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 Class 11th - Economics
Organisation of Data
Detailed Explanation
Statistics for Economics
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Overview:
● Introduction
● Meaning of classification
● Methods of classification
● Concept of variable
● Frequency
● Statistical Series
● Kinds of Statistical Series
● Individual Series
● Discrete Series
● Continuous Series
● Types of continuous series
● Bivariate Frequency Distribution
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Introduction:
● Organisation of data refers to the systematic arrangement of
collected figures, So that the data becomes easy to understand
and more convenient for further statistical treatment.

● An important method of organisation of data is to distribute

these into different classes on the basis of their characteristics
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Meaning of Classification:
● Classification is the process of arranging data into sequences
and groups according to their common characteristics or
separating them into different but related parts.

● Through classification, we try to strike homogeneity in the

heterogeneous elements of the collected information.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Meaning of Classification:
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Meaning of Classification:
● Classification of data servers the following purposes:

● It condenses the raw data into a form suitable for statistical analysis.

● It removes complexities and highlights the features of the data.

● It facilitates comparisons and in drawing inferences from the data.

● It provides information about the mutual relationship among

elements of a data set.

● It helps in statistical analysis by separating elements of the data set

into homogeneous groups and hence brings out the points of
similarity and dissimilarity.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Objectives of Classification:
● Brief and simple: Main objective of classification is to present
data in a form that appears to be brief and simple

● Utility: Classification enhances utility of the data as it brings out

similarity within the diverse set of data.

● Distinctiveness: Classification renders obvious differences

among the data more distinctly.

● Comparability: It makes data comparable and estimative.

● Scientific Arrangement: Classification facilitates arrangement of

data in a scientific manner which increases their reliability.

● Attractive and Effective: Classification makes data more

attractive and effective.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Characteristics of a Good Classification:
● Comprehensive: Classification of the raw data should be so
comprehensive that each and every item of the data gets into some
group or class.No item should be left out.

● Clarity: Classification of the raw data into classes should be

absolutely clear and simple.That is, there should be no confusion
about the placement of any item in a group.

● Homogeneity: All items in a group or class must be homogeneous

or similar to each other.

● Suitability: The composition of the classes must suit the objective

of enquiry.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Characteristics of a Good Classification:
● Stability: A particular kind of investigation should be based on the
same set of classification.This base should not change with each
investigation.

● Elastic: Classification should be elastic. There should be a scope for

change in the classification,depending on the change in purpose or
objective of the study.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Basis of Classification:

Basis of Classification

Geographical Chronological Qualitative Quantitative

Or
Numerical

Simple manifold
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Basis of Classification:
● Geographical (or Spatial) Classification:
This classification of data is based on the geographical or locational
differences of the data.

Number of firms Producing Bicycles in 2018 across Different Locations

Place Number of Firms

Punjab 30

Haryana 20

UP 25
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Basis of Classification:
● Chronological Classification:
When data are classified on the basis of time, it is known as
chronological classification.

Year Sales(₹)

2016 80 lakh

2017 90 lakh

2018 95 lakh
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Basis of Classification:
Qualitative Classification: In qualitative classification,data is classified on
the basis of descriptive characterstics or on the basis of attributes like
sex,literacy,region,caste,education,etc. Which cannot be quantified.

Simple Classification: When facts are classified into two classes according
to one attribute only, then the classification is said to be simple.

Manifold Classification: When facts are classified according to more than

one attribute,or when each class is sub-divided into more than two
sub-classes, then the classification is said to be manifold.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Qualitative Classification:

Population

Males females

Literate Illiterate Literate illiterate

-Hindu -Hindu -Hindu -Hindu
-Non-Hindu -Non-Hindu -Non-Hindu -Non-Hindu
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Basis of Classification:
● Quantitative Classification
In this classification,data is classified on the basis of some
characteristics which can be measured such as
height,weight,income,expenditure,production,or sales. Also called
‘classification’ by variables.

For example:- if we classify the ages of students of a school,then we

can always express the ages numerically,i.e.in terms of number.Let us
suppose that the ages of 500 students of a school lie between 10 and
18 years.Now, we can classify them into 4 groups as follows:
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Basis of Classification:
● Quantitative Classification

Age(in years) Number of Students

10-12 150

12-14 130

14-16 100

16-18 120

Total Students 500

 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Variable:
● Derived from the word ‘vary’ which means to differ or change.

● Variable refers to quantity or attribute whose value varies from

one investigation to another.

● The difference in value may be with respect to

individuals,items,places or time.

● Each value within such range is called a ‘Variate’.

Example:

(i) “Price” is a variable as prices of different commodities is different.

(ii)“Age” is a variable as age of different students varies.

 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Variable:

Variable

Discrete Variable Continuous Variable

 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Discrete Variable:
● Variables which are capable of taking only exact value and not
any fractional value are termed as discrete variables.

Number of children in a family can be 1,2 or so on, but cannot be

1.5,2.75.
In such case,data is obtained by counting. Number of children Number of families

0 5

1 7

2 5

3 3

Total children 20
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Continuous Variable:
● Those variables which can take all the possible values(integral
as well as fractional) in a given specified range are termed as
continuous variables.

● Thus, the height or weight of individuals can be of any value

within the limits.

● In such case,data is obtained by measurement.

 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Continuous Variable:

Weight(in Kg) Number of Students

40-45 22

45-50 6

50-55 9

55-60 10

60-65 3

Total Students 50
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Differentiate Between Discrete Variable v/s Continuous Variable:

Basis Discrete Variable Continuous Variable

Meaning Discrete Variable is a variable Continuous variable is a variable

which is capable of taking which can take all the possible
only exact value and not any values(integral as well as
fractional value fractional) in a given specified
range.

Change in Values These variables increase in These variables can increase in

complete numbers. fractions as well as in complete
numbers.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Differentiate Between Discrete Variable v/s Continuous Variable:

Basis Discrete Variable Continuous Variable

Data Collection In case of discrete In case of continuous

variable,data is obtained by variable,data is obtained by
counting. measurement.

Example Number of workers or Height or weight of

number of students in a individual,are continuous
class are discrete variables variables as they can be in
as they cannot be in fractions.
fractions.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Frequency:
● Frequency refers to number of times a given value appears in a
distribution.

For Example: suppose there are 20 students in a class and out of

them:

- 9 students have got 70 marks

- 6 students have got 85 marks

 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Frequency Distribution:
● A table in which the frequencies and the associated values of a
variable are written side by side, is known as a frequency
distribution.

● A frequency distribution can be “Discrete” or “Continuous”

depending upon whether the variable is discrete or continuous.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Frequency Distribution:
● Discrete Frequency Distribution:

Number of children Number of families

0 5

1 7

2 5

3 3

Total children 20
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Frequency Distribution:
● Continuous Frequency Distribution:

Weight(in Kg) Number of Students

40-45 22

45-50 6

50-55 9

55-60 10

60-65 3

Total Students 50
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Statistical Series:
● The arrangement of classified data in some logical order, like
according to the size, according to the time of occurence or
according to some other measureable or non-measurable
characteristics, is known as Statistical Series.

● Statistical series are prepared to present the collected and

classified data in a properly arranged way.

For example: if the data pertaining to the marks of 35 students in a

class are put in a systematic way, it can be called statistical series.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Kinds of Statistical Series:
Statistical Series

On the basis of characteristics On the basis of construction

Spatial Condition
Time-Series Individual Series Frequency series
Series Series
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
On the Basis of Characteristics:
● Time Series:

If the different values that a variable has taken in a period of time are
arranged in a chronological order,the series so obtained is called a
time series.

It is statistical series in which data is presented with regards to time

unit(day,week,month or year).

For Example: Population of Delhi(1950-2011)

 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
On the Basis of Characteristics:
● Spatial Series:

The data arranged according to location or geographical

considerations form a spatial series.

For Example: Population of 5 States of India(as per census 2011)

 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
On the Basis of Characteristics:
● Condition Series:

In this series, data is classified according to the changes occurring

under certain conditions.

For Example:Students of a certain class arranged according to their

age, heights,weights,marks,etc.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
On the Basis of Construction:
Types of Statistical Series

Individual Series Frequency Series

Unorganised Organised Discrete Series Continuous Series

Individual Series Individual Series
- Exclusive Series
- Inclusive Series
- Open-end Distribution
- Cumulative Frequency
Series
- Equal and Unequal class
interval Series
- Mid - Value Series
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Individual Series:
● Individual series refers to that series in which items are listed
singly,i.e. Each item is given a separate value of measurement.

For example: if marks of 10 students in class XI are given individually,

it will form an individual series.

● Individual Series are of two types:

● Unorganised Individual Series
● Organized Individual Series
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Unorganized Individual Series:
● Unorganized series is an unarranged mass of data(raw data).

● Raw data means data in its original form.

● When the investigator has collected the data and he has not
arranged the same in a systematic manner,it is called raw data
or unorganized series.

For example: marks obtained by 10 students in a class are as follows:

Marks Distribution of 10 Students

35 40 38 17 25

45 36 29 42 22
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Organized Individual Series:
● Organized series is an orderly arrangement of raw data.

● An organized individual series may be presented in two ways:

● According to Serial Number

● According to order of magnitude

 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Organized Individual Series:
According to Serial Number:

● An individual series can be arranged in a serial order.

For Example:

Marks obtained by 10 students may be arranged either in serial

number or in order of their roll number as shown in the following
table:
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
According to Series Number: S.No. Number of Students

1 35

2 40

3 38

4 17

5 25

6 45

7 36

8 29

9 42

10 22
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Organized Individual Series:
According to order of magnitude:

● An individual observation can also be arranged in order of

magnitudes(ascending order or descending order).

● The arrangement of raw data in ascending or descending order

of magnitude is known as ‘Array’.

● It is also known as ‘Arrays’ or ‘Arraying of the data’ or ‘Arraying

of the figures’.

For Example: Marks obtained by 10 students can be presented either

in ascending order or in descending order.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
According to order of magnitude:
Marks Distribution of 10 students(in Ascending order) Marks Distribution of 10 Students(in Descending order)

17 45

22 42

25 40

29 38

35 36

36 35

38 29

40 25

42 22

45 17
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Frequency Series:
● Frequency Series may be of two types:

● Discrete Series or Frequency Array

● Frequency Distribution
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Important Terms:
● Frequency : Frequency is the number of times an item occurs(or
repeats itself) in the series.

In other words,the number of times an item repeats itself in the

population,is called the frequency of that item.

● Class Frequency: The number of times an item repeats itself

corresponding to a range of value(or class interval) is called class
frequency.

For example: if there are 4 students securing marks between

10-15, then 4 is the frequency corresponding to the
class-interval 10-15.Thus,4 will be called class frequency
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Important Terms:
● Tally Bars: Every time an item occurs,a tally bar,(|) is marked
against that item. Corresponding to a particular class interval,
each tally bar signifies ‘one’ occurrence of that item. Two tally
bars would mean that the concerned item has occurred twice in
the series.After every four tallies the fifth tally will crossout all
the previous four tallies.Thus, making a group of five,i.e.,||||
This method of marking and counting is known as four and cross
method.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Important Terms:
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Discrete Series or Frequency Array:
● A discrete series or frequency array is that series in which data
are presented in a way that exact measurements of items are
clearly shown.

● In such series there are no class intervals,and a particular item

in the series is numbered rather than measured with some
range.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Discrete Series or Frequency Array:
Example:

Twenty students of class XI have secured the following marks:

11, 12, 14, 11, 16, 11, 17, 16, 17, 14

17, 18, 20, 14, 20, 17, 20, 17, 14, 20

 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Discrete Series or Frequency Array:
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Continuous Series(Grouped Frequency Distribution):
● A continuous series is that series which represents continuous
variables,showing range of values of different items of the
series.

● In a continuous series,the measurements are only

approximations and are expressed in class-intervals,i.e. within
certain limits.

● Here classes are framed without any break from beginning to

end.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Important Terms:
Class:
● Class hereby means a group of numbers in which items are
placed such as 0-10,10-20,20-30,etc.

● The classes should be clearly defined and should not lead to any
confusion.

● Classes should be exhaustive and mutually exclusive,so that any

value of the variable corresponds to one and only one of the
classes.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Important Terms:
Class Limit:

● The lowest and highest values of the variables within a class is

called ‘ class limit’.

● In continuous series, each class is located between two number .

These two number make class limit.

● The lowest value of a class is known as ‘lower limit’ or ‘ l1’ .

● The highest value constitutes the ‘upper limit’ or ‘l2’.

● If class is 10-20,then lower and upper limits will 10 and 20

respectively.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Important Terms:
Class Interval:
● The difference between the lower limit (l1) and upper limit (l2) is
known as class-interval.
● The class interval is generally indicated by the the symbol ‘i’ or
‘c’.
● Class Interval(‘i’ or ‘c’) = l2 - l1
● Class-interval is also known as ‘ magnitude’ or ‘size’ or ‘length’ of
the class.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Important Terms:
Width of Class Intervals:
● While construction the frequency distribution, it is desirable that the width of each
class-interval should be equal in size.

Width of Class-Interval = Largest Observation - Smallest Observations

Number of Classes Desired
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Important Terms:
Range:

● The range of a frequency distribution can be defined as the

difference between the lower limit of first class-interval and the
upper limit of the last class-interval.

for example: if classes are 0-10,10-20…...till 70-80 , then range is

80-0=80.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Important Terms:
Mid-Point or Mid-Value:
● Mid-point is the central point of a class-interval.
● It is calculated by dividing the total of magnitude of lower and
upper limits by 2.

Mid -Point or Mid-Value= Lower Class Limit + Upper Class Limit

2

For Example: Mid-point of class 10-20 will be: Mid-Point = 10+20 =15
2
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Important Terms:
Frequency Distribution:

● Frequency distribution is a table,which shows how the different

values of a variable are distributed in different classes along
with their corresponding class frequencies.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Types of Continuous Series:
Exclusive Series
(Classes of type 10-20,20-30,etc)

Inclusive Series
(Classes of type 10-19,20-29,etc)

Types of Continuous Series Open-End Distribution

(Lower limit of first class and upper limit of last class is not given)

Cumulative Frequency Series

(Less than and More than Series)

Equal Class-interval Series

(Classes are of the same interval)

Unequal Class-interval Series

(Class-intervals are not equal)

Mid-Value Series
(Middle values of a class-interval are given)
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Exclusive Series:
● Exclusive series is that series in which every class interval
excludes items corresponding to its upper limit.

● In this series the upper limit of one interval is the lower limit of
the next class interval.

● It is called exclusive series because frequencies of the upper

limit of each class interval is not included in the class.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Exclusive Series:
Marks Frequency

10-15 4

15-20 5

20-25 8

25-30 5

30-35 4

Total 26
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Inclusive Series:
● An inclusive Series is that series which includes all items upto its
upper limit.

● In such series, the upper limit of class interval does not repeat
itself as a lower limit of the next class interval.

● There is a gap between the upper limit of a class interval and the
lower limit of the next class interval.

● While in the exclusive series there is an overlapping of the class

limits,there is no such overlapping in the inclusive series.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Inclusive Series:
Illustration

Marks Frequency

10-14 4

15-19 5

20-24 8

25-29 5

30-34 4

Total =26
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Conversion of Inclusive Series into Exclusive Series:
● Sometimes, it becomes necessary to have exclusive classes to
apply some statistical tools.If the given classes are inclusive
type,then they need to be transformed into exclusive classes.

● Steps to convert Inclusive Series into an Exclusive Series

● Find the difference between the upper limit of a

class-interval and lower limit of the next class-interval.

● Add half of this difference to the upper limit of each

class-interval and subtract remaining half from the lower
limit of each class-interval.

● This procedure fills up the gap between two classes and thereby
we get the exclusive classes .The upper and lower class limits of
the new ‘exclusive type’ classes as called class boundaries.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Conversion of Inclusive Series into Exclusive Series:
Ques. Convert the following inclusive series into exclusive series.

Marks No. of Students(f)

10-19 4

20-29 2

30-39 12

40-49 10

50-59 9

60-69 3

Total 40
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Conversion of Inclusive Series into Exclusive Series:
Exclusive Series
Ans. The difference between the upper limit of
a class -interval and lower limit of the next Marks No. of Students(f)
class-interval is 1.
9.5-19.5 4
So,0.5(i.e.half of 1) will be subtracted from the
lower limits of all the classes and added to the 19.5-29.5 2
upper limits.
29.5-39.5 12

39.5-49.5 10

49.5-59.5 9

59.5-69.5 3

Total 40
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Conversion of Inclusive Series into Exclusive Series:
Ques. Following marks were obtained by 25 students of a class in
mathematics paper carrying 50 marks.

19 13 12 25 32 12 31 10 21 23 27 41 29

30 45 39 33 40 17 11 20 26 14 41 15

(i)Construct a frequency distribution when class intervals are

inclusive,taking the lowest class as 10-19.Also construct class boundaries.
(ii)Construct a frequency distribution when class intervals are
exclusive,taking the lowest class as 10- 20.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Conversion of Inclusive Series into Exclusive Series:
Ans. (i)Frequency Distribution by Inclusive Method

Marks Tally Marks Frequency Class Boundaries

10-19 |||||||| 9 9.5 -19.5

20-29 |||| || 7 19.5 - 29.5

30-39 |||| 5 29.5 - 39.5

40-49 |||| 4 39.5 -49.5

Total Students 25
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Conversion of Inclusive Series into Exclusive Series:
Ans. (ii)Frequency Distribution by Exclusive Method

Marks Tally Marks Frequency

10-20 |||||||| 9

20-30 |||| || 7

30-40 |||| 5

40-50 |||| 4

Total Students 25
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Difference Between Exclusive Method and Inclusive Method:

S.no Exclusive Method Inclusive Method

1 The upper limit of a class-interval is Both the limits of a class-interval is counted in the
counted in the next immediate class. same class

2 The upper limit of a class -interval and The upper limit of a class-interval and lower limit
the lower limit of next class are the of next class are different .The difference is
same generally of one.

3 There is no need of converting it to For simplicity in calculation,it is necessary to

inclusive method prior to calculation. change it into exclusive method.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Open - End Distribution:
● In a frequency distribution, if the lower limit of the first class
and the upper limit of last class is not given,it is known as
open-end distribution.

● In this series,in place of lower limit of first class,words like

‘below’ or ‘less than’ a written.

● In the last class, in place of upper limit,words like ‘over’,’above’

or ‘more than’ are written.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Open - End Distribution:

Open End Series

Marks Frequency

Below 5 1

5-10 3

10-15 4

15-20 6

20 and above 1
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Open - End Distribution:
● If possible,open-end classes should be avoided because:

● Mid-values cannot be accurately obtained and it creates

problems in the computation of various statistical
measures;

● Open-end classes create problem in the graphic

presentation of the data.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Why Open - End Distribution are used?
● When few items of the data are very small or considerably
large, then they are known as extreme items or extreme values.

● In order to include such extreme items in the frequency

distribution will becomes unwieldy.

● To avoid the unwanted classes, open-end classes are used .

 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Conversion of open-end series into a continuous series
● Case1: Uniform class width of known class-intervals:

If the given class-intervals(except the first and last class-interval)are

uniform, then we can assume that the magnitude of the first
class-interval is the same as that of other classes.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Conversion of open-end series into a continuous series
Example: Classes Frequency

Less than 10 12

10-20 15

20-30 4

30-40 16

Above 40 3

Total 50

Lower limit of first class = 0 and upper limit of last class =50
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Conversion of open-end series into a continuous series
● Case2: Uniform Trend of class width of known class - intervals:
If the given class-intervals(except the first and last class-interval) are
showing a uniform trend, then we can determine the lower limit of
first class and upper limit of the last class after adjusting it with the
trend.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Conversion of open-end series into a continuous series
Example: Classes Frequency

Less than 10 10

10-30 7

30-60 6

60-100 9

Above 100 8

Total 40

Lower limit of first class = 0 and upper limit of last class = 150.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Conversion of open-end series into a continuous series
● Case3: Different class width of known class-intervals:
If class-intervals are of different width,then lower limit of the first
class and upper limit of the last class cannot be determined.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Conversion of open-end series into a continuous series
Example: Classes Frequency

Less than 10 12

10-30 15

30-60 4

60-80 11

80-85 5

Above 85 3

Total 50

In the given example,class-intervals are of different width. Therefore, the lower

limit of the first class and upper limit of the last class cannot be determined.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Cumulative Frequency Series:
● Cumulative frequency series is that series in which the
frequencies are continuously added corresponding to each class
interval in the series.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
‘Less than’ Cumulative Frequency Distribution:
● In a ‘Less than’ cumulative frequency distribution, the
frequencies of each class-interval are added successively from
top to bottom.

● Consider the following frequency distribution:

Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60

No.of students 2 5 10 12 17 4
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
‘Less than’ Cumulative Frequency Distribution:
Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60

No.of students 2 5 10 12 17 4

Marks No.of Students(c.f)

Less than 10 2

Less than 20 2+5=7

Less than 30 2+5+10=17

Less than 40 2+5+10+12=29

Less than 50 2+5+10+12+17=46

Less than 60 2+5+10+12+17+4=50

 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
‘More Than Cumulative Frequency Distribution:
● In a ‘More than’ cumulative frequency distribution,the
cumulative frequencies of each class-interval is obtained by
finding the cumulative totals of frequencies starting from the
highest value of the variable(class) to the lowest value(class).
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
‘More than’ Cumulative Frequency Distribution:
Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60

No.of students 2 5 10 12 17 4

Marks No.of Students(c.f)

More than 0 2+5+10+12+17+4=50

More than 10 5+10+12+17+4=48

More than 20 10+12+17+4=43

More than 30 12+17+4=33

More than 40 17+4=21

More than 50 4
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Equal and Unequal class-interval Series:
● Equal class-interval series:
When the classes in a series are of the same interval, it is called the
equal class-interval series. This is illustrated in the following table:

Class- Interval Frequency

10-20 7

20-30 4

30-40 3

40-50 6

50-60 3

Total 23
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Equal and Unequal class-interval Series:
● Unequal class-interval series:
When the class-interval are not equal,it is called unequal class-interval series.It is
shown in the following table:

Class- Interval Frequency

10-20 6

20-40 15

40-70 12

70-80 4

80-110 3

Total 30
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Mid-values Series:
● Mid-values or mid-point is the middle value of a class -interval.When
such mid-values are given,it is called mid-values series.

● Steps to convert Mid-values Series to continuous Series

● First of all,calculate the difference between the two mid-values.

● Then, half of the difference is subtracted and added to each

mid-value to find the lower and upper limits respectively of the
class-intervals.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Mid-values Series:
Example: Construct a frequency distribution from the following data:

Mid-value 5 15 25 35 45

Frequency 4 8 10 6 2

Solution: Step.1: The difference between the two mid-values is 10.

Step.2: Half of the difference is 10/2 = 5.Now ,5 is reduced and added to

each mid-values to determine the lower limit and upper limit.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Mid-values Series:

Mid-value Lower Limit Upper Limit Class-interval frequency

5 5-5=0 5+5=10 0-10 4

15 15-5=10 15+5=20 10-20 8

25 25-5=20 25+5=30 20-30 10

35 35-5=30 35+5=40 30-40 6

45 45-5=40 45+5=50 40-50 2

Total 30
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Numericals of Continuous Series:
Illustration 1.
In a survey, it was found that 50 families bought milk in the following
quantities in a particular month.Classify the following data in an
individual,discrete,continuous and cumulative frequency series

19 25 12 21 20
11 7 9 11 14
20 15 22 15 17
10 23 18 11 19
25 22 5 18 17
11 6 21 24 26
8 5 9 20 23
16 22 22 23 13
16 11 16 22 17
23 22 10 7 21
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Numericals of Continuous Series:
Solution: Individual Series: In the Ascending order of the items

5 11 16 20 22
5 11 16 20 22
6 11 16 20 23
7 11 17 21 23
7 11 17 21 23
8 12 17 22 23
9 13 18 22 24
9 14 18 22 25
10 15 19 22 25
10 15 19 22 26
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Numericals of Continuous Series:
Solution: Discrete Series: In the Ascending order of the items
Quality of Tally Bars Frequency Quality of Tally Bars Frequency
Milk Milk

5 || 2 16 ||| 3
6 | 1 17 ||| 3
7 || 2 18 || 2
8 | 1 19 || 2
9 || 2 20 ||| 3
10 || 2 21 ||| 3
11 |||| 5 22 |||| | 6
12 | 1 23 |||| 4
13 | 1 24 | 1
14 | 1 25 || 2
15 || 2 26 | 1
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Numericals of Continuous Series:
Solution: Frequency Distribution

Class-Interval Tally Bars Frequency(f)

5-10 |||| ||| 8

10-15 |||| |||| 10

15-20 |||| |||| || 12

20-25 |||| |||| |||| || 17

25-30 ||| 3

∑f=50
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Numericals of Continuous Series:
Solution: Cumulative Frequency Distribution

Quality of Milk Number of Quantity of Milk Number of

Buyers Buyers

Less than 5 0 More than 5 50

Less than 10 8 More than 10 42

Less than 15 18 More than 15 32

Less than 20 30 More than 20 20

Less than 25 47 More than 25 3

Less than 30 50 More than 30 0

 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Numericals of Continuous Series:
Illustration 2:
Prepare a frequency series of the ages of 25
students of Class XI in your school
Age Tally Bars Frequency (f)
15,16,16,17,18,18,17,15,15,16,16,17,15,16,
15,16,16,15, 16,16,15,17,17,18,19. 15 |||| || 7

16 |||| |||| 9

17 |||| 5

18 ||| 3

19 | 1

∑f=25
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Numericals of Continuous Series:
Illustration 3:

We have the following data on the monthly expenditure on food (in

rupees) for 30 households in a locality

● Obtain a frequency distribution using following class intervals:

100-150 ,150-200,200-250,250-300,300-350.

● What percentage of households spend less than ₹250 per month

and what percentage of households spends more than₹ 200 per
months?
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Numericals of Continuous Series:

115 159 196 205 212 223

256 271 310 129 335 169

184 234 245 241 265 298

144 135 172 173 229 243

220 238 278 243 220 238

 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Numericals of Continuous Series:
Solution: (i).The data may be presented in the form of an exclusive
series:

Class Interval Tally Bars Frequency(f)

100-150 |||| 4

150-200 |||| | 6

200-250 |||| |||| ||| 13

250-300 |||| 5

300-350 || 2

∑f=30
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Numericals of Continuous Series:
(ii) Number of households spending less than 250 per month = 4+6+13 =23

Percentage of households spending less than 250 per month = 23/30 x 100=76.6%

Number of households spending more than 200=13+5+2=20

Percentage of households spending more than 200 per month = 20/30 x 100=66.6%
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Numericals of Continuous Series:
Illustrations 4:
Convert the following cumulative frequency distribution into a
simple frequency distribution.
Marks Number of Students

More than 0 55

More than 5 51

More than 10 43

More than 15 28

More than 20 16

More than 25 6

More than 30 0
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Numericals of Continuous Series:
Solution: Conversion of Cumulative Frequency Distribution into simple Frequency Distribution

Marks Number of Students(f)

0-5 55-51=4

5-10 51-43=8

10-15 43-28=15

15-20 28-16=12

20-25 16-6=10

25-30 6-0=6

30-35 0
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Numericals of Continuous Series:
Illustration 5:
Convert the following inclusive series into exclusive series: Marks Frequency

19-24 2

25-29 7

30-34 6

35-39 2

40-44 3
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Numericals of Continuous Series:
Solution: Conversion of Inclusive Series into Exclusive Series

Marks Frequency

18.5-24.5 2

24.5-29.5 7

29.5-34.5 6

34.5-39.5 2

39.5-44.5 3
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Numericals of Continuous Series:
Illustration 6:
The monthly salary of some families in a society is given below:

Monthly Salary(in thousand) No. of Families

10-20 6

20-30 9

30-40 12

40-50 17

50-60 11

60-70 5
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Numericals of Continuous Series:
(i)What is the lower limit of the second class interval?

(ii)What is the upper limit of the last class interval?

(iii)What is the class size of each class interval?

(iv)What is the mid-value of the third class-interval

(v)How many families earn 50,000 or more in a month?

(vi)How many families earn less than 20,000 in a month?

 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Numericals of Continuous Series:
Solution.(i). Lower limit of the second class-interval=20
(ii) Upper limit of the last class interval = 70
(iii)Class Size = Upper limit - Lower limit = 10
(iv) mid-value = Upper limit + Lower limit
2
= 30+40 =70 = 35
2 2
(v)Families earning ₹50,000 or more in a month = 11+5=16.
(vi)Families earning less than ₹20,000 in a month = 6
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Numericals of Continuous Series:
Illustration 7:following are the marks obtained by 25 students in
statistics.Prepare a frequency distribution by taking a class interval of
4 on exclusive basis.

5 6 8 10 11 13 6 8 5 13 8 10 3

18 6 8 5 16 11 8 5 8 5 8 6
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Numericals of Continuous Series:
Solution: The lowest values is 3 and highest value is 18. We have to
take a class interval of 4.The various classes will be 0-4,4-8 and so on
up to 16-20.
Marks Tally Bars Frequency

0-4 | 1

4-8 |||| |||| 9

8-12 |||| |||| | 11

12-16 || 2

16-20 || 2

∑f=25
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Points to be Considered for Constructing Continuous Series:
● Number of classes should neither be too small nor too
large,preferably being between 5 and 15(though there is no hard
and fast rule).
● Normally , a class-interval should be a multiple of 5, as it is easy
to grasp number like 5,10,15 etc.
● All class-intervals should be equal in size.
● It is convenient to have lower limit of a class either equal to zero
or some multiple of 5.
● If possible,open-end classes should be avoided.
● Prefer to classify the data into an exclusive series(unless stated
otherwise).
● Make three columns to classify the data(1st one of variable, 2nd
for tally marks and 3rd for frequency).
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Bivariate Frequency Distribution:
● When the data is classified on the basis of two variables such as
height and weight, marks in statistics and economics etc, the
distribution is known as Bivariate frequency Distribution or
Two-way Frequency distribution.

● Under this distribution, values of each variable are grouped into

various classes (into necessarily same for each variable) in the
same way as for univariate distributions.
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Bivariate Frequency Distribution:
● The following data shows the marks of 15 students in Accounts
and Economics Construct a bivariate frequency distribution.

Marks in 28 26 27 25 28 28 27 27 26 27 27 26 25 26 27
Accounts

Marks in 22 21 21 20 22 21 21 20 20 19 21 19 19 20 21
Economics
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Bivariate Frequency Distribution:
Solution:
Marks in Accounts(X) 25 26 27 28 Total

Marks in Economics(Y)

19 I(1) I(1) I(1) _ 3

20 I(1) II(2) I(1) _ 4

21 _ I(1) IIII(4) I(1) 6

22 _ _ _ II(2) 2

Total 2 4 6 3 15
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Bivariate Frequency Distribution:
● The Following data represent the marks in English (X) and
Maths(Y) of 10 students. Prepare a two-way frequency
distribution with class-interval of 15-25, 25-35,35-45 and so on.
Marks

English(X) Maths(Y)

35 56
28 42
30 40
18 30
40 60
45 62
27 18
36 52
52 64
38 60
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Bivariate Frequency Distribution:
Solution: Marks in English(X) 15-25 25-35 35-45 45-55 Total

Marks in Maths(Y)

15-25 _ I(1) _ _ 1

25-35 I(2) _ _ _ 1

35-45 _ II(2) _ _ 2

45-55 _ _ I(1) _ 1

55-65 _ _ III(3) II(2) 5

Total 1 3 4 2 10
 Class 11th - Statistics - Organisation of Data
Univariate Frequency Distribution v/s Bivariate Frequency Distribution:

Basis Univariate frequency distribution Bivariate frequency distribution

Meaning When data is classified on the basis When the data is classified on the basis
of single variable, the distribution is of two variables, the distribution is
known as univariate frequency known as Bivariate frequency
distribution. distribution.

Purpose It aims to make description about the It aims to determine the empirical
particular variable relationship between the two
variables.

Alternate It is also known as one-way It is also known as two-way frequency

Name frequency distribution. distribution.

Example Height of students in a class. Height and weight of students in a class

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