Introduction to Software

Engineering
Lecture # 3

Lecture by Engr. Sidra

Web software engineering
 Software reuse is the dominant approach for constructing web-based
systems
 When building these systems, you think about how you can
assemble them from pre-existing software components and
systems
 Web-based systems should be developed and delivered incrementally
 It is now generally recognized that it is impractical to specify all
the requirements for such systems in advance
 User interfaces, constrained by capabilities of web browsers
 Technologies such as AJAX allow rich interfaces to be created
within a web browser but are still difficult to use. Web forms with
local scripting are more commonly used
Lecture by Engr. Sidra
Web-based software engineering

 Web-based systems are complex distributed systems but

the fundamental principles of software engineering
discussed previously are as applicable to them as they are
to any other types of system
 The fundamental ideas of software engineering, discussed
in the previous section, apply to web-based software in
the same way that they apply to other types of software
system

Lecture by Engr. Sidra

Key points
 Software—programs, data, and descriptive information—
addresses a wide array of technology and application areas.
 Essential software product attributes are maintainability,
dependability and security and efficiency.
 Software engineering is an engineering discipline that is
concerned with all aspects of software production.
 Software engineering encompasses process, methods, and
tools that enable complex computer-based systems to be
built in a timely manner with quality. ( Layered Technology)

Lecture by Engr. Sidra

Key points
 The high-level activities of specification, development,
validation, and evolution are part of all software processes.
 There are many different types of system, and each requires
appropriate software engineering tools and techniques for
their development.
 The fundamental ideas of software engineering are applicable
to all types of software system. These fundamentals ideas
including managing software processes, software dependability
and security, requirements engineering, and software reuse.
 Web-based systems and applications have evolved from simple
collections of information content to sophisticated systems
that present complex functionality and multimedia content.
Lecture by Engr. Sidra
Software Engineering Ethics

 Software engineering involves wider responsibilities than

simply the application of technical skills
 Software engineers must behave in an honest and
ethically responsible way if they are to be respected as
professionals
 Ethical behavior is more than simply upholding the law
but involves following a set of principles that are morally
correct.

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Issues of professional responsibility
 Confidentiality

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Issues of professional responsibility

 Competence

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Issues of professional responsibility
 Intellectual property rights

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Issues of professional responsibility

 Computer Misuse

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The IEEE/ACM joint Code of Ethics
 IEEE Computer Society and Association for Computing Machinery
(ACM), two major professional bodies jointly established a task
force to frame software engineering code of ethics and
professional practice.
 According to this code, every software professional has obligations
and these obligations have to be fulfilled by every person as
 a human being
 a professional
 a software engineering professional
 While discharging one’s duties, sometimes there may be a conflict
between the obligations to different entities.

Lecture by Engr. Sidra

Advantages of Code of Ethics
 Code of Ethics enables us to:
 Set out the ideals and responsibilities of the profession
 Exert a regulatory effect, protecting both clients and
professionals
 Improve the profile of the profession
 Motivate and inspire practitioners, by attempting to define
their reason for being
 Provide guidance on acceptable conduct
 Raise awareness and consciousness of issues
 Improve quality and consistency
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Preamble of Code of Ethics
 Prevalence of software in society provide significant
opportunities to do good or cause harm.
 Ensure that efforts are used to do good.
 Not intended to be applied piecemeal.
 Not to be used to justify errors.
 Not a simple algorithm to produce ethical decisions.
 Software engineer must use judgment after thoughtful
consideration of the 8 fundamental principles.
 Always use the public interest as the highest and governing
principle.
Lecture by Engr. Sidra
IEEE/ACM Code of Ethics and Professional
Practice
 8 fundamental principles
1. Public

2. Client and employer

3. Product

4. Judgment

5. Management

6. Profession

7. Colleagues

8. Self
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 1.PUBLIC

Software engineers shall act consistently with

the public interest.

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 2.CLIENT AND EMPLOYER

Software engineers shall act in a manner that is

in the best interests of their client and employer
consistent with the public interest.

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 3.PRODUCT

Software engineers shall ensure that their

products and related modifications meet the
highest professional standards possible.

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 4.JUDGMENT

Software engineers shall maintain integrity

and independence in their professional
judgment.

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 5.MANAGEMENT

Software engineering managers and leaders

shall subscribe to and promote an ethical
approach to the management of software
development and maintenance.

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 6.PROFESSION

Software engineers shall advance the integrity

and reputation of the profession consistent
with the public interest.

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 7.COLLEAGUES:

Software engineers shall be fair to and

supportive of their colleagues.

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 8. SELF:

Software engineers shall participate in lifelong

learning regarding the practice of their profession
and shall promote an ethical approach to the
practice of the profession.

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Failure to follow Code of Ethics
 leads unethical processes carried out such as; poor
communication between the professionals, poor judgment,
poor design, lack of or poor testing, money mindedness of
the management.
 The unethical practice of professional ethics is not only
costly but also reduce the integrity of software engineers.
 Unethical practice may also be punishable

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How best to follow ethics

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Scenario # 1

 You are the owner of the software engineering company.

Your employees(engineers) want you to pay for them to
attend training.
 How would you respond in a way that is legal, moral and
ethical?

Lecture by Engr. Sidra

Scenario # 2

 You are software engineer at a company where

management routinely encourages you and your
colleagues to use pirated softwares.
 How would you respond in a way that is legal, moral and
ethical?

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Scenario # 3

 You are the owner of a software engineering company.

Your employees (engineers) want you to let them do pro
bono work for a local non-profit organization on company
time.
 How would you respond in a way that is legal, moral, and
ethical?

Lecture by Engr. Sidra

Summary

 Need of code of ethics

 Issues of professional responsibilities
 IEEE/ACM code of ethics and professional
Practices
 Failure to follow code of ethics
 How can follow the code of ethics

Lecture by Engr. Sidra