PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

DATA COLLECTION,
PRESENTATION, AND
ANALYSIS
ROMADEL R. PERALTA
SUBJECT TEACHER
PRAYER
 What are the three techniques in
1
collecting quantitative data?
What are the three phases in data
2
collection?

3 What do you need to consider in

choosing appropriate statistical
analysis for your research?
Due to the COVID-19 global pandemic crisis,
many are easily hook into sharing and believing
fake news without processing and verifying the
source.
Daily figures of these cases are also gradually
changing, creating misinformation and fear.
People are anxious about what is happening, and
tensions are inevitable due to security and health
threats.
Therefore, reliable sources of data and
information are highly needed.
Collecting data is the first step you need to
perform before you proceed in writing your data
analysis and interpretation.
Data collection involves obtaining relevant
information regarding the specified research
questions or objectives.
OBJECTIVES

COLLECT DATA USING APPROPRIATE INSTRUMENTS

At the end of the lesson learners should be able to

• Choose appropriate research instrument for the current study
• Illustrate the proper way of collecting data using the chosen
instrument
• Follow the different ethical considerations in collecting data
 1
HOW DO YOU
COLLECT YOUR
DATA?
2

3
 2
RESEARCH
INSTRUMENTS
 1 QUESTIONNAIRES

• consists of a series of questions about a research topic to

gather data from the participants. It consists of indicators
that is aligned to the research questions.

• Gathering of information can be carried out in the following

methods: face to face, by telephone, or through e-mail,
messenger, social media post, or using computer programs
or forms (Barrot, 2018, p 138).
 1 QUESTIONNAIRES

• In quantitative research, questionnaires use the

following approaches: (1) scale (usually Likert scale); and
(2) conversion of responses into numerical values

• The terms survey and questionnaire have different

meanings. A questionnaire is an instrument used to
collect data while a survey is a process of collecting,
recording, and analyzing data.
 THREE STRUCTURES OF MAKING A QUESTIONNAIRE
SEMI-
STRUCTURED UNSTRUCTURED STRUCTURED
QUESTIONNAIRES QUESTIONNAIRES QUESTIONNAIRES

employ closed-ended use open-ended questions in combinations of both

questions which the research the structured and
participants can freely unstructured ones.
answer and put his thoughts
into it.
 ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

1. The questions can be interpreted

differently by the participants.
1. Data can be quickly gathered 2. Some participants will not be able
from a big number of to complete the required
participants. responses.
3. Some questionnaires will not be
2. The participants are returned on time.
encouraged to be open to the 4. Some questionnaires will be lost.
researchers since their identity 5. The answers from participants
can be made anonymous. may lack depth.
GUIDELINES IN USING QUESTIONNAIRES FOR
DATA COLLECTION
1. Choose the method of administering the questionnaire.
a. Face-to-face Method. Use this when you need to capture the emotions,
behavior, and non-verbal cues of the participants
b. Online Method. Use this when behavior and non-verbal cues need not to
be taken

2. Divide your questionnaire into two or three parts.

a. Personal information. This section which contains background information
of the participants. (Names are optional)
b. Main section. This lists the specific questions or indicators.
c. Open-ended question section. This contains additional information that
might be needed. (This applied only for quantitative research)
GUIDELINES IN USING QUESTIONNAIRES FOR
DATA COLLECTION
3. Make sure to craft questions and choices that are aligned with specific
research questions or objectives.

4. Provide specific and clear directions for respondents in answering the

questionnaire.

5. Use routing (directing) technique if there is a need to skip some items in the
questionnaire.

6. Begin with the general questions first followed by the specific ones.

7. Prefer to have brief, clear, and concise questionnaire. Use simple terms.
GUIDELINES IN USING QUESTIONNAIRES FOR
DATA COLLECTION
8. Predetermined responses or choices should match the nature of the
questions.
a. If the content is about belief, use agreement (strongly agree , agree,
neutral, disagree, strongly disagree)
b. If the questionnaire is about behavior, use extent (very great extent,
great extent, moderate extent, small extent, none at all)
c. If questions are about frequency, use frequency (always, frequently,
sometimes, seldom, never)
d. If the content is about quality, use quality (excellent, very good, good,
poor)
e. Later, these responses will be translated into numerical values (e.g. five-
point Likert scale)
GUIDELINES IN USING QUESTIONNAIRES FOR
DATA COLLECTION
9. Avoid negative statements unless necessary.
10. Avoid leading and biased, double-barreled, and very sensitive questions.
11. Do not split the questions or choices over two pages.
12. If possible, schedule an appointment before distributing the questionnaires.
13. Attach a cover letter to the questionnaire especially for agency connected
respondents.
14. Make a follow-up on the participants who did not to return the
questionnaire.
15. Tally and encode the data immediately once you have collected them and
archive them digitally.
 2 TEST
❑ used for assessing
various skills and
types of behavior as
well as for describing
some characteristics.
 TWO TYPES OF TEST USED IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

➢ is scored uniformly across different NON-STANDARDIZED

areas and groups.
TEST
➢ It is usually administered by
institutions to assess a wide range of ➢ may not be scored uniformly. It
groups such as students and test- is administered to a certain set
takers.
of people.
➢ It is considered as more reliable and
valid. Examples are Achievement
test, University Entrance Exam,
Personality Tests, and the likes.

STANDARDIZED TEST
 TYPES OF TEST QUESTIONS

Recall Recognition Open-ended

Questions Questions Questions

➢ It requires participants to ➢ It provides respondents to ➢ It allows the respondents

retrieve information from select from given choices more freedom in their
memory the best or correct choice responses, expressing their
➢ (e.g. fill-in-the blank test, ➢ (e.g. multiple-choice test, thoughts and insights
identification test, true or false test, yes or no ➢ (e.g. essay writing tests and
enumeration test, etc.) test, etc.) other performance-based
tests.
THE FOLLOWING TABLE
SHOWS THE TYPES OF
TEST AND EXAMPLES
 3 INTERVIEW

A quantitative interview is a
method of collecting data
about an individual’s
behaviors, opinions, values,
emotions, and demographic
characteristics using
numerical data.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE
INTERVIEW
 The questionnaire and quantitative
interview are both highly structured, but
here’s A distinction between the two:
 3 OBSERVATION
➢ Observation is another method of collecting data
that is frequently used in qualitative research.

➢ However, it can be used in quantitative research

when the observable characteristics are
quantitative in nature (e.g. length, width, height,
weight, volume, area, temperature, cost, level,
age, time, and speed)
 3 OBSERVATION
➢ Observation allows the researcher to observe the
actual event or phenomenon. It has greater
flexibility in the observation method.
➢ However, observation may lack participant
validity and may be prone to the Hawthorne
effect phenomenon.
➢ Furthermore, it is more exhausting and time-
consuming especially when observations need to
be conducted for many years).
 FORMS OF OBSERVATION

Controlled
Observation

➢ It is usually used in experimental research and is done under a standard procedure.

➢ It provides more reliable data (obtained through structured and well-defined
process).
➢ The procedure can be replicated, and the data are easier to analyze.
➢ Lastly, the observer performs a non-participant role (i.e. does not interact with the
participants).
 FORMS OF OBSERVATION
Natural
Observation

➢ It is carried out in a non-controlled setting. It has greater ecological validity (i.e.

flexibility of the findings to be generalized to real-life contexts).
➢ It also responds to other areas of inquiry not initially intended by the researcher.
Its major limitation is its strength to establish a causal relationship due to the
presence of extraneous variables which can affect the behavior of the participants
 FORMS OF OBSERVATION

Participant
Observation

➢ It allows the observer to become a member of the group or community that the
participants belong to.
➢ It can be performed covertly (i.e. participants are not aware of the purpose
behind the observation. It can be done also overtly, wherein participants know
the intention or objectives of the observation
DIFFERENT ROLES OF A RESEARCHER DURING
A PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
GUIDELINES IN CONDUCTING AN
OBSERVATION
 3
USEFUL ONLINE
TOOLS
 4
ETHICAL
CONSIDERATIONS IN
DATA COLLECTION
OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
➢ Ethical considerations should always
be practiced especially when human
participants are involved.

➢ Researchers ensure that participants

are treated properly; especially during
data collection.

➢ The use of consent form respects the

right of every participant to be
informed and to make voluntary
participation.
➢ Informed Consent Form is a document
that provides the participants with the
information they need in deciding
whether they will participate or not in
your study.

➢ The informed consent form must be

accomplished before gathering data
from the participants. This document
must be signed both by the researcher
and the participant as they agree to
the conditions during the actual
conduct of the data collection process.
It usually contains the following:
i. Background of your study (Title of the Study,
Purpose of the Study)
ii. Name of Researchers and the Institution you are
affiliated with
iii. Data Collection Procedure
iv.Possible discomfort or risk factors
v. Anonymity of the participants and their responses
vi.Termination of Research (may refuse to
participate anytime)
vii.Authorization of the Participants (participants
acknowledge the conditions that they will be
subject to the study)
 5
ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY 1: ANSWER ME!
Directions: Look at the questionnaire below. Answer the questions that follow by
checking the box that best describes you.

LITERATURE MATH
Despite being red, Mars
is a cold place

VISUAL ART SCIENCE

Mercury is the closest Saturn is a gas giant and
planet to the Sun has several rings
ACTIVITY 2: QUANTITATIVE OR NOT?
Directions: Which of the following can be considered as quantitative interview
questions? Put a check on the space provided before the number if the following
questions illustrate quantitative nature and mark it with X if it is not..

___ 1. How often do you buy mobile accessories for social acceptance
purposes?
___ 2. How regularly do you go to malls in a week?
___ 3. How much would you be willing to pay for a mobile app for
dating?
___ 4. What are the differences in attitudes towards shopping between
men and women?
___ 5. What is the difference in the number of telephone calls made
between men and women?
ACTIVITY 2: QUANTITATIVE OR NOT?
___ 6. What is the relationship between a grade in math and level of
class participation among Grade 7 students?
___ 7. What is the relationship between the number of COVID-19 cases
and travel exposure?
___ 8. What is the relationship between job satisfaction and salary
among public school teachers?
___ 9. Can you describe how you first became aware of the COVID-19
crisis?
___ 10. Can you talk about your thoughts on how the COVID_19
pandemic affects a person, a family, a school, or a community?
ACTIVITY 2: QUANTITATIVE OR NOT?
___ 11. How do you see yourself today, in terms of the “new normal”?
___ 12. How does your family view your gender crisis?
___ 13. What does your school or community do to educate you about
the COVID-19 pandemic crisis?
___ 14. Can you talk about whether or not you feel safe in your school or
community after the enhanced community quarantine was lifted?
___15. Which factors mostly distort the approval rating of the president?
WHAT HAVE
YOU LEARN
FROM OUR
TODAY’S
LESSON?
ACTIVITY 3: OBSERVE ME!
Directions: What type of observation is illustrated in the following observation
notes? Write the letter of your choice on the space provided before the number.
Choose from the choices below:
A. complete observer C. observer as participant
B. participant as observer D. complete participant
___ 1. A doctor watching a patient's reaction to a medication.
___ 2. Pilots watching their monitors for airplane movements and
locations.
___ 3. A biology teacher recording the daily data on bacteria growth at
the Bio laboratory.
 A. complete observer C. observer as participant
B. participant as observer D. complete participant
___ 4. A guidance counselor watching a friend's reaction to her
barkada’s confession.
___ 5. An adviser watching her students work during independent work
time.
___ 6. An online tutorial company manager observing the conversation
of the interviewer and the applicant to determine the quality of
their performance.
___ 7. A principal observing a math teacher gives a lesson to her class to
evaluate her performance as an educator.
A. complete observer C. observer as participant
B. participant as observer D. complete participant
___ 8. A parent is watching her children interact with other children on
the playground.
___ 9. An actress is watching her movie premier unfold on the big
screen.
___ 10. A group of Grade 12 students went to BFAR to perform certain
duties as what the workers are doing.
PERFORMANCE
TASK
Perform the following task. From what you have
learned in this lesson
1. Decide on what type of data collection
instrument you will use in obtaining data for
your research study. Why will you use this
specific data collection method?
2. Once you have decided on what data collection
instrument to use, it is time to create your
questions as a basis for data gathering. Make
sure to align each of your questions or items to
the research questions.
3. Write also a draft of your one-page informed
consent.
THANK
YOU !