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Investigatory Project Chemistry by Megha Shyam

Soap is created through a chemical process of mixing fats/oils with an alkali base like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. The document outlines the process of making soap at home through saponification where the glycerol is separated from the fatty acids to form soap and glycerin. It also describes testing the soap product for leftover alkali residues which could be damaging to skin or fabrics. Proper safety precautions are important when handling the corrosive alkali ingredients.

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20 views18 pages

Investigatory Project Chemistry by Megha Shyam

Soap is created through a chemical process of mixing fats/oils with an alkali base like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. The document outlines the process of making soap at home through saponification where the glycerol is separated from the fatty acids to form soap and glycerin. It also describes testing the soap product for leftover alkali residues which could be damaging to skin or fabrics. Proper safety precautions are important when handling the corrosive alkali ingredients.

Uploaded by

ashwanthkb
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Making and

testing the
quality of soap
Introduction
Soap is created by mixing fats and oils
with a base. Humans have used soap for
millennia; evidence exists for the
production of

evidence exists for the production of


soap-like materials in ancient Babylon
around 2800 BC. Soaps and detergents are
known as the chemical compounds of a
mixture of compounds that are used as
cleansing agents. A soap is either sodium
or potassium salt of different
combinations of fatty acids that possess
cleansing action in the water. Soap
consists of 2 primary raw materials: (i) fat
and (ii) alkali. Alkali is the most commonly
used material and is also called sodium
hydroxide. Potassium hydroxide is also
used in manufacturing soaps. Potassium-
based soap is also called soft soap
because it creates a more water-soluble
product than sodium-based soap. Softsoap
is generally used in shaving products,
alone or in combination with sodium-
based soaps.
Theory of making salt

 the new hydrothermal salt model


predicts that salt may accumulate in
the sub-surface by hydrothermal
circulation of seawater and brines in
locations of high heat-flow. Such
conditions are primarily found along
tectonic plate boundaries, with
processes of subduction and rifting,
associated with the Wilson cycle.
 The salt accumulations on Earth are
traditionally termed 'evaporites',
meaning that they
Apparatus required
 250 ML BEAKER
 SODIUM HYDROXIDE
SOLUTION(20%)
 100ML BEAKER
 ETHANOL
 WIRE GUAGE
 SATURATED SOLUTION OF
SODIUM CHLORIDE
 LABORATORY BURNER
 CALCIUM CHLORIDE (5%)
 GLASS STIRING ROD
 MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE (5%)
 TEST TUBE AND FERRIC
CHLORIDE(5%)
 FILTER FLASK AND BUCHNER
FUNNEL
 KEROSENE AND FILTER
PAPER
 PHENOLPTHALEIN
INDICATOR SOLUTION
 COOKING OIL AND
GRADUATED CYLINDER
 WATCH GLASS TO
EXTINGUISH POSSIBLE
ETHANOL FLAMES
Procedure of making soap
1)MEASURE 20g OF COOKING OIL INTO A
250ml BEAKER.ADD 20ml OF ETHANOL
AND 25ml of 20% SODIUM HYDROXIDE
SOLUTION.STIR THE MIXTURE IN THE
BEAKER.PLACE THE BEAKER ON THE
WIRE GAUGE ON A RING STAND AND
HEAT GENTLY.

2)HEAT UNTILL THE ODUR DISAPPEARS .

3)TURN OFF THE BURNER AND ALLOW THE


BEAKER TO COOL DOWN.

4)MOVE IT SAFELY TO BBENCH TOP.

5)ADD 100ml OF SATURTATED SODIUM


CHLORIDE TO YOUR SOAP PREPARATION AND
STIR THE MIXTURE THOROUGHLY.

6)IT IS USED TO REMOVE THE SOAPFROM


WATER,GLYCEROL,AND ANY EXCESS SODIUM
HYDROXIDE PRESENT.
7) FILTER OFF THE SOAP WITH VACCUM
FILTRATION APPARTUS AND WASH ONCE
WITHH ICE WATER .

8)WEIGH YOUR DRIED SOAP AND RECORD


WEIGHT.
PROCEDURE OF TESTING SOAP
 DISSOLVE A SMALL PIECE OF YOUR
SOAP IN 15ml OF ETHANOL AND
THEN ADD TWO DROPS OF
PHENOLPTHALIEN .IT THE
INDICATORS TURN RED;THE
PRESENCE OF FREE ALKALI IS
INDICATED .
 FATS AND OILS ARE SPLIT WITH A
HIGH PRESSURE TO YEILD CRUDE
FATTY ACID AND GLYCEROL.
 THE FATTY ACIDS ARE THEN
PUURIFIED BY DISTILLATION AND
NEUTRALIZED WITH AN ALKALI TO
PRODUCE SOAP AND WATER.
 FATTY ACID +NaoH>=GLYCEROL
+SODIUM SOAP.
 SODIUM SOAP ARE HARD.
 THE MORE SATURATED OIL,THE
HARDER THE SOAP.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
 SOFT SOAP ARE MADE BY EITHER
COLD PROCESS OR A HOT
PROCESS,BUT HARD SOAP CAN ONLY
BR MADE USING BY HOT PROCESS.
 THE COLD PROCESS MAY REQUIRE
SEVERAL DAYS OR EVEN
MONTHS,WHEREAS HOT PROCESS
TAKES PLACE WITHIN FEW MINUTES
TO FEW HOURS.
 SOAP WITH FREE ALKALI CAN BE
VERY DAMAGING TO SKIN ,SILK OR
WOOL.
 FATTY ACIDS +KOH>=GLYCEROL
+POTASSIUM SOAP,POTASSIUM SOAP
ARE SOFTER AND ARE FOUND IN
SOME LIQUID HAND SOAP AND
HAVING SHAVING CREAM.
CONCLUSIONS
1)AFTER ANALYZING I CAME TO
CONCLUDE THAT IF I WAS TO MARKET
THE SOAP,I WOULD CREATE A SOAP
WITH OATMEAL FRAGNANCE AND THE
TEXTURE OF COUNTRY APPLE SOAP FOR
THE FEMALE.

2)FOR MALES ,HOWEVER I WOULD JUST


MARKET THE OATMEAL SOAP THE WAY
IT IS.

3)I WOULD WORK ON DISTILLATION


PROCESS WHICH GIVES RESULTS IN
THREE DIFFRENT TYPES OF
OIL(orange,lemon and coffee) THAT CAN
BE USED IN MAKING MORE SOAPS.
1)LYES\ALKALI ARE EXTREMELY
CAUSTIC.THEY CAUSE URNS IF
SPLASHED ON SKIN AND CAN CAUSE
BLINDNESS IF SPLASHED IN EYES.IF
DRUNK,THEY CAN BE FATAL.

2)ALWAYS WERE EYE GOGGLES AND


RUBBER GLOVES.

3)AVOID BREATHING THE DUST OR


FUMES EVOLVED.

4)ADD SODIUM HYDROXIDE SLOWLY TO


THE WATER .

5)DO NOT USE ALUMINIUM PANS


,UTENSILS,OR FOIL WITH SOAP RECIPIES
THAT REQUIRE NaoH OR KOH.
BIBLOGRAPHY
 www.google.com
 www.scribd.com
 www.1000sciencefairprojects.com

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