
LOAD DURATION CD
DESIGN LOAD
Permanent 0.9 Dead Loads
10 Years (Normal) 1.0 Floor Live Loads
2 Months 1.15 Snow Loads
7 Days 1.25 Construction Loads
10 Minutes/Impact 1.33/1.6* Wind/Earthquake
*Check with local code. TABLE B8-2

84
 BCSI-B9

BCSI-B9
MULTI-PLY GIRDERS

Girders are trusses specially designed to carry extra loads

from framing and equipment. Girder trusses may be from
one ply up to six plies. The Truss Designer will specify the
number of members in a multi-ply girder. In the photo
below the girder is made of similar trusses built and fas-
tened together to act as one unit to support the load.

PHOTO B9-1

PLY-TO-PLY CONNECTION REQUIREMENTS

; Multi-ply girders can perform according to the design

only if all plies are properly attached together.

WARNING! Girder truss plies must be completely

and securely attached prior to attaching the support-
ed trusses to the girder. Where it is possible to do so,
multi-ply girder trusses should be connected together
in accordance with the Truss Design Drawing (TDD)
prior to erection/installation.

; Always check the TDD for the girder ply-to-ply con-

nection requirements. They are listed in the fastener
schedule and will specify the type, size and on center
spacing of fasteners to use with that particular multi-
ply girder.

85
 BCSI-B9

; Check the TDD for the nailing schedule for each multi-
ply girder.
For example, the nailing schedule for this three-ply
girder is:

FIGURE B9-1

; Nail clusters may be required at concentrated load

locations. Check TDD carefully for additional fasten-
ing requirements.

86
 BCSI-B9

GOOD INSTALLATION PRACTICES

Spreader bar/stiffback
THI
S IS
NOT A SING
AS

A MU
TO
BE LE PLY

LTI-
USED

PLY
TRU
SS

RE
HE
E
AT
PL

FIGURE B9-2

; Some Truss Manufacturers mark girder trusses with

supplemental tags, calling attention to the number of
plies and fastening schedule on the TDD. One mark-
ing example is the truss tag shown below.

FIGURE B9-3

; If at all possible, fasten girder plies together per

TDD before lifting into place.

; Attach framing members or loads only after all girder

plies are in place and properly fastened together, and
the girder truss is properly braced to prevent lateral
displacement. This avoids overloading the girder ply
closest to the carried load.

; Truss-to-girder connection information will be on the

TTD of the carried truss, girder truss or the Truss
Placement Diagram.

87
 BCSI-B9

FASTENER GUIDELINES

; Fasteners may be nails, bolts or other approved fas-

teners depending on the amount of load and number
of girder plies.

; Follow AF&PA’s National Design Specification® for

Wood Construction (NDS®) for fastener end and
edge distance requirements to prevent splitting of
lumber.

; Ply-to-ply connection guidelines for girder trusses are

included in ANSI/TPI 1, National Design Standard for
Metal Plate Connected Wood Truss Construction.

NAIL FASTENERS

Two plies Three plies

FIGURE B9-5 (Note: Nail
heads must
be visible for
inspection)
FIGURE B9-6

FIGURE B9-4
Girder trusses up to three plies can be fastened together with
nails. Nail each additional ply with the specified schedule.

SCREW FASTENERS
Install per screw manufacturer and Truss Designer require-
ments and specifications.

FIGURE B9-8

FIGURE B9-7 FIGURE B9-9 FIGURE B9-10

88
 BCSI-B9

; Girders up to four plies can be connected with spe-

cially designed high strength screws. Install screws so
heads are on the same side as the carried load in two
or three ply applications. Pre-drilling may be required
in structural composite lumber.

; Multi-ply parallel chord trusses must be joined togeth-

er according to the Truss Designer’s specifications on
the TDD. Options include metal framing anchors,
rated sheathing, metal gussets and proprietary high
strength screws.
Two-ply floor trusses may also be attached with screws.

FIGURE B9-13

FIGURE B9-11

FIGURE B9-12

BOLT FASTENERS

; Bolt locations must not interfere with hardware or

framing. Pre-drill all bolt holes. Do not oversize the
hole! Use washers at bolt head and nut. Nails may
also be required.

FIGURE B9-14 FIGURE B9-15

FIGURE B9-16
FIGURE B9-17 FIGURE B9-18

• Bolt girders with four or more plies.

• Maximum five plies for girders supporting loads on
one side.
• Maximum six plies for girders supporting loads on
both sides.
89
BCSI-B9

90
 BCSI-B10

BCSI-B10
POST FRAME TRUSS INSTALLATION
AND BRACING
Recommendations for Handling, Installing and
Temporary Bracing of Metal Plate Connected Wood
Trusses in Post-Frame Construction

PHOTO B10-1

! WARNING, CAUTION, DANGER; these words desig-

nate an UNSAFE CONDITION OR OPERATING
PROCEDURE where personal safety is involved.
When you see this symbol become alert and
heed the message.
FAILURE TO FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS OR HEED
THE WARNING COULD RESULT IN PROPERTY
DAMAGE OR WORSE — SERIOUS PERSONAL
INJURY OR DEATH.

! See BCSI-B1 for information on truss unloading,

jobsite handling, jobsite storage, hoisting and lift-
ing. Heed all warnings and caution notes.

TRUSS STORAGE

FIGURE B10-1

91
 BCSI-B10

FIGURE B10-2

Do not unload trusses on rough terrain or uneven sur-

faces which could cause damage to the truss.

Walking on trusses which are lying flat is extremely

dangerous and should be strictly prohibited.

8' - 10' 8' - 10' FIGURE B10-3

; Trusses stored horizontally should be blocked up off

the ground to prevent excessive lateral bending and
lessen moisture gain from the ground.

Do not break banding on truss bundles until installa-

tion begins. Care should be exercised in banding
removal to avoid shifting of individual trusses.

; Always wear gloves and safety glasses when cutting

and/or handling banding.

Do not lift bundled trusses by the banding.

Do not use damaged Trusses without consulting with

the Truss Manufacturer and/or Design Professional.

92
 BCSI-B10

FIGURE B10-4

Do not store bundles upright (vertical) unless proper-

ly braced to prevent toppling.

Do not break banding until bundles are placed in a

stable horizontal position.

MECHANICAL INSTALLATION

! WARNING! Buildings under construction are vulnera-

ble to high winds, and present a safety hazard. It is
the responsibility of the Erection/Installation Contractor
to recognize adverse weather conditions and take
prompt and appropriate action to protect life and
property.

! WARNING! Do not lift bundled trusses by the bands.

Do not use damaged trusses. Do not attach cables,
chains, or hooks to the web members.

! WARNING! Do not lift trusses with spans greater

than 30' by the peak.

FIGURE B10-5

Greater than 30'

93
 BCSI-B10

TRUSSES UP TO 30' FIGURE B10-6

60° or less

Approx. 1/2
truss length
Tagline
For trusses up to 30'

TRUSSES UP TO 60'
FIGURE B10-7

Spreader bar

Toe-in Toe-in

Spreader bar 1/2 to

2/3 truss length
Tagline
For trusses up to 60'

TRUSSES UP TO AND OVER 60'

FIGURE B10-8
Locate Spreader bar
10' o.c.
above or stiffback
max.
mid-height

Spreader bar 2/3 to

3/4 truss length
Tagline
For trusses up to and over 60'

! DANGER! Lifting devices should be connected to the

truss top chord with a closed-loop attachment utilizing
materials such as slings, chains, cables, or nylon
strapping of sufficient strength to carry the weight of
the truss. Each truss should be set in proper position
per the Building Designer's framing plan and held with
the lifting device until the ends of the truss are secure-
ly fastened and all temporary bracing is installed.
94
 BCSI-B10

! IMPORTANT NOTES ON LIMITATIONS OF

RECOMMENDATIONS

; The recommendations and guidelines presented for

temporary bracing are limited to post-frame buildings
using metal plate connected wood trusses with the follow-
ing characteristics:
1. Trusses are used in an engineered building
system.
2. Columns (laminated columns, posts) are embed-
ded in the ground or attached to a foundation
using the method specified by the Building
Designer.
3. End-walls have columns which extend to the top
chord of the gable end truss with adequate con-
tact between the top chord and column for a
structural connection.
4. End trusses are stabilized against rollover by con-
necting the top and bottom chords to the endwall
columns or engineered bracing system.
5. Side-wall columns extend above the mid-height of
the truss heel at the connection of the column and
the truss.
6. Truss heels are connected to columns or headers
(beams, girders) to resist rollover at the heel.
7. Trusses have flat bottom chords and are spaced 4'
to 12' on-center.
8. Purlins are attached directly to the top chord.

95
 BCSI-B10

TEMPORARY BRACING PRINCIPLES

The following chronological steps should be taken to

provide temporary bracing for truss installation.

! WARNING! Until the building is completely erected in

accordance with the plans of the Building Designer,
the trusses are unstable, and may present a safety
hazard. Truss instability may increase with building
width, height and length.

1. ENSURE STABLE SIDE-WALL AND END-WALL

COLUMNS:
1.1 Embedded columns shall be backfilled with con-
crete or compacted fill.
a) Attach girts, splash board or temporary later-
al bracing, and install a system of wood
temporary diagonal ground bracing to pro-
vide support in the plane of the wall (Figure
A, B10-9) and perpendicular to it (Figure B,
B10-10).

Figure A Bracing
Diagonal Wall-Ground
FIGURE A (B10-9)
(Diagonal Wall Ground Bracing)

1.2 Columns bearing on concrete: Columns bearing

on a concrete foundation must be attached to
prevent horizontal movement of column base as
specified by the Building Designer (Figure C,
B10-11).

96
 BCSI-B10

A-Frame Ground Bracing

FIGURE B (B10-10)

a) Attach girts, splash board or temporary later-

al bracing and install a system of wood
temporary diagonal ground bracing to pro-
vide support in the plane of the wall (Figure
A, B10-9) and perpendicular to it (Figure B,
B10-10).

Figure
Column C
Connection
(Column Connection)
FIGURE C (B10-11)

2. PROVIDE A STABLE BASE UNIT UPON WHICH TO

BUILD:
2.1 Install trusses on side wall columns or header
system in sufficient quantities (usually 16' - 24' of
sidewall) to establish a stable base unit. See
Sections 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 for bracing requirements.

97
 BCSI-B10

2.2 Use one or more of the following methods to

resist movement of the base unit parallel to the
endwall:

8'
16d nails

2x4x18' wall bracing

Hold bottom Brace as close to

grade as possible, maintaining the
8' minimum dimension above

Column-Truss Bracing
FIGURE D (B10-12)

a) Diagonal wood braces (Figure D, B10-12)

and/or
b) Chains or cables (Figure E, B10-13) togeth-
er with turnbuckles, or come-alongs of
sufficient strength (min. 2,000 lbs. capacity).

base unit
PURLINS, TRUSS WEB BRACING & SOME NAILERS
OMITTED FOR CLARITY, SEE SECTION 3 FOR
BRACING REQUIREMENTS!!

Column Chaining
FIGURE E (B10-13)

98
 BCSI-B10

2.3 Use one or more of the following methods to

resist movement of the base unit perpendicular
to the endwall:
a) Temporary diagonal ground bracing (Figure
F, B10-14) or

PURLINS, TRUSS WEB BRACING & SOME NAILERS

OMITTED FOR CLARITY, SEE SECTION 3 FOR
BRACING REQUIREMENTS!!

Figure F
End Wall Chaining
(End Wall Chaining)
FIGURE F (B10-14)

b) Chains or cables (Figure E, B10-13) together

with turnbuckles, or come-alongs of sufficient
strength (min. 2,000 lbs. capacity).
2.4 Stable base unit is now ready.

3. TEMPORARY TRUSS BRACING OF THE

BASE UNIT
3.1 Provide a mechanical connection to resist truss
rollover at the heel (Figure G, B10-15). This may
include the use of nails, bolts, lag screws, metal
straps, or connectors.
3.2 Brace truss top chords with temporary lateral
braces as indicated in Table 1, B10-1 and shown
in Figure G, B10-15 and H, B10-16.
! IMPORTANT NOTE: Temporary bracing connections
must be made with a minimum of 2-16d (0.135x3.5'')
nails or equivalent to a lateral holding design capaci-
ty of 200 lbs. or permanent connection as specified by
the Building Designer.
99
 BCSI-B10

TEMPORARY TOP CHORD LATERAL

BRACING SCHEDULE
Maximum truss spans for chord size,
grade and brace spaces shown.

Top Chord Grades

No 1 Southern Pine MSR 1950f 1.5E MSR 2400f 1.8E

Top
Chord Max. Brace Spaces Max. Brace Spaces Max. Brace Spaces
Size 10' 8' 6' 10' 8' 6' 10' 8' 6'

2x6 n/a n/a 62' n/a 25' 81' n/a 42' 81'

2x8 n/a 27' 81' n/a 43' 81' 22' 61' 81'

2x10 n/a 40' 81' 24' 57' 81' 35' 78' 81'

2x12 21' 53' 81' 34' 74' 81' 48' 81' 81'

TABLE 1, (B10-1)

! IMPORTANT NOTE: Table 1, B10-1 was developed

solely for symmetrical triangular metal plate connect-
ed wood trusses with pitched top chords of 3:12 or
greater and flat bottom chord. Other truss types are
expressly excluded from the scope of Table 1, B10-1.
Spans listed in Table 1, B10-1 are the maximum truss
spans that can be safely braced for the top chord size
and lumber species/grade (or better) in the corre-
sponding column heading, using the maximum
temporary top chord lateral brace spacing. For truss
configurations, spans and/or top chord grades not
covered by Table 1, B10-1, consult a registered
Professional Engineer.

100
 BCSI-B10

10', 8' or 6' spacing per Table 1, B10-1

Mechanical Connection at Heel

and Top Chord Bracing
FIGURE G (B10-15)

10', 8' or 6' spacing per Table 1, B10-1

PURLINS, TRUSS WEB BRACING & SOME NAILERS

OMITTED FOR CLARITY, SEE SECTION 3 FOR
BRACING REQUIREMENTS!!
Top Chord Bracing
FIGURE H (B10-16)

101
 BCSI-B10

3.3. Brace truss bottom chord with bottom chord lat-

eral bracing a maximum of 15' on-center (Figure
I, B10-17)

Top
Top Chord
chord temporary braces
Section A-A Cemporary B races

Bottom Chord
Temporary braces
A A
bay

Truss bay

bay

A <15' <15' <15' A

Bottom Chord Bracing

FIGURE I (B10-17)

3.4 Install diagonal bracing in the plane of the roof

using one of the following:
a) Diagonal bracing with 2x4 lumber, minimum
grade of S-P-F #2 (Figure J, B10-18), or
b) Metal strap cross bracing (Figure K, B10-19),
or
c) The permanent roof decking material (ply-
wood, OSB, corrugated steel, corrugated
aluminum) or permanent roof bracing in
accordance with product manufacturer's
instructions or building plans and specifica-
tions.

102
 BCSI-B10

o
45
typical

Di
ag
on

ridge
Trusses

al
Br

length of building
a cin
g

purlins
Top view of the roof

Note: Diagonal braces run to the fourth truss on 48' & wider build-
ings. Braces lap two purlins if diagonal brace is spliced. Use 2-16d
(0.135x3.5") nails at each diagonal brace to purlin connection.
Diagonal Wood Bracing
FIGURE J B10-18

o
45
typical strapping
length of building
ridge

Trusses bay

bay

purlins
top view of the roof
Note: Metal strap cross bracing is typically used when purlins are
mounted flush between trusses.

Metal Strap Cross Bracing

FIGURE K B10-19

103
 BCSI-B10

3.5 Brace trusses vertically to prevent "rollover", i.e.

rotation using one or more of the following:
a) Truss-to-truss cross bracing at 20' on center
maximum spacing (Figure L, B10-20) unless
3.4 (c) is adopted and applied to all trusses
that have been set,
b) Chains or cables (Figure E, B10-13) together
with turnbuckles, or come-alongs of sufficient
strength (min. 2,000 lbs. capacity).

Figure L
Cross Bracing
FIGURE L (B10-20)
(Cross Bracing)
4. ERECT THE ADDITIONAL ROOF TRUSSES
4.1 Install top chord temporary bracing at the spac-
ings indicated in Table 1, B10-1.
4.2 Install bottom chord temporary bracing as indi-
cated in Figure I, B10-17.
4.3 Provide additional diagonal temporary bracing in
the plane of the top chord approximately equal to
the bracing described in 3.4 at intervals not to
exceed 100' or 12 truss spaces, whichever is
less.

104
 BCSI-B10

WARNINGS
AND RESPONSIBILITIES
It is the responsibility of the Erection/Installation Contractor
to properly receive, unload, store, handle, install, and
brace metal plate connected wood trusses to protect life
and property. The Erection/Installation Contractor must
exercise the same high degree of safety awareness as
with any other structural material. It is the responsibility of
the Erection/Installation Contractor to determine if the
installation crew has the needed equipment and training to
safely erect the proposed roof construction, and to deter-
mine that the trusses to be installed are undamaged.
Temporary bracing schedules in Table 1, B10-1 were
developed for an assumed load of the truss weight, plus
two workers and their equipment at a given time assumed
to weigh 250 lbs. each. Bracing schedules do not provide
for wind loads or for accidental overload, materials
stacked on trusses during erection, or loads due to misuse
or negligence.
These recommendations are based upon the collective
experience of leading technical personnel in the wood
truss and post frame industry, but must, due to the nature
of responsibilities involved, be presented only as a guide
for use by a qualified Building Designer or Erection/
Installation Contractor. It is not intended that these recom-
mendations be interpreted as superior to the project
Architect's or Engineer's design specification for handling,
installing and bracing wood trusses and it does not pre-
clude the use of other equivalent methods for bracing and
providing stability for the walls and columns as may be
determined by the Contractor. Thus, WTCA and TPI
expressly disclaim any responsibility for damages arising
from the use, application, or reliance on the recommenda-
tions and information contained herein.

105
BCSI-B10

106
 BCSI-B11

BCSI-B11
FALL PROTECTION AND WOOD TRUSSES

; The current regulation governing fall protection is the

U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA) Standard 29 CFR
Subpart M.

; Important information pertaining to the erection/

installation of trusses in residential construction is
contained in this OSHA Standard. Erection/installa-
tion of trusses is considered “leading edge” work that
often can use a “Fall Protection Plan” [see
1926.502(k)] in place of more conventional fall pro-
tection equipment. The Fall Protection Plan must
conform to section [1926.502(k)(1-10)].

; Choosing fall protection equipment, or a plan, that

effectively protects workers from jobsite hazards
while remaining in compliance with current govern-
ment regulations can be an intimidating task. To
provide optimum protection, any fall protection sys-
tem should be designed by a licensed Professional
Engineer experienced in the elimination/control of fall
hazards. The government standard most commonly
associated with fall protection guidelines is the OSHA
1926.501(b)(1) Construction Standard. It states in
part:
“Each employee on a walking/working surface (hori-
zontal and vertical surface) with an unprotected side
or edge which is 6 feet (1.8 m) or more above a lower
level shall be protected from falling by the use of
guardrail systems, safety net systems, or personal
fall arrest systems”.
For sample Fall Protection Plans for residential con-
struction refer to Section 1926 Subpart M of the
Construction Resource Manual online at:
http://www.osha.gov/Publications/Const_Res_Man/
index.html.

107
 BCSI-B11

FALL PROTECTION DOS AND DON’TS

! WARNING! Trusses alone are NOT designed to SUP-

PORT fall protection anchors.

; Fall protection and safety measures are jobsite and

building specific. The appropriate fall protection
method for a given job must be determined by a per-
son who is qualified to design, install, and use fall
protection systems and authorized to have any prob-
lems corrected.

WARNING!
Use of a single truss
as anchorage point
for any type of personal
fall arrest system
IS DANGEROUS

FIGURE B11-1 FIGURE B11-2

DANGER

PHOTO B11-1
108
 BCSI-B11

! Attaching to a single truss will increase risk of serious

injury or death to workers.

PHOTO B11-2

; Trusses are designed to support loads like this:

FIGURE B11-4

NOT lateral impact loads

FIGURE B11-5

! A falling worker attached to a single truss could cause

all the trusses on the structure to collapse in a domi-
no effect.

FIGURE B11-6

109
 BCSI-B11

SAFE INSTALLATION OPTIONS

Here are a few suggestions...

; Option 1: Scaffolding
Use a scaffolding system with personal fall arrest sys-
tem, following OSHA’s guidelines.

PHOTO B11-3 PHOTO B11-4

; Option 2: Use a Roof Peak Anchor

Sheath and brace a portion of the roof (Per BCSI-B1
and B2) and use a roof anchor and personal fall arrest
system, following OSHA’s guidelines (CFR29 -
1926.500 - 503).

FIGURE B11-7

FIGURE B11-8

110
 BCSI-B11

; Option 3: Ground Assembly

• Pre-assemble the roof truss system on the ground.
• Sheath and brace for stability.
• Lift and set in place. This pre-assembled section can
then be used as a tie-off point as necessary.

PHOTO B11-5 PHOTO B11-6

! WARNING SUMMARY:
! A single truss is NOT designed to withstand loads
from a falling person.

! A single truss, if used as an anchorage point, can pull

all the trusses on top of the falling person.

! Depending on how the entire building is braced,

incorrect fall protection attachments could cause an
entire building collapse.

! In all cases, the person faces the increased risk of

causing a serious truss collapse, WHICH COULD
RESULT IN SERIOUS PERSONAL INJURY OR
DEATH.

NOT LIKE THIS!

PHOTO B11-7

; If you are uncertain, contact OSHA or a Design

Professional for assistance.
111
BCSI-B11

112
 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Below is a glossary of terms that are intended to assist the

reader. All capitalized terms contained within BCSI-03
shall have the meaning set forth in this Glossary of Terms.

HAZARD! WARNING! CAUTION! DANGER!

ALERT! SAFETY! The use of this symbol and any of
these words is intended to indicate to the reader that
an unsafe condition or action will greatly increase the
probability of an accident occurring which could easily
result in serious personal injury or death.
Anchorage: Connection between the roof or floor framing
members (e.g., trusses, bracing, etc.) and the build-
ing structure, which is required to transfer the forces
from these members into the building.
ANSI/TPI 1-2002: National Design Standard for Metal
Plate Connected Wood Truss Construction (revision
of ANSI/TPI 1-1995), which covers design responsi-
bilities, quality criteria for trusses, metal connector
plate manufacturing, performance evaluation of
metal connector plated connections, materials and
general design considerations, member design pro-
cedures, and metal connector plate joint design.
Architect: Any Registered Design Professional practicing
architecture who designs all or a part of the Building
Structural System and/or who produces all or part of
the Construction Documents and which may include
all or part of the Building Structural System Design
Documents.
B-Series Summary Sheets: A comprehensive set of
building safety and bracing documents created by
the Wood Truss Council of America (WTCA) and the
Truss Plate Institute (TPI) to educate metal plate
connected wood truss (MPCWT) users of the inher-
ent dangers associated with the handling, installing
and bracing of these products, and to train on how to
install MPCWTs safely.
Bottom Chord: The horizontal or pitched member that
defines the lower edge of a truss, usually carrying
combined tension and bending stresses.
Bottom Chord Bearing: Bearing condition of a truss that
is supported on its bottom chord (see example
Figure B7-2).
Bottom Chord Plane: The two-dimensional area formed
by the top or bottom edge of adjacent similar bottom

113
 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

chords allowing for the connection of a diaphragm, or

bracing members in a linear fashion.
Bracing: Providing stability against unintended movement
or motion.
Bridging and Blocking: Cross bracing or a solid member
placed between structural members to provide later-
al support.
Building: Any structure used or intended for supporting or
sheltering any use or occupancy.
Building Component Safety Information (BCSI): The
jointly produced WTCA/TPI “Guide to Good Practice
for Handling, Installing and Bracing of Metal Plate
Connected Wood Trusses.” BCSI fulfills the policies
of the two associations to promote handling,
installing and bracing guidelines for metal plate con-
nected wood trusses (MPCWT) that are simple, safe,
proven methods consistent with good framing con-
struction practices in the field.
Building Designer: The Owner of the building or the indi-
vidual or organization (including either an Architect
or Engineer or Contractor) who contracts with the
Owner for the design of the Building Structural
System and/or who produces the Building Structural
System Design Documents.
Building Official: The officer or other designated authori-
ty charged with the administration and enforcement
of the applicable building code, or a duly authorized
representative, who in accordance with the Legal
Requirements may impose requirements on Truss
Manufacturers and Truss Designers relating to the
trusses and the Truss Submittal.
Building Structural System: The completed combination
of Structural Elements, trusses, connections and
systems, which serve to support the building's self
weight, the applicable live load(s), and environmen-
tal loads.
Building Structural System Design Documents:
Written, graphic and pictorial architectural or struc-
tural documents, specifications and addenda
prepared or assembled for the overall structural
design of the Building Structural System, which are
part of the Construction Documents.

114
 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Ceiling Diaphragm: The horizontal or sloped structural

system defined by the ceiling plane acting to transmit
lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements.
Clinched Nail: A nail selected to be longer than the mem-
ber it is driven through and which is bent back the
dimension of its excess length.
Connectors and Connections: Fasteners that join two or
more members together, including: nails, metal
plates or truss plates, truss and joist hangers,
screws, and bolts.
Construction Documents: Written, graphic and pictorial
documents prepared or assembled for describing the
design, location and physical characteristics of the
elements of a project, which are necessary for
obtaining a building permit.
Construction Loading: The loads from workers and
building materials on an unfinished structure, for
example, when builders stack bundles of panel
sheathing or gypsum board on trusses for temporary
storage.
Continuous Lateral Bracing (CLB): Members installed at
right angles to a chord or web member of a truss to
provide stability to the truss. They must be properly
restrained to prevent the simultaneous buckling of
the truss members due to laterally imposed loads
and the accumulation of buckling forces. See Lateral
Bracing.
Contract: A legally recognized document between two or
more parties, which includes the agreement
between the Truss Manufacturer and its customer
which sets forth the terms and conditions (and scope
of responsibilities) applicable to the Truss
Manufacturer.
Contractor: The Owner of the building or the individual or
organization who contracts with the Owner and is
responsible for the construction of the Building
Structural System in accordance with all legal
requirements. The term Contractor shall include
those subcontractors who have a direct contract with
the Contractor to perform all or a portion of the stor-
age, handling, installation, and bracing (temporary
and permanent) of the trusses.
Conventional Framing: Framing with conventional joists,
rafters and wall studs.
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 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Conventional Light-Frame Wood Construction: A type

of construction whose primary structural elements
are formed by a system of repetitive wood-framing
members. This includes wood truss construction.
Cross Bracing: Bracing installed in the web member
plane of trusses to transfer lateral loads out of the
truss system and up into the roof and down into the
ceiling diaphragms. See Diagonal Bracing.
Cross Bridging: Wood or metal members that are placed
between trusses or joists in an angled position
intended to spread the load and stabilize the mem-
bers.
Deformed Shank Nails: Ring, barb or screw shaped con-
figuration of a nail shank.
Diagonal Bracing: Members installed at an angle to a
chord or web member of a truss to create rigid units
to prevent trusses from leaning or dominoing. Used
in conjunction with lateral bracing to transfer brace
forces into the supporting structure. Diagonal braces
are installed in the same plane as lateral bracing but
at an angle of approximately 45° to the lateral brace.
DSB-89: Recommended Design Specification for
Temporary Bracing of Metal Plate Connected Wood
Trusses. A publication of the TPI developed for use
by architects and engineers to provide guidance for
designing structural bracing.
Duration of Load: Total length of time during which a load
acts on a member. In wood, a design consideration
for modifying allowable stresses, based on the accu-
mulated loadings anticipated in the life of a structure.
Engineer: Any Registered Design Professional practicing
engineering who designs all or a part of the Building
Structural System and/or who produces all or a part
of the Building Structural System Design Documents.
Engineered Building System: See Building Structural
System.
Erection/Installation Bracing: See Temporary Erection
Bracing.
Erection/Installation Contractor: See Contractor.
Exterior Ground Brace: See Ground Bracing and Figures
B2-3 and B2-4.

116
 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Fall Protection System: Any means used to protect a

worker from a fall or minimize the risk of falling.
Options include: guards or railings; personal fall
arrest system; safety net; control zone; safety moni-
tor with a control zone; and other procedures
acceptable to OSHA. See Personal Fall Arrest
System.
Floating Connection: A connection between trusses or
Structural Elements and non-load bearing interior
walls that allows for seasonal movement. Wood
blocking or specially designed slotted metal clips can
be used to hold the truss in alignment and allow for
this movement.
Gable End Frame: A component manufactured to com-
plete the end wall of a building. The bottom chord of
the gable end frame has continuous vertical support
by the end bearing wall. Vertical members between
the top and bottom chords are typically spaced at
24" on-center. The vertical members function as load
carrying members and as attachment members for
sheathing or other end wall coverings. The gable end
frame must be incorporated into the end shear wall
by the Building Designer.
Gambrel: Roof having two slopes on each side of the
peak, the lower slope usually steeper than the upper
one (see Figure B2-13).
Girder Truss: Truss designed to carry heavy loads from
other structural members framing into it. Usually a
multiple-ply truss.
Ground Brace Diagonal: See Ground Bracing and
Figures B2-3 and B2-4.
Ground Bracing: Used to provide stability for the first
truss or group of trusses installed. It is composed of
vertical and diagonal members providing support for
the installed trusses from the earth, floor, foundation
or slab. Ground bracing should be located in line with
the top chord lateral bracing. Proper ground bracing
also requires lateral and strut bracing to ensure sta-
bility and support (see Figures B2-3 and B2-4).
Ground Bracing Components: See Ground Bracing and
Figures B2-3 and B2-4.
• Backup Ground Stake
• Driven Ground Stake
• End Brace
117
 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

• Ground Brace Diagonal

• Ground Brace Laterals
• Ground Brace Verticals
• Horizontal Tie Member

Commentary from DSB-89 on Ground Bracing:

Diagonals: Ground brace diagonals should be
continuous from the point at which the ground
brace vertical is attached at the top chord of the
braced truss down at about a 45° angle to a
ground stake. The diagonal should be connect-
ed to the ground stake and to the vertical with
adequate connections.
Splices: Splices for ground bracing should
occur only at a point that is laterally braced.
Splices for ground bracing, if constructed with
wood members, should have a minimum three-
foot overlap nailed with a minimum of ten 16d
(0.135x3.5") nails, nailed in accordance with
NDS specifications and clinched for safety.
(See figure below.)
Lateral brace

Clinched for safety Minimum 10 - 16d (0.135 x

3.5") nails clinched.

3' Minimum overlap

Splices for ground bracing

Ground Stakes: If soil conditions are poor, it

may be necessary to add a horizontal tie
member at ground level to connect the lower
end of the ground brace vertical and the
lower end of the ground brace diagonal.
Then, it is possible to drive multiple stakes
along the length of this horizontal tie member
as needed to develop the required lateral
resistance by the earth. A backup ground
stake is an alternate method of reinforce-
ment in poor soil conditions (see Figure
B2-3).
The proper placements and capacities of all
ground stakes are the responsibility of the
installer.
118
 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

The ground stake should be driven to a capac-

ity which will resist one and one half times the
cumulative lateral bracing force (P) as deter-
mined from DSB-89.
Struts: Ground brace struts, where needed,
should be connected between the midpoint of
the ground brace diagonal and the lower end of
the ground brace vertical. Ground brace struts
should be no less than 2x4 stress-graded
lumber and should be nailed with a minimum of
2-16d (0.135 x 3.5") nails clinched at each con-
nection.
Lateral Braces: When ground brace diagonals
require lateral braces the ground brace diago-
nals at each end of the ground brace system
should be braced laterally from the midpoint of
the ground brace diagonal down at about 45°
to a driven stake and denoted as end braces
(see Figure B2-3 and B2-4).
Responsibility: The installer is responsible for
the proper selection of lumber sizes, connec-
tions and installation of the ground bracing
system.
Connections: The installer should provide
adequate connections between the ground
brace system and the first braced truss to resist
the cumulative brace force (P) as determined in
Section 4 and Appendix A of DSB-89. A mini-
mum of 2-16d nails nailed in accordance with
NDS criteria should be used for each connec-
tion in the ground brace system.
HIB-91 Booklet: Commentary & Recommendations for
Handling, Installing & Bracing Metal Plate
Connected Wood Trusses - A 4"x7" hip pocket man-
ual (110 pgs) developed primarily for use by truss
installers, contractors, and builders of record, but
also a useful tool for building officials and truss man-
ufacturers. Covers handling, loading/shipping,
receiving, unloading, storage, lifting, installation tol-
erances, discussion/ recommendations for ground
bracing and temporary bracing for the top chord, bot-
tom chord, and webs. Additionally, discusses the
function of permanent bracing for the top chord, bot-
tom chord, and webs and suggests minimum
requirements. In the absence of specific bracing

119
 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

requirements from the Building Designer, trusses

can be braced in accordance with HIB-91, which is
widely referenced on truss design drawings. HIB-91
is referenced in some model codes. The HIB-91
Booklet has been replaced with the BCSI document
published October 1, 2003.
HIB-91 Summary Sheet: Commentary & Recommen-
dations for Handling, Installing & Bracing Metal Plate
Connected Wood Trusses - A six-page (8-1/2"x11"
foldout pamphlet), summarized version of the HIB-91
booklet that typically accompanies the truss order to
caution/warn/inform about truss storage, mechanical
installation, installation tolerances, and recommend-
ed temporary bracing schedules for the safe
installation of the trusses. Limited to trusses spaced
no greater than 2' on-center. The HIB-91 “Summary
Sheet” has been replaced with the BCSI and B-
Series Summary Sheets.
HIB-98: Commentary and Recommendations for
Handling, Installing and Bracing Metal Plate
Connected Wood Trusses Used in Post-Frame
Construction - A publication of the TPI providing rec-
ommendations and guidelines to contractors for
handling, installing and bracing flat bottom chord
metal plate connected wood trusses in engineered
building systems for applications from 4' to 12' on-
center. HIB-98 has been replaced with the BCSI and
B-Series Summary Sheets.
Hip Set: Series of trusses of the same span and overhang
that decrease in height to form the end slope of a hip
roof system. Also called a step-down truss system.
Interior Ground Brace: See Ground Bracing and Figures
B2-3 and B2-4.
Jurisdiction: The governmental unit that has adopted this
Guide under due legislative authority.
Knee Brace: Brace positioned between a column and
truss panel points when trusses are supported by
columns lacking transverse bracing.
Load: Forces or other actions that arise on structural sys-
tems from the weight of all permanent construction,
occupants and their possessions, environmental
effects, differential settlement and restrained dimen-
sional changes.

120
 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

L-Reinforcement: A piece of stress-rated lumber attached

to a web as reinforcement against buckling instabili-
ty. The wide face of the reinforcing member is
attached to the narrow face of the web forming an L
shape.
Lateral Bending: Bending out of the plane of the truss.
Lateral Bracing: Members installed at right angles to a
chord or web member of a truss to provide stability
to the truss.
Legal Requirements: Applicable provisions of all statutes,
laws, rules, regulations, ordinances, codes, or orders
of any governmental authority or Jurisdiction of the
United States of America, any state, and any political
subdivision or quasi-governmental authority or
Jurisdiction of any, of the same, including, but not
limited to, departments, commissions, boards,
bureaus, agencies, counties, municipalities, and
other instrumentalities.
Lift: The act of mechanically or manually hoisting.
Local Building Official: See Building Official.
Long Span Trusses: Trusses over sixty feet (60') in length.
Machine-Stress Rated Lumber (MSR): Type of machine-
graded lumber designated by the design bending
stress, Fb, and modulus of elasticity, MOE or E, val-
ues. For example, an MSR grade of 1650f-1.5E
designates the bending stress of 1650 psi and an
MOE of 1.5 million psi. Other design properties are
listed in the National Design Specification® (NDS®).
Mean Roof Height: The elevation of the roof mid-way
between the eave and the ridge (see Figure B6-3).
Metal Connector Plate: See Truss Plate.
Monopitch Truss: Truss that has a single top chord, and a
slope greater than 1.5/12.
MPCWT: Metal Plate Connected Wood Truss(es).
Engineered, pre-fabricated structural component,
assembled from wood members and metal connec-
tor plates, and designed to carry superimposed dead
and live loads. The truss members form a rigid, pla-
nar, structural component and are usually
assembled such that the members form triangles.

121
 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Multi-Ply Truss: A truss designed to be installed as an

assembly of two or more individual trusses fastened
together to act as one. Ply-to-ply connections of mul-
tiply trusses are specified on the Truss Design
Drawing.
Nail-On Plate: Light-gauge cold-formed steel metal con-
nector plates with pre-punched holes or, if cut to
size, without holes but having identifying marks
through which nails are driven by hand or power
means into the lumber. They are typically used in
repairs.
National Design Specification® (NDS ®) For Wood
Construction: A publication of the American Forest
& Paper Association (AF&PA), this Standard is refer-
enced by model building codes for structural design
of wood buildings. Also includes a supplement of lum-
ber sizes, grades, species and allowable stresses.
Overhang: Extension of the top chord of a truss past the
bottom chord to form the eave/soffit framing of the
roof.
Owner: The individual or organization who owns the build-
ing, and: (a) either designs and prepares, or retains
a Building Designer to design and prepare, the
Building's Structural System and the Building
Structural System Design Documents; and (b) either
constructs, or retains a Contractor to construct, the
Building's Structural System.
Parallel Chord Truss (PCT): Truss with top and bottom
chords with equal slopes.
Permanent Bracing: Bracing installed to provide support
at right angles to the plane of the truss to hold it in its
assumed design position. Permanent bracing stays
in place for the life of the structure. The Building
Designer may design the permanent bracing to resist
lateral forces imposed on the completed building by
wind load or seismic load.
Permanent Lateral Bracing: Bracing installed to provide
support at right angles to the plane of the truss to
hold it in its assumed design position. Permanent
bracing stays in place for the life of the structure. The
Building Designer may design the permanent brac-
ing to resist lateral forces imposed on the completed
building by wind load or seismic load. See Lateral
Bracing.

122
 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Permanent Truss Bracing: Trusses require permanent

bracing along three planes: the top chord or roof
sheathing plane, the bottom chord or ceiling plane,
and the web planes. The lateral rigidity of the entire
truss system is a critical consideration. This bracing
must be integrated with the other structural parts of
the building to achieve total structural integrity.
Personal Fall Arrest System: An individual worker's fall
protection system, composed of a safety belt or full
body harness, and lanyard, lifeline, and any other
connecting equipment that is used to secure the
worker to an individual anchor or to a horizontal life-
line system; designed to stop a worker's fall before
the worker hits the surface below.
Piggyback Truss: Truss made in two pieces usually con-
sisting of a hip type truss with a triangular cap
fastened to it. Used when shipping or manufacturing
limitations are affected by overall truss height.
Professional Engineer (PE): Registered Professional
Engineer holding a current license in each state in
which he or she conducts business.
Proprietary Metal Bracing Products: Diagonal bracing,
lateral bracing, bridging and web reinforcement
products, which are available from a number of man-
ufacturers as alternatives to wood products.
Registered Design Professional: An individual who is
registered or licensed to practice their respective
design profession as defined by the statutory
requirements of the professional registration laws of
the state or Jurisdiction in which the project is to be
constructed.
Repair Detail: A written, graphic or pictorial depiction of
the required fix to an altered or damaged component
or part.
Rim Joist: Framing member installed on the edge of the
exterior perimeter, usually tying the ends of floor
trusses together. Also called ribbon or band board.
Roof Purlins: Horizontal members attached perpendicu-
lar to the truss top chord for support of the roofing
system (e.g., corrugated roofing or plywood and
shingles).

123
 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Roof Diaphragm: The horizontal or sloped system

defined by the roof plane acting to transmit lateral
forces to the vertical resisting elements (e.g., walls).
Roof Sheathing: The structural covering used directly
over the roof framing members that transfers per-
pendicular loads to the framing material. Any of the
various coverings or supporting elements that are
applied to or cover the top and bottom of trusses or
joists and rafters, (e.g., plywood, oriented strand
board). Properly placed and nailed sheathing acts as
lateral/diagonal/cross bracing.
Scab: Member fastened by nails to another member for
reinforcement.
Scab Web Reinforcement: A piece of stress-graded lum-
ber attached to a web as reinforcement against
buckling instability. The wide face of the reinforcing
member is attached to the wide face of the web.
Scissors Truss: Dual pitch, triangular truss with dual
pitched bottom chords (see Figure B2-15).
Seismic Load: Assumed lateral load acting in any hori-
zontal direction on the structural frame due to the
dynamic action of earthquakes.
Sheathing: The structural covering used directly over the
framing members that transfers perpendicular loads
to the framing material. Any of the various coverings
or supporting elements that are applied to or cover
the top and bottom of trusses, studs or joists and
rafters (e.g., plywood, oriented strand board).
Properly placed and nailed sheathing acts as later-
al/diagonal/cross bracing.
Spreader Bar: A specifically designed lifting device that
enables the lifting cables to hang straight or toe-in to
their points of connection so as not to induce buck-
ling forces in the truss being lifted.
Stacked Web Reinforcement: Reinforcement member
plated to the narrow face of a web in the truss plant
to avoid the need for field-installed bracing or rein-
forcement.
Stiffback: The spreader bar when it is brought down along
side, and attached directly to the truss being lifted to
provide sufficient rigidity to adequately resist out-of-
plane bending of the truss. See Spreader Bar.

124
 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Stress-Graded Lumber: Lumber of any thickness and

width that is graded for its mechanical properties.
Strongback Bracing/Bridging: Nominal 2x_ dimensional
framing member attached perpendicular to floor
trusses, often through the chase opening, and
placed vertically against a vertical web, or vertical
block attached to the side of the truss.
Structural Building Components: Specialized structural
building products designed, engineered and manu-
factured under controlled conditions for a specific
application. They are incorporated into the overall
Building Structural System by the Building Designer.
Examples are wood or steel roof trusses, floor truss-
es, floor panels, wall panels, I-joists, or engineered
beams and headers.
Structural Composite Lumber (SCL): Composite of
wood veneer sheets, wafers, or wood strand ele-
ments, joined with an adhesive with wood fibers
primarily oriented along the length of the member.
These materials are intended for structural use.
Examples include LVL and PSL.
Structural Element: A single joist, rafter, beam, or other
structural member (not including the trusses)
designed by others and supplied for the Building
Structural System by either the Truss Manufacturer
or others.
Structural Element Submittal: Documentation relating to
the Structural Elements that is supplied by the Truss
Manufacturer, and if required by the Contract, sub-
mitted by the Truss Manufacturer to the Local
Building Official, Owner, Building Designer and/or
Contractor for their review and/or approval.
System: A group of interacting elements under the influ-
ence of related forces (e.g., common trusses, girder
trusses, headers, walls and foundations).
T-Reinforcement: A piece of stress-graded lumber
attached to a web as reinforcement against buckling
instability. The wide face of the reinforcing member is
attached to the narrow face of the web forming a T
shape.
Temporary Erection Bracing: Bracing installed for the
purpose of holding trusses true to line, dimension
and plumb. In addition, temporary bracing holds

125
 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

trusses in a stable condition until permanent truss

bracing and other permanent components that con-
tribute to the overall rigidity of the roof or floor are in
place. Temporary bracing may consist of ground
bracing, continuous lateral bracing, sheathing, diag-
onal bracing, cross bracing or similar items.
Temporary Spacer Pieces: Short blocks of 2x4 or larger
material fastened between or on top of truss chords.
This procedure requires continuous diagonal brac-
ing.
Toenail: Nail driven at an angle to the member.
Top Chord: Inclined or horizontal member that establish-
es the top edge of a truss, usually carrying combined
compression and bending stresses.
Top Chord Bearing: Bearing condition of a truss that
bears on its top chord extension (see Figure B7-3).
Trial Lift: The act of mechanically or manually hoisting an
object to assure that the load being hoisted is bal-
anced and stable during the lift.
Triangulation: The act of forming rigid triangles with
objects adequately fastened together (see Figure
B2-26).
Truss: An individual metal plate connected wood element
manufactured by the Truss Manufacturer, and sup-
plied for the Building Structural System. See also
MPCWT.
Truss Designer: The individual or organization responsi-
ble for the design of trusses in accordance with the
ANSI/TPI 1 Design Standard and all Legal
Requirements.
Truss Design Drawing: The written, graphic and pictorial
depiction of an individual truss. A Truss Design
Drawing is a substitute for the building code based
prescriptive span tables used to select and apply
Structural Elements in conventional light-frame wood
construction.
Truss Manufacturer: An individual or organization regu-
larly engaged in the manufacturing of trusses and
who may supply Structural Elements for the Building
Structural System.
Truss Panel Point: Location on a truss where the web
members and top or bottom chords intersect and are
connected by metal connector plates.
126
 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Truss Placement Diagram: The illustration supplied by

the Truss Manufacturer identifying the location
assumed for each truss, which references each indi-
vidually designated Truss Design Drawing.
Truss Plate: Individual metal connector plate manufac-
tured from ASTM A446, A591, A792 or A167
structural quality steel protected with zinc or zinc-
aluminum alloy coatings or their stainless steel
equivalent. The metal connector plate has integral
teeth and is manufactured in various sizes (i.e.
lengths and widths) and thickness or gages and is
designed to laterally transmit loads when embedded
in wood members.
Truss Spaces: The distance or void between two adjacent
trusses in a row of trusses.
Truss Submittal: The Truss Design Drawings, and the
Truss Placement Diagram, if required by the
Contract, that is submitted by the Truss Manufacturer
to the Local Building Official, Owner, Building
Designer and/or Contractor for their review and/or
approval.
Web Plane: The two-dimensional area formed by the top
or bottom edge of adjacent similar web members
allowing for the connection of lateral and/or diagonal
bracing members.
Web Reinforcement: A piece of stress-graded lumber
attached to a web as reinforcement against buckling
instability. Types of web reinforcement include T, L,
scab and metal reinforcement.
Webs: Members that join the top and bottom chords to
form the triangular patterns typical of trusses. These
members typically carry axial forces.
Wind Force: The load created by the wind as determined
for design purposes, usually described in pounds per
square foot of the area being affected.
Wind Speed: Is the design wind speed for the structure.
The value is determined by the Building Designer,
with the minimum determined by the building code in
effect in the Jurisdiction where the structure is built.

127
GLOSSARY OF TERMS

128
 REFERENCE

INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS
AND GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES
AF&PA/American Wood Council
1111 19th St NW Ste 800 • Washington, DC 20036
202/463-4713 • 202/463-2791 fax
www.awc.org
American Institute of Architects (AIA)
1735 New York Ave NW • Washington, DC 20006-5292
202/626-7300 • 202/626-7547 fax
www.aia.org
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
11 W 42nd St • New York, NY 10036
212/642-4900 • 212/398-0023 fax
www.ansi.org
American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE)
2950 Niles Rd • St Joseph, MI 49085-9659
616/429-0300 • 616/429-3852 fax
www.asae.org
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
1801 Alexander Bell Dr • Reston, VA 20191
703/295-6000 • 703/295-6333 fax
www.asce.org
Association of Crane & Rigging Professionals
P.O. Box 87907 • Vancouver, WA 98687-7907
800-690-3921 • Voice: 360-834-3805 • 360-834-3507 fax
www.arcp.net
National Association of Home Builders (NAHB)
15th & M St NW • Washington, DC 20005
202/822-0401 • 202/822-0374 fax
www.nahb.org
National Frame Builders Association (NFBA)
4840 W 15th St Ste 1000 • Lawrence, KS 66049-3876
800/557-6957 • 785/843-7555 fax
www.nfba.org
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
US Department of Labor
200 Constitution Ave NW • Washington, DC 20210
202/523-1452 • 202/523-3573 fax
www.osha.gov
Truss Plate Institute (TPI)
583 D'Onofrio Dr Ste 200 • Madison, WI 53719
608/833-5900 • 608/833-4360 fax
www.tpinst.org
129
 REFERENCE

Wood Truss Council of America (WTCA)

One WTCA Center
6300 Enterprise Lane • Madison, WI 53719
608/274-4849 • 608/274-3329 fax
www.woodtruss.com

130
 REFERENCE

INDUSTRY STANDARDS, GUIDELINES

AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Always Diagonally Brace For Safety: This four-page
color document emphasizes how all lateral bracing
needs to be stabilized with diagonal bracing. This is
probably one of the most overlooked elements of
safe temporary bracing. Educate the Contractor with
these clear and concise temporary bracing do's and
don'ts. [Note: This document was part of the Truss Technology in
Building series of documents. It has been replaced by BCSI-B2.]

ANSI/TPI 1: American National Standard, National Design

Standard for Metal Plate Connected Wood Truss
Construction - Publication of TPI developed under
the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
consensus process. Provides the analysis, design
and manufacturing criteria for the metal plate con-
nected wood truss industry.
ANSI/TPI/WTCA 4: American National Standard, National
Standard and Recommended Guidelines on
Responsibilities for Construction Using Metal Plate
Connected Wood Trusses - Publication of WTCA and
TPI developed under the ANSI consensus process.
The purpose of this document is to: (a) define as a
Standard the usual duties and responsibilities of the
Truss Manufacturer and Truss Designer for the ben-
efit of the Owner, Building Designer and Contractor
(referred to as the "Standard"); and (b) to provide
recommended guidelines to the Owner, Building
Designer and Contractor on matters related to the
use of trusses (referred to as the "Guidelines"). A
proper recognition of the Standard and Guidelines
involving trusses will result in better understanding of
the expectations of all involved in construction using
trusses, more effective and efficient use of trusses,
and safer and more economic structures.
Commentary for Permanent Bracing of Metal Plate
Connected Wood Trusses by John Meeks, P.E.
(1999): This document is intended to provide guide-
lines for Building Designers to use in designing and
specifying permanent bracing for metal plate con-
nected wood truss systems.
Construction Loading: How much is too much? This doc-
ument answers the question by giving safe and
reasonable stack heights for plywood, OSB, gypsum
board, asphalt shingles and concrete block. It gives

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 REFERENCE

recommendations for good load placement on flat

and pitched trusses, what sort of construction load-
ing practices to avoid, and urges the user to make
absolutely sure that no loads are placed unless the
truss assembly is properly braced or sheathed. [Note:
This document was part of the Truss Technology in Building series
of documents. It has been replaced by BCSI-B4.]

DSB-89: Recommended Design Specification for

Temporary Bracing of Metal Plate Connected Wood
Trusses - Publication of TPI developed for use by
Architects and Engineers to provide guidance for
designing structural bracing.
Fall Protection: This four-page color document explains
graphically how trusses are NOT designed to be fall
protection anchors. It then presents several tips for
framing crews to safely and efficiently install trusses
while meeting OSHA's Fall Protection Guidelines.
[Note: This document was part of the Truss Technology in Building
series of documents. It has been replaced by BCSI-B11.]

HIB-91 Booklet: Commentary and Recommendations for

Handling, Installing and Bracing Metal Plate
Connected Wood Trusses - Publication of TPI provid-
ing recommendations and guidelines to Contractors
for handling, installing and bracing metal plate con-
nected wood trusses for applications up to 2' on
center.
HIB-91 Summary Sheet: Commentary & Recommen-
dations for Handling, Installing & Bracing Metal Plate
Connected Wood Trusses - A six-page (8-1/2"x11"
foldout pamphlet), summarized version of the HIB-91
Booklet that typically accompanies the truss order to
caution/warn/inform about truss storage, mechanical
installation, installation tolerances, and recommend-
ed temporary bracing schedules for the safe
installation of the trusses. Limited to trusses spaced
no greater than 2' on center.
HIB-98: Commentary and Recommendations for
Handling, Installing and Bracing Metal Plate
Connected Wood Trusses Used in Post-Frame
Construction - Publication of TPI providing recom-
mendations and guidelines to Contractors for
handling, installing and bracing flat bottom chord
metal plate connected wood trusses in engineered
building systems for applications from 4' to 12' on
center.

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 REFERENCE

Metal Plate Connected Wood Truss Handbook - Third

Edition: Publication of WTCA, this reference book
on metal plate connected wood trusses has been
updated with the most current industry standards
and building codes, history, design, fabrication, test-
ing, quality assurance, connection details, fire
resistance assemblies and much more. Also includ-
ed are appendices containing roof and floor span
tables, design aids, specifications, a glossary, indus-
try associations, and a list of WTCA members.
Multi-Ply Girders: This document discusses why ply-to-
ply attachments are crucial for proper structural
performance of multiple ply girders. It directs the user
to the fastener schedule on the truss design draw-
ings and recommends some good installation
practices. It also discusses the types of fasteners
that may be specified and provides the ANSI/TPI 1
guidelines for fastener installation. [Note: This document
was part of the Truss Technology in Building series of documents.
It has been replaced by BCSI-B9.]

National Design Specification® (NDS ®) For Wood

Construction: A publication of the American Forest
& Paper Association (AF&PA), this standard is refer-
enced by model building codes for structural design
of wood buildings. Also includes a supplement of
lumber sizes, grades, species and allowable stresses.
Toe-Nailing For Uplift Reactions: This document pro-
vides guidance to builders on the correct usage of
toe-nailing as a means of uplift connection. In a sim-
ple yet effective format, the following is addressed: 1)
What is the correct way to toe-nail? 2) What is the
uplift capacity of a toe-nailed connection? 3) How
many nails can be used without damaging the truss?
4) What types of connection options are available
when toe-nailing is not enough? [Note: This document
was part of the Truss Technology in Building series of documents.
It has been replaced by BCSI-B8.]

Truss Repair: This two-page document describes how

truss damage, alterations and installation errors
must be repaired according to an approved truss
repair detail. It provides information on types of
repairs but is clear that a qualified professional must
generate the repair detail. The document lists the
information that the field crew must provide in order
to secure an accurate repair detail from the Truss

133
 REFERENCE

Manufacturer. [Note: This document was part of the Truss

Technology in Building series of documents. It has been replaced
by BCSI-B5.]

Web Member Permanent Bracing: Brace It For

Stability: Avoid misunderstandings on site by pro-
viding this two-page document that explains how
important web bracing is to the structural integrity of
individual components. The colorful graphics and
photos help installers understand the correlation
between information provided on Truss Design
Drawings and the web member permanent bracing
that must be installed in the field. [Note: This document
was part of the Truss Technology in Building series of documents.
It has been replaced by BCSI-B3.]

Web Reinforcement: T-bracing, which is more correctly

termed T-reinforcement, is one of the types of web
reinforcing discussed in this document. L-reinforce-
ment, scab reinforcement and metal reinforcement
are also included. It explains when and why specific
types of web reinforcement are necessary, provides
graphics for each and instructs the user to refer to
the Truss Design Drawing for web reinforcement
installation details. [Note: This document was part of the
Truss Technology in Building series of documents. It has been
replaced by BCSI-B3.]

WTCA Job Site Warning Poster: The “do's and don'ts” of

wood truss erection and bracing are detailed in this
poster for builders, featuring illustrations instructing
the builder on proper techniques for unloading, stor-
ing, lifting, erecting, and bracing trusses. Drawings
with universal red warning labels accompanied by
written instructions provide an easy-to-follow refer-
ence. Poster contents are based on HIB-91 [Note: This
document was part of the Truss Technology in Building series of
documents. It has been replaced by BCSI-B1.]

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 REFERENCE

SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION TAGS

AL-T: DESIGNED FOR ADDITIONAL LOADING:
This tag informs that the
truss has been designed to
support heavier loads in
this particular area (e.g.
attic frame floor loads,
rooftop mechanical units,
storage loads, etc.)

BL-T: BEARING LOCATION:

Place this tag at points
where additional or interior
bearing supports should be
located under the truss.

CL-T: CONCENTRATED LOAD HERE:

Place this tag at the spot
where a truss is to support
a concentrated or point
load.

DRIL-T: DO NOT CUT, DRILL, OR ALTER TRUSS MEMBERS:

This tag emphasizes that
trusses should not be cut or
modified in any way.

MPT-T: THIS IS A MULTI-PLY TRUSS:

This tag emphasizes that
the truss is not to be used
singly and refers the
installer to the truss design
drawing for multi-ply lami-
nating instructions.

135
 REFERENCE

PLB-T: PERMANENT LATERAL BRACING REQUIRED:

This tag indicates that one
or two lateral braces may
be required on the tagged
member and instructs the
installer to look for more
information on the truss
design drawing.

SBR-T: STRONGBACK BRACING RECOMMENDED:

This tag recommends the
use of 2x6 strongbacks at
10' o.c. It tells the installer
to check the truss design
drawing for more specific
information.

TOP-T: THIS SIDE UP:

This tag reduces the
chance that parallel chord
trusses will be inadvertent-
ly installed upside down.

WEBREINF-T: WEB REINFORCEMENT:

This tag identifies particular
webs that require web rein-
forcement such as T-bracing.

WTCAB1-T: WARNING TAG:

Place this tag on trusses to
indicate the need for tem-
porary bracing. This tag will
assist you in providing safe-
ty information to your
customers, and draws
attention to the poster,
which gives detailed infor-
mation on how to perform
temporary bracing.

136
IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION

QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE TO

BCSI B-SERIES SUMMARY SHEETS ;
BCSI-B1 GUIDE FOR HANDLING, INSTALLING AND
BRACING OF METAL PLATE CONNECTED
WOOD TRUSSES

BCSI-B2 TRUSS INSTALLATION AND TEMPORARY

BRACING

BCSI-B3 WEB MEMBER PERMANENT

BRACING/WEB REINFORCEMENT

BCSI-B4 CONSTRUCTION LOADING

BCSI-B5 TRUSS DAMAGE, JOBSITE MODIFICATIONS

AND INSTALLATION ERRORS

BCSI-B6 GABLE END FRAME BRACING

BCSI-B7 TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT BRACING

FOR PARALLEL CHORD TRUSSES

BCSI-B8 TOE-NAILING FOR UPLIFT REACTIONS

BCSI-B9 MULTI-PLY GIRDERS

BCSI-B10 POST FRAME TRUSS INSTALLATION

AND BRACING

BCSI-B11 FALL PROTECTION AND WOOD TRUSSES

TRUSS PLATE INSTITUTE

583 D’ONOFRIO DR., SUITE 200 • MADISON, WI 53719
608/833-5900 • www.tpinst.org

WOOD TRUSS COUNCIL OF AMERICA

ONE WTCA CENTER • 6300 ENTERPRISE LANE • MADISON, WI 53719
608/274-4849 • www.woodtruss.com
 Disclaimer
This copyrighted document is a secure PDF, and while it can be opened, saved and
emailed, it cannot be printed. To order copies, contact the WTCA at 608/274-4849.