8212_C003.

fm Page 62 Friday, September 29, 2006 12:35 PM

62 Engineering Economics and Economic Design

• Training operators and managers to operate the new process

• Costs above what is expected once the process is started up and operating well:
• Material and product losses due to operating problems during startup
• Reprocessing or disposal of off-quality materials made during startup
• Added labor and supervision due to lower operating efficiencies
• Higher utility costs due to lower operating efficiencies

Startup expenses range from 5% to 15% of capital.

3.3.3 SUPPLIER ADVANCES AND ROYALTIES

No rules-of-thumb or factors exist for estimating supplier advances or royalties. If
either are a part of one’s project, whoever is contracting with the suppliers or
patent/license holders should estimate these costs.

3.4 SUMMARY
To make OOM and study estimates, an engineer has to:

• Be able to adjust costs to different time periods. Use Equation 2.7 and
one of the construction cost indices, preferably the CEPI for chemical
processes, to adjust costs.
• Be able to ratio costs for different capacities. Use Equation 3.1 and a size
exponent list to ratio costs. When one does not know the size exponent,
use 0.67 for plants and 0.60 for equipment.
• Be able to estimate equipment purchase costs using budget quotes, com-
pany and personal data, purchased data/software, or published data.
• Be able to convert equipment purchase costs into capital costs using the
Lang method (Equation 3.2) or the Hand factor method (Equation 3.3).

3.5 PROBLEMS/EXERCISES

1. Using the equipment cost graphs in Appendix IV, find the purchase cost
(at a CEPI of 460) of the following:
a. A U-tube HEX with 304 SS shell and tubes, a pressure rating of 600
psig, and 16 ft tubes. The HEX is a three-shell unit with 200 ft2 in
each shell.
b. A centrifugal air compressor having a capacity of 900 scfm and a
discharge pressure of 150 psig.
c. A system comprised of a tank, agitators, and a pump. The tank is made
of CS and has a capacity of 70K gal. The tank will have three side-
mounted, CS 20 HP propeller agitators with stuffing boxes. The pump
is a cast iron rotary positive displacement unit rated at 200 gpm and
100 ft discharge pressure.
d. A 304 SS, 4000 gal vertical pressure vessel having a design rating of
150 psig.
Estimating Investments 63

e. A 316 SS stripping column. The column is 6 ft in diameter, is packed

with 3-in SS Pall rings, and rated at 50 psig. The packed height is 80
ft and there is 5 ft for gas distribution at the bottom and another 5 ft
for gas disengagement at the top.
f. A 100K lb/hr package boiler that generates 450 psig steam.
g. A CS, 50 psig, agitated reactor having a capacity of 8K gal. The agitator
is a 25 HP two-bladed turbine with a seal.
2. What materials factor would you use to adjust the Hand factor for a SS
centrifugal ANSI pump?
3. You are estimating the cost of a $4M fluid process using Hand factors. The
process, which will be centrally controlled, is a new unit in an existing site.
a. What building factor would you use?
b. What instrumentation factor would you use?
4. Estimate the capital cost (in 2007 dollars) for the batch hydrogenation
process described by the flowsheet in Figure 3.4 and equipment list in
Table 3.8. Instrumentation is to be typical of a processing plant. The
process will be built in an existing plant in Germany. Assume the CEPI
for 2007 is 500.

3.6 ADDITIONAL TOPIC

3.6.1 TYPES OF ESTIMATES

The main part of this chapter reviewed the type of estimating used in the earliest
stages of a project — order-of-magnitude and study estimates. These are ideally
suited for early work and for studies because they are designed to estimate the full
project cost when there are just a few design details. Estimating continues throughout
the life of a project. These later estimates require much more design detail and take
a considerable amount of time to complete. As an example, a detailed estimate done
during the design phase of a $200M project might cost $200K and could well contain
300 to 400 pages of estimating (not design) detail. Whereas a typical engineer can
make order-of-magnitude and study estimates, detailed estimates are most often done
by engineers specializing in cost engineering. Table AT3.1 shows the different types
of estimates, their accuracy range, the purpose of each, the general type of design
information available, and in what project phase they are used. The table lists six
project phases. These and their purposes are:

Project Phase Purpose of the Phase

Process Development To define the key process steps and operating conditions, to develop
raw material and packaging material specifications, and to develop
process design data
Feasibility To decide whether or not a proposal is economically feasible
Conceptual Engineering To develop the major features of the design for the selected feasible plan
Definition Engineering To complete the design in enough detail so that construction drawings
and instructions can be made
Design Engineering To completely engineer the details and to create construction drawings
and instructions so the plant can be built
Construction To build the plant per construction drawings and instructions
 350°F

64
H 2 Vent
150 psig A1
Steam
250°F
350°F T2
Oil Feed:
120°F HE 1 TC 1 A2
250K lb/hr P1 N2

Catalyst: HE 2
120°F F1
R1

P2 200°F P4 85°F
T3 Cooling
350°F T1 Water
85°F
Cooling
40 psig Water 120°F Oil
8212_C003.fm Page 64 Friday, September 29, 2006 12:35 PM

C1 HE 3
H 2: P5
P3
10 psig
Catalyst to

Catalyst System

FIGURE 3.4 Problem 4, batch oil hydrogenation.

Engineering Economics and Economic Design
8212_C003.fm Page 65 Friday, September 29, 2006 12:35 PM

Estimating Investments 65

TABLE 3.8
Problem 4, Hydrogenation Equipment List
Equipment Number/Description Comments
P 1: Oil feed pump; ANSI centrifugal, cast steel, 270 This is an existing pump. The cost to replace
gpm @ 350 ft of head it (CEPI = 400) is $9.8K.
HE 1: Reactor heater: 2800 ft2 U-tube, CS/CS
(shell/tubes), 150 psig MAP
P 2: Catalyst pump: diaphragm, CS, 1 gpm @ 150 A similar pump, but rated at 1.5 gpm @ 150
psig psig, was purchased in 2000 for $5300.
C 1: Hydrogen compressor: reciprocating, 260 scfm,
40 psig discharge pressure, 50 HP
R 1:Reactor: 12K gal, CS, 150 psig MAP A similar reactor, but 10K gal, SS, and 50 psig
pressure rating, was purchased in 1999 for
$58.5K.
A 1: Reactor agitator, Two-bladed turbine, CS, 150
rpm, 40 HP with mechanical seal
TC 1: Reactor heating and cooling coil: 250 ft2, CS Use a price of $14/ft2 @ CEPI of 500
T 2: Filter feed tank: 12K gal, CS, 150 psig PV
A 2: Filter feed tank agitator: Side-entering propeller
with mechanical seal, CS, 5 HP
P 4: Filter feed pump: ANSI centrifugal, cast steel,
270 gpm @ 350 ft of head
F 1: Filter, 40 ft2, candle, CS In 2002, a similar candle filter, but having 60
ft2, was bought for the Memphis plant for
$12.2K.
T 3: Filtrate tank: 2000 gal, CS, atmospheric
P 5: Filtrate pump: ANSI centrifugal, cast steel,70
gpm @ 350 ft of head
HE 3: Oil cooler: 660 ft2 U-tube, CS/CS, 150 psig
T 1: Water surge tank: 100 gal, CS, 150 psig PV This is an existing tank. Its replacement cost
(CEPI = 400) is $1800.
P 3: Recirculating water pump: ANSI centrifugal,
cast steel, 70 gpm @ 350 ft of head
HE 2: Water cooler: 50 ft2 U-tube, CS/CS 150 psig
8212_A004.fm Page 313 Tuesday, September 26, 2006 12:09 PM

Appendix IV
Equipment Pricing Data
This appendix provides up-to-date equipment purchase cost data for 15 different
types of process equipment. Included in the data are purchase prices, price versus
capacity equations, size exponents, factors for different materials of construction,
factors for different design pressures, and factors for different types of equipment
(for example: floating head versus U-tube heat exchangers). The data can be used
for a variety of purposes:

• Preliminary estimating of the cost of a piece of equipment. Recall that

cost data such as this is the least accurate method for estimating purchase
costs. See the “Equipment Purchase Cost Estimating” section of Chapter
3 for a review of this topic.
• The creation of mathematical models for cost evaluation and option anal-
ysis.
• The adjusting of price data from other sources such as budget quotes,
personal, or company data. Adjustments could be for equipment size,
materials of construction, design pressure, or equipment type.

All the data in the following pages are based upon a CEPI of 460, which roughly
corresponds to a date of March 2005.
The data is based upon actual purchase cost data, budget quotes, and previously
published data. Each of the cost charts blends data from several sources. The sources
used are:

• Actual purchase costs from several companies

• Budget quotes from Alpha-Laval, APV Baker, Chemineer, Hamilton
Tanks, Jaeger Products, Manning & Lewis Engineering Co., and Mueller
Industries
• Publications:
• Chemical Engineering, Process Design and Economics, 2nd Edition,
Ulrich, G.D. and Vasudeven, P.T., Durham, NH: Process Publishing,
2004
• Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers, 5th Edition,
Peters, M.S., Timmerhaus, K.D., and West, R.E., New York: McGraw-
Hill, 2003

313
8212_A004.fm Page 314 Tuesday, September 26, 2006 12:09 PM

314 Engineering Economics and Economic Design

• Manual of Process Economic Evaluation, 2nd Edition, Chauvel, A. et

al., Paris: Editions TECHNIP, 2001
• Planning, Estimating, and Control of Chemical Construction Projects,
2nd Edition, Navarrete, P.F. and Cole, W.C., New York: Marcel Dekker,
2001
• “Shedding New Light on Titanium in CPI Construction,” Grauman,
J.S. and Wiley, B., Chemical Engineering, August 1998, 106–111
• Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, 7th Edition, Perry, R.H. and
Green, D.W. (Eds.), New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997
• “A Potpourri of Equipment Prices,” Vatavuk, W.M., Chemical Engi-
neering, August 1995, 68–73
• “Piping Systems: How Installation Costs Stack Up,” Lindley, N.L. and
Floyd, J.C., Chemical Engineering, January 1993, 94–100
• Chemical Process Equipment, Selection and Design, Walas, S.W., Bos-
ton: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1990
• Chemical Engineering Economics, Garrett, D.E., New York: Von Nos-
trand Reinhold, 1989
• “Estimating Process Equipment Costs,” Hall, R.S., Vatavuk, W.M., and
Matley, J., Chemical Engineering, November 21, 1988, 66–75
8212_A004.fm Page 315 Tuesday, September 26, 2006 12:09 PM

Equipment Pricing Data 315

AGITATORS
Side-entering propeller: 316 SS wetted parts, Single propeller,
Stuffing box, Motor
Top-entering turbine: SS wetted parts, Single blade, Stuffing box,
Gear reducer, Motor. Shaft speed: 30–45 rpm

1000

Turbine

100
Purchase cost, $K
CEPI = 460

10
Propeller

1
1 10 100 1000
Agitator HP

Equations Material Factors

Propeller: Carbon steel 0.8
$K = 3.14 HP0.40 304 Stainless steel 0.9
Turbine: 316 Stainless steel 1.0
≤ 18 HP, $K = 9.13 HP0.42 Hastelloy C276 1.9
> 18 HP, $K = 3.33 HP0.77 Monel 1.2

Size Exponents Other Factors

Propeller 0.40 Turbine speed, > 45 rpm 1.08 HP0.095
Turbine, ≤ 15 HP 0.42 Two turbine blades 1.1
Turbine, > 15 HP 0.77 Mechanical seal 1.3
8212_A004.fm Page 316 Tuesday, September 26, 2006 12:09 PM

316 Engineering Economics and Economic Design

BLOWERS
Cast iron with motor

1000
30 psig

10 psig

100 3 psig
Purchase cost, $K
CEPI = 460

1 psig

10

1
100 1000 10000 100000
Blower capacity, cfm

Equations
1 psig $K = 0.066 cfm0.63
3 psig, < 5000 cfm $K = 0.516 cfm0.46
3 psig, > 5000 cfm $K = 0.023 cfm0.82
10 psig $K = 0.174 cfm0.70
30 psig $K = 4.09 cfm0.49

Size Exponents
1 psig 0.63
3 psig, < 5000 cfm 0.46
3 psig, > 5000 cfm 0.82
10 psig 0.70
30 psig 0.49
8212_A004.fm Page 317 Tuesday, September 26, 2006 12:09 PM

Equipment Pricing Data 317

BOILERS
Oil and gas fired, No superheat
Small package boilers, 10–1000 HP, 150 psig
Large package boilers, 10K–300K lb/hr, 250 psig
Field-erected boilers, 100K–1000K lb/hr, 400 psig

100000

Field erected, lb/hr

10000

1000
Purchase cost, $K
CEPI = 460

Large package, lb/hr

100

Small package, HP

10

1
10 100 1000
Boiler capacity, HP or K lb/hr
8212_A004.fm Page 318 Tuesday, September 26, 2006 12:09 PM

318 Engineering Economics and Economic Design

Equations Pressure Factors

Small package $K = 4.24 HP0.50 Small Package
0.75
⎛ lb / hr ⎞
Large package $K = 16.4 ⎜ ⎟ 15 psig 0.85
⎝ 1000 ⎠
150 1.00
200 1.05
0.81 250 1.11
⎛ lb / hr ⎞
Field-erected $K = 53.5 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1000 ⎠ Large Package
150 psig 0.93
Size Exponents 250 1.00
Small package 0.50 350 1.05
Large package 0.75 500 1.15
Field-erected 0.81 600 1.25

Field-Erected
400 psig 1.00
500 1.04
600 1.08
700 1.14
1000 1.32
8212_A004.fm Page 319 Tuesday, September 26, 2006 12:09 PM

Equipment Pricing Data 319

CENTRIFUGES
Filtering centrifuges: Solid-bowl, Screen-bowl, and Pusher,
316 Stainless steel, including motor
Sedimenting centrifuges: Disc and sedimenting-scroll,
316 Stainless steel, including motor

1000

Filtering--TPH of
Purchase Cost, $K

Dry Solids Feed

CEPI = 460

Disc & Sedimenting Scroll--

100 Bowl Diameter, in

10
1 10 100
Capacity, TPH of Dry Solids Feed or Bowl Diameter, in

Equations Material Factors

Filtering $K = 35.5 (TPH)0.65 Carbon steel 0.7
Sedimenting $K = 10.2 (Bowl Diameter, in)1.06 Stainless steel 1.0
Monel 1.4
Size Exponents Nickel 1.7
Filtering 0.65 Hasteloy C 2.5
Sedimenting 1.06
8212_A004.fm Page 320 Tuesday, September 26, 2006 12:09 PM

320 Engineering Economics and Economic Design

COLUMNS
Distillation, Stripping, Absorption — Tray or Packed

To estimate the cost of a column, first find the price of the vessel using the Pressure
Vessel page. Next, adjust that cost using the appropriate factor from the graph below.
If the metallurgy is other than carbon steel or the design pressure is different from
150 psig, adjust the pressure vessel cost using factors on the pressure vessel page.
Estimate the cost of column internals, trays, and packing using the graph on the
next page.

10

L/D = 50
L/D = 30
CColumn Cost / Pressure Vessel Cost

L/D =20

L/D =10

L/D = 5

1
1 10
Column Diamter, ft

Equations
L/D = 5 F = 5.02 * (Diameter, ft)–0.47
L/D = 10 F = 5.42 * (Diameter, ft)–0.47
L/D = 20 F = 6.51 * (Diameter, ft)–0.47
L/D = 30 F = 8.51 * (Diameter, ft)–0.47
L/D = 50 F = 11.3 * (Diameter, ft)–0.47
8212_A004.fm Page 321 Tuesday, September 26, 2006 12:09 PM

Equipment Pricing Data 321

COLUMN INTERNALS
Trays: Carbon steel Bubble cap, Sieve, and Valve
Column packing: Pall rings and Intalox saddles

10
Purchase cost, $K/tray

Bubble Cap Trays Valve/Sieve Trays

CEPI = 460

0.1
1 10 100
Column Diameter, ft

Equations Tray Material Factors

Bubble cap ≤ 4.75 ft $K/tray = 0.0632 * (Diameter, ft)0.71 Carbon steel 1.0
Bubble cap ≥ 4.75 ft $K/tray = 0.0731* (Diameter, ft)1.8 Stainless steel 1.9
Valve/Sieve ≤ 7 ft $K/tray = 0.167 * (Diameter, ft)0.41 Inconel 600 3.6
Valve/Sieve ≥ 7 ft $K/tray = 0.026 * (Diameter, ft)2
Quantity Factor
Size Exponents Number of Trays Factor
Bubble cap ≤ 4.75 ft 0.71 1 3.0
Bubble cap ≥ 4.75 ft 1.8 5 2.0
Valve/Sieve ≤ 7 ft 0.41 10 1.5
Valve/Sieve ≥ 7 ft 2 15 1.3
20+ 1.0
8212_A004.fm Page 322 Tuesday, September 26, 2006 12:09 PM

322 Engineering Economics and Economic Design

Column Packing, $/ft3, CEPI = 460

Pall Rings Intalox Saddles

Packing Size (in) Stainless Steel Plastic Ceramic Plastic
1/ 216 — 35 —
2

5/8 — 120 — —
1 146 34 29 35
2 98 18 19 23
3 81 13 16 13
3 1/2 — 11 — —
8212_A004.fm Page 323 Tuesday, September 26, 2006 12:09 PM

Equipment Pricing Data 323

COMPRESSORS
Air compressors: Reciprocating, Centrifugal, or Lubricated screw,
Carbon steel, 150 psig. Price includes: Motor and auxiliaries
(coolers, separators, tank, and so on)

Gas compressors: Reciprocating and Centrifugal, Carbon steel,

150 psig. Price includes: Motor and auxiliaries
(coolers, separators, tank, and so on)

10000

Reciprocating, BHP
1000
Centrifugal, BHP
Purchase Cost, $K
CEPI = 460

100

Air compressors, cfm

10
100 1000 10000
Compressor capacity, cfm or HP

Equations Material Factors

Air compressors $K = 0.76 (cfm)0.73 Carbon steel 1.0
Reciprocating, gas $K = 1.31 (HP)0.88 Stainless steel 2.5
Centrifugal, gas $K = 1.64 (HP)0.80

Size Exponents Driver Factors

Air compressors 0.73 Electric motor 1.0
Reciprocating gas 0.88 Turbine 1.2
Centrifugal gas 0.80 Gas engine 1.4
8212_A004.fm Page 324 Tuesday, September 26, 2006 12:09 PM

324 Engineering Economics and Economic Design

COOLING TOWERS
10–20˚F range (water temperature change)

10000

1000
Purchase cost, $ K
CEPI = 460

100

10

1
100 1000 10000 100000
GPM

Equation $K = 0.324 (gpm)0.77

Size Exponent 0.77
8212_A004.fm Page 325 Tuesday, September 26, 2006 12:09 PM

Equipment Pricing Data 325

DUST COLLECTORS
Bag filters: Carbon steel bodyCyclones:
Carbon steel Electrostatic precipitators: Carbon steel,
Dry operation, Low-efficiency Venturi scrubbers: Carbon steel

1000

Electrostatic
Precipitators

100
Purchase cost, $K
CEPI = 460

Bag Filters
& Venturi
Scrubbers

Cyclones

10

1
1 10 100
cfm/1000

Equations Material Factors

Cyclones 2 Cyclones, Electrostatic Filters, and Venturi Scrubbers
⎛ cfm ⎞ ⎛ cfm ⎞
$K = 0.0006 ⎜ ⎟ +0.498 ⎜ ⎟ + 2.28 Carbon steel 1.0
⎝ 1000 ⎠ ⎝ 1000 ⎠
Stainless steel 1.9
Bag filters and Venturi scrubbers
0.64
⎛ cfm ⎞
$K = 11.6 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1000 ⎠
Electrostatic precipitators
0.54
⎛ cfm ⎞
$K = 26.9 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1000 ⎠
Size Exponents
Bag filters and Venturi scrubbers 0.64
Electrostatic precipitators 0.54
8212_A004.fm Page 326 Tuesday, September 26, 2006 12:09 PM

326 Engineering Economics and Economic Design

FANS
Carbon steel with Motor

10
p

1
1 10 100

0.59
⎛ cfm ⎞
Equation $K = 1.88 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1000 ⎠
Size Exponent 0.59
8212_A004.fm Page 327 Tuesday, September 26, 2006 12:09 PM

Equipment Pricing Data 327

HEAT EXCHANGERS
Shell and Tube: U-tube, Carbon steel shell and tubes, 150 psig
Plate and Frame: Stainless steel plates, Nitrile (NBR) gaskets, 150 psig
Spiral: Stainless steel, 150 psig

1000

Spiral

100
Purchase cost, $K
CEPI = 460

Plate

U-tube
10

1
100 1000 10000
Heat transfer area, ft2
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328 Engineering Economics and Economic Design

Equations Material Factors

Shell and Tube $K = 0.462 (Area, ft2)0.5 Shell and Tube
Plate and Frame $K = 0.475 (Area, ft2)0.54 CS shell/CS tube 1.0
Spiral $K = 0.494 (Area, ft2)0.67 CS/SS 1.7
SS/SS 2.0
Size Exponents CS/Monel 3.3
Shell and Tube 0.5 Monel/Monel 4.0
Plate and Frame 0.54 CS/Titanium (Ti) 2.6
Spiral 0.67 Ti/Ti 3.0
CS/Hastelloy C (HC) 7.8
Shell and Tube Type Factors HC/HC 9.0
U-tube 1.0
Fixed tube sheet 1.05 Plate and Frame
Floating head 1.3 Stainless steel 1.0
Kettle reboiler 1.35 Ti 1.6
1 shell/2 shell passes 1.1 HC 3.5

Pressure Factors Plate Gaskets

U-tube, Fixed Tube Sheet and Floating Head Nitrile (NBR) 1.0
200 psig 1.06 EPDM 1.4
400 1.16 Viton 2.6
600 1.26
800 1.34 Spiral
1000 1.44 CS 0.5
SS 1.0
Kettle Reboiler Ti 2.5
200 psig 1.14 HC 1.2
400 1.25
600 1.36
800 1.45
1000 1.56

Plate and Frame

235 psig 1.23
370 1.35
8212_A004.fm Page 329 Tuesday, September 26, 2006 12:09 PM

Equipment Pricing Data 329

PIPING
Installed cost of schedule 40 carbon steel pipe

100
Installed Cost, $K/100 ft

15 Fittings/100 ft
CEPI = 460

10 Fittings/100 ft
10 5 Fittings/100 ft

1 Fitting/100 ft

1
1 10
Pipe Diameter, in

Equation Material Factors

$ = (0.1F + 0.924)D0.83 PVC (schedule 80) 0.6
where: 304L SS (schedule 10) 1.2
$ = Installed cost, $K/100ft 316L, SS (schedule 10) 1.4
F = Fittings/100 ft of pipe Monel (schedule 10) 2 in 3.0
D = Nominal pipe diameter (in) 4 in 4.5
6 in 7.5
8 in 9.5
10 in 12.0
Hastelloy (schedule 10) 2 in 4.5
4 in 5.5
6 in 7.5
8 in 9.0
Size exponent: 0.83 10 in 10.5
8212_A004.fm Page 330 Tuesday, September 26, 2006 12:09 PM

330 Engineering Economics and Economic Design

PRESSURE VESSELS
Carbon steel, 150 psig design pressure

1000

100
Purchase Cost, $K
CEPI = 460

10

1
1 10 100 1000
Vessel Size, Gal/1000

Equation Material Factors

0.67 Carbon steel 1.0
⎛ gallons ⎞
$K = 5.18 ⎜ ⎟ Stainless steel 2.6
⎝ 1000 ⎠
Monel 400 6.7
Size Exponent: 0.67 Inconel 600 7.7
Titanium 4.0

Pressure Factors
150 psig 1.0
Other pressures
F = 0.0023P + 0.66
Full vacuum 1.1
8212_A004.fm Page 331 Tuesday, September 26, 2006 12:09 PM

Equipment Pricing Data 331

PUMPS
Centrifugal: ANSI and process types: With motor, cast iron, 150 psig rating
Rotary positive displacement: With motor, Cast iron, 150 psig rating
Reciprocating positive displacement: With motor, Cast iron, 150 psig rating

100
Reciprocating Positive
Displacement
Rotary Positive
Displacement
Purchase cost, $K

Centrifugal
CEPI = 460

10

1
1 10 100 1000
Flow * Pump Head: gpm * ft/1000
8212_A004.fm Page 332 Tuesday, September 26, 2006 12:09 PM

Equations Material Factors

Centrifugal, (gpm * ft)/1000 ≤ 34,000 Centrifugal
0.27 Cast iron 1.0
⎛ gpm * ft ⎞
$K = 2.07 ⎜ ⎟ Ductile iron 1.2
⎝ 1000 ⎠
Cast steel 1.4
Centrifugal, (gpm * ft)/1000 ≥ 34,000 Stainless steel 1.9
0.60 Monel 4.0
⎛ gpm * ft ⎞
$K = 0.648 ⎜ ⎟ Titanium 6.0
⎝ 1000 ⎠
Rotary positive displacement Rotary Positive Displacement
0.57 Cast iron 1.0
⎛ gpm * ft ⎞
$K = 2.43 ⎜ ⎟ Cast steel 1.4
⎝ 1000 ⎠
Stainless steel 2.0
Reciprocating positive displacement
0.55 Reciprocating Positive Displacement
⎛ gpm * ft ⎞
$K = 3.74 ⎜ ⎟ Cast iron 1.0
⎝ 1000 ⎠
Cast steel 1.8
Stainless steel 2.4
Size Exponents
Centrifugal, gpm * ft/100 ≤ 34,000 0.27 Centrifugal Type Factors
Centrifugal, gpm * ft/100 ≥ 34,000 0.60 ANSI 1.0
Rotary positive displacement 0.57 API
Reciprocating positive displacement 0.55 gpm * ft
10K 3.7
50K 2.6
100K 2.3
300K 1.6

Pump Suction Pressure Factors

Suction Pressure, psig 150 300 500 750 1000 1500
Centrifugal 1.0 1.4 1.7 2.1 2.4 —
Rotary positive displacement 1.0 — — 2.0 — 2.5
Recip’g positive displacement 1.0 — — 1.6 — 1.8
8212_A004.fm Page 333 Tuesday, September 26, 2006 12:09 PM

Equipment Pricing Data 333

TANKS, STORAGE
Custom built and Off-the-shelf: Carbon steel, Atmospheric

1000

Custom Built
Purchase cost, $K

100
CEPI = 460

10
Off-the-Shelf

1
1 10 100 1000
Tank Capacity, Gallons/1000

Equations 0.5 Material Factors

⎛ gallons ⎞
Custom built $K = 8.1 ⎜ ⎟ Carbon steel 1.0
⎝ 1000 ⎠
Stainless steel 2.4
0.83 Epoxy-lined 1.25
⎛ gallons ⎞
Off-the-shelf $K = 0.8 ⎜ ⎟ Rubber-lined 1.5
⎝ 1000 ⎠
FRP (fiberglass reinforced 1.5
polyester)

Size Exponents
Custom built 0.5
Off-the-shelf 0.83