CHAPTER -7 Po Fluid Dynamics , Fiuid-dynamics, also often called fluid mechanics, is the branch of physics that deals with the dow of fluids, ie, liquids and gases. it has several sub disciplines, including aerodynamics (the study of air and other gases in motion) and hydrodynamics (the study of liquids in motion). ped Viscosity 5 a, Viscosity is the resistance of a fluid to a change in shape or movement of neighbouring portions relative to one another. Viscosity denotes opposition to flow. When the intermolecular forces of attraction are strong within a fluid, there is a larger viscosity. The temperature has a strong effect the viscosity of liquids such as motor oil decreases rapidly as temperature increases, While for see Fluid Dynamic: gases it increases. f ’ [As the velocity increases, the friction decreases. In other words, the force required to overcome friction and start a body into motion is greater than the force required to sustain the resulting motion whe J Viscosity refers to the thickness of fluid, Viscosity results from the interaction, or friction, between molecules in a fluid. Similar to friction between moving solids, viscosity will determine the energy required to make a fluid flow. lg Since viscous force is an opposition between layers of a fluid...” This force is directly proportional to velocity ‘v’ and area of contact ‘A’ and inversely proportional to separation between the layers ‘L’, Mathematically Where ‘n’ is proportionality constant and known as coefficient of viscosity. It is intrinsic property of the fluid.~ The SI unit of 7 is N.sec/m?.(pascal.sec). 4 Fe falling through a liquid. The forces ucting on the sphere are Spelt vercally downward = W . (Up thrust of the liquid vertically upward = U wise 3. Fluid friction or drag force = F hee As the sphere falis through the liquid it first accelerate so that the value of ‘F’ increases and a stage is reached when upward forces are equal to downward forces. W=(U+F) lier this state net force on the sphere is zero and sphere further fall with uniform velocity called terminal velocity,d Stokes’ Law ith sper igen ing slowly Wi The drag force ‘F” on a sphere of radius ‘r” moving slowly ty’ through a flu viscosity ‘1’ is given by Stokes law as under F=6n.n.0v ‘Terminal velocity fauid (usually ait) is no longo Terminal velocity is the speed when an object falling through @ Be errity, called getting faster. Terminal velocity happens at the mom weight, is the same as the opposite force of air resistance or friction- Hence, terminal velocity depends on object radius, density, density of the medium, When the velocity reaches the terminal velocity, vr ct is proportional to the object's mass! The more mas cent in time that the fo coefficient of viscosity of the medium, object the acceleration has been reduced to zero. ‘ ssive an The terminal velocity of an obje object, the faster it falls through a fluid. EB Consider a small spherical object moving through a viscous fluid. Then atcording to Stokes’ law - for terminal velocity of spherical F=6n.ntv The terminal velocity of a spherical opitct o¢¢ yhen the drag force equals the gravitational force acting on the object. At eS Vejochiy the net force on the body is zero, resulting in constant velocity. 4 z Therefore wvitagjonial force = 3 jo eee At terminal aN 4 ie KrBernoulli's principle states that pNoeS total mechanical energy of the moving fluid comprising the gravitational potential energy of say associated with the fluid pressure and the kinetic energy of the fluid elevation, the en motion, remains constant Bemoulli’s principle can be derived from the principle of conservation of energy. emoulli’s Principle Formula formula is a relation between pressure, kinetic energy, and gravitational Bernoulli's equatio potential energy of a fluid in a container. The formula for Bernoulli’s principle is given as follows P+ % py? + pgh = constant Where ‘P” isthe pressure exerted by the fluid, ‘v’ is the velocity of the fluid, ‘p's the depdity b¢ the fluid and *h’ is the height of the container. 5 Lect Bemoulli’s equation gives great insight into the balance between pressyrd velocity.and elevation, Derivation Consider a pipe with varying diameter and height through whlePatrincompressible fluid is flowing. The relationship between the areas of cross-sections A, the flow speed v, height from and 2 are given in the figure below. the ground y, and pressure p at two different points 1 (wee ) EQUATION DER BERNOULLI Therefore, the work done on the fluid when fluid moves | to2 is given as: dW = Fidxy ~ Fodx2 dW = prAidx, ~ p2Aadxa, Adx = dv dW = pidv ~ pedv = (p) ~ p2)dyBernoulli’s principle states that The total mechanical energy of the moving fluid co: clevation, the energy associated with the fluid pr motion, remains constant. i Bernoulli’s principle can be derived from the principe of conservation of energy. ‘ising the gravitational potential energy of nd the kinetic energy of the fluid Bernoulli's Principle Formula Bemoulli’s equation formula is a relation between pressure, kinetic energy, and gravitational F tential energy of a fluid in a container. ot formula for Bemoulli’s principle is given as follows: on P + % pv? + pgh = constant ogee Where ‘Ps the pressure exerted by the fluid, ‘vis the velocity ofthe fluid, ‘ps the density of the fluid and *h’ is the height of the container, ve Bernoulli's equation gives great insight into the balance between pressure veloci elevation. Derivation Consider a pipe with varying diameter and height through wh? flowing. The relationship between the areas of cross-sections A, the flow speed v, height from the ground y, and pressure p at two different points ! and 2 are given in the figure belo incompressible fluid is Assumption: . of the incompressible fluid remains constant at both points: “edhe Chergy of the fluid is conserved as there are ino viscous forces in the fluid. At poipe Rand point-2 the work done is ‘dW = Fidxr 4 We = Fadxo Zs ‘Therefore, the work done on the fluid when fluid moves | t02 is given ast dW = Fidx: ~ Fdx2 dW = piAidxi ~poAadea, — Adx = dv dW = pidv ~ podv = (p1 — pa)dv whange in gravitational We know that the work done on the fluid was due to the cone e a oe es tiaciven potential energy and change in kinetic energy. The change in kine as: 2 ene GKE = ave? - Ye mv = pve - 4 paw? = % pdv(va? vit) m= pav ‘The work done in moving the fluid is the sum of the change in K.E and P.E dU = magy2 — migy: = pdvg(y2 — y1) Therefore, the energy equation is given as: dW =dKE+dU (Pi — p2 )dv = % pdv(v2? —vi?) + pdvg(y2 — yi) Pi —p2=% p(v2* —vi") + pg(y2— yi) Rearranging the above equation, we get pi + % pvi? + pgyi = p2 + % pv2" + paya or p+% pv? +pgy= constant This is Bernoulli’s equation Equation of Continui B Continuity equation represents that the product of cross-sectional area of the pipe and the fluid speed at any point along the pipe is always constant. This product is equal to the volume flow per second or simply the flow rate. The continuity equation is given as: R=A v=constant,_ Where R = Volume flow rate A = Flow area v= Flow velocity Assumption of Continuity Equation: Following are the assumptions of continuity\&e * The tube is having a single enit{\and ingl® exit © The fluid flowing in the tubes Hipn-¥jS6ous + The flow is incompressi * The fluid flow is ste: EQUATION OF CONTINUITY meus \ Ax, ¥ 7" Now, consider the fluid flows for a short interval of time ‘At? in the tube. In this time, t will cover a distance of ‘Axi witha velocity ‘vi at the lower end of the pipe * ae At this time, the distance covered by the fluid will be: r 4x1 = vit Now, at the lower end of the pipe, the volume of the fluid that will flow into th E V=AiAxi= Ai viAt aoe Tt is known thatmass (m) = Density (p) x Volume (V). So, the mass of the fluid in Ax; region will be ‘Am,= Density x Volume Am) = pi. Ar Axi = prAt vit -— Therefore mass flow rate at A, is calculated as Am; prAividt piAi vi ~ At At Similarly mass flow rate at Az Am aso = peAe v2 -—~ At in ‘The density of the fluid between the lower end of the pipe and the upper end of the pipe remains the same with time as the flow is steady. So, the mass flow rate at Ai is equal to the mass flow rate at Azof the pipe. Therefore : prAt vi = p2A2 v2-~ ~~ (4) 4 ‘ This is called equation of continuity. ‘ 5 This can be written in a more general form as: es : p Av = constant The equation proves the law of conservation of mass in ais ics. Also, if the fluid is incompressible, the density will remain constant fofeteady flow. So, pi =p2. ‘Thus, Eq.(4) can be now written as: s Aivi=A2v2 This equation can be written in general for Av=const The product Av is the volume rate of fl is defined as the volume of fluid passing a given point per second. Therefore i S Its S.L unit is m/sec, f Note: The produ volume is describing that where the cross-sectional area is large, Ps si and vice versa. Eluid von Any substance that flows or deforms under applied shear stress is called as fluid. The substances which have the tendency to flow is also called as fluid. Diffgsgnt tiines’of fluids: Fhui sified into 5 different types which are as follows: 1, Ideat fluid 2. Real fluid 3. Newtonian fluid 4. Non-Newtonian fluid 5. Ideal plastic fluidity falls in the category of a, no viscos ave cause all the x 1 Fluid: be 1 deal Fuld nich cannot be compressed and have no visecooy TOT ideal fain Ideal Mud is not found in actual practice but itis an imogr yi fluid that exists in the environment has some viscosity. So, ther 2. Real Fluid: ‘ "| A fluid that has some viscosity 8 called real fluid. Generally, present in the environment are called real fluids. 3. Newtonian Fluid A , 7 se The Fluid which obeys Newton's law of viscosity (i.e the shear streg is ditgctly proportional to the shear strain) then it is known as the Newtonian fluid. > 4, Non-Newtonian Fluid 4 The Fluid which does not obey Newton’s law of viscosity fed Non- all the fluids existing or Newtonian fluid. 5. Ideal Plastic Fluid A fluid having the value of shear stress more than the proportional to the shear strain (velocity gradient) is known as jd Classification of Fluids mid shear stress is Fluids are classified into four types depending on their flo 1. Steady or unsteady 2. Compressible or incompressible 3. Viscous or non-viscous fs 4. Rotational or irrotational » 1. Steady fluid: It is the fluid whose densit flowing. 2. Unsteady fluid: It is the flyjd\ whos flowing. eS ifs constant at each and every point while 88S or viscosity are known as viscous fluids, they are generally amples: shampoo and motor oil, atively less thickness or viscosity are known as non-viscous fluids nal or irrotationa gle between the two intersecting lines of the boundary of the fluid element anges while moving in the flow, the flow is a rotational flow. Depending on the angular motion of the fluid, it is classified into rotational fluid or irrotational fluid. If the fluid rotates as a whole with no change in angles between the boundary lines, the flow of the fluid is classified as irrotational flow,move in a well-defined path or streamlines. Stream! t flow ¢ of fluid flow where the fluid particles flow is characterized by the absence of . and the fluid particles flow in parallel layers without mixing with each other. The re straight, parallel and do not cross each other, except at the boundaries, Streamline occurs at low Reynolds numbers, which is dimension less parameter used to determine whether the flow is laminar or turbulent, Laminar flow is commonly observed in situations with low flow rates, small pipe diameters and high fluid v Examples of Laminar Flow 1 ws pattern. The Fluid partigles Chaotic ani > % .X Streamline flow C0% Smooth velocity profile Low mixing and diffusion Low shear stress Predictable flow behavior Flow of honey and syrup from the container. Flow of blood through veins and arteries. Flow of water through a straight pipe at low veloc: Turbulent Flow t cof filrid flow where the fluid particles move in a random and irregular ferized by the presence of eddies, vortices and turbulent fluctuation. other. Turbulent flow occurs at high Reynolds number and the flow is flow is unpredictable and does not follow a definite pattern, phe velocities of fluid particles vary in different region of the flow and layers mix with each other. The pressure gradient is high, and there is a significance energy loss due to friction | The fluid particles move in random pattern, and there is turbulence. \ Examples of Turbulent Flow 1 ‘| 3 Flow of water in river and stream. Flow of air around a wing of airplane. Flow of water through valve or nozzle.aracterized by = f fui crease flow See ete 1A ty? ‘ 1. A type of fluid flow characterized by unpredictable mot vane jin an irregular smooth, Predictable motion. ; auid articles th, et ae is dissipated during flow 2. The fluid particles move in @ parallel manner. 5. Minimal energy is dissipated during flow 4, Low Reynolds number(Less than2000) 5. KB is transferred mainly in the direction of flow. 6 Frictional forces are low and p 7.Pressure drop is low 8. Mixing and diffusion are limited. Reynolds Number Itis the ratio of the typical inertial force to the viscous force number, It is used to determine the type of flow pattern as lant through a pipe. ‘The inertial force has to be proportional to the density \@, and The viscous force is proportional to the viscosity “ny anc characteristics length scale ‘L’ over which the flo (L=2r) x ss = mn: _. , F random mre 3. Signy ies er(greater tha 0) 4. High Reynolds oa i directio} CS 5. KEis transfert 6. Frictional forces are high, pred 2! 7 Pressure drop is high. 8.Mixing and diffusion us re dimensionless ent while flowing ical velocity ‘v’ of the fluid. fy proportional to the redicable It is given by the following relation: Fluid velocity Reynolds Number = Reynolds Number Reynolds Numb: Re < 2300, Laminar flow . 2300 4000, Turbulent flow stead The fluid flow in which velocity, density and pressure at a example water flowing through a tap Point do not change with time. Forthematically at Un Steady Flow : The fluid flow in which velocity, density and pressure @ water waves, pipe filling and draining. AP Av Ap #0, + Mathematically At c* 4 Compressible Flow A fluid flow, the density of the fluid changes from one point to another pojng’ vapours and steam ete. { Incompressible Flow a & ) ‘A fluid flow, the density of the fluid remains constant throughout Shag to another point. Examples Mostly liquids are incompressible. Non-viscous fluid flow A AN Non- viscous fluid is called an ideal fluid with zero viscasi ein an unhindered manner YY with no dissipation of energy. Transient Flow : in this type of flow velocity and pressure are chan| ‘time, When changes occur to a fluid system such as the starting or stopping of a opening a valve or change in tank level. Applications of Bernoulli's principle Wea Bemoulli’s principle has numerous applications. Some of it include airplanes, sailboats, and entrainment devices. The main idea behind these applications is that a high fluid velocity creates & low-pressure region, while a slow-moving fluid creates a high-pressure region. 1. Filter Pump It is a device to create vacuum using Bernoulli's principle and draw liquid through a filter. The pump works by creating ‘jet of air, which creates low pressure region behind it. This low pressure region gfiws Wusthrough the filter. YY 2.Venturi meter It is a device used to measure the flow rate of a fluid in a pipe. The meter consists of a tube with 8 narrowed section in the middle. As the fluid flows through the narrowed section, its speed ‘increases and its pressure decrease. This pressure difference is measured by two pressure taps; the flow rate of the fluid can then be calculated from the pressure difference.Ws principle . ou Applications of Bern asure fluid ei d tom es- can be use ference! fiow by measuring pressure olf 3. Flow of sir over an aerofoil : LY: thttop of the wing then over The wings of an airplane are shaped so that the air flows the bottom of wing. This creates a pressure Ree the top and bottom of the wing This lifts the airplane up. x Lift High speed, speed, increased pressure 4, Ato! An Ato! device used to covert liquids into fine Sptays. As the liquid passes through a small decreaspin pressure facilitates the breakup of the liquid into tiny droplets or a fine spray, Jn an atomizer its velocity increases, leading to a decrease in pressure, Th sure, ThisApplying Bernoulli Principle “An atomizer is an application of § noulli’s principle. pofair Low pressure The difference in pressure between — | ‘the top and bottom | of the tube draws Bes perfume upward, | Direction of perfume Blood Physics 2 Bemoulli’s principle helps in explaining blood flow in artery. The artery may get constricted due to the accumulation of plaque on its inner walls. In order to drive the blood through this constriction or stenosis, a greater demand is placed on the activity of the heart. The speed of the flow of the blood in this region is raised which lowers the pressure inside and the artery may collapse due to the external pressure. The heart exerts further pressure to open this artery and forces the blood through. As the blood rushes through the opening, the internal pressure once again drops due to the same reasons leading to a repeat collapse. This may result in a heart attack. " a UO LIJPE PE ot ee Stenosis Post-stenosis LE WE 2K ‘20