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V ATOMS
Case Based MCQs
Case I : Read the passage given below and answer the orbit and n = 1, 2, 3, .... When transition takes
the following questions from 41 to 43. place from Kth orbit to Jth orbit, energy photon is
Electron Transitions for the Hydrogen Atom emitted. If the wavelength of the emitted photon
Read the Bohr’s model explains the spectral lines 1  1 1 
of hydrogen atomic emission spectrum. While the is l, we find that = R  2 − 2  , where R is
λ J K 
electron of the atom remains in the ground state, Rydberg’s constant.
its energy is unchanged. When the atom absorbs
On a different planet, the hydrogen atom’s
one or more quanta of energy, the electrons
moves from the ground state orbit to an excited structure was somewhat different from ours. The
state orbit that is farther away. angular momentum of electron was P = 2n(h/2p),
i.e., an even multiple of (h/2p).

e–
m
Ze F

The given figure shows an energy level diagram vn

of the hydrogen atom. Several transitions are
marked as I, II, III and so on. The diagram is rn
only indicative and not to scale. 44. The minimum permissible radius of the
41. In which transition is a Balmer series photon orbit will be
absorbed? 2ε 0 h 2 4 ε 0 h2 ε h2 ε 0 h2
(a) II (b) III (a) (b) (c) 0 2 (d)
mπe 2
mπe 2
mπe 2mπe2
(c) IV (d) VI
45. In our world, the velocity of electron is v0
42. The wavelength of the radiation involved in
when the hydrogen atom is in the ground state.
transition II is
The velocity of electron in this state on the other
(a) 291 nm (b) 364 nm
planet should be
(c) 487 nm (d) 652 nm
(a) v0 (b) v0/2
43. Which transition will occur when a hydrogen
(c) v0/4 (d) v0/8
atom is irradiated with radiation of wavelength
1030 nm? 46. In our world, the ionization potential energy
(a) I (b) II (c) IV (d) V of a hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. On the other
planet, this ionization potential energy will be
Case II : Read the passage given below and
(a) 13.6 eV (b) 3.4 eV
answer the following questions from 44 to 48.
(c) 1.5 eV (d) 0.85 eV
Second Postulate of Bohr’s Theory
Hydrogen is the simplest atom of nature. There 47. Check the correctness of the following
is one proton in its nucleus and an electron moves statements about the Bohr model of hydrogen
around the nucleus in a circular orbit. According atom.
to Niels Bohr, this electron moves in a stationary (i) The acceleration of the electron in n = 2 orbit
orbit. When this electron is in the stationary is more than that in n = 1 orbit.
orbit, it emits no electromagnetic radiation. The (ii) The angular momentum of the electron in
angular momentum of the electron is quantized, n = 2 orbit is more than that in n = 1 orbit.
i.e., mvr = (nh/2p), where m = mass of the electron, (iii) The kinetic energy of the electron in n = 2
v = velocity of the electron in the orbit, r = radius of orbit is less than that in n = 1 orbit.
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(a) Only (iii) and (i) are correct. 1  1 1
(b) Only (i) and (ii) are correct. = R  2 − 2  , where n = 3, 4, 5, ..... .
λ 2 n 
(c) Only (ii) and (iii) are correct. For Lyman series, the emission is from first state
(d) All the statements are correct. to nth state, for Paschen series, it is from third
48. In Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom, let PE state to nth state, for Brackett series, it is from
represent potential energy and TE the total fourth state to nth state and for Pfund series, it is
energy. In going to a higher orbit from fifth state to nth state.
(a) PE increases, TE decreases 49. Number of spectral lines in hydrogen atom
(b) PE decreases, TE increases is
(c) PE increases, TE increases (a) 8 (b) 6 (c) 15 (d) ∞
(d) PE decreases, TE decreases 50. W h i ch s e r i e s o f h y d ro g e n s p e c tr um
Case III : Read the passage given below and corresponds to ultraviolet region?
answer the following questions from 49 to 52. (a) Balmer series (b) Brackett series
Hydrogen Emission Spectrum (c) Paschen series (d) Lyman series
Hydrogen spectrum consists of discrete bright 51. Which of the following lines of the H-atom
lines in a dark background and it is specifically spectrum belongs to the Balmer series?
known as hydrogen emission spectrum. There (a) 1025 Å (b) 1218 Å
is one more type of hydrogen spectrum that (c) 4861 Å (d) 18751 Å
exists where we get dark lines on the bright 52. Rydberg constant is
background, it is known as absorption spectrum. (a) a universal constant
Balmer found an empirical formula by the (b) same for same elements
observation of a small part of this spectrum and (c) different for different elements
it is represented by (d) none of these.

SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Very Short Answer Type Questions (VSA)
1. Why is the classical (Rutherford) model for 6. Find the wavelength of the IInd line of
an atom of electron orbiting around the nucleus Balmer series.
not able to explain the atomic structure?
7. What is the wavelength of the electronic de
2. When is Hα line of the Balmer series in the
Broglie wave in the 3rd orbit of hydrogen?
emission spectrum of hydrogen atom obtained?
3. What is the maximum number of spectral 8. Find the radius of the ground state orbit of
lines emitted by a hydrogen atom when it is in hydrogen atom.
the third excited state?
9. Find the speed in the ground state
4. Find the radius and energy of a He+ ion in
the states n = 2. 10. Calculate the shortest wavelength of the
Brackett series and state to which part of the
5. State Bohr ’s quantization condition of
angular momentum. electromagnetic spectrum does it belong.

Short Answer Type Questions (SA-I)

11. Find the number of unique radiations that of platinum (Z = 78).
can be emitted for a sample of hydrogen atoms 14. The radius of the innermost electron orbit
excited to the nth level. of a hydrogen atom is 5.3 × 10–11 m. What are
12. An electron in the hydrogen atom makes the radii of the n = 2 and n = 3 orbits?
a transition from n = 2 energy state to the 15. If Bohr’s quantisation postulate (angular
ground state (corresponding to n = 1). Find the momentum = nh/2p) is a basic law of nature,
wavelength and frequency of the emitted photon. it should be equally valid for the case of planetary
13. Use the Bohr ’s model to estimate the motion also. Why then do we never speak of
wavelength of the Kα line in the X-ray spectrum quantisation of orbits of planets around the sun?
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16. Would the Bohr formula for the H-atom 18. Using Bohr model, calculate the electric
remain unchanged if proton had a charge current created by the electron when the H-atom
(+4/3)e and electron a charge (–3/4)e, where is in the ground state.
e = 1.6 × 10–19C. Give reasons for your answer. 19. The kinetic energy of the electron orbiting in
17. Consider a gas consisting Li ++ (which is the first excited state of hydrogen atom is 3.4 eV.
hydrogen like ion). Determine the de Broglie wavelength associated
(i) Find the wavelength of radiation required with it.
to excite the electron in Li++ from n = 1 and 20. Calculate the shortest wavelength in the
n = 3. Balmer series of hydrogen atom. In which
(ii) How many spectral lines are observed in region (infrared), visible, ultraviolet of hydrogen
the emission spectrum of the above excited spectrum does this wavelength lie?
system?

Short Answer Type Questions (SA-II)

21. Assume that their is no repulsive force 27. (i) How does de-Broglie hypothesis explain
between the electrons in an atom but the Bohr ’s quantization condition for
force between positive and negative charges is stationary orbits ?
given by Coulomb’s law as usual. Under such (ii) Find the relation between the three
circumstances, calculate the ground state energy wavelengths l1, l2 and l3 from the energy
of a He-atom. level diagram shown in the figure.
22. Show that the first few frequencies of light
that is emitted when electrons fall to the n th
level from levels higher than n, are approximate
harmonics (i.e. in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3...) when
n > >1.
23. What is the minimum energy that must be
given to a H atom in ground state so that it can 28. Show that the radius of the orbit in hydrogen
emit an Hγ line in Balmer series. If the angular atom varies as n 2 , where n is the principal
momentum of the system is conserved, what quantum number of the atom.
would be the angular momentum of such H γ 29. Direction : Read the following passage and
photon? answer the questions given below.
24. The electron in a given Bohr orbit has a total In 1911, Rutherford, along with his assistants,
energy of –1.5 eV. Calculate its H. Geiger and E. Marsden, performed the alpha
(i) kinetic energy. (ii) potential energy. particle scattering experiment. H. Geiger and
(iii) wavelength of radiation emitted, when this E. Marsden took radioactive source (214 83Bi) for
electron makes a transition to the ground a-particles. A collimated beam of a-particles
state. of energy 5.5 MeV was allowed to fall on
[Given : Energy in the ground state = –13.6 eV 2.1 × 10–7 m thick gold foil. Observations of this
and Rydberg’s constant = 1.09 × 107 m–1] experiment are as follows
25. A 12.5 eV electron beam is used to bombard (I) Most of the a-particles passed through the
gaseous hydrogen at room temperature. Upto foil without deflection.
which energy level the hydrogen atoms would (II) Only about 0.14% of the incident a-particles
be excited? scattered by more than 1°.
Calculate the wavelengths of the first member of (III) Only about one a-particle in every 8000
Lyman and first member of Balmer series. a-particles deflected by more than 90°.
26. The value of ground state energy of hydrogen Most -particles pass
atom is –13.6 eV. straight through
(i) Find the energy required to move an electron
from the ground state to the first excited -particles
state of the atom.
(ii) Determine (a) the kinetic energy and About 1 in 8000 -particles
(b) orbital radius in the first excited state of is repelled back

the atom. (i) Gold foil used in Geiger-Marsden experiment

(Given the value of Bohr radius = 0.53 Å). is about 10–8 m thick. What does it ensures?
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(ii) On which factor, the trajectory traced by an circular orbits, find the radius of nth allowed
a-particle depends? orbit.
(iii) In Rutherford scattering experiment the 33. A particle known as µ-meson, has a charge
fact that only a small fraction of the number equal to that of an electron and mass 208 times
of incident particles rebound back. What it the mass of the electron. It moves in a circular
indicates? orbit around a nucleus of charge +3e. Take the
mass of the nucleus to be infinite. Assuming that
30. Positronium is just like a H-atom with
the Bohr’s model is applicable to this system,
the proton replaced by the positively charged
(i) derive an expression for the radius of the
antiparticle of the electron (called the positron
nth Bohr orbit,
which is as massive as the electron). What would
(ii) find the value of n for which the radius of
be the ground state energy of positronium? the orbit is approximately the same as that
31. The photons from Balmer series in hydrogen of the first Bohr orbit for a hydrogen atom.
spectrum having wavelength between 450 nm to 34. A gas of hydrogen like atoms can absorb
700 nm are incident on a metal surface of work radiations of 68 eV. Consequently, the atoms emit
function 2 eV. Find the maximum kinetic energy radiations of only three different wavelength. All
of one photoelectron. the wavelengths are equal or smaller than that
32. A s m a l l p a r t i c l e o f m a s s m m o v e s of the absorbed photon.
in such a way that the potential energy (i) Determine the initial state of the gas atoms.
U = ar2 where a is a constant and r is the distance (ii) Identify the gas atoms.
of the particle from the origin. Assuming Bohr’s (iii) Find the minimum wavelength of the
model of quantisation of angular momentum for emitted radiations.

CASE BASED MCQ'S 13.6

46. (b) : On our planet : E n = −
n2
41. (d) : For Balmer series, n1 = 2; n2 = 3, 4,… 13.6
(lower) (higher) On other planet : E n′ = −
(2n )2
Therefore, in transition (VI), photon of Balmer series is En
absorbed. ⇒ E n′ = = −3.4 eV
4
42. (c) : In transition II, 47. (c) : Centripetal acceleration = mv2/r
E2 = –3.4 eV, E4 = –0.85 eV, Further, as n increases, r also increases. Therefore, centripetal
hc hc acceleration for n = 2 is less than that for n = 1. So,
DE = 2.55 eV ⇒ DE = ⇒l= = 487 nm
λ ∆E statement (i) is wrong. Statement (ii) and (iii) are correct.
43. (d) : Wavelength of radiation = 1030 Å 48. (c) : Potential energy = –C/r2 and
12400
DE = = 12.0 eV total energy = –Rhc/n2. With higher orbit, both r and
1030 Å
n increase. So, both become less negative; hence both
So, difference of energy should be 12.0 eV (approx.)
increase.
Hence for n1 = 1 to n2 = 3
49. (d) : Number of spectral lines in hydrogen atom is ∞.
E n3 − E n1 = −1.51 eV − ( −13.6 eV) ≈ 12 eV
Therefore, transition V will occur. 50. (d) : Lyman series lies in the ultraviolet region.

h nh 51. (c) : The shortest Balmer line has energy

44. (b) : On other planet : mvr = 2n ⇒v =
2π πmr = |(3.4 – 1.51)| eV = 1.89 eV
mv 2 1 e2 mn 2h 2 1 e2 and the highest energy = |(0 – 3.4)| = 3.4 eV
= ⇒ =
r 4 πε0 r 2 n 2m 2r 3 4 πε0 r 2 The corresponding wavelengths are
4h 2 ε 0 12400 eV Å 12400 eV Å
Putting n = 1, we get r = = 6561 Å and = 3647 Å
mπe 2 1.89 eV 3.4 eV
e2 Only 4861 Å is between the first and last line of the Balmer
45. (b) : On our planet : v 0 =
2ε 0 nh series.
e2 v 52. (a)
On other planet : v = = 0
2ε 0 (2n )h 2

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SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS 2c

Here n = 1, Z = 2, v1 = m/s.
137
1. According to electromagnetic theory, electron revolving
10. The shortest wavelength of Brackett series is given as
around the nucleus are continuously accelerated. Since an
accelerated charge emits energy, the radius of the circular path 1 1 1  1.097 × 107
= 1.097 × 107  2 − 2  =
of a revolving electron should go on decreasing and ultimately λ 4 ∞  16
it should fall into the nucleus. So, it could not explain the ⇒ λ = 1.4585 × 10 m –6
structure of the atom. As matter is stable, we cannot expect This wavelength lies in the infrared region of electromagnetic
the atoms to collapse. spectrum.
2. Hα line of the Balmer series in the emission spectrum 11. The first excited level is 2nd line.
of hydrogen atoms obtained when the transition occurs from
From the 2nd level electron can go to level 1 ⇒ one radiation
n = 3 to n = 2 state.
3rd level electron can go to levels 1, 2 ⇒ three radiations
3. Number of spectral lines obtained due to transition
4th level electron can go to levels 1, 2, 3 ⇒ six radiations
of electron from n = 4 (3rd excited state) to n = 1 (ground
nth level electron can go to levels 1, 2, 3, ...(n – 1)
state) is
(4)(4 − 1) ∴ Total number of radiations
N= =6 (n − 1) ⋅ n
2 = 1 + 2 + ...... + (n – 1) = .
2
hc
12. λ =
(E 2 − E1)
1242 eV - nm
λ= = 122 nm.
These lines correspond to Lyman series. (−3.4 eV) − (−13.6 eV)

n2 This wavelength lies in the ultraviolet region.

4. r = 0.529 Since, c = υ λ, the frequency of the photon is
Z
22 c 3.00 × 108 m / s
r (n = 2) = 0.529 × = 1.058 Å υ= = = 2.46 × 1015 Hz
2 λ 1.22 × 10 −7 m
2
2
E (n = 2) = −13.6 × 2 = −13.6 eV 1 1 1
2 13. = R (Z )2  2 − 2 
λ n n 
5. Bohr’s quantization condition : The electron can revolve 1 2
round the nucleus only in those circular orbits in which For characteristic X-rays, we replace Z by Z – a or (Z – 1)
angular momentum of an electron is an integral multiple here. For K α , the electron jumps to the K-shell, hence,
h n1 = 1 and n2 = 2.
of 2π 1 1 1
nh ⇒ = R (Z − 1)2  2 − 2 
i.e., mvr = , n = 1, 2, 3,.... λ 1 2 
2π
1 1 1   1 1 1 1 1
= RZ 2  2 − = RZ 2  −  = (1.097 × 107 m–1) (78 – 1)2  2 − 2 
6.
λB 2 4 9 λ 1 2 
2  2 ( 2 + 1) 
1
36 = 4.9 × 1010 m–1 or λ = 2 × 10–11 m = 0.2 Å.
⇒ λB 2 = λ
5RZ 2
14. Radius of innermost electron
7. 2πr = nλ
n 2h 2ε 0
n2 r=
Here, n = 3 ⇒ 2πr = 3λ and r = 0.53 Å πme 2
Z
9 h 2ε 0
or r3 = 0.53   Å For n = 1, r1 = = 5.3 × 10–11 m
1 πme 2

2πr3 2π For n = 2, r2 = (2)2 r1 = 2.12 × 10–10 m

⇒λ= = (0.53 × 9) Å ≈ 9.99 Å.
3 3 For n = 3, r3 = (3)2 r1 = 4.77 × 10–10 m.
n 2h 2 n2 h
8. rn = = (0.053 nm) 15. Angular momentum mvr = n associated with
4π2mekZe 2 Z 2π
planetary motion are incomparably large relative to h.
For our case, n = 1 and Z = 2, and the result is
For example angular momentum of earth in its orbital motion
r1 = 0.027 nm.
h
is of the order of 1070 .
Ze 2 c Z m 2π
9. v= =
2 ε 0nh 137  n  s For such large value of n, the difference in successive energies
and angular momenta of the quantised levels of the Bohr
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model are so small that one can predict the energy level For ground state (n = 1) of helium atom, energy
continuous.  −13.6 
16. In Bohr’s formula, E1 =  2 (2)2  eV = −54.4 eV
 1 
mv 2 1 Helium has two electrons in ground state, so total energy
= (e)(−e) E = 2E1 = –108.8 eV.
r 4π ε 0
Force ∝ (–e) (e) = –e2 1 2 1 1
22. As λ = RZ  2 − 2  ,
 4   nf n i 
If charge on proton is  + e  and charge on electron is
 3  1 1 
υ = cRZ 2  2 − 2
 3  4  3  2
 n (n + p ) 
 − 4 e  , then their product  e   − e  = –e . Thus
 
3 4 
[as c = υl, nf = n, ni = (n + p), where p = 1, 2, 3...]
Bohr Formula remains the same.  (n + p )2 − n 2 
or υ = cRZ 2  2 2 
1 1   n (n + p ) 
17. (i) As, ∆E = 13.6 × 32 ×  − eV = 13.6 × 8 eV
 1 32   (n 2 + p 2 + 2pn) − n 2 
hc 12400 = cRZ 2  
⇒ λ= = Å = 113.7 Å  n 2(n + p )2 
∆E 13.6 × 8
n(n − 1) 3(3 − 1)  2pn   2cRZ 
2
(ii) Number of spectral lines = = =3 or υ ≈ cRZ2  4  ≈  3  p (∴ n >> 1, p << n)
2 2 n  n 
18. Let a0 = Bohr radius. obviously u ∝ p, i.e., the values of υ are approximately in
v0 = velocity of electron in first orbit. the ratio 1 : 2 : 3.
∴ Time taken by electron to complete one revolution
23. In Balmer series, Hγ line corresponds to transition from
2πa 0 state ni = 5 to state nf = 2.
T= .
v0 Energy required, E = E5 – E1
e
∴ Current created by electron, I =
T  −13.6   −13.6 
e ev =  2  −  2  = 13.06 eV.
= = 0 .  5   1 
 2πa 0  2πa 0
 v  If angular momentum of system is conserved,
0
change in angular momentum of electron = change in angular
19. Kinetic energy in the first excited state of hydrogen atom momentum of photon
EK = 3.4 eV = 3.4 × 1.6 × 10–19 J
 h   h  3h
h = 5  −2  =
de-Broglie wavelength, λ =  2π   2π  2π
2m E K
3 × 6.6 × 10 −34
6.63 × 10 −34 = = 3.17 × 10 −34 J s
= = 0.67 nm 2 × 3.14
2 × 9.1 × 10 −31 × 3.4 × 1.6 × 10 −19
24. (i) The kinetic energy (Ek) of the electron in an orbit is
20. Wavelength (l) of Balmer series is given by equal to negative of its total energy (E).
1 1 1 Ek = –E = – (–1.5) = 1.5 eV
= R H  2 − 2  where ni = 3, 4,5,...
λ  2 ni  (ii) The potential energy (Ep) of the electron in an orbit is
For shortest wavelength, when transition of electrons take equal to twice of its total energy (E).
place from ni = ∞ to nf = 2 orbit, wavelength of emitted Ep = 2E = –1.5 × 2 = –3.0 eV
photon is shortest. (iii) Here, ground state energy of the H-atom = –13.6 eV
7 When the electron goes from the excited state to the ground
1  1 1  1.097 × 10
= RH  2 −  = state, energy emitted is given by
λ min 2 ∞  4
–7
\ lmin = 3.646 × 10 m = 3646 Å
E = –1.5 – (–13.6) = 12.1 eV = 12.1 × 1.6 × 10–19 J
hc
This wavelength lies in visible region of electromagnetic Now, E=
λ
spectrum.
21. There are two protons and two neutrons in helium atom. hc 6.62 × 10 −34 × 3 × 108
λ= =
Two electrons are revolving around the nucleus in first orbit. E 12.1 × 1.6 × 10 −19
It is assumed that there is no interaction between the two λ = 1.025 × 10–7 = 1025 Å
electrons to He-atom.
25. Here, ∆E = 12.5 eV
so, replacing Z = 1 by Z = 2
Energy of an electron in nth orbit of hydrogen atom is,
 −13.6 Z 2 
En =  13.6
2  eV, E n = − 2 eV
 n  n
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In ground state, n = 1 nh  h
2πr = nλ = s ∵ λ = p 
E1 = –13.6 eV p
Energy of an electron in the excited state after absorbing a which gives the angular momentum quantization.
photon of 12.5 eV energy will be h
En = –13.6 + 12.5 = –1.1 eV L = pr = n
2π
−13.6 −13.6
∴ n2 = = = 12.36 ⇒ n = 3.5
En −1.1
Here, state of electron cannot be in fraction.
So, n = 3 (2nd excited state).
The wavelength λ of the first member of Lyman series is
given by (ii) EC C

1 1 1 3
=R  2 − 2 = R
λ 1 2  4 1 3
B
4 4 EB
2
⇒ λ= =
3R 3 × 1.097 × 107 EA A

⇒ λ = 1.215 × 10 m –7 Clearly, from energy level diagram,

⇒ λ = 121 × 10–9 m ⇒ λ = 121 nm EC – EA = (EC – EB) + (EB – EA)
The wavelength λ′ of the first member of the Balmer series (On the basis of energy of emitted photon).
is given by hc hc hc
\ = +
1 1 1 5 λ 3 λ1 λ2
=R  2 − 2 = R
λ′  2 3  36 1 1 1 λλ
36 36 ⇒ = + ⇒ λ3 = 1 2
⇒ λ′ = =
λ 3 λ1 λ2 λ1 + λ2
5R 5 × (1.097 × 107 )
which is the required relation between the three given
= 6.56 × 10–7 m = 656 × 10–9 m = 656 nm wavelengths.
−13.6 28. Radius of nth orbit of hydrogen atom : In H-atom, an
26. (i) ∵ E n = 2 eV
n electron having charge –e revolves around the nucleus of
Energy of the photon emitted during a transition of the charge +e in a circular orbit of radius r, such that necessary
electron from the first excited state to its ground state is, centripetal force is provided by the electrostatic force of
∆E = E2 – E1 attraction between the electron and nucleus.
−13.6  −13.6  −13.6 13.6 2 1 e2
= 2 − 2 = + = −3.40 + 13.6 i.e., mv = 1 e.e or mv 2 = ...(i)
2  1  4 1 r 2 4πε 0 r4πε r 0

= 10.2 eV
This transition lies in the region of Lyman series.
(ii) (a) The energy levels of H-atom are given by F mv2
+e r –e r
Rhc 13.6
E n = − 2 = − 2 eV
n n
For first excited state n = 2 From Bohr’s quantization condition
13.6 nh nh
E 2 = − 2 eV = −3.4 eV mvr = or v = ...(ii)
2π 2πmr
(2)
Using equation (ii) in (i), we get
Kinetic energy of electron in (n = 2) state is 2
K2 = – E2 = + 3.4 eV  nh  1 e2 m ⋅ n 2h 2 1 e2
m⋅  = or =
 2πmr  4πε 0 r 2
4π m r 2 2 4πε 0 r
(b) Radius in the first excited state
r1 = (2)2 (0.53) Å n 2h 2ε 0
or r= ...(iii)
r1 = 2.12 Å πme 2
27. (i) de-Broglie hypothesis may be used to derive Bohr’s where n = 1, 2, 3, ... is principal quantum number.
formula by considering the electron to be a wave spread over Equation (iii), gives the radius of nth orbit of H-atom. So
the entire orbit, rather than as a particle which at any instant the radii of the orbits increase proportionally with n2 i.e.,
is located at a point in its orbit. The stable orbits in an atom [r ∝ n2]. Radius of first orbit of H-atom is called Bohr radius
are those which are standing waves. Formation of standing a0 and is given by
waves require that the circumference of the orbit is equal in
length to an integral multiple of the wavelength. Thus, if r is h 2ε 0
a0 = for n = 1 or a0 = 0.529 Å
the radius of the orbit πme 2

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So, radius of nth orbit of H-atom then becomes  n 2h 2 
Solving, equations (i) and (ii) for r, we get r = 
r = n2 × 0.529 Å  8amπ2 
29. (i) As the gold foil is very thin, it can be assumed that 33. (i) We have
a-particles will suffer not more than one scattering during
mv 2 Ze 2 2 Ze 2
their passage through it. Therefore, computation of the = or v r =
r 4πε 0r 2 4πε 0m
trajectory of an a-particle scattered by a single nucleus is
nh
enough. The quantisation rule is vr =
2πm
(ii) Trajectory of a-particles depends on impact parameter
(2nhπm ) 4πεZe m = Znπhmeε
2
which is the perpendicular distance of the initial velocity (vr )2 0
2 2
0
The radius is r = = 2
vector of the a particles from the centre of the nucleus. For v 2r 2

small impact parameter, a particle close to the nucleus suffers For the given system, Z = 3 and m = 208 me
larger scattering.
n 2h 2ε 0
(iii) In case of head-on-collision, the impact parameter is Thus, rµ =
624πme e2
minimum and the α -particle rebounds back. So, the fact
that only a small fraction of the number of incident particles (ii) The radius of the first Bohr orbit for a hydrogen atom is
rebound back indicates that the number of α -particles h 2ε 0
rh =
undergoing head-on collision is small. This in turn implies πme e 2
that the mass of the atom is concentrated in a small volume.
n 2h 2ε 0 h 2ε 0
For rµ = rh , = or n2 = 624
30. According to Bohr’s formula, 624πme e 2 πme e 2
−me 4 or n 25
En =
8ε20n 2h 2 n(n − 1)
34. (i) =3 ∴ n = 3
where m is called reduced mass. 2
In case of hydrogen, m = me = mass of electron. i.e. after excitation atom jumps to second excited state.
Hence, nf = 3. So ni can be 1 or 2.
For positronium,
If ni = 1 then energy emitted is either equal to, greater than or
m × me me
m= e = less than the energy absorbed. Hence, the emitted wavelength
me + me 2 is either equal to, less than or greater than the absorbed
m ee 4 wavelength.
Since for H-atom, E1 = = −13.6 eV Hence, ni ≠ 1
8ε20n 2h 2
If ni = 2, then Ee ≥ Ea. Hence λe ≤ λ0
−13.6
So, for positronium E 1′ = = −6.8 eV. (ii) E3 – E2 = 68 eV

( )
2
1 1
31. Wavelengths corresponding to minimum wavelength ∴ (13.6)(Z 2 ) − = 68
(λmin) or maximum energy will emit photoelectrons having 4 9
∴ Z=6
maximum kinetic energy. The gas atoms correspond to carbon.
Wavelengths belonging to Balmer series and lying in the given 12400 12400
(iii) λ min = =
range (450 nm to 750 nm) corresponds to transition from
(n = 4 to n = 2). Here,
12400
E 3 − E1
(13.6)(6)2 1 −
1
9 ( )
13.6 13.6 = = 28.49 Å
E4 = 2
= −0.85 eV and E 2 = − = −3.4 eV 435.2
(4) (2)2
∴ ∆E = E4 – E2 = 2.55 eV
Kmax = Energy of photon – Work function
= 2.55 – 2.0 = 0.55 eV
32. The force at a distance r is
dU
F =− = −2ar
dr
Suppose r be the radius of nth orbit. The necessary centripetal
force is provided by the above force. Thus,
mv 2
= 2ar ...(i)
r
Further, the quantisation of angular momentum gives,
nh
mvr = ...(ii)
2π
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