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SPRING SCHOOL DAY 2 27 OCTOBER 2020

MATHEMATICS
TRIGONOMETRY

Prepared by: Mr. L Mpetsheni.

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1.1 Trigonometric Ratios.
Suppose that we have a point 𝑃(𝑥; 𝑦) in the first quadrant of the Cartesian plane as
shown in the diagram below and we let 𝜃 be the angle between the line 𝑂𝑃 and the
positive 𝑥-axis.
The angle 𝜃 is a variable which represents an acute angle, that is an angle which is less
than 90°. Then the trigonometric ratios are defined as the ratios of the sides of the
right angled triangle.

𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒

𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒

𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡

The above ratios can also be written in terms of 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑟 as follows:

y
sin  
r
x
cos  
r
y
tan  
x
Note: In the diagram above we have a right-angled triangle this then means that the
Pythagorean Theory can be applied. Recall the Pythagoras Theory states that:
𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
These trigonometric ratios are also called trigonometric functions, because they take
in the value of an angle (Input) and the outcome is a real number (Output).

1.2 Trigonometric Identities.

In trigonometry we have two fundamental Identities, note an Identity is an equation
or expression which is always true or valid.

a. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1

sin 
b. tan  
cos 

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1.3 Reduction Formulae.
Reduction formulae is a method whereby we can take an angle in any quadrant and
reduce to angle in the first quadrant, this is because all trigonometric ratios are
positive in the first quadrant.
The method is as follows:
a. The expression inside the bracket tells us the quadrant in which the angle lies.
b. The CAST diagram is then used to find the sign of the trigonometric ratio.
c. Then the angle is reduced to an angle in the first quadrant.
CAST DIAGRAM REDUCTION FORMULAE
(Anti-clockwise direction, Positive rotation)
2nd Quadrant.
𝑠𝑖𝑛(180° − 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠(180° − 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛(180° − 𝜃) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
3rd Quadrant.
𝑠𝑖𝑛(180° + 𝜃) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠(180° + 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛(180° + 𝜃) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
4th Quadrant.
𝑠𝑖𝑛(360° − 𝜃) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
QUADRANTS 𝑐𝑜𝑠(360° − 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1st Quadrant. 𝑡𝑎𝑛(360° − 𝜃) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
If an angle is in the first quadrant it’s value
is between 0° and 90°, that is: Note: When using 90° and 270° the
𝜃 ∈ [0°: 90°] OR 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 90° ratios are changed to their co-ratios or
2nd Quadrant. co-functions. The co-ratio of 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
If an angle is in the second quadrant it’s is 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃. Examples:
value is between 90° and 180°, that is:
𝜃 ∈ [90°: 180°] OR 90° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180° 1st Quadrant.
3rd Quadrant. 𝑠𝑖𝑛(90° − 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
If an angle is in the third quadrant it’s value 𝑐𝑜𝑠(90° − 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
is between 180° and 270°, that is: 2nd Quadrant.
𝜃 ∈ [180°: 270°] OR 180° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 270° 𝑠𝑖𝑛(90° + 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
4th Quadrant. 𝑐𝑜𝑠(90° + 𝜃) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
If an angle is in the fourth quadrant it’s 3rd Quadrant.
value is between 270° and 360°, that is: 𝑠𝑖𝑛(270° − 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠(270° − 𝜃) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜃 ∈ [270°: 360°] OR 270° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360°
4th Quadrant.
𝑠𝑖𝑛(270° + 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠(270° + 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

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 CAST DIAGRAM REDUCTION FORMULAE
(Clockwise direction, Negative rotation)
1st Quadrant.
𝑠𝑖𝑛(−360° + 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠(−360° + 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛(−360° + 𝜃) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
2nd Quadrant.
𝑠𝑖𝑛(−180° − 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠(−180° − 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛(−180° − 𝜃) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
3rd Quadrant.
𝑠𝑖𝑛(−180° + 𝜃) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
QUADRANTS 𝑐𝑜𝑠(−180° + 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1st Quadrant. 𝑡𝑎𝑛(−180° + 𝜃) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
If an angle is in the first quadrant it’s value 4th Quadrant.
is between −360° and −270°, that is: 𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝜃) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜃 ∈ [−360°: −270°] OR 𝑐𝑜𝑠(−𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
−360° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ −270° 𝑡𝑎𝑛(−𝜃) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃

2nd Quadrant. Note: When using −90° and −270°

If an angle is in the second quadrant it’s the ratios are then changed to their co-
between −270° and −180°, that is: ratios or co-functions. The co-ratio of
𝜃 ∈ [−270°: −180°] OR 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 is 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃. Examples:
−270° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ −180°
1st Quadrant.
3rd Quadrant. 𝑠𝑖𝑛(−270° − 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
If an angle is in the third quadrant it’s value 𝑐𝑜𝑠(−270° − 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
is between −180° and −90°, that is: 2nd Quadrant.
𝜃 ∈ [−180°: −90°]OR−180° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ −90° 𝑠𝑖𝑛(−270° + 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠(−270° + 𝜃) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
3rd Quadrant.
4th Quadrant.
𝑠𝑖𝑛(−90° − 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
If an angle is in the fourth quadrant it’s
𝑐𝑜𝑠(−90° − 𝜃) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
value is between −90° and 0°, that is:
4th Quadrant.
𝜃 ∈ [−90°: 0°] OR −90° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 0°
𝑠𝑖𝑛(−90° + 𝜃) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠(−90° + 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

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1.4 Special Angles.
Special angles are angles where the values of the trigonometric ratios are known
values. The table below is used when performing calculations that involve special
angles.
𝟑𝟎° Angle 𝟒𝟓° Angle 𝟔𝟎° Angle
1 2 3
sin 30  sin 45  sin 60 
2 2 2
3 2 1
cos 30  cos 45  cos 60 
2 2 2
tan 30 
1 tan 45  1 tan 60  3
3
Note: 0°, 90°, 180°, 360, −90°, −180°, −270° and −360° are also special angles.

1.5 Trigonometric Equations.

Trigonometric equations are equations where we to find the values of an unknown
angles. Trigonometric equations are solved by using the following rule.
Suppose that 𝜃 is a variable that represents an unknown angle and 𝑎 is any number
that is 𝑎 ∈ ℝ.
If: 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝜽 = 𝒂
Then: 𝜽 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 (𝒂)

This rule can be applied to all trigonometric ratios. When finding the general solution
of an equation we use the periods of the three trigonometric functions, for 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
and 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 we use 360° but for 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 we use 180°.

1.6 Complementary Angles Theorem.

Complementary angles are angles that when you add them their sum is 90°.
Theorem
If 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 90°
Then 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵
And 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
Examples
a. 45° + 45° = 90°, and we know that
√2 √2
𝑠𝑖𝑛45° = And 𝑐𝑜𝑠45° =
2 2
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛45° = 𝑐𝑜𝑠45°
b. 30° + 60° = 90°, and we know that
1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛30° = 2 And 𝑐𝑜𝑠60° = 2
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛30° = 𝑐𝑜𝑠60°

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1.7 Compound Angles Theorem.
So far we have been working with trigonometric ratios of single angles only, that
is 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 or 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 . How do we handle ratios with multiple angles, for example how do
we simplify or calculate using the following expressions: 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 + 𝐵) or 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 − 𝐵)

Notice that we cannot use the assumptions below because they are incorrect;
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵

The compound angles theorem states that:

𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 …………. Formula 1.

If we let 𝐵 = −𝐵 in the above expression we get;

𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 − (−𝐵)) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. cos(−𝐵) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. sin(−𝐵)
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 …………. Formula 2

And from the equation: cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵

If we let 𝐵 = (90° − 𝐵) we get;
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 − (90° − 𝐵) ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠(90° − 𝐵) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑠𝑖𝑛(90° − 𝐵)
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 − 90° + 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵
𝑐𝑜𝑠(−90° + 𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵
𝑐𝑜𝑠(−90° + (𝐴 + 𝐵)) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 …………. Formula 3

From formula 3 above

If we let 𝐵 = −𝐴 then we get;
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + (−𝐵)) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑠𝑖𝑛(−𝐵) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠(−𝐵)
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 …………. Formula 4

COMPOUND ANGLES

𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨. 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩

𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨. 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩
𝐬𝒊𝒏(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨. 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩
𝐬𝒊𝒏(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨. 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩

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1.8 Double Angles Theorem.
From the compound angles theorem, we know that;
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
s𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵

We can use these expressions to derive formulae for trigonometric ratios that have
double angles, as follows:
From: 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
Let: 𝐵=𝐴
Then: 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 + 𝐴) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝐴) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 …………….. Formula 1.

Recall from the fundamental identity that:

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝑨 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝑨 = 𝟏
Thus: 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
And: 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴

If we substitute these two outcomes into Formula 1 we can derive two more formulae
for 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝐴) as follows:
𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝐴) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴)
𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝐴) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝐴) = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 1 …………….. Formula 2.
2 2
And again from 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝐴) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴
We get: 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝐴) = (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝐴) = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝐴) = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 …………….. Formula 3.

Now for 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝐴):

Again let 𝐵 = 𝐴 in the equation s𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵
Then: s𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐴) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝐴) = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 …………….. Formula 4.

DOUBLE ANGLES

𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝜽) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽

𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝜽) = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽 − 𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝜽) = 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟐𝜽) = 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽. 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

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1.9 Exercises (Previous Exams).

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