12/1/23, 10:24 AM Lecture Adanvced Geostatistics Part1

Advanced Geo-statistics
By Habitamu Taddese
Hawassa University
March 2022

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Cou
ourrse con
onttents
o Understanding the basics of statistics
o Evaluating spatial data quality
o Non-geo-statistical interpolation techniques
o Introduction to Geo-statistics
o Spatial variation and geo-statistical interpolation techniques
o Applications of geo-statistics

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Cou
ourrse ev
evaalu
luaatio
tion
n
o Mid-exam (20 3 25%)
o Practical exercises or test (15 - 20%)
o Assignment or project work (15 3 20%)
o Final exam (35 - 50%)

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1. Basi
asics
cs of stati
tisstic
ticss
o Statistics is the science of collection, presentation, analysis, and
reasonable interpretation of data
o Statistics provides a graphical presentation or numerical summarization
of data irrespective to the number of data points (sample size)
o It has two common meanings, which we want to clearly separate:
descriptive and inferential statistics
o Descriptive statistics are methods for organizing and summarizing data
o A descriptive value for a population is called a parameter and a
descriptive value for a sample is called a statistic

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Pop
opu
ula
lati
ti
tio
on an
and
d sa
sam
mple
o To understand the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics,
we must first be clear on the difference between population and sample
o The entire group of individuals under study is called population
o For example, a researcher may be interested in the relation between
precipitation (variable 1) and vegetation growth (variable 2) for the
population of pixels in Hawassa watershed.
o Usually populations are so large that a researcher cannot examine the
entire group. Therefore, a sample is selected to represent the population
in a research study. The goal of sampling is to use the results obtained
from the sample to help answer questions about the population
ó description / inference

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POPULATIO e.g. all pixels in an image

All of the individuals of interest

Inference Sampling

The results from the Sample is

sample are generalized selected from the
to the population population

Description e.g. a set of pixels from

SAMPLE
known ground truth points
The individuals selected to
participate in the research study
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Prelilim
min
inaary an
analy
aly
alysi
si
siss for categori
riccal var
aria
ia
iab
bles
o Make a picture (graph)
ü Bar charts
ü Pie charts
o Descriptive statistics
ü Frequency tables (one variable) 3 summarize counts by category
ü Contingency tables (2 or more variables) 3 summarize counts by category for
multiple variables

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Qua
uan
ntit
titaativ
tive
e var
aria
ia
iab
ble
less pr
pre
elilim
min
inaary an
analy
aly
alysi
si
siss
o Graphs
ü Dot plot
ü Stem and leaf
ü Histogram
ü Boxplot
ü Qqplot
ü Time plot
o Descriptive statistics
ü Measures of center: mean, median, mode
ü Measures of spread: standard deviation, IQR, range, variance, CV

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In
Infferen
enti
ti
tiaal stati
tisstic
ticss

Unobserved
Observations
events

Observations (sample) ó inferences (population)

o In statistical inference, we quantify the degree of probability that our
inference is true

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In
Infferen
enti
ti
tiaal stati
tisstic
ticss
o Inferential statistics use sample data to make general conclusions
(inferences) about the population
o Because a sample is typically only a part of the whole population,
sample data provide only limited information about the population.
As a result, sample statistics are generally imperfect representatives
of the corresponding population parameters.
o The variation between a sample statistic and its population
parameter is called sampling error
o A large part of inferential statistics deals with defining and measuring
sampling error

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