SHEAR FORCE & BENDING MOMENT R.R.

Badeghar

POINTS TO BE COVERED: Fixed Support

Introduction to:
• Types of beams- Determinate &
indeterminate
• Types of supports- simple, roller, hinged
& fixed
• Types of loadings-point load, UDL, UVL
(triangular & trapezoidal) & couple
• Shear force
Simple support
• Bending moment
Hinged Support
• SFD & BMD
• Sign conventions
Numerical on:
• SFD & BMD variation for a simply
Types of loadings:
supported beam.
• SFD & BMD variation for a cantilever
beam.
• SFD & BMD variation for an overhanging
beam.
• SFD & BMD variation for a beam carrying
inclined loading.
THEORY
Determinate beams:
A beam in which the number of unknown
forces can be calculated by using equilibrium
conditions is called as determinate beams.
Eg. Cantilever beam

Indeterminate beams:
A beam in which the number of unknown
forces cannot be calculated by using equilibrium
conditions is called as indeterminate beams.
Eg. Propped Cantilever beam
Types of supports:

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Relationship between load intensity, shear Shear force diagram & bending moment
force & bending moment: diagram:
The SF & BM in a beam vary from section to SFD is defined as a diagram representing the
section along its length. If ‘w’ is the load per variation of shear force along the total span of
unit length on beam, ‘F’ is the shearing force & M the beam.
is the bending moment. BMD is defined as a diagram representing the
variation of bending moment along the total span
of the beam.
Sign conventions:
Now, applying, ℇ𝐹𝑦 = 0 Shear force
−𝐹 + 𝐹 + 𝑑𝐹 − 𝑤𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝐹 = 𝑤𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐹
=𝑤
𝑑𝑥
Similarly we have, ℇ 𝑀 = 0
−𝑀 − 𝐹𝑑𝑥 − (𝑀 + 𝑑𝑀) = 0
𝑑𝑀
= +𝐹
𝑑𝑥
𝑀 = ∫ 𝑑𝑀 = ∫ 𝐹𝑑𝑥 Bending moment
The above equation gives the following useful
deductions:
• BM is maximum or minimum where SF is
zero
NUMERICALS
• The inflection or contra flexure point on
Standard Cases:
a beam lies at BM = 0
• The area of a SFD at any point on a beam
1. Simply supported beam carrying point
from a support gives BM
load at centre.
Shear Force:
It is an unbalanced transverse force
induced at any section on the beam due to
external loading is called as shear force.

Bending moment:
It is the effect of applied force
observed at a certain point at a finite distance
from its point of application is called as bending Calculating support reactions
moment. RA = RB = total load
2
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RA = RB = W (⤉) 2. Simply supported beam carrying

2 uniformly distributed load throughout the
Shear Force calculation span of the beam.
SA = RA = + W/2

SC left = + W/2

SC right = + (W/2)-(W) = - W/2

SB = RB = - W/2

Calculating support reactions

Bending Moment Calculation
RA = RB = WL
2
MA = MB = 0
RA = RB = WL (⤉)
2
MC = RA x L/2
Shear force @ section X-X
Sx = [𝑅𝐴 ] − [W. x]
M max = + WL/4
WL
=[ 2
]− [W. x]……… (1)
S.F. @ A, where x=0 ……..put in equation 1
WL
SA = RA = 2
kN
S.F. @ B, where x=L……..put in equation 1
WL
SB = RB = [ ]− [WL]
2
WL
SB = − 2
kN
Bending Moment @ section X-X
Wx2
Mx = [𝑅𝐴 . 𝑥] − [ ]
2
WLx Wx 2
Mx = [ ]− [ 2 ]……… (2)
2
B.M. @ A, where x=0 ……..put in equation 2
MA = 0
B.M. @ B, where x=L ……..put in equation 2
MB = 0
For maximum B.M.
WL
Sx =[ ] − [W. x] = 0
2

WL
[W. x] = [ ]
2
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 SHEAR FORCE & BENDING MOMENT R.R.Badeghar
L
x=
2

B.M. is Maximum at
L
x=
2
MC = RA x L/2

M max = + WL2/8 Step 1: Calculating support reactions

Using equilibrium condition’s, ℇFy=0
1
RA + RB = {2 . base. height }
1
= { . L. W}
2
WL
= { }
2
WL
RA = { 2
} - RB …………. (1)
Taking moment @ A,
WL 2
MA = 0 = { . L } - RB.L
2 3
WL 2
RB.L= { 2 .3L }
WL
RB = { }
3
Re substituting in equation 1
WL WL
RA = { }-{ }
2 3
WL
RA = { 6
}

Shear force @ section X-X

[𝑊′.𝑥]
Sx = [𝑅𝐴 ] − 2
Where, w’=intensity of force @ section
3. Simply supported beam carrying X-X
uniformly varying load throughout the Wx
W’= 𝐿
span of the beam. WL [𝑊𝑥 2 ]
Sx = [ ] −
6 2𝐿
Shear Force calculation
WL
SA = RA = 6
WL
SB = RB = - 3

Bending Moment Calculation

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MA = MB = 0
For maximum B.M.
WL [𝑊𝑥 2 ]
Sx = [ ] − 2𝐿 =0
6
Step 1: Calculating Reactions

[
𝑊𝐿
] =[
[𝑊𝑥 2 ]
] Taking moment of all forces @ A
6 2𝐿
L + (RB . L) – (W. a) = 0
x=
√3 RB = (W. a)/L
3
M max = [
WL L
∗ ] −[
𝑊 L
∗( ) ] Applying ∑Fy = 0
6 √3 2𝐿 √3
RA + RB – W = 0
RA = (W - RB)
RA = W - (W. a)/L
RA = W (1 - a/L)
RA = W (L- a)/L
But we have,
(L- a)=b
RA = (W.b) /L
Step 2: Shear Force Diagram
SF @ A= RA = (W.b) /L
SF @ left of C= RC left = (W.b) /L
SF @ right of C= RC right
RC right = RA - W = ((W.b) /L) - W
RC right = ((W.b) /L) - W
RC right =-(W. a)/L
Step 3: Bending Moment Diagram
Since A & B are simple supports
MA = MB =0
MC = RA .a = (W.a.b) /L
MC = (W.a.b) /L

Solved Numerical:
1. Simply supported beam carrying point
load in general:

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MA = MB =0
MC = RA x 2 = 4 x 2
MC = 8 KNm
MD = RB x 2 = 5 x 2
MC = 10 KNm

2. Sketch SFD & BMD for the given

simply supported beam.

Step 1: Calculating Reactions

Taking moment of all forces @ A 3. Sketch SFD & BMD for the given
(RB. 6) = (3 x 2) + (6 x 4) simply supported beam.
RB = 5 KN
Applying ∑Fy = 0
RA + RB – 3 - 6 = 0
RA = 4 KN
Step 2: Shear Force Diagram
SF @ A = SA= RA
SA = 4 KN Step 1: Calculating Reactions
SF @ left of C= SC left = 4 KN Taking moment of all forces @ A
SF @ right of C= SC right = 4 – 3 (RB. 9) = (10 x 6 x 3)
SC right = 1 KN RB = 20 KN
SF @ left of D= SD left = 1 KN Applying ∑Fy = 0
SF @ right of C= SD right = 1 – 6 RA + RB – (10 x 6) = 0
SC right = - 5 KN RA = 40 KN
SF @ B = SB= - RB Step 2: Shear Force Diagram
SB = - 5 KN SF @ A = SA= RA
Step 3: Bending Moment Diagram SA = 40 KN
Since A & B are simple supports SF @ C= SC = 40 – (10 x 6)
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SC = - 20 KN
SF @ B = SB= - RB
SB = - 20 KN
Step 3: Bending Moment Diagram
Since A & B are simple supports
MA = MB =0
MC = RB x 3 = 20 x 3
MC = 60 KNm
Step 4: Maximum Bending Moment Calculation
The BM is maximum @ a point where SF
is zero i.e. point D in SFD
Because the SF variation is linear
4. Sketch SFD & BMD for the given
Point D can be located by using geometry
simply supported beam.
of triangles

Step 1: Calculating Reactions

(x / 40)= (6 – x) / 20 Taking moment of all forces @ A
x=4m (RB. 8) = 10 x 4 x (1 + 2)
Signifies that SF is zero @ x = 4 m & BM RB = 15 KN
is maximum Applying ∑Fy = 0
Taking moment of all forces @ x = 4m from A RA + RB – (10 x 4) = 0
M max = MD RA = 25 KN
M max = (RA x 4) - (10 x 4 x 2) Step 2: Shear Force Diagram
= (40 x 4) - (10 x 4 x 2) SF @ A = SA= RA
M max = 80 KNm SA = 25 KN
SF @ C= SC = 25 KN
SF @ D = SD= - RB
SB = - 15 KN
SF @ B = SB= - RB
SB = - 15 KN
Step 3: Bending Moment Diagram
Since A & B are simple supports
MA = MB =0
MC = (RA x 1) = 25 x 1

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MC = 25 KNm
MD = RB x 3 = 15 x 3 5. Sketch SFD & BMD for the given
MC = 45 KNm simply supported beam.
Step 4: Maximum Bending Moment Calculation
The BM is maximum @ a point where SF
is zero i.e. point E in SFD
Because the SF variation is linear
Step 1: Calculating Reactions
Point E can be located by using geometry
Taking moment of all forces @ A
of triangles
(RB x 7) = (10 x 3 x 1.5) + 5 x 2 x (5+1)
RB = 15 KN
Applying ∑Fy = 0
RA + RB – (10 x 3) – (5 x 2) = 0
RA = 25 KN
Step 2: Shear Force Diagram
(x / 25)= (6 – x) / 15
SF @ A = SA= RA
x = 3.75 m
SA = 25 KN
Signifies that SF is zero @ x = 3.75 m &
SF @ C= SC = 25 – (10 x 3)
BM is maximum
SC = - 5 KN
Taking moment of all forces @ x = 4.75m from A
SF @ D = SD= - RB + (5 x 2)
M max = MD
SD = - 5 KN
M max = (RA x 4.75) - (10 x 3.75 x 1.875)
SF @ B = SB= - RB
= (20 x 4.75) - (10 x 3.75 x 1.875)
SB = - 15 KN
M max = 56.25 KNm
Step 3: Bending Moment Diagram
Since A & B are simple supports
MA = MB =0
MC = (25 x 3) – (10 x 3 x 1.5)
MC = 30 KNm
MD = (15 x 2) – (5 x 2 x 1)
MC = 30 KNm
Step 4: Maximum Bending Moment Calculation
The BM is maximum @ a point where SF
is zero i.e. point E in SFD
Because the SF variation is linear
Point E can be located by using geometry
of triangles

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(RB x 10) = 10 x 4 x (2+2) + (50 x 2) + (40 x 6)

RB = 50 KN
Applying ∑Fy = 0
RA + RB – (10 x 4) – 50 - 40 = 0
RA = 80 KN
Step 2: Shear Force Diagram
Signifies that SF is zero @ x = 2.5 m & SF @ A = SA= RA
BM is maximum SA = 80 KN
Taking moment of all forces @ x = 2.5m from A SF @ left of C= SC left = 80 KN
M max = ME
SF @ right of C= SC right = 80 – 50
M max = (RA x 2.5) - (10 x 2.5 x 1.25) SC right = 30 KN
= (25 x 2.5) - (10 x 2.5 x 1.25) SF @ left of D= SD left = 80 – 50 – (10 x4)
M max = 31.25 KNm SD left = - 10 KN
SF @ right of C= SD right = 80 – 50 – (10 x4) - 40
SC right = - 50 KN
SF @ B = SB= - RB
SB = - 50 KN
Step 3: Bending Moment Diagram
Since A & B are simple supports
MA = MB =0
MC = (RA x 2) = 80 x 1
MC = 80 KNm
MD = RB x 4 = 50 x 4
MC = 200 KNm
Step 4: Maximum Bending Moment Calculation
The BM is maximum @ a point where SF
is zero i.e. point E in SFD
Because the SF variation is linear
6. Sketch SFD & BMD for the given Point E can be located by using geometry
simply supported beam. of triangles

Step 1: Calculating Reactions

Taking moment of all forces @ A

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Signifies that SF is zero @ x = 3.0 m & SF @ left of B= SB left = 3 – (2 x4)

BM is maximum SB left = - 5 KN
Taking moment of all forces @ x = 5.0 m from A SF @ right of B= SB right = 3 – (2 x4) + RB
M max = ME SB right = 3 – (2 x4) + 9
M max = (RA x 5) - 10 x 3 x (2 + 1.5) SB right = 4 KN
= (80 x 5) - 10 x 3 x (2 + 1.5) SC = 0
M max = 205 KNm Step 3: Bending Moment Diagram
Since A & C are simple & free supports
MA = MC =0
MB = - (2 x 2 x 1)
MB = 4 KNm
Step 4: Maximum Bending Moment Calculation
The BM is maximum @ a point where SF
is zero i.e. point D in SFD
Because the SF variation is linear
Point D can be located by using geometry
of triangles

Signifies that SF is zero @ x = 1.5 m &

7. Sketch SFD & BMD for the given
BM is maximum
overhanging beam.
Taking moment of all forces @ x = 1.5 m from A
M max = MD
M max = (3 x 1.5) - 2 x 1.5 x 0.75
M max = 2.25 KNm
Step 1: Calculating Reactions Step 5: Locating point of contra flexure
Taking moment of all forces @ A Considering a general section X-X @ distance x
(RB x 4) = (2 x 6 x 3) from support A
RB = 9 KN
Applying ∑Fy = 0
RA + RB – (2 x 6) = 0
RA = 3 KN
Step 2: Shear Force Diagram M X-X = (RA. x) – 2. X. x/2
SF @ A = SA= RA M X-X = (3 x) – X2
SA = 3 KN @ Point of contra flexure moment is zero

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0 = (3 x) – X2 SC = 2 KN
Either x = 0 or (x – 3) = 0 Step 3: Bending Moment Diagram
x = 3.0 m Since A & C are simple & free supports
MA = MC =0
MB = - (2 x 2 x 1) – (2 x 2)
MB = 8 KNm

8. Sketch SFD & BMD for the given

overhanging beam.

Step 4: Maximum Bending Moment Calculation

The BM is maximum @ a point where SF
is zero i.e. point D in SFD
Step 1: Calculating Reactions
Because the SF variation is linear
Taking moment of all forces @ A
Point D can be located by using geometry
(RB x 4) = (2 x 6 x 3) + (2 x 6)
of triangles
RB = 12 KN
Signifies that SF is zero @ x = 1 m & BM
Applying ∑Fy = 0
is maximum
RA + RB – (2 x 6) - 2 = 0
Taking moment of all forces @ x = 1 m from A
RA = 2 KN
M max = MD
Step 2: Shear Force Diagram
M max = (2 x 1) - 2 x 1 x 0.5
SF @ A = SA= RA
M max = 1.0 KNm
SA = 2 KN
Step 5: Locating point of contra flexure
SF @ left of B= SB left = 2 – (2 x4)
Considering a general section X-X @ distance x
SB left = - 6 KN
from support A
SF @ right of B= SB right = 2 – (2 x4) + RB
M X-X = (RA. x) – 2. x. x/2
SB right = 3 – (2 x4) + 12
M X-X = (2 x) – x2
SB right = 6 KN

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@ Point of contra flexure moment is zero

0 = (2 x) – X2
Either x = 0 or (x – 2) = 0
x = 2.0 m
9. Sketch SFD & BMD for the given
overhanging beam.

Step 1: Calculating Reactions

Taking moment of all forces @ A
(RB x 8) = (1000 x 10) - (1000 x 2)
RB = 1000 N
Applying ∑Fy = 0
RA + RB – 1000 - 1000 = 0
RA = 1000 KN
Step 2: Shear Force Diagram
SF @ C = SC= - 1000 N
SF @ left of A = SA left = - 1000 N
SF @ right of A = SA right = - 1000 + 1000
SA right = 0
SF @ left of B = SB left = - 1000 + 1000
SB left = 0
SF @ right of B = SB right = 1000 N
SD = 1000 N
Step 3: Bending Moment Diagram
Since C & D are free supports
MD = MC =0
MA = - (1000 x 2)
MA = - 2000 Nm
MB = - (1000 x 2)
MB = - 2000 Nm

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