Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals This material is of:

Student ID:

SENSORY ORGANS
THE EYE
Pharmacy Curriculum – Somophore (2rd – year student)
Session 1 – (3 periods)
Lecturer: Nguyen Thi Duc Hanh, MClinPharm. Pharm.
School-year: 2022 - 2023

Email: [email protected]
1
Tel: (028) 5449 9968
 REFERENCES
1/ Carolee Sormunen (2010), Terminology for Health
Professionals, Sixth Edition. Chapter 22. Delmar, Cengage
Learning.

Nguyen Thi Duc Hanh, MClinPharm. Pharm. 2

 LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Spell and define major system components and explain how
they operate.
2. Identify the meaning of related word elements.
3. Spell and define diagnostic procedures, diagnoses, treatment
procedures, and abbreviations.
4. Spell the names of commonly used medications.
5. Use a dictionary as a tool in processing medical documents.
6. Hear how medical terminology is used in actual medical
reports.

Nguyen Thi Duc Hanh, MClinPharm. Pharm. 3

SENSORY ORGANS – SPECIAL SENSES

TERMINOLOGY
Sense of smell- olfaction
Sense of taste
Sense of sight
Sense of hearing
Sense of touch

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SENSORY ORGANS - STRUCTURE

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 THE EYE – THE INTRODUCTION
READ “THE INTRODUCTION” – PAGE 639

• The organ of sight • Diagnosis

• Accessory organ • Treatment
• Ophthalmologist • Lense
• Optometrist • Visual acuity
• Surgeon • Prescribe – Prescription
• Specialist – specialization • Recommend - Recommendation

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 THE EYE – THE INTRODUCTION
• The eye is the organ of sight. Combined with its accessory
organs, this system is one of the most important sensory organs
in the body. It warns of danger, gives a sense of direction, and
aids in the performance of daily activities. Its care lies primarily
in the hands of the ophthalmologist and the optometrist.
• An OPHthalMOlogist is a physician surgeon who specializes in
the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the eye.
• An optoMEtrist is a nonsurgeon specialist who tests the eye for
visual acuity, prescribes corrective lenses, and recommends
eye exercises. Recently, optometrists have been given
privileges to prescribe medications and treat diseases of the
eye.

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 THE EYE – LOCATION AND ACCESSORY
STRUCTURES & COMPOSITION OF THE EYE
READ “LOCATION AND ACCESSORY STRUCTURES” – P. 640-641

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KEY TERMINOLOGY

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KEY TERMINOLOGY

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 LOCATION AND
ACCESSORY STRUCTURES
• The eye is one of the few exposed organs of the body. However, it is well protected.
The EYEball, located in the eye socket (or orbit), is embedded and cushioned in fat
and connective tissue. Movement of the eyeball is controlled by six muscles. Figure
22-1 shows two of them: the lateral (1) and medial (7) recti muscles.
• The four other muscles are the superior and inferior recti and the superior and
inferior oblique. The optic nerve, ocular muscles, and other nerves and vessels
attach to the eyeball within the protection of the eye socket.
• The front or anterior portion of the eyeball is covered by a very soft mucous
membrane called the conjuncTIva (14). The eyeballs and eye sockets are protected
by the EYElids. These lids, and the eyelashes attached to them, protect the eyes from
foreign materials. The shape of the eyelid is maintained by the tarsal plate.
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LOCATION AND ACCESSORY
STRUCTURES
• Lacrimal and tarsal glands protect the eye. The lacrimal glands, or tear
glands, lie laterally and superiorly behind the shelter of the bones that
form the eye orbit. Secretions (or tears) move by lacrimal ducts to the
conjunctiva.
• Blinking spreads moisture over the eye to clean and lubricate it. These
tears are drained into the nose by two small openings in the inner corners
of the upper and lower eyelids called punctum. The nasolacrimal drainage
system consists of the canaliculi, the lacrimal sac, and the nasolacrimal
canal. That is why crying results in a runny nose.
• Tarsal or meibomian glands, are located close to the inner surface of the
eyelid and are embedded in the tarsal plates. The ducts of the meibomian
glands lie in the eyelid margin and excrete oil that helps lubricate the
eyelid and prevent the overflow of tears.
• Above the eyes an additional row of hair forms the eyebrows (supercilia),
which also aid in protection.
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 The Anatomy of the Eye - Transverse View
TERMINOLOGY (F.22-1)
• Ciliary body and • Conjunctiva (14) • Posterior chamber with
intrinsic muscles (15) vitreous humor (8)
• Iris (13)
• Suspensory ligament • Retina (2)
• ConjuncTIva (14) • Anterior chamber
with aqueous humor • Lateral rectus muscle (1)
• Iris (13)
• Anterior chamber (11) • Fovea
with aqueous humor • Cornea (10) • centralis (3)
(11)
• Cornea (10) • Path of light • Retinal arteries and veins
• Path of light • Pupil (12) • Optic nerve (4)
• Pupil (12) • Choroid coat
• Crystalline Lens (9)
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 COMPOSITION OF THE EYE
• The eye is composed of three distinct layers known as tunics.
Each of the tunics gives rise to various structures of the eye.
The outermost tunic consists of the cornea (10) and the sclera
(6). The cornea is the transparent anterior segment that allows
light to pass directly through the eye. The sclera is the fibrous
posterior segment that gives shape to the eyeball. It is also
referred to as the white of the eye.
• The middle tunic includes the choroid, the ciliary body, and the
iris. The choroid (5) is a thin, soft membrane that covers the
posterior of the eyeball. It has a dark brown appearance caused
by a black pigment that absorbs extra light. It also maintains the
nutrition of the REtina.

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 COMPOSITION OF THE EYE
• An extension of the choroid is the ciliary body (15). This
muscle connects to the iris, secretes aqueous humor, and
flexes to bring the crystalline lens into focus on near or far
objects—a process called accommodation.
• The third structure of the middle tunic is the iris (13), the part
that gives the eye its color. At its center is a round opening
called the pupil (12) through which light enters the eye. The
movement of the ring of muscle fibers that make up the iris
determines the size of the pupil and therefore the amount of
light admitted into the eye.

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 COMPOSITION OF THE EYE
• Just behind the iris is the capsular structure called the crystalline
lens (9), which focuses light rays on the retina. The shape of the
lens is altered by the action of the ciliary muscle. The crystalline lens
also separates the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye.
Circulating through both of these chambers is a clear, watery fluid
called the aqueous humor (11). In addition, the posterior chamber
holds a transparent, semigelatinous substance called the vitreous
humor (8).
• The innermost tunic is the retina (2), which receives the images a
person sees. Everything one sees comes to focus on the fovea (3).
It is an area near the center of the retina that is smaller than a
pinhead. The retina has specialized receptors, or nerve endings,
known as rods and cones. The retina transmits visual impulses
through the optic nerve (4) to the brain.

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HOW THE EYE WORK

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 HOW THE EYE WORKS
• The image of an object reaches the eye in the form of light
waves that are bent as they first pass through the cornea and
then through the pupil, the opening in the iris. The ciliary muscle
changes the shape of the crystalline lens to focus the image
(now inverted) on the retina, as shown in Figure 22-2. Here light
waves stimulate the rods and cones (the sensory receptors)
where they are translated into nerve impulses. The nerve
impulses are transmitted by the optic nerve to the occipital lobe
at the back of the brain where we actually “see.”

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EXERCISE

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QUESTIONS
1. The 6 muscles that control the Movement of the eyeball
are:…..
2. The very soft mucous membrane that covers the anterior
portion of the eyeball is: ……
3. Why do we usually blink the eye?
4. The 2 small openings in the inner corners of the upper and
lower eyelids that drain the tear are:……..
5. The glands that excrete oil that helps lubricate the eyelid and
prevent the overflow of tears are ……….. Where are they
located?

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QUESTIONS
6. What is the function of the choroid?
7. How can the eye accommodate with the environment?
8. …… focuses light rays on the retina.
9. A transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the posterior
chamber is ………..
10. The specialized receptors, or nerve endings of the retina are
……….
11. What is the function of the retina?

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LISTENING
• INTRODUCTION
• LOCATION AND ACCESSORY STRUCTURES
• COMPOSITION OF THE EYE 1
• COMPOSITION OF THE EYE 2

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WORD ELEMENT

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WORD ELEMENT

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WORD ELEMENT

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WORD ELEMENT

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EXERCISES - COMBINING FORMS

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EXERCISES - COMBINING FORMS:
STRUCTURES AND FLUIDS

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Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals This material is of:
Student ID:

SENSORY ORGANS
THE EYE
Pharmacy Curriculum – Somophore (2rd – year student)
Session 2 – (3 periods)
Lecturer: Nguyen Thi Duc Hanh, MClinPharm. Pharm.
School-year: 2022 - 2023

Email: [email protected]
30
Tel: (028) 5449 9968
 REFERENCES
1/ Carolee Sormunen (2010), Terminology for Health
Professionals, Sixth Edition. Chapter 22. Delmar, Cengage
Learning.

Nguyen Thi Duc Hanh, MClinPharm. Pharm. 31

 LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Spell and define major system components and explain how
they operate.
2. Identify the meaning of related word elements.
3. Spell and define diagnostic procedures, diagnoses, treatment
procedures, and abbreviations.
4. Spell the names of commonly used medications.
5. Use a dictionary as a tool in processing medical documents.
6. Hear how medical terminology is used in actual medical
reports.

Nguyen Thi Duc Hanh, MClinPharm. Pharm. 32

SESION 2 – WARM UP
• Listen to the audio recorder and fill in the blank

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The Eye and Vision
The wall of the eye is composed of three layers. The outermost is a tough protective layer, the
sclera, commonly called the (1)… of the eye. This layer extends over the front of the eye as the
transparent (2)…………….. The middle layer is a vascular layer, the uvea, which consists of the
(3) …., the ciliary body, and the (4)…………... The iris, by which we assign the color of the eye,
is a muscular ring that controls the size of the (5)………………., thus regulating the amount of
light that enters the eye. The ciliary body contains a muscle that controls the shape of the lens to
allow for near and far vision, a process known as (6)…...
The (7) ………… is the innermost layer and the actual visual receptor. It consists of specialized
cells, rods and cones, which respond to light. The rods function in dim light, have low visual
acuity, and do not respond to color. The cones are active in bright light, have high visual (8)….,
and respond to color. Proper vision requires the (9)……………. (bending) of light rays as they
pass through the structures of the eye to focus on a specific point on the (10)….. The energy
generated within the rods and cones is transmitted to the brain by way of the optic nerve (second
cranial nerve). Where the optic nerve connects to the retina, there are no rods or cones. This
point, at which there is no visual perception, is called the (11)………., or blind spot. In the
(12)………….., near the optic nerve, is the (13)……….., a tiny depression that has a high
concentration of cone cells and is the point of greatest visual acuity (sharpness). The fovea is
surrounded by a yellowish spot called the macula.
The eye is protected by its position within a bony socket or (14)………….. It is also protected by
the (15)……….., eyebrows, (16)…………, and (17)…………….. The (18) ………. ………….
constantly bathe the eyes with a lubricating fluid that drains into the nose. There is also a
protective conjunctiva, a thin membrane that lines the (19)……….. and covers the anterior
portion of the eye. The eyeball is filled with a jellylike vitreous body. Six (20)……………
attached to the outside of each eye coordinate eye movements to achieve convergence, that is,
coordinated movement of the eyes so that they both are fixed on the same point.
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TERMINOLOGY

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THANK YOU

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