NUST-NET/ FAST IQ

Engineer Bilal
1
Choose the word which is different from the rest.
A. Chicken
B. Snake
C. Crocodile
D. Frog

All except Chicken can live in water.

Choose the word which is different from the rest.
A. Cap
B. Turban
C. Helmet
D. Veil
E. Hat

All except Veil cover the head, while veil covers the face.
Choose the word which is different from the rest.
A. Curd
B. Butter
C. Oil
D. Cheese
E. Cream

All except Oil are products obtained from milk.

Choose the word which is different from the rest.
A. Potassium
B. Silicon
C. Zirconium
D. Gallium
E. Germanium

All except Potassium are metals used in semiconductor devices.

Choose the word which is different from the rest.
A. Tall
B. Huge
C. Thin
D. Sharp
E. Small

All except Sharp are related to dimension.

Choose the word which is different from the rest.
A. Dagger
B. Hammer
C. Knife
D. Sword
E. Blade

All except Hammer are sharp-edged and have a cutting action.

Choose the word which is different from the rest.
A. Producer
B. Director
C. Investor
D. Financier
E. Entrepreneur

All except Director spend money.

Choose the word which is different from the rest.
A. Sweep
B. Wipe
C. Scrub
D. Wash
E. Stain

All except Stain are terms related to cleaning.

Choose the word which is different from the rest.
A. Calendar
B. Year
C. Date
D. Month
E. Day

All others are parts of a calendar.

Choose the word which is different from the rest.
A. Asia
B. Argentina
C. Africa
D. Australia
E. Antarctica

All except Argentina are continents, while Argentina is a country.

NUST NET/ ECAT/ PIEAS/ GIKI/ NTS NAT/ FAST

Electromagnetism

Engineer Bilal
 Electromagnetism:

Study of magnetic field with moving charges.

 When a charge is at rest: E≠0,B=0

 When a charge moves with uniform velocity: E ≠ 0 , B ≠0

 When a charge particle It produces electromagnetic

accelerates: waves
 B exists as long as I flows
 Force on a current carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field:

F = ILBsinα
Magnetic Induction (B):
The force acting on 1m length of the conductor placed at right angle to the
magnetic field When 1A current is passing through it is called magnetic
induction.
The SI unit of B is Tesla. Other unit of B is G (Gauss).
1T = 104G 1G = 10−4T
F = 0, When θ = 00, 1800 , 3600

𝐹 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼𝐿𝐵, when θ = 900

F = 𝐹 𝑚𝑎𝑥 sinα
 𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥
F= , θ =?
2

F = 𝐹 𝑚𝑎𝑥 sinα

𝐹𝑚𝑎𝑥
=𝐹 𝑚𝑎𝑥 sinα
2

α = 300
Magnetic flux:
The number of magnetic lines passing through a surface placed perpendicular
to the magnetic field, is known as magnetic flux.
It is denoted by ɸ 𝐵 .
Mathematically,
ɸ 𝐵 = BAcosθ
Unit of magnetic flux:
The unit of magnetic flux is Nm𝐴−1 which is also called weber.
Magnetic flux density:
“Magnetic flux per unit area of a surface perpendicular to magnetic field B
( i.e B and vector area A are parallel) is called magnetic flux density.”
ɸ𝐵
B=
𝐴 16
 Maximum magnetic flux:
When surface is placed perpendicular to the magnetic field then vector area
is parallel to B so θ = 00
ɸ 𝐵 = BAcosθ Because cos00 = 1
ϕ 𝑚 𝑎 𝑥 = BA

A
 Minimum magnetic flux:
When surface is placed parallel to the magnetic field then vector area is
perpendicular to B so θ = 900
ɸ 𝐵 = BAcosθ, ɸ 𝐵 = BAcos900 ɸ 𝐵 = 0 Because cos900 = 0
A

B
 Heating a magnet will_
(a) Weaken it (b) Strengthen it
(c) Reverse its polarity (d) Demagnetize it completely

 Magnetic flux and flux density are related by

(a) Magnetic flux = flux density / area
(b) Magnetic flux = flux density × area
(c) Flux density = magnetic flux area
(d) Flux density = magnetic flux × area

ɸ 𝐵 = BA ɸ𝐵
B=
𝐴
 The magnetic lines of force inside a bar magnet
(a) Are from north pole to south pole of the magnet
(b) Does not exist
(c) Depend upon the area of cross-pole of the magnet
(d) Are from south pole to north pole of the magnet
 At a distance of 10 cm from a long straight wire carrying current, the
magnetic field is 0.04 T. At the distance of 40cm, the magnetic field will be
(a) 0.02 T (b) 0.01 T (c) 0.08 T (d) 0.16 T

1
B∝
𝑟
 The magnetic field in a certain region is given by 40i – 18k .
How much flux passes through a 5c𝑚 2 area loop in this region
if loop lies flat in this region YZ plane?
a) 90 × 10−4 Web b) 2 × 10−2 Web
c) 2 × 102 Web d) 9 × 10 −4 𝑊𝑏

B = 40i + 0j – 18k
A = (5i + 0j + 0k) × 10−4
Φ = B.A
B.A = (40i + 0j – 18k) . (5i + 0j + 0k) × 10−4

B.A = 200 × 10−4 Web B.A = 2 × 102 × 10−4 Web

B.A = 2 × 10−2 Web
 Ampere’s Law:

It gives method to calculate flux density due to given current

distribution.
B∝I
𝐵1 𝐼1
=
𝐵2 𝐼2

1
B∝
𝑟

𝐵1 𝑟2
=
Close circuit is called Ampere’s path. 𝐵2 𝑟1

𝑢0 𝐼
B=
2𝜋𝑟
0302-6066902 23
 Magnetic field due to current carrying solenoid:

A long tightly wound cylindrical coil of wire is called solenoid.

 Bar magnet has north and south poles.

 B is parallel to the axis of solenoid.

 B inside solenoid = 𝝁𝟎𝐧𝐈

n = no. of turns per unit length
N = total no. of turns of solenoid
𝑁
If L is total length of solenoid then n = 𝑵
𝐿
 B inside solenoid = 𝝁 𝟎 ( )𝑰
𝑳
0302-6066902 24
Direction of magnetic field due to current carrying solenoid:
The magnetic field B is along the axis of the solenoid and its direction is
given by right hand rule, which states:
“ Hold the solenod in the right hand with finger curling in the direction of
current, the thumb will point in the direction of the magnetic field.”

0302-6066902 25
  B inside solenoid = 𝝁 ( 𝑵)I
𝟎 𝑳

𝐵1 𝑁1 𝐿2
= ×
𝐵2 𝑁2 𝐿1

 B outside solenoid = 0
𝐵 𝑢0 𝑛𝐼
 B at edges of solenoid = 2
=
2

0302-6066902 26
 Parallel current always attracts each other.

 Opposite current always repel each other.

 Symmetrical geometry shapes has zero magnetic field at their

center if current enters from one side and leave from other side.

B=0

0302-6066902 27
 Past Paper Questions:

If a solenoid of length “L” is cut into two equal parts then magnetic field
produced due to solenoid will be:
a) Same b) becomes half c) double d) four times
𝑵
 B inside solenoid = 𝝁 𝟎 ( )𝑰
𝑳
 For a current carrying solenoid the term ‘n’ has units as:
(a) m−1 (b) m−3 (c) m−2 (d) no units

0302-6066902 28
 Force on a moving charge in a magnetic field:

 F = I (L × B) force on current carrying conductor in magnetic field

 F = q (v × B) force on a moving charge in magnetic field

 F is perpendicular to both v and B.

 If v and B are in xy plane then force will be in z plane

 Direction of force is determined by RHR for positive charge.

 Direction of force is determined by LHR for negative charge.

0302-6066902 29
 F = qvBsin𝜽 v
 F=0
• θ = 𝟎𝟎, 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝟎
F
• V = 0, q = 0
B
• Path straight

 F = qvB (maximum)
• θ = 𝟗𝟎 𝟎
• Path circular
 F = qvBsinθ Magnetic force is only deflecting force.
• θ = 𝟎 𝟎 < 𝜽 < 𝟗𝟎 𝟎 It only changes direction of v not its magnitude.
• Path helical It does not change K.E of charge.
30
 F = qvBsin𝜽
𝑭 𝒎 𝒂 𝒙 = qvB

F = 𝑭 𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧θ

At what angle F becomes half of the maximum force?

F = 𝑭𝒎𝒂x , θ = ?
𝟐
𝑭𝒎𝒂𝒙
= 𝑭m a 𝒙sinθ
𝟐
𝟏
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧θ
𝟐

θ = 𝟑𝟎 𝟎
0302-6066902 31
 Past Paper Question:
A proton is moving with a velocity of 3 × 107 ms−1 in the direction of a
uniform magnetic field of 0.5 T. The force acting on proton is
(a) 2 N (b) 4 N (c) 6 N (d) zero

F = qvBsin𝜽

0302-6066902 32
 Motion of charged particle in an electric and magnetic field:

𝑭
E=
𝒒 v × × ×
F = qE F = ma ×
ma = qE E uniform so a is also uniform
×

a = 𝒒𝑬 Work is done by electric field.

𝒎 qE = qvB
𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝑭 𝒆 + 𝑭 𝑩 E = vB
𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = qE + q( v × B ) v=𝑬
𝑩
0302-6066902 33
 Motion of charged particle in an electric and magnetic field:

 If v > 𝑬
𝑩
v × × ×
As E is uniform so F = qvB, ×
magnetic force increases ×

 Charge particle move towards magnetic force i.e. upward.

 If v < 𝑬
𝑩

 Charge particle move towards electric force i.e. downward.

0302-6066902 34
 Motion of charged particle in an electric and magnetic field:

 If v = 𝑬
𝑩
 Charge particle move un-deflected i.e. net force is zero.
v × × ×
×
×

0302-6066902 35
NUST NET/ ECAT/ PIEAS/ GIKI/ NTS NAT/ FAST

Functions & Limits

Engineer Bilal
0302-6066902 1
 Hyperbolic Functions:
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
Sinhx = Coshx =
2 2
Domain = R Domain = R
Range = R
Range = [1, ∞)

Hyperbolic Identities: Inverse Hyperbolic functions:

 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑥 - 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2x = 1  𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ−1𝑥 = ln(x+ 𝑥2 + 1

 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2x = cosh2x  𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ−1𝑥 = ln(x+ 𝑥2 − 1
 2sinhx + coshx = sinh2x  𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1𝑥
1 1+𝑥
= ln( )
0302-6066902 2 1− 𝑥
2
 2
𝑒𝑒 +1
−1
2 equals to:
a) tanh2 b) tanh1 c) sinh1 d) cosh1

𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 2 −1
= tanhx = tanh1
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 2 +1

𝑒 1 −𝑒 −1
= tanh1
𝑒 1 +𝑒 −1

1
𝑒 1 −𝑒
1 = tanh1
𝑒1+
𝑒

0302-6066902 3
 Even and Odd Functions:

f(-x) = f(x) Even function

f(-x) = -f(x) Odd function

 Which of the following is Even function?

a) f(x) = 2 𝑥 + 1 b) g(x) = sin(𝑐𝑜𝑠−1𝑥)
c) h(x) = tan(𝑐𝑜𝑠−1𝑥) d) None of these
g(x) = sin(𝑐𝑜𝑠−1𝑥) g(-x) = sin(π − θ)
f(x) = 2𝑥 +1
g(-x) = sinθ
g(-x) = sin(𝑐𝑜𝑠−1(−𝑥))
f(-x) = 2 −𝑥 +1 g(-x) = sin(𝑐𝑜𝑠−1𝑥)
g(-x) = sin(π − 𝑐𝑜𝑠−1𝑥)

0302-6066902 g(-x) = g(x)

4
 A function which is always an odd function:
a) Linear function b) Identity function
c) Trigonometric function d) Hyperbolic function

Identity function is I(x) = x or

f(x) = x, f(-x) = -x

f(-x) = -f(x)

So it is odd function.

4
0
 Which one is even relation:
I. y = 𝑥2 + 1 II. f(x) =2 III. 𝑥2+ 𝑦2 = 2
a) I only b) I and II only c) I and III only d) I , II and III

f(-x) = f(x) function is even

Constant function is always even function.

4
1
 The only function which is both even and odd:
a) f(x) = a b) f(x) = 0 c) f(x) = x d) both a & b

f(x) = 0 is both even as well as odd function

4
2
 Inverse of a Function:
 If f(x) = 4𝑥2 - 5 then 𝑓 −1 (x) = ?
𝑥− 4 𝑥+5
a) b) 2x - 3 c) y = d) 5 - 4𝑥2
2 4

f(x) = 4𝑥2 - 5
𝑥+5
y = 4𝑥2 - 5 y=
4

x = 4𝑦2 - 5

2 𝑥+5
𝑦 =
4

4
3
Domain and Range
 Machine
Input Output
Domain Range
Past Paper Question:
 For the function y = 𝑥 + 3

a) Domain = (-3, ∞) b) Domain = [-3, ∞) 𝑐) 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 = [−3, ∞)

Range = [0, ∞) Range = [0, ∞) Range = (0, ∞)

𝑥≥ −3 Domain = [-3, ∞)
y= 𝑥+3
Range = [0, ∞)
X+3≥0
 Past Paper Question:
3𝑥−1
 For the function y =
2𝑥+ 1

1 3
a) Range = R – { } b) Range = R – { } c) Range = R – {0}
2 2
d) Range = R – {2}
3

Solution: f(x) =
𝑎𝑥+𝑏
−1 𝑐𝑥+𝑑
3𝑥 −1 x≠
2
y= 𝑎
2𝑥+1
Range = R – { }
−1 𝑐
2𝑥 + 1 ≠ 0 Domain = R – { } 3
2
Range = R – { }
2

0302-6066902 12
 Assignment Questions:

 The domain of the function h(x) = 𝑥2 − 4 is:

a) R b) R – {2} c) {x/ x ∈ R ⋀ -2 < x < 2} d) R-{x/ x ∈ R ⋀ -2 < x < 2}

 The domain of the function y = 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 12 is:

  y= 𝑥2 − 𝑎2  y = 𝑎2 − 𝑥2

Domain = x ≤ - a OR x ≥ a Domain = -a ≤ x ≤ a, [-a, a]

Range = [0, ∞) Range = [0, a]
 For the function y = 16 − 𝑥2
a) Domain = (-4, 4) b) Domain = [-4, 4] c) Domain = [-4, 4]
Range = [0, ∞) Range = [0, ∞) Range = (0, 4)
d) Domain = [-4, 4]
Range = [0, 4]
Domain = -4 ≤ x ≤ 4
y= 4 2 − 𝑥2 Domain = [-4, 4]
y = 16 − 𝑥2
Domain = -a ≤ x ≤ a
0302-6066902 Range = [0, a] = [0, 4]
13
 If f(x) = 9 − 𝑥2 then range 𝑓 −1 (x) = ?
a) [0, 3] b) (-3, 3) c) [-3, 3] d) (0, ∞)

Dom𝑓−1 = Range f f(x) = 9 − 𝑥2

Range𝑓−1 = Domain f f(x) = 3 2 − 𝑥2

 y = 𝑎2 − 𝑥2 [-a, a]

Domain = -a ≤ x ≤ a, [-3, 3]

[-a, a]
 Domain of log(x – 1) is:
a) R – {1) b) x > 1 c) ǀx ǀ> 1 d) R

log(x – 1) is only defined if

x–1>0 ⟹ x>1
 Which of the following is not in the range of f(x) = 𝑥2 - 3:
a) 6 b) 1 c) -1 d) -6

y = 𝑥2 - 3

Range of y = 𝑥2 is [0, ∞)

So range of function is [0, ∞) - 3

Range of f(x) is [-3, ∞)

From given options -6 is not included in this interval.

 A function f : x 1 + 6x - 𝑥2 has an inverse for the domain:
a) x ≠ 3 b) x > 3 c) x = 3 d) x ≥ 3

The quadratic function f(x) will have inverse if:

Either 𝑓 / (x) ≤ 0 or 𝑓 / (x) ≥ 0

6 – 2x ≤ 0 6 – 2x ≥ 0
6 ≤ 2x 6 ≥ 2x
3 ≤x 3 ≥ x
x≥ 3 x≤ 3
Analogy
Insect : Disease :: War : ?
A. Army
B. Defeat
C. Arsenal
D. Destruction

Insect invites disease and War invites destruction.

 Book : Cover :: Painting : ?
A. Example
B. Wall
C. Colour
D. Frame

Cover is used to protect book in same way and frame is use to protect painting.
Float : Sink :: Boat : ?
A. Ship
B. War
C. Submarine
D. Missile

Float means above water and sink means under water. In same way, Boat
floats on water and submarine moves under water.
Water : Dam :: Trade: ?
A. Commerce
B. Economy
C. Goods
D. Trade Policy

Dam is constructed for water and Trade policy is formulated for Trade.
 Asthma : Lungs :: Conjunctivitis : ?
A. Bones
B. Teeth
C. Eyes
D. Blood

As Asthma is a disease of Lungs similarly Conjunctivitis is a disease of Eyes.

Dismay : Joy :: Tend : ?
A. Regret
B. Ignore
C. Negligible
D. Spoil

Dismay and Joy are opposite to each other same way Tend and Ignore are
also opposite to each other.
Thermometer : Temperature :: Glucometer : ?
A. Body sugar
B. Body resistance
C. Blood
D. Blood sugar

Thermometer is used to measure Temperature similarly Glucometer use to

measure Blood sugar.
Communicable disease : Malaria :: Non-communicable disease :
A. Tuberculosis
B. Hepatitis
C. AIDS
D. Cancer

Cancer is non-communicable disease.

Air : Atmosphere :: Water : ?
A. Island
B. Earth
C. Ocean
D. Drop
E. Dew

Atmosphere is the biggest unit which contains Air similarly Ocean is the
biggest unit which contains Water.
Obey : Defy :: Work : ?
A. Lazy
B. Rest
C. Idle
D. Labour

Defy is antonym of Obey in same way Rest is antonym of Work.

Light : Sun :: Heat : ?
A. Electricity
B. Moon
C. Fire
D. Stars

Sun gives us Light in same way Fire gives us Heat.

Oil : Lamp :: Wax : ?
A. Bulb
B. Candle
C. Light
D. Dark

Lamp contains Oil in same way Candle contains Wax.

Parrot : Cage :: Man : ?
A. Home
B. Life
C. House
D. Prison

Parrot is captured in Cage in same way Man is captured in Prison.

Dog : Bark :: Goat : ?
A. Grunt
B. Bray
C. Howl
D. Bleat

Dog makes noise known as Bark and Goat makes noise known as Bleat.
Moon : Satellite :: Earth : ?
A. Sun
B. Solar System
C. Planet
D. Asteroid

Moon is Satellite and Earth is Planet.

Laugh : Joy :: Weep : ?
A. Grief
B. Remorse
C. Baby
D. Punishment

Laugh is symbol of Joy and Weep is the symbol of Grief.

 Aeroplane : Cockpit :: Train : ?
A. Coach
B. Wagon
C. Engine
D. Compartment

Pilot of Aeroplane sits in Cockpit and driver of Train works in Engine.

Pen : Ink :: Pencil : ?
A. Knife
B. Write
C. Lead
D. Chalk

Ink is used in Pen same way Lead is used in Pencil.

Trouble : Safety :: Freedom : ?
A. Independence
B. Patient
C. Liberty
D. Slavery

Safety is opposite of Trouble and Slavery is opposite of Freedom.

 Sickness : Health :: Happiness : ?
A. Medicine
B. Sorrow
C. Comfort
D. Misery

Health is opposite of Sickness in same way Sorrow is opposite

of Happiness.