(HSTU) Department Of Mathematics (MAT) ASSIGNMENT Course Title: Analytical Geometry in Three Dimensions Course Code: MAT 133 Submitted to: Submitted by: Md. Tarikul Islam A.M. Saikat Reza Associate Professor ID: 2008278 Dept. of Mathematics Level: 1, Semester:II Dept. of Mathematics Date of Submission:Direction eostnes of a Line | ds o given Line AB mokes angles 4, Pi% wh (He ‘eve’ | direc Lion of) axes of ~ 4 Ve vespeckively , Shen cos. 0, 05 CS ¥ are called Lhe fererally denoted by | 1 irechion cosines of the fine AB and ave | The letlers men ape | To prove Lhat # OP be a fine Bhrougl origin Y of Length Rue Veni the ‘en-ond nites of Lhe point P are (te, me, np) hor Limin are the direction cosines of fhe line op TH Theovern Kh | Sol”: _Theeush P draw PA perpendicular 3 | lon Hhe axis of x cutting th at fhe point A. af Gog, 5) be the co-ordinates of P, ‘al CA=%, and from right angled AAP. qd , g =mr, Sea ne | Hence, xelp, v mr ene Teh Theorem Te prove that if frm. be She direction —cosines of lene AB, then {+ wanes. Er | ale 2 Throygh the origin © draw a fine OP parallel fo AB. and of Length Go Shot Hhe Atvestion—onsines of Hu Line! sie ia asadnes | OP aw kmsn. Now ef (x95) he Lhe eo-ordinades of the | point P en by take, yemr, gear , we Know that nage: sy(taman) . © | Bat, ea gaye Oper” | Hence from dy, we at ere (I an’) | or, [Y+man = 4 jor costo cos" B+ eo Zed oe OD | where o,9,9 are the angles whith the Line ABY Pence OP | makes with the axes of xq ax nespecttvel 2 Gh Direction -ratios | ich ce properkioned 4o Fven Line are | alefinifion Any Shree numbers a,b and ¢ wh the divecfion —esines Lmin respecfivel f a called direcfion-ratios af given fine. Netw Jrom the f divecfion-ratior, we Rave Lim ., sae, 4 abe ee) eR) eid a S b ay ol * me | Wes Bae) O98 Tere) i ere the same eign ethher ve or t-yer 18 foe chosen | Hhreugheut. Th Example |The projection af a Aine on Lhe co-ordinale axes are 2,381 |Find Pe Length and the direefion-cosines of a fine. (SR? Let the Lene he PO and ts direction cosines be Amn fhen we Kase that POL = POCO... odjwhere PO! te the projection of PO onafine ABYO ts Ih angle belween POE AB. Choosing AB as x-axis 1 routs and Maxis success ively we have M4 formule, A’ =AP=AB enc) 2= PO esx, 3= PQ cosp ,6= PO cos ¥ : w) Squartyy ord adding IG A9236) = PO. (cosa4 col pa cose) or, PO=F: Pubking in Ci) Lhe divcchion- cosines axe 2, 3S) | (Ans:) th The projection of a fine on Lhe axes ase 12,4,3.Find Pe Length of the Line & ids divectron-eesines. [Ar eh ty Th Theorem ; Argle hekween-too Lines |S kamsmy and Semina be the divection-easines of any Hw Lines AB &CD and © be the oongle beloeen Pern dan | ces = hh t+ mmr nine 3h Fe (xa) | Sols Through the origin O chrewo two Lines JOR of Jengif rand OP, of vas pectively to the I. yh vy parallel Lines with dAe’s Lymn of tor) ean Ye Mam and Ko= tars ga = man Be mint pat S$ 0 be He amele between xhe ain fines, then © is also aqual ko the angle ekeween OP, amd OP, » Now He projection of Line OP, Jiring (0.0.6) and Garg) lon the kine OP, whose dees are Comon) is(rede) in alc my alinom Pigemig)te- ) l But the projection of OR OnOR is OP, e050 SOP, C058 = Lite t Mype + Gy ov, yp m0 = hy(br)4mi (mri) +n (mer) from a + 00s 8 kik, + MMF Nyon WExample Find HR clvecHon-easinessfine sokich ie equally indivi fe Aly cocis Sole df Hhe Lina makes angle apy with fhe axes Lhen cosas eos) = cosy Step) aren | oe a ae ces Jit) + dee? ‘ BY ost Adesortop ty 2 Th Example ee 2: ¥ be the ong! eae of Pha ones Lhen pa Hhok sine + sin + siny oh es which a Lene makes with Phe poste Sel"? We Koro, cos h4cas B+ cofy = 4 J. A site + 1 aesin’ + 1- SiN = or, sia + sin” B+ siw’3=2 C proved) |d} Cum) ond Chair» M2) axe Lhe divection-cosines f fe Gene Rhen Lhe divechion- yahios of anofRer fine whiTis perpendicular fo both he given Minas dee Comma), Cnr be), Cm-fom,), Prove fo tRer thod tf ha given kines be perpendicular Je each other, tun these disecttong—yahios ave Ha actual divedtin eosines. SalME Lek Ch myn) be the diveefion-eosines of Lhe eaquived Lines fen Since th t perpendicubyr fo both dhe given fines woe have LL tmmannee Ja + mm, tan, ee 5 plc Fa minim Wh Pake Rim bam Thus we get fhe divection-raktos. The actual divection-cosinas ore Sea mh-nels Lym fone ea Red Been Neo [Efmncminyy = sind where 9 15 he angle bebeowen he Lines whese divection cosines ave fi,mi ny and Ly mera In case these Lines be perpendicular, Tes 0-96 fun SinO =4, tes SiGamema) zt oe achual divection cosins ove | | TiExample Lines 0A,0B axe dew deaun from O with direction-cesines preporkional Ao ((.-1,-1) amd (2-171). Find Ha does of Lhe mormal fo Lhe plone AoB Sel”! ff fim n be fe des of normal do hs plane ion then i fs perpendicular fo befh on YOR Adil a teaee and 2h-min=0 ote,Ansa at eat th Example Sf Lhe edges ofa veclangular pavallelopiped be a,bve shew that Lhe angles bekoeen oa four diagonals are given a ot tosbec aaeee Sol"? “The fous cliagonols ase AL BM ,2N 8 OP where the co-ordinedes of O axe (0,0,0), P(ab,0),A (40) 0),8(0, bale(ooe) L(0,),¢),M(ar0r¢) & N (a b,0) Divection-vatios of OP are a-0,b-0, 2-0 jie a bye odes axe 2 Dinigpeleay Ym fee) Tea and d's of AL are 0-asb-p, 0-0 ferabe | | oo dels are 2% _ Va’ Ten) Simmiferly the este of BM Wen Wess a ie 7 oe, Se =e es eS "Tes Ge TE ves pectivel . dS © be He angle beloeen OP YAL.we get eos 9 = ACVADW ele) vat gy [emcee] aac | [Similarly we aan find the angle bebocen efher pats ard | hence he amgle in ‘es between fle six paiss are given by eos! 2a gee Ot Hh Example A line makes angles op, 3,8 with fh four digqonols of@ cube + shew that Cotas cos p+ cos" Y+ eos & = 4 Sel": From Hs eqn: costt= 2E2¥8C dies of the four diggonal eae of a cube on pottioy a=b=¢ oye ai er op be) ALG ae ry) BMGy’ Ja! Ts) N35 35 Let dim n be deers ef a Line which is indined af angles | | Prd, 8, respectively to fhe four diagonals ; en ‘ i t _ haman eee ee eave n- re eeualeea noe ye Tet cas a eG ces p = =ttman os Some es Pe ee os COS K+ COS P+ CoP + cos”S = [Lt manys Crm enya (Lemtn) 4 (tom—n) "J = 3x4 (Cama) -4 (ene) | Gh Theorem Divection-cosine’s of a fina joining boo cints Plxrgis)d | ge alae ie OCaga) | pa a{%sit2- fr) | Lek PUA be He projection of too pork Siig ea. te Liman. dtO be Lhe origins thon OP =x, Wf O@=a1,"5 so that P'O’=00(-Of/2x,-2, . PO ith projection of Lime PQ on the ones, of %, Si PO makes angles % By wh Lhe axes f a4 & vespeckively Bais lode Ms OB n= cod,Neo we know thal the projection of @ Line AB on another line CD is ABeas® ohare BN Ble angle bebween AB MCD. oP! = PO erm = 1. PO or, 0. pa, Stwifarly by projecting PO om Khe anes of gy andy, we Pees i Bo Bs pe erat 2 EG Yeh Beh. ok hs ae Pe Hence we conclude that the dex of a fine joining Foo peiwts Cxgu'§s) and (xugyth) are proportional #e bu-n),| @.- WY Gry) which are therefore the divechion-yasiog of He bine PR and fhe actual e's awe % - 7 Pi A = ae ee where PO> JOA TET F | Gh Exesretece Lines 0A, 0B ave drawn from O wikh des proporficral Fo (tL U (uit). Find Re dies of Phe normal to Her plane AOB Sel” © LEENA) be Ba Gs of normal fo La plane ACB fhenik is perpendicular £0 bebh GAO BOR and hence f-m-ns0 -- ===) and Uf-mi nso... ---@ bi eccal watt oth Ue nen oh 3 ears) 6 Neh ee Thus we get fhe dans. The actual dicds areean} ee ne ee 14 a oe eee ee Ny Sere Ta CArs:) th Exeretse Prove that fhe strafght Lnes ichose des are given by Ks relations, al+hm+en =o 8 fmnsgntrhlm=o art perpendicn if 42s Aso ond parallel ef (Gi) Vig 41eh <0 | ov, of byrach 1 begh -2.acfh-2ablg> 0 Sol": Eliminodking L between Bhe given valakions we get frome rahe) (Heo = So(S) on, bhuv mn (chaly-af) + equ=0 ar, bh(2)> (chbg-af) +eg=0 --@ Let 2 and SE be Rha vooks of tla above equation; thinig case tle fines be parallel, theive dies ase equall amd hence both the veoks of ci) should be equal the condifion for | wolach. ts B4ac=o0 Le.; Coh+bg-af)= 4 be gh we se oe @) er, cha bg- of = s2Thegh or, cho ba + 2 Shegh sat ee cl os, + Jch thy = fof or, {OF 2Jby atch =0 is the vequived condition. The second from of eondibion ¥s obtained by Singlidging1 Theorem To prove thal Lhe general equation f fined degree in nak 15 Ans By +Cx4D=0 represents 0 plane Definifion of a plane: A plane is a surface such Lhat if an: oy points ave Jaken on ih, he up soe Slam Lies, hall in the surface ie ever pons on kha line iotning Lhe too points roi bbe on Ly plane wna From the above definition of plane we shall prove ouse veeulh, Leb On ges) and mgr) be the ccordinetes of ony tivo peinds Jyiry om the fous whee equation die Pat By 407 4D 20 see | ‘ Ati+Ba,+Cq,+D=0 o “© Axs+Ba.3y sD a0 eo @D Mulliplting @ by A ond adkling $e «iy we get A (hog) + B(g.tg,)+ ¢(y.45A) + D (14a) -0 AEA) B(a147%) eCErrz. e . Pe Cea) OEY + SE ap so ey Result oy show that eqn tir 15 sachisfied bg the pend whose co-ordinates ave (Gane DAA | 4 AT | 11 ae WA | We tows that Alase om Lhe General Condinakes of 0 poink: om Bla joining Ahe points Gag.) and (ou, 43132). Hence we conelude Shut f tir is sodisfied by ang Hoe points hen every pent on the ine joining these f00 also sakfsfies F and Phereferre ft represents « planefir Cor 4. General eqn da plane lees passes Bheough a given Point Let the equation of Lhe plane be ArciBy +Cq4D =O. Since 7 Passes Aharough Ga goa) wt fowe | Ax, + By itCz, +D=0 | Stbtracting. we get AC90)4 B(g-4,) + C(5-%,) 0 Th Cor 2. General a of a plane Shrough origin Ant By+@q=O as D=0 ~~ St passes Hvough origin- Ter Theorem ~ Normal from of He equadion of o plane. Te find tha equation of a plane hr terms of p th parpendian har from origin en the plane and dies Lom n ff this poprtiater. Corresponding from in Plane Cae ee de The equation of a statitlk Line tr Leong dp tu / ‘ length of Ae perpen fof form vn // |0S>> and angle a which Shis perpendicular makes wid, posedive direction of axes el: KBO+ A Sink ap, Z ‘s Let ON=p be dhe perpendicular ren origin © 4o the plane APC.N beheg Aha feck of the perpendicular and Lhe dren of ON jare in min, | Now stake P ony paint (1g,g) on fle plane. Since ON is per Pendicular 40 Lhe plane, if ts perpendicular fo every fine fying ip fle plane Therefore PN fi Serpendiculare fo ON al Revet by difinidion On=p is Fhe projection of fhe Sine OP on fhe Line ON. ie cadaSol™= Lek the equation of the plane be F4#FeK at 1. cp S “A ts (a,0:0), B is(o,bo) & ¢(0,0,0) Centrroid of the Prior toxA Bt, \suesasoy enenageere UeAG os) epee ree aregiven thal fha cenfroid i the| prey), . 5 pe ane or, A= 3p =3q Ke-3y . Putdtng the values of abe in| GW, we i Bho requived equodion of fhe plane as eet eae x 7 ©. 3p '3q *ge7t oF, op aes Bh The oven | Reduckion of Lhe gener equation of Lhe plane fe inkereep& from , Ax +8y +Ce+D=0 Transpese D on the chher side and Lhen divide Brough. oul —D 0 as fo make the RS.=4 | Eo A B < Ant By+ ey D or Ay Bye Sued | Cena ee “DA” oye, * pp which is Of Fhe form 244452 Hence fhe inferreept on Lu axis of x15 -D/a. | ise, constant fer Hkh sign changed. e Saacee sign chang Similarhs Lhe inher cepts on fhe axes of d ug axe foundprojection of a fine Jeining Gengugi) and (astf5%) on neler fine whase dies are Go vaununs 4 (X1-%2) + (rth) +9 Ci-Fa) Hence the prejection @P on ON is A (x-0)4 va(q-0) +n(%-6)= on ‘ or, Axamy eng p Kone required equation of Xe plone, if | Pein @ ylation beloeen Peo wentereci en 4 ony peink (oq), retour “The TH Theoyrem ~Inkercepts form, To find the equation $0 the plane in terms of fhe indercepls Ob Me ahith sk makes onthe axis. Lek fhe equation of fhe plane be Ant By+05+D=0 0) Since if makes intereepls a. hue onthe axes of x glz respectively then Lhe poinds (@.0-0),,b+6),(o.0.e) coil aabiff wo : “AasD=o, Bbh+D=0 ,Ce+D=0 tA sae 18 seaye acd Bea Lhe values fA, BC inci, toe get | is Lhe vequisred equation of the plore. & Example A plane meeks the co-ordinate Oxes ABE Cee Ehab| the centroid of the triangle ABC is Hla point (Peqpr) show that Lhe vequaction of be plane is X47 sZea,“1 Example A What ove the inkercepts cf the plane . An+dq- 125 4+6=0 on Lhe axes ? ne Sol"? Given Lhak, 4nsdy ng 4620 oy, 4% + 2p Bay or, x pt eA = at 7 hich is of the form Kat Eos Hence Zhe inkerceph on the axis of x is - Hy -2bigis 2: CAns:) “6 Reduce the equodion of Lhe plane In-3 +63 =F fo fe mormal form and tence Sind Bhe ders of fhe normal and is henghh. Sol": Dreiding, Abroyghouk ty aC) pela ten byt, Lhe yp of the plane fakes Lhe form $x- 34+ $5 240) The consfant fern in fe RS. 35 ‘te 34 th were t-ver, then we would fave changed the sign Aheough oud fo make iL ave, Now Phe eq") 15 of Lhe form fot ing Hee devs of fe normal are (S Mormakl is 4. +g =p and hence '-3°$) and Length of Ah "er Theorem— Angle beloeen foo planes By angle between foo normals fo Lhe planes Sach from any peint . Let the foo planes be : Aix4 Buy 4QF 4 D0 and Arm+Bog+ Cig +D,=0 r The dirs of armas to the Ho planes axe Av Bi. CBAa, | = planes we mean angle befoeenBl. G, . Hence © be Lhe angle betoeen Lham . than Arar +Bi Br C1Cr VAM Be APs Bet eos © = “O Conditions for fhe fio planes fe be parallel or perpendicular, 4t two planes ore perpendiculor fe ead. Phi eee ae rormals whase des aye properdional fo A,B ,,¢, and AvBa, Crs Hence Hu condifion is Ai Aa + BiB, 40K =0 Fe sum of thy produchs of dhe conefficiends of c.g ME Is ger. Simifarly IF too planes ave parallel, so axe £heir normals & Rence Lhe co-ordifvon is thal A in on he; Bhe diceation-vahios hah ase given co-efficiends of xe, UE in foo equations axe orale For above we can easily conclude thot dhe equodions of ioe parallel planes differ only in the constomt fem . Tat TReoram — General aquadion of a plame in some porticulen cays Equation to Coordinate Planes We know that avery peirt in dhe yx plane will have is X- wordinake G20 and hence the equation is 1-0. Srwifarly tha equadion of Lhe gue Xa -plames ave Gro Bgeo vespectivey. Planes pavellel £0 Cr-erdinake Planes JJ we draw a plane parallel fo fhe ym plame ak a didhance a from it, then every pent in the plome will have its xco- ovrdinake equal fo a and have its equation hese as xa,1 Similarhy eqn of dhe plane paral fo ax- plane ie a comsh «8 Khe plome parallel do ny plane is qe coms. Planes per perdicolay fo Co-erdinake axis . A plane which is perpendicular fo xaxie is clearly pall ko qs plane @) Wenee by Lhe equations of the planes which ave perpendizular fo nis we vnean Aly planes which are parallel ho Khe co-ordinate plares Planes perpendicular fo wovdinake planes Now 45> planes 16 K=0 ow X+O4+OF =O © Het fle eqm fo lu plane pes pendicufors to a. plane be Onabytex thao wi) The plame cir 8 ciiy ave perperdicutias Latobsroczo ov, azo Hence is eqn ef fhe plame perpendiaylare fo So plane is by+eqt+deo Sue ADs oe 4 flu plames perpendicular fo gx 4 planes axe OxteT + d=0 & ane bys do eee 4 or Examples A variable plane passes Slrough a fixed point (a,b,<) and wnects Lhe axes of reference im A BHC. Susu that the locus of Ae peirt of intersection of Llu planes Khvough ABC poraltel to He co-ordinate Planes is a9" pt c#'= 4 Salm: Let ths plane be ate Hah TE passes Hrowh Conbic) + is Sit oat eae]Sk meets Rhx axes in Ala.0,0),8 (0,p-0) .¢(e/0Y). Alto planes Lhrough A.B. ol parallel vespechively to Lhe co- ovdinake planes ase XG =P oY respective ogg The Lous of Llu point of intersection of Lhe planes ic obdained Vy dimmating. the veriables K poy, Putting Sor BLY from Gi) inciy, we at Khe vequired Joey, as oe” or axle bitaegted Rh Example A sariable plane of « comtank distance p from the ovigin meets Lhe axes In A, BUC. Throush A.B .t planes ave drawn parallel fo the co-ordinate planes; show that Locus ef heir point of inkercection is ya pt Sol"? Let Khe qn f the plane ie Zeb aF es SK meek Ble axd in A(@:0-2), B(o,b:0),c(0.0,¢) Its distance From origin ts p given, . z aoe) Planes Abrough ABC pavelllel ke co-ordinale planes ave Hea, aeb X=¢ vespective Pe rece Cy Leu, of fheir port of intersection is ebbained, ba «lliinading Khe variables a, bie beloeen (UW), Petting for abe from di inti, we qt te vequired, hows ott fo Ne Ae og ee OS Ae etait OF rege ae ap 96 teeta tate oe_ BE xample A variable plane ts ak a conskont disfance P Srom Lhe origin meek Bhe axes in A.B.C. Show that fhe Secus of fhe centroid of Khe fefrohedsron OABC (5 9% poytemee Sel" Lat fhe plane he +t +F=4 Sts disomee trom origin co Soe \ ov, dye Hadad = W) Alte the pools 0,A,B,¢ ave cespestivdy (01018) (a,0,0),(0, bs) ovo.) oe CERO oy, xa pe 1B ee “624%, b= 44 ea Putting for, arb,e in , We act Ria Locus of eontroid as = - wi See ae apie or, ay Mate p th A variable plane is ak @ conskont distance 3p from Khe origin & meets the anes in A, BUC. Show that Lhe hoeus ae centroid of the Hriagle ABC is charg: pe Sel”> As abeve we hove, a IS (09:3) be Be centroid of ABC, Hen 1 Ee eee 22 PP ape orale © + ewiiks aS orere See OE 3Bx rb=3q eon Putting for abie in ty we gee Khe Roeus of centroid se nse (Phi eeFi Exarople si A point P moves on dhe plane +a Hak whidr is fined. “The planes Rheowh A.B,¢ parallel Lo x4 pany planes inkerseck in B. Prove Khak if ku axes be veckang are, Khe He ciseed (O. te Te tg il pate REG ox by palicedt ‘Puar cradles (et te point P be (. p,¥) , Ahem GaP ey et aes aC) { Again dec!s of OP ave proportional fe op.” and henee fhuse arcalte fh dys of Rha normat te the plane wlth is Lt OP and sinee TE poses Hhvough P, tks eqn is o(x-a) +B (y-p) +¥ (y-¥) =© OP AR+ Bary 2s poy ao ee GW) dt meets Hh axes in AB.CU hence Hea eorordimake of Fase point axe A (SE a) B (co, + 0),e(0.0, SP) ey of he plane Lhvough A and pavallel fo Khe 15- plane is Ke sr i Similarly Ake eps ef otf planes ae ee a y= See P y The louis of Eheir point of intersection is obbainall by elivminading % BD between He thr, te 29m of Phe planes ale fien ty ! toa ott pt ' —etatehs 2 x ye ft (wr4phayy)> fs By Again, pt 1S ap ecey (eg il ; FE apa) Papp domo ie seta ace Bae ee FRR yt ay Ale repaired focus.BExample From a point P(x99') a plane is drawn of eight angles ko OP fe meck fhe co-ordinate oxes at A, BEC. Prove that area of te Sriawle Abe x at rohae Prep. Sel": The eqn of the plane Hheough P ok vighk angles fe OP i HOR) 4 9-4) 4U(S-F) <0 or mag 4 BE ex's YS EY oper The peints A.B. ¢ where Lhe plane meats Lhe ance of coordi. mates ave (©) \0,0) oe, ) (ee) SF Ax be the projection of the AARC on the 4-plane Hen use Knee , Aa,=AABC.L rio hea CEy where Lin are dhe’s of the normal do Rheplane of Aran ABC. Neo the projection ef AABC on thu 4S - plane is clearly right angled AOBe whuse area os in oe > 4 Ax= 408.00 = > 7 Ley Now the divection-radion of normal %o ABC being x19, Hea aelual des ure mee pe ee HE); bai a, Putting #he values of A, and Lin Ci), we gt s, x | aaa +. jee Ape AARC = 5: x GT