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The Wave Model of Light

The document discusses optical fiber waveguide theory and modeling. It describes: 1) Why the wave model is used to quantitatively model pulse broadening in multimode and single-mode fibers and relate the velocity of electric and magnetic field patterns to wavelength. 2) The coordinate system for optical fibers including definitions for core radius, refractive indices of core and cladding, propagation direction, and permittivities. 3) Solving Maxwell's equations using separation of variables techniques to obtain analytical expressions for the transverse electromagnetic field components inside the core and cladding.

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Kaushik Khaund
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31 views

The Wave Model of Light

The document discusses optical fiber waveguide theory and modeling. It describes: 1) Why the wave model is used to quantitatively model pulse broadening in multimode and single-mode fibers and relate the velocity of electric and magnetic field patterns to wavelength. 2) The coordinate system for optical fibers including definitions for core radius, refractive indices of core and cladding, propagation direction, and permittivities. 3) Solving Maxwell's equations using separation of variables techniques to obtain analytical expressions for the transverse electromagnetic field components inside the core and cladding.

Uploaded by

Kaushik Khaund
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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•Why wave Model?

•Gives quantitative measure


•MM fiber pulse broadening.
•SM fiber pulse broadening.
•How velocity of E & H field pattern is related to wave-length.
•Phase velocity Vp= w/β
•Group velocity Vg=δw/δβ

•Co-Ordinate System of Optical Fiber.


• a= Radius of core.
• n1= Refractive index of core.
• n2= Refractive index of cladding.
• z= propagation Direction.
• ε0= Free space permittivity.
• ε1= Permittivity of core = ε0 (n1)2
• ε2= Permittivity of cladding = ε0 (n2)2
• μ=μ0= Free space permittivity.
Maxwell’s equations.

(Taking curl of both side we get)

Six essential components.


Ez & Hz are longitudinal
which are independent
component
Analytical expression for transverse components.
Solve wave equations for Ez & Hz.

To solve the above wave equation we use separation of variable


technique.

Put the value of Z and ϕ in the wave equation and we get the equation which is govern to R .
2

Behavior of Bessel’s Functions


Case:- 1 (q= Real)

Case:- 2 (q= Imaginary)


Field inside Core

β0n2= β2<β<β1 =β0n1


β /β0= neff
n2<neff <n1

Field inside Cladding


Core Cladding

(r=a, in core cladding interface)

This is the characteristics


equation of hybrid model.

Consider the function We know


Examples:
ν=0
Two essential quantities to designate a mode TE0mTE01,TE02,TE03…..
1. Index of ν. TM0mTM01,TM02,TM03…..
2. Maxima in redial direction ν≠0
Heνm HE11, HE12,HE21….
TE01 mode:

Intensity Pattern

Field Distribution
TE02 mode:

Field Distribution Intensity Pattern

This equation a, c n1,


n2 all are constant.

Vα ώ (So V is known as normalize frequency)


β0n2= β2<β<β1 =β0n1
β /β0= neff
n2<neff <n1
b- V Diagram
Example
Lowest order mode

First set of Higher order modes


Property of weakly guiding fiber

Linearly polarized field


1 In weakly guiding medium has intensity variation in r direction.

2 In b-v diagram modes are separately drawn in a group.


3practical fiber’s mode always designated as LP mode.
4
LP11 mode degeneracy
b-V diagram for LP modes

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