KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO. I RAIPUR SME Oenre g “ee, ee Tel ot GT STATI WSA PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT “To study the variations in current flowing ina circuit containing a LDR “ SESSION: 2019-20 Submitted to- Submitted by- Mr. B.R. GAJPAL DAMINI KAUSHIKACKNOWLEDGEMENT T express my gratitude towards my guide Ms. B.R. Gajpal for his extended guidance and support for completion of this project work. I would give my special thanks to Mr. B.S. Ahire Principal of Kendriya vidyalaya No.1, Raipur for his great support by motivating and encouraging in every endeavor of ours. I want to thank my friends for their contribution and co-operation. A special thank to CBSE for the scheme of project introduction to make students discover their inbuilt abilities. Last but not least I would like to thank my Parents for their love and support. Signature: - Date: - Name of the student: - Damini Kaushik Class :- XII (Bio) & Roll No. :- 10 Name of the School:- Kendriya vidyalaya No. 1, RaipurBONAFIDE CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project report entitled “To study the variations in current flowing in a circuit containing a LDR” submitted by DAMINI KAUSHIK of. class XII (Bio). This project is considered as a part of practical exam of AISSCE 2018 Physics conducted by Central Board of Secondary Education, is a bonafide record of project work carried out under our guidance and supervision at Kendriya vidyalaya No. 1, Raipur This project is evaluated on:~ INTERNAL EXAMINER NAME:- SIGNATURE: HEAD OF INSTITUTION NAME:: SIGNATURE:-ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE THEORY MATERIAL REQUIRED CIRCUIT DIAGRAM PROCEDURE OBSERVATION APPLICATION CONCLUSION REFERENCEABSTRACT: ‘The general purpose photoconductive cell is also known as LDR ~ light dependent resistor. It is a type of semiconductor and its conductivity changes with proportional change in the intensity of light, There are two common types of materials used to manufacture the photoconductive cells They are Cadmium Sulphide (CdS) and Cadmium Selenide (CdSe). Extrinsic devices have impurities added, which have a ground state energy closer to the conduction band - since the electrons don't have as far to jump, lower energy photons (i.e. longer wavelengths and lower frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device. Two of its earliest applications were as part of smoke and fire detection systems and camera light meters. The structure is covered with sheet to protect it from moisture and dust and allows only light to fall on it gis cairum sulphide vet metalpiasic pr case OBJECTIVE: the variations, in current flowing in a circuit containing a LDR, because ofa variation:- (a) In the power of the incandescent lamp, used to “illuminate” the LDR. (Keeping all the lamps ata fixed distance). (b) In the distance of a incandescent lamp, (of fixed power), used to ‘illuminate’ the LDR THEORY:- 1.) LDR and its characteristics when light is incident on it, a photon is absorbed and thereby it excites an electron from valence band into conduction band. Due to such new electrons coming up in conduction band area, the clectrical resistance of the device decreases. Thus the LDR or photo- conductive transducer has the resistance which is the inverse function of radiation intensity. 20 = threshold wavelength, in meters€ = charge on one electron, in Coulombs Ew = work function of the metal used, in Ev Here we must note that any radiation with wavelength greater than the value obtained in above equation CANNOT PRODUCE any change in the resistance of this device. The band gap energy of Cadmium Sulphide is 2.42eV and for Cadmium Selenide it is1.74cV. Due to such large energy gaps, both the materials have extremely high resistivity at room temperature. 2.) Characteristics of photoconductive cells Now when the device is kept in darkness, its resistance is called as dark resistance. This resistance is typically of the order of 1013 ohms. When light falls on it, its resistance decreases up to several kilo ohms or even hundreds of ohms, depending on the intensity of light, falling on it, The spectral response characteristics of two commercial cells were compared in our laboratory. And we found that there is almost no response to the radiation of a wavelength which was shorter than 300nm. It was very interesting to note that the Cadmium Sulphide cell has a peak response nearer or within the green color of the spectrum within a range of 520nm. Thus it can be used nearer to the infra-red region up to 750nm. It was found that the maximum response ‘of Cadmium Sulphoselenide is in the yellow-orange range at 615nm and also it can be used in the infra-red region up to about 970nm. 3.) Sensitivity ‘The sensitivity of a photo detector is the relationship between the light falling on the device and the resulting output signal. In the case of a photocell, one is dealing with the relationship between the incident light and the corresponding resistance of the cell. 4.) Spectral Response Like the human eye, the relative sensitivity of a photoconductive cell is dependent on the wavelength (color) of the incident light. Each photoconductor material type has its own unique spectral response curve or plot of the relative response of the photocell versus wavelength of light. MATERIALS REQUIRED + Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) + Connecting Wires + Source of different power rating (bulbs) * Bulb Holder + Metre scale + Multi Meter * BatteryPROCEDUR! ‘* Choose a specific position for the source and mount it using a holder, make sure itis stable. ‘¢ Select the bulb with the lowest power rating and connect it to the holder as shown in the figure. '* Connect the LDR, battery(6V) and the multimeter in series. Set the multimeter to ohm section and select suitable range and measure the resistance with a bulb on. Similarly switch to current section and move to micro ampere in the multimeter. This gives the value of the current, Repeat these steps with different power sources at different distances and note down observations OBSERVATIONS The experiment has been conducted by using various sources with different power ratings. Voltage of the battery=6V1.) 15 watts (yellow) (wavelength = 570nm) DISTANCE FROM | RESISTANCE ‘CURRENT ‘SOURCE (kilo ohm) (micro ampere) a0 ‘BO 160 3007 2.) 15 watts (incandescent) (mean wavelength = 610m DISTANCE FROM | RESISTANCE CURRENT SURE (elo ohm | (micro ampere) com) 0 i 420 40 35 170 30 2 270 20 11 540 3.) 40 watts (incandescent) (mean wavelength = 610nm) DISTANCE FROM] RESISTANCE [CURRENT] SOURCE (kisenm | (micro ampere) 0 20 ‘300 49 3 a0 30 as 700) 20 1390 4.) 20 watts (CFL) (white light) DISTANCE FROM |-RESISTANCE SouRcE (ello chm) | (eriere ampere) 80° 155 20 30° 20 Lead sulfide (PbS) and indium antimonide (InSb) LDRs are used for the mid infrared spectral region, GeCu photoconductors are among the best far infrared detectors available, and are used for infrared astronomy and infrared spectroscopy. 1.) Analog Applications © Camera Exposure Control # + Auto Slide Focus - dual cell * - Photocopy Machines - density of toner Colorimetric Test Equipment Densitometer Electronic Scales - dual cellAutomatic Gain Control — modulated light source iew Mirror Automated Rear 2.) Digital Applications © + Automatic Headlight Dimmer ©“ Night Light Control * Oil Burner Flame Out © Street Light Control * Position Sensor CONCLUSION © The LDR resistance decreases with inerease in intensity of light and hence there is an increase in the flow of curret © There is an increase in the current as the distance from the source deer ‘© The intensity decreases as the distance from the source increases ‘©The error lies within the experimental limit REFERENCES © NCERT physics class Xi © Art of Electronics by paul worowitz © www.wikipedia.com/ © www.electronics2000.co.uk/links/education-hobby/ = www ecelab.com/