STUDENT COPY

SAT
Additional Topics in Math
Lecture 2
 ADDITIONAL TOPICS

Angle Measures, Arc Lengths, and Sector Areas

Central Angle: The angle contained between two radii.

Arc Length: The length of part of a circle's circumference.

Sector Area: The area of part of a circle (often contained between two radii).

Arc Measure: The angle measure contained within the arc.

Inscribed Angle: An angle in the circle with its vertex on the circle.

A central angle is equal to the arc measure of the arc it subtends (the arc it creates). However, the arc
subtended by an inscribed angle is twice the measure of the inscribed angle.

The central angle, arc length, and sector area are proportional values. If you know one value, you can find
the others using this proportion:

𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙ℎ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

= =
360° 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2

Copyright MENTRS’ 2021-22 SAT Math-10 Dial: 48119310, 8959796 www.mentors.com.bd | Page 2
The basic idea behind this proportion is that each fraction contains a part of the circle to the corresponding
whole. The fraction of the central angle to the full angle (360°) is the same as the fraction of the arc length
to the circumference, which is also the same as the fraction of the sector area to the area of the entire
circle. For example, if the central angle is 120°, which is 1/3 of the full angle, then the arc length will be 1/3
of the circumference.

USEFUL TIP: The key to solving a problem involving a circle, especially in relation to an arc length or sector
area, is often to find the radius. Make sure you know the radius for a problem involving circles if you get
stuck.

Trigonometric Formulas: Sine, Cosine, Tangent

𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

sin 𝑥𝑥 =
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 ℎ𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦

𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

cos 𝑥𝑥 =
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 ℎ𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦

𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

sin 𝑥𝑥 =
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

• S = sine
• O = opposite
• H = hypotenuse
• C = cosine
• A = adjacent
• H = hypotenuse
• T = tangent
• O = opposite
• A = adjacent

In the figure above,

Copyright MENTRS’ 2021-22 SAT Math-10 Dial: 48119310, 8959796 www.mentors.com.bd | Page 3
 𝑎𝑎
the sine of the labeled angle would be
ℎ
𝑏𝑏
the cosine of the labeled angle would be
ℎ
𝑎𝑎
the tangent of the labeled angle would be
𝑏𝑏

Unit Circle

You might find the concept of unit circle helpful as well. The unit circle is a trigonometric concept that
allows mathematicians to extend sine, cosine, and tangent for degrees outside of a traditional right
triangle.

The unit circle is so named because it has a radius of 1 unit. Its center is at the origin, and all of the points
around the circle are 1 unit away from the center. If we draw a line from the center to a point on the
circumference, the length of that line is one (as shown below). We can then add a line to create a right
triangle, where the height is equal to the y-coordinate and the length is equal to the x-coordinate.

In fact, you can simply figure out why the coordinates are as such with a little bit of thinking. Don’t forget
the radius is 1!

Here’s unit circle that you know and love:

Copyright MENTRS’ 2021-22 SAT Math-10 Dial: 48119310, 8959796 www.mentors.com.bd | Page 4
You can figure out all the sine, cosine, and tan values from here easily.

• If x° is the measure of one of the acute angles in a right triangle, the complementary angle
measure is (90-x) °.
• The sine of x is the cosine of 90-x. sin(x) = cos(90-x). This is because the opposite side /
hypotenuse for x is the adjacent side / hypotenuse for (90-x).

Copyright MENTRS’ 2021-22 SAT Math-10 Dial: 48119310, 8959796 www.mentors.com.bd | Page 5
 • The cosine of x is the sine of 90-x. cos(x) = sin(90-x). This is because the adjacent side /
hypotenuse for x is the opposite side / hypotenuse for (90-x).

Graphed Circle

The general equation that describes a circle is

(𝒙𝒙 − 𝒉𝒉)𝟐𝟐 + (𝒚𝒚 − 𝒌𝒌)𝟐𝟐 = 𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐

where (h, k) is the circle's center, and r is the length of the radius.

Thus, a circle with the equation (𝑥𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦𝑦 − 2)2 = 16 would have its center at (3, 2) and its radius would
be 4.

USEFUL TIP: If a point on the circle and the center is known, the radius can be found using the distance
formula since the radius is the distance between the point on the circle and the center.

Completing the Square for Equations of Circles: We’ve learnt how to complete the square to get the
vertex form of the quadratic equation. However, it can help us in another situation: we can use it to
manipulate equations for circles to fit the form (𝑥𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦𝑦 − 𝑘𝑘)2 = 𝑟𝑟2 .

An example for completing the square for fitting the general equation for circles is shown below.

• Move the constant from the left side to the right side by subtracting 37 from both sides.

• Take half the coefficient of x (half of -10 is -5), and add that number squared to both sides. Since
(-5) squared is 25, add 25 to both sides.

Copyright MENTRS’ 2021-22 SAT Math-10 Dial: 48119310, 8959796 www.mentors.com.bd | Page 6
 • Rewrite 𝑥𝑥 2 − 10𝑥𝑥 + 25 as (𝑥𝑥 − 5)2 and simplify the right side.

• Take half the coefficient of y (half of 8 is 4), and add that number squared to both sides. Since 4
squared is 16, add 16 to both sides.

USEFUL TIP: Don't mix up the signs for h and k when writing the center. In the example above (𝑥𝑥 − ℎ) =
(𝑥𝑥 − 5), so ℎ = 5. Also, (𝑦𝑦 − 𝑘𝑘) = (𝑦𝑦 + 4), so 𝑘𝑘 = −4. It's easy to get the opposite signs by mistake.

Complex numbers are numbers that include a real number component and an imaginary number
component. They take the form "a + bi" where "a" is the real number component and "bi" is the imaginary
number component. The "i" is the imaginary unit, which is defined as:

𝑖𝑖 = √−1

You should also know what i squared is equal to. If you were to square both sides of the equation above,
you would get:

𝑖𝑖 2 = −1

For the SAT you should know how to add, subtract, multiply, and divide complex numbers.

To add or subtract complex numbers, the main idea is to simply combine like terms.

Adding Complex Numbers

Example:

Rearrange with like terms next to each other (if this step is helpful for you).

Copyright MENTRS’ 2021-22 SAT Math-10 Dial: 48119310, 8959796 www.mentors.com.bd | Page 7
Combine like terms.

Subtracting Complex Numbers

Example:

Distribute the negative sign.

Rearrange with like terms next to each other (if this step is helpful for you).

Combine like terms.

When multiplying or dividing with complex numbers, you will often get values that contain 𝑖𝑖 2 in the
process. If that's the case, you need to turn 𝑖𝑖 2 into −1.

Turn 𝑖𝑖 2 into -1.

Combine like terms.

Dividing Complex Numbers

Example:

Copyright MENTRS’ 2021-22 SAT Math-10 Dial: 48119310, 8959796 www.mentors.com.bd | Page 8
Multiply the numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator. The conjugate of the
denominator is the expression in the denominator with the sign reversed. The conjugate of 6 − 2𝑖𝑖 is 6 +
2𝑖𝑖.

Multiply across in the numerators and denominators by FOIL-ing each.

Notice that the middle terms in the denominators cancel out: 12i - 12i = 0. The purpose of multiplying by
the conjugate in the numerator and denominator in the previous step was so that these terms would cancel
out and it would eliminate all the imaginary number components in the denominator.

Turn 𝑖𝑖 2 into -1.

Combine like terms.

Split into two fractions.

Simplify each fraction to make the form a + bi.

Copyright MENTRS’ 2021-22 SAT Math-10 Dial: 48119310, 8959796 www.mentors.com.bd | Page 9
 CLASS PRACTICE

𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 − 6𝑥𝑥 + 14𝑦𝑦 = 6
1. What is the length of the diameter of the circle whose equation is shown above? [No calc]

𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 + 6𝑥𝑥 − 4𝑦𝑦 = 3
2. A circle in the 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥-plane has the equation shown above. What is the y-coordinate of the center of the
circle? [No Calc]

3. The sector of a circle shown above has center at O. Radius OW is perpendicular to chord XY and
intersects XY at point Z. The length of WZ is 9 and the length of XZ is 12. To the nearest tenth, what is
the radius, r, of the circle? [Calc]

4. In the figure above, point O is the center of the circle, and points L, P, and N lie on the circle. Line
segment OP is perpendicular to line segment LN and point M. Circle O has a radius of 10, and the length
of PM is 2. What is the length of LN? [Calc]

Copyright MENTRS’ 2021-22 SAT Math-10 Dial: 48119310, 8959796 www.mentors.com.bd | Page 10
5. In the figure above, two right triangles share a side and the angle 𝛼𝛼. The measure of 𝛼𝛼 is unknown. Which
of the following is equivalent to the ratio 𝜄𝜄: 𝑠𝑠 ? [Calc]

A. sin(𝛼𝛼) : 1
B. 1: cos(𝛼𝛼)
C. sin(𝛼𝛼)2 : 1
D. 1: cos(𝛼𝛼)2

6. In the figure above, AB = 5, BC = 3, and BE || CD. If 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(∠𝐴𝐴) = 1/2, what is the value of 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡(∠𝐶𝐶)? [Calc]

A. 1/2

C. √3
D. 4√3

Copyright MENTRS’ 2021-22 SAT Math-10 Dial: 48119310, 8959796 www.mentors.com.bd | Page 11
 √2
7. In the figure above, 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(∠𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵) = and 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(∠𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶) = 1/2. What is the measure of ∠𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵? [No Calc]
2

A. 45°
B. 60°
C. 75°
D. 105°

8. In triangle PQR above, point S lies on PR. If 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐(∠𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄) = √3/2 and the measure of ∠𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 is 15°,
what is the value of sin (∠𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄)? [Calc]

A. 1/2

C. 1
D. √2

𝑃𝑃(𝑛𝑛) = 𝑛𝑛2 − 5𝑛𝑛 − 7

9. What is the value of P(-3i)? [No Calc]

A. -4 + 15i

C. -7 + 24i
D. -16+15i

Copyright MENTRS’ 2021-22 SAT Math-10 Dial: 48119310, 8959796 www.mentors.com.bd | Page 12
 (8 − 2𝑖𝑖)2 (8 + 2𝑖𝑖)

10. Which of the following is equivalent to the complex number shown above? [No Calc]

A. 60
B. 68
C. 480 – 120i
D. 544 -136i

1
(1 + 2𝑖𝑖) +
(9 − 𝑖𝑖)

11. Which of the following is equivalent to the complex number shown above? [No Calc]

8+17𝑖𝑖
A.
9−𝑖𝑖
12+18𝑖𝑖
B.
9−𝑖𝑖
12+17𝑖𝑖
C.
9−𝑖𝑖
2+2𝑖𝑖
D.
9−𝑖𝑖

8𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = −5

12. What is the value of x in the equation above? [No Calc]

8𝑖𝑖
A. −
5
8𝑖𝑖
B.
5
5𝑖𝑖
C. −
8
5𝑖𝑖
D.
8

5 − 𝑖𝑖 + (11 − 𝑖𝑖)𝑧𝑧 = 40 + 18𝑖𝑖

13. What is the value of z in the equation above? [Calc]

A. z = -19 + 24i
B. z = 24 + 20i
C. z = 3 + 2i
D. z = 3.2 + 145i

Copyright MENTRS’ 2021-22 SAT Math-10 Dial: 48119310, 8959796 www.mentors.com.bd | Page 13
 5 + 7𝑖𝑖
6 − 3𝑖𝑖
14. Which of the following is equivalent to the complex number shown above? [No Calc]

9+57𝑖𝑖
A.
45
9+57𝑖𝑖
B.
3
51+57𝑖𝑖
C.
45
51+57𝑖𝑖
D.
3

9 + 7𝑖𝑖18
4 − 𝑖𝑖
15. The complex expression above is equivalent to the expression 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 for the rational constants a and
b. What is the value of b? [No Calc]

A. b = 2/15
B. b = 2/17
C. b = -1
D. b = -7

𝜋𝜋
16. A pole is 30 feet tall. In the diagram above, the pole casts a shadow at an angle of radians from the
6
top of the pole. What is the length in feet of the pole’s shadow? [Calc]

𝜋𝜋
A. 30 × tan �6 �
𝜋𝜋
B. tan �6 � ÷ 30
𝜋𝜋
C. 30 × sin �6 �
𝜋𝜋
D. cos �6 � ÷ 30

Copyright MENTRS’ 2021-22 SAT Math-10 Dial: 48119310, 8959796 www.mentors.com.bd | Page 14
17. The center of the circle above is point N, and its diameter is 10. Points J, N, and M lie on a line. What
is the area of the shaded sector? [Calc]

100𝜋𝜋
A. 6
100𝜋𝜋
B.
3
25𝜋𝜋
C.
3

D. 25𝜋𝜋

Copyright MENTRS’ 2021-22 SAT Math-10 Dial: 48119310, 8959796 www.mentors.com.bd | Page 15