Distance between two points Section Formula

kZ2+Z1 )
d =J(x,-x,)'+(y,-y,)'+(Z,-Z,l' k+1

Direction Cosines &Ratios

Direction Cosines
~ ~ ~
a1 a2 a3
a.p.Y Direction Angles cosa= ral . cosp= ral ' cosy= lal
Note: casza + coszp + C05 2y; 1
cos a :: i .. casp =m ; cosy:: n
So
Direction Ratios
If a,b and c are direction ratios then a ex I. ; b oem ; co:: n
i m n
- = - ~ - = l(say)
abc
:. (a,+b' +C' ) i= ii, + m, + n, = 1
Therefore, t =+ a . m- + b ; n;;; ± Jw~~~
- J(a'+b'+c' ) , - - J(a,+b,+c' )
 Line passing through point (a, b, c) parallel
to line having direction cosines t ,m,n is
x-a y-b z-c
Ll : - - = =--
I m n
Equation of a line passing through two
points A & B

Angle between two lines

cos (}:. tlt2 + mlmZ+ "1"2

IfLland lz are Perpendicular (8; 90· )
Or

If II and lz are Parallel

al bl Cl
Or -;-;-
az bz C2

Distance between two skew lines

d;
- - --
(b l x b, ) (a,-ad

Ibl x ihl
Cartesian form Une Ll : X-Xl
--;
Y- YI ;--
Z- Z I

al bl CI
- -- Y-Y'
X-Xl Z- Z2
LI :7- a; + I';;; Une Lz: ;
a, b, c,
LJ:7 - a; +;'Ih
X Z-XI Y'-YI Z Z- Z I
al bl CI
a, b, c,
d;
(b Ic,- b, cI )' +( cIa ,-c, al )'+(a I b,-a, b l )'
 Equation of a plane in Normal form
z ---------------------1
:. EquatlOn:
. ~
r . nAd
:;; ,'
~ ----------- ~-- ~
unit normal vector Perpendicular
~

along ON distance of plane

Cartesian form from '0'
Equation: Lx + my + nz = d
Here t,m,n are the direction cosines of ~
Intercept form of the equation of a plane ABC
. x y z
Equation :-+-+ - = 1
abc
a, band c are the direction ratios.

Equation of a plane perpendicular to a given

vector and passing through a given point

Equation : Cartesian Form

...... It. It. A
if n = ai + bj + ck

Plane : a(x - x,) +b(y- y,) +t(, - , , ) = 0

_ A

The Distance of a Point P From Plane P,: r. n = d

~ A
P . n- d
Perpendicular distance =
I~ I
Equation of a plane passing through
three non - collinear points

Equation : (r - a).[( b - a) x (c - a)) = 0

Cartesian Form

If R =(x " y" , , ), 5 =(x " y" z,) & T =(x"y" , , )

X-Xl Y-Yl Z-ZI

Equation: X l -Xl VZ-Y I Z2-Z1 = 0

X3- XI Y3-Y l Z3- Il
Plane P passing through the Intersection
of two given planes P, & P,
_ A _ A
PI : r. nl ;;; d 1 Or P2 : r . n2 ;;; d 2
Equation of Plane P
p
,----------------------------------------,
: r. (n, + ). -n,)= d, + ). d, ; ).: Constant I,
, .... -
,---------------------------------------_#.
Cartesian form
y
P1 : al x+b IY+C l Z ;;; d 1 Or P2 : a2x+b 2Y+C 2Z ;;; d 2
Equation of plane P :
/---------------------------------------------,
:, (a ,x+b, y+c, z-d, ) + ).(a, x+b, y+c, z-d , ) = 0 ,:
--------------------------------------------_#
If Angle between two planes p, & p, is 8
,--------- ...
I
I COS 8 ;;; "_1
- -_ . n2
,
I
I
, Ind ·ln, 1 ,
,---------.;
Cartesian form
If PI : a l x+b1Y+C IZ+d1;;; 0, P2 : a2x+b2Y+C2Z+d 2 ;;; 0
,--------------------,
I al a2 + b 1b2 + CIC2 I
I COS 8;;; I
,, Jat'+b1'+cl' Ja,'+b,'+ez' ,,
---------------------
Angle Between a Line and a Plane Coplanarity of Two Lines

,....,.... ,....
line: r = a + Ab
,....-
Plane : r . n = d
If I I & l 2 are coplaner, then
r - - -- - -- --,
b - ---
r------------,

--,
I I (a,...._,-a.)
,I.. _ . (b , x b, ) = 0 ,
Therefore cos8;;; I, . n I __________ J

,l _________
Ibl·lnl , J
THE BINOMIAL THEOREM
Helps us expand binomials to any given power without direct multiplication.
General formula for (x+y)n
n
(x + y) n = nCoxnyO + "C,Xn-' y + "C n 2
2X - y 2 + ... + "CrXn.ryr + ... + "CnxDyn = L "CrXn.ryr
r =O

PASCAL'S TRIANGLE
Assuming n = 4. We have (a+b)4 and Formula for the coefficient from
pascal's triangle would look like pascal's Triangle.

Coefficients

It is commonly called "n choose k".

 o GENERAL TERM: T r.1 = nCr x n-, . y'
o MIDDLE TERM: T ( n+2) / 2 = nCn/ 2. xn/ 2. yn / 2 ; when n is even
T (M l l / 2 & T [(n U I/ 2JH ; when n is odd

o NUMERICALLY GREATEST TERM: T,. , ?: T, => T;" ?: 1 => n-~+l I : I ?: 1 => rs (I~i~:)

o TERM INDEPENDENT OF x : Term independent of x contains no x; Hence find the

valu e of r for whi ch the exp on ent of x is zero .

D SOME RESULTS ON BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS

o Co + C1 + C2 + ........ + C n = 2 n o Co + C2 + CA + .... = C1 + Cl + C5+ ..., = 2 n- 1
12nll
o Co , C r + C1 . C,. 1+ , . . . ,', . + Cn- r e n= ,---...:.:....:.:.--:-:
In+rllln-ri l

D _ SOME IMPORTANT EXPANSIONS

X x2 Xl
o elf = 1 + - +- +- + ..... 00 ; where x may be any real or complex number.
11 21 3!
x X2 Xl
o a lf = 1 +- Ina + 2! Inla + 3! Inla + ......... 00 where a > O.
1!
1 1 1
o e= 1 + - + - + - + .... ...... 00
1! 21 31

. LOGARITHMIC SERIES

X2 Xl X4
o In 11 - xl = - x - _ - - - - - , . ... . 0Cl where - 1 < x < 1
2 3 4 -

o (1 + x)n = 1 + nx +
nl n- 1) x' + .:n~(::.n--:1::c),=,(::n:--2::C)'- xJ + ...... .
1.2 1.2. 3
if X be very small, then (1 + x)" = 1 + nx, approximately.

~OULD BE REMEMBERED (Ixl < 1)

o ( 1 + xr 1 = 1 - x + Xl - x J + x4 - .. .. 00 o (1 - X) - 1 = 1 + x + x 2 + x J + X4 + .... 00
o (1 + xr 2 = 1 - 2x + 3 x 2 - 4X l .. .. 00 o (1- x t 2 = 1 + 2x + 3 x 2 +4x 3 + .... CO
 n
Area=~
'" f (X'- O) + f(,,) Ax
1 ,. A:r = ~
n
i=1

Riemann Sum:
n
lim ~ f(.T 1- 1)+f(xl}tu
Area = 11_00 ~ 2
i=1
x
Xu XI Xl Xj .... Xn--I XII = If(:r}dx dt' - infinitely small
•
Area By Horizontal Strips I

, b d d

A= S f(x)dx + S
,
f(x)dx y) A = S, f(y)dy = S, xdy
•
~-----------+X

Area Enclosed Between Two Curves

Case - I: By vertical strips Case - II : By horizontal strips
y y= g(X) y
(x, y ),~-t::- x=g(y)
y= f(x)
d x =f(Y )
dy
( x, y )
,
-;:1--7--------'-+ X x
0' b 0
b b b d d d
A = Sf (X)dX - Sg (X)dX = Slf(X) - g(x)ldx A = Sf(Y )dY -
,
S
,
g( Y)dy =
S[f(Y)
,
- g( Y)]d Y
Average Value of a Function Useful Results
Y x Y ,
• Whole area of the ellipse - ; + --2 = 1 is lab (units) .
, b
Y = f(x):,,;; x ,;; b • Area enclosed between the parabola y2 = 4at &.

r1
~O~~______~
, b
' -+ x
,
•
yw, = __1_ Sf(X)dx
b- ,
d

,
x
2
=
16 ab
• . Z
4by [s - - (umts) .
3
• Area enclosed between the parabola
8 ' ,
Y = mt is - ' - (units).
3m'
l = 4at &.
 IFFERENTIAL EQUATION
ifferential equation is an equation that involves independent and dependent values and
the derivatives of the dependent variables.

t--- - - - - - - - i l l TYPES Of DIffERENTIAL EQUATION 11111-------

.. '

If the differential coefficients have reference If there are two or more independent variables.
to a single independent variable only.
d' y 2dy lIu lIu lIu
Eg : - - - --+ cosx= 0 Eg : - + - - + - = o
2
dx dx IIx lIy liz

ORDER AND DEGREE Of DiffERENTIAL EQUATION 1111- - -- '

:(irder'
j
:
... ...
Order . is the highest derivative.
" ( ~Deg.reei

~ I
q
Degree : is the exponent of the highest derivative.
d~1y
dX~1
r13y
f(x ,Y) [dXm +. (x,y) + ....... =0

I -- - - - - - - - i l l SOLVING DIffERENTIAL EQUATION 1111

1 - - - - - ----;
1 ELEMENTARY TYPE OF 1 sT ORDER AND 1 ST DEGREE
SEPERATION OF VARIABLES METHOD :
Step 1 - Move all the y terms (Including dy) to one side and all the x terms (inculding dx) to the
other side.
Step 2 - Intergrate one side with respect to 'y' and the other side with respect to 'x' .
Step 3 , Simplify it.
SEPERATION OF VARIABLES TYPES :
Type,1 : Equation of the form f(x)dx =- g(y)dy =? ff(X)dX + f g(y)dy = C

Type-2 : Equation of the form :~ = (ax + by + c); b __ a ~ put ax + by + c = t & reduce to Type 1
dyax+by+c
Type-3 : Equation of the form-:: 1 1 1 {if ~ + b,:: O} Cross multiply and note the
dx a 2 x+b2 y+c2
perfect differential d(xy).
Type-4 : Transformation to polar coordinates
(a) x :: r cos 0 ; y:: r sin 0 ; x2+ y2:: r 2; !.:: tan 0 ; xdx + ydy:: rdr ; xdy - ydx :: r 2dO
X

(b) x:: r sec 0 ; y:: r tanO ; Y!_y 2:: r z;!.:: sin 0; xdx-ydy = rdr ; xdy - ydx = r ZsecOdO
x
 2 HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
T -(1) An equation of the form dy = ({x, '1) (where f(x, y) and g{x, y) are homogeneous functions of x
dx glx, y)

and y and of same degree) To solve put y :; tx or x :; ty

dy a x+ b Y+c
T -(2) Equation reducible to homogeneous differenlial- = 1 1 , When 3, b2 - 3
2
b1 ;l 0 or
dx 3 2X + b:zY +C 2
.3.. ~ ~ . Substitution : x = u + hand y:; v + k then reduce differential equation to Home,g.,neou_.
a, b,
Differential Equation T-1

3 ', !LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

A differential equation is said to be linear if the dependent variable and its differential coefficients
occur in the first degree only and are not multiplied together.

where ao{x), 3 1(x), 3z(X) .......... ,a n(x) are called coefficient of Differential Equation.

rd;····_·····_·······-i Equation reducible to linear differential equat:;on,.

:- + Plx)y = Qlx) i
I dx
. _ •••• _ •••• _.4 _ _ 444_
l Equation of the form r·d;·:·;;~;~·:~;~·;~~
To solve !..~-~-.---.- .. ---------------
Calculate : Integrating factor (I.F.) = iP(X)dX To solve divide by ynand substitute y1 -n = t
dl
Solution : yll F )=SQIX)(I F.)dx+C - + 11 - n) P(x)t = Qlx)(1- n)
dx
Now solve as 1 &1 order Linear Differential
Equation

f---- - - I I I SOME IMPORTANT EXACT DIFfERENTIALS

• xdy + ydx = dlxy)
• xdy - ydx = d( In 12:))
xy x
• xdy - ydx = d (lan-'2: )
X2+ y 2 X

• Xd Y - YdX=d(2:)
x' x
• ydx-xdy
xy
= d (In ~)
y
• d(:r) = ( XeYd~~rdX )

• XdY - YdX=d(_~)
y' Y
• XdY+YdX=d(_..!.)
X1y l xy
• d(~)=(Y~d~~dX)
• --"x",dy,-+-,yc::d:::x =--=dllnxy)
xy
dlxy)
xy
• 21xdx + ydy) = [In IX' + y' )] •
X2 + y2
dx +dy
x+y
= d Ilnlx + y))
 TANGENT & NORMAL
TANGENT
Tangent is a limiting case of a
secant

NORMAL
Aline that is perpendicular to a tangent
line at the point of tangency.

Equation: y - y, = rT1T (x-x,)

y,J1 + (mT) 2
Le ngt h : PT = I -'-'''-'--'---!.-'-''-'-
(mT)

-1
Equation: y - YI = - (x-x,)
mT

Length: PN = Iy, h + (mT)21

TM i, the Subtangent and length of TM=I~I

MN i, the Subnormal and length of

 y

Curve 2 : y = g(X) Curve 1 : y = fIX)

~----~~--------~x
o

. -__Curve

.' •
•
.
••
~~~~·~·-
.' ...
· -----------.~X
o -----

• = ±1 = .;rangent at P(x"y,) is Equally inclined to the coordinate axis .

 MONOTONOCITY I!S[!J
Definition
Functions are said to be monotonic if they are either increasing or deaeasing in their entire domain. otherwise
functions are called non-monotonic function.

Monotonocity of a Function at a Point

A fundi on is said to be monotonically increasing at A function is said to be monotonically decreasing at
x = a If f(a + h) > rea)
& r(a - h) < t(a) for small (+ve)h x = a If r(a + h) < rea) & r(a - h) > rea) for small (+ve)h

J' f(a) f(a+h J' f(a--h f{a)

f(a+h)
fl .... ) o

--;O<+-~.~-fl;:--.~--:.~+7h---->- X

Monotonicity of a Function in an Interval (First Derivative Test)

Function (x) is said to be increasing in an interval (a. b) if
,.Function rex) is said to be decreasing is an interval (a. b) if
JY---------------,
:dY---------------'
:- > 0 or f '(x) > 0 : :-<Oorf '(x) <0:
I_~ ______ - - ______ ) 'dx ,
fib
,-----------------,f.)
J' J'
fl• fib)

....,.O;\--~.~---b
;---... x --;:O+--·.----b~---+ ·y

Non-Decreasing Function Non-Increasing Function I

J' f ' (x)~O J'

f '(x) '5. 0

o
~.+"'-------.,b-- ... x -=~------~-+
o • b x

Point of Inflection Critical Point

Point in the domain of f(x) where f '(x) does not Point in the domain of f{x) where f '(x) is equal to zero
changes its sign as x increases through c. or f '(x) fail s to exist. Due to any reason.
J' J'
r(x) f '(x) =O
,,
,,,
, ,,
0 •
'-fl'
, 'c+h b
x -oO;\-~-----~b~+ x
•
 MONOTONOCITY rn2EITI
,Greatest & Lowest Value of a Function
If a continuous function y = (x) is strictly If a continuous functio n y = ( x) is strictly
increasing in [a. b] then decreasing in [a. b] then

y f(b) f(a)
J'
~ f(b)
YT
,,,
,
,,,i
,,
1-..
,,
,,
,,, ,, ,,
,
x -,orr---c.' - - - - tb- - - + x
0 •
(~-~;I~~- ;-i(b) ..: (G~~t;rt -;ai; -;f(;) ~ ..
~ .. ----------------, ~---------------- -,
,
Rolle's Theorem Lagrange's Mean Value Theorem
Let f(x) be a function of x satisfying following conditions: let I(x) be a function al x satisfying the (ollowing:
{ll (x) is continuous in [a. b1 (1) (x) is continuous in (a. bJ

(2) ( x) is d ifferentiable in (a. b) (2) (x) is d ifferentiable in (a. b)

(3) f(a) = f(b) (3) There exist atleaSI one c (a. b) such that
Then there exists atleart one point x = c. which belongs f -f-';C~ -~ --feb)-: f(a) -1
to (a. b) such that :-(-'«()-':-o ': : b- a :
,-------- , ,----------------,
r f '(e) - 0 r

A("'(~ll
&(b"(bll

--.,,+--'--~_+---+ x --".t----.,>--~--+---+ "'

o a c b
• , b

- POints"io-Re m e m~_ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ° 1
• If a function is invertible. it has to be either increasing or decreasing.
• If f is an increasing (unction then its negative i.e. h "" - f is a decreasing function.
• Reciprocal of an increasing function is a decreasing function .
• If f is an Incrt!asing function and g is also an increasing function their sum h "" f + g is an Increasing function.
• If (and g both are increasing function then h "" f x g is also an increasing function .
• If a function f is increasing ( I ) and takes negative values and another function g is decreasing ( 0 ) and takes
positive values, then their product is an increasing function.
• Monotonocity of the difference of two function can be predicted as if I - I "" can't say. 1- 0 = increasing.
0 - I = decreasing, 0 - 0 = can't say.
 MAXIMA AND MINIMA
LOCAL MAXIMUM & MINIMUM ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM & MINIMUM

FINOING MAXIMUM & MINIMUM

FIRST OERIVA TlVE TEST SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST

LOCAL
['(a) =0 ['(a »0 [,(a ) < 0 ['(a) =0 /"(t,) < 0
MAXIMUM

LOCAL
['(b) = 0 ['(b ) < 0 [' (b -) > 0 ['(b) =0 /"lb»O
MINIMUM

SADDLE f' Ie) = 0

['Ie) = 0 ['lc » O [,(c·»0 /"Ie) =0
POINT

• In general at saddle point ( lets = C) f' (I:'") and • In general at saddle point (let x = c I
f' (t· )
both are either positive or negative. [' I'~ = f"lc) = ....... = f" Ie) = o.
CIRCUMFERENCE
l e ngth of the outer edge
I CIRCUMFERENCE
------ - ...... ...
RADIUS
The dlstanc" from the
o f a circl e ," center to the edge: half

~' ... , the diameter

DIAMETER
, "'-p.
~ RADIUS ('
The dltt.nce from edge /
/ SECTOR

,,
to edge passins Ihroush The afea enclosed by an
I
the (!'nler arc and two radII

CHORD : DIAMETER
A ltrelsht line joining I
ARC
l!Iny two points on the
circumference \
\

b o ond SEGMENT
TA NG ENT
,,"'
::..--,. = m::C '

Area = n: (' Area of Length 7

Sector = ",.' ~=-,.. Circumference =_TtT o f Arc = _ 1I r .
'

STANDARD EQUATION OF THE CIRCLE

1. Central Form: 3. When circle touches x· axls
(x - h)' + (y - k)' ~ r' (x - hl' + (y - kl' ~ k'
V V

(h .kJ

c 1'1
rr------
o , ~;:-",:",-"'--:--
o Touching le-axls
,
5. When circle touches the axis 6. I n t e rcepls cu t by the ci rcle
(x - hl) + {y - hP = h2 o n axes:
y Ie' + y2 + 2gx +2fy + C "'" 0

v'
C (h.hJ (-g.-f)

h
.c
+t-"'-'""'---,
 2
A

c
Angle in the same segment and standing The angle at the centre of a circle Is twice
on the same chord are always equal. the angle at the circumference.

;;:
' 3;;:=============~J ';;;:;;:::::====::::::::==~'
A

o B

c ........_--
ABCD is a cvcllc Quadrilateral,

~,;~;;:T:h:O:':":":':O:;:":'::S:O:"'::'-:C:":C:'O::"::':'W::':V'::':OO::.::::~I ,;:::::O:;':":O:"::':":V:O:":":O:':":"::':":.:'O:'::":":":":"::':O :':8:0:':'::~.I

;

6
~ower of. .---- B
Point "
B
p
o
c A

11 QRN Is. secant a QM is tangent then QR.QN = (QM)2 Angle between tangent and radius Is always gO-.
\, If PBA 80 poe are secant to drde then P .... PB=PC. PD .I PrrpendlaJiar bisector of any chord, pass through center.
, J

7 LBAC
B
c
A ....._~t---<::::-
, , Q

....),[ ..-0 A'P-----.i'/'

--- p
Tangents from iii common point (A) to a circle The angle between the tangent and the side of the
, are always equal. , triangle Is equ;lIl to the interior opposite angle.
 (p>r ) Neither tZlnQent
condition of Tange ncy : nor secant
p -= perpendicular distance from (p< r )
~
,'\
"'-
p
_nl
•••
(p-=o) Diameter
center to line
••
r = radius to circle
( p=r) "- / Tangent •
Common tangents of two circles

If two circle are separated If two circles touch

OCT externally

OCT
d>rl+1"2
d=dlstance between centers d=rl+1"2
~ 4 common tangents (2DCT, 2TCT) ~3 common tangents (2DCT,ITCT)

,
If two circles intersect If two circles touch
each other internally

In - r21<d< rl+ r2 d = lrl-r21

~ 2 common tangents (2DCT) ~ 1 common tangent (lDcr)

If one circles is completely • orthogonality of two circles

contained in another circle

~
\J
d<ln - f2 1
~ No common tangent

'" OCT = Direct Common Tangent, TCT = Transverse Common Tangent

•
Position of a point P(X l,Yt) w.r.t . ••
5 L>0
circle : • •
x~+y~+2gx+2fy+C = 0
p
••
••
deponds on •
S l = X1 2 + y12 + 2gXl + 2fy l + c •
 Complex Numbers

A number z=x + iV where X.V E R and i =,J:i : x = Real part o r Re(z}: V = Imaginary part o r Im(z}
- --- -- - - - --- - - -1--
, - --- ---- - - - -- -' - --- - --- - ------
Magnitude , ' Complex conjugate
amp (z) = arg (z)= 8 = tan-l L lfz = x+iy
x
General Argument : 2n1J + 8. n f N then the conjugate of 'r is
Principal Argument: - ."l <8S ;;t ;:------~-:

,, z=x - I'f ,,

----------
Polar Representation I
least Positive Argument : 0 < 8

Exponential Form
~ 2Jt

~--------
I
,---------

Vector Representation
---------------t---------------,---------------
J' ). J'
r = Iz I
, , p(x.y)
r 9
------,<1"'
o = ---->.<
----+-~~~--+ x
,
I

2 : X + Iy may be considered
x=rcoS H.y=rJin H 2 : r e'"' (where eo"" : cos H+ ; sin R ) I as a position vecto r o f point P.

If Z. Z1 and Z2 are complex numbers. then

,
0 arg(any real positive numbe r) = 0
,'0 arg(any real negative number)= ,7

0 -
arg(z- z)= ±"2n :e
0 arg (21.Z2): arg (Z1)- arg(Z2) :0
0 arg(z)= - arg(z)= arg(l/z) Q arg(- z) = arg(z)±;;t

0 arg(z")= n arg (z) (!j) arg{z)+arg{z)= 0

tD IZ1 + z2!2+lzl-z212= 2 11'01'+1',1'1 0 I z,- z21 = I z,+z2 1 C==) arg(z ,)- arg(z2) = ..g
,
0 I zl+z21 = 1211 + I Z2 1 C==) arg(Z 1) =arg(Z2) (D ,'
,
I zl - z212~ (121 1- 1221)2 +(arg(2,)-arg(z2»)2 (l!) : I z'+Z212~ (I z, I + I z21 )2+{arg(z,) - arg(z2»)2

Iz,+Z2 12= IZ112+lz212+2!zd IZ2Icos{6J1-02) . tr.t, 1 Iz,-z21 2= Iz"2+lz212-2 Izd IZ2Ic05(8, -82).
I ~I
where 8,= arg(z,) and 82= a rg(z2) I
, ,
I where 8 ,= arg(z.) and 8 2= arg(z2)
If z = a + ib ~ I = a -ib z1=12I 2
•
• (i)=z Z
• z + I ::: 2a -= 2 Reez) -= purely real • r' = - -
IZ~
• z - Z = 2ib = 21 1m (z) = purely imaginary
• zz= a + b2 = IZ~ = {Re{z)f + {lm(z)p
1 • II, ± Zljl =IZ112 +1Z2l 1 ±2Re (Zla)
• z+Z= Oorz =~ ~ z = Oorz is purely imaginary • II, + Zljl + l ll - Ilil = 2 flzI12 + IZlIlJ

Triangle Inequalities

Parallelogram Identity

• If ABC is an equilateral triangle having vertices Z1. Zl. Z3 then f;;l-~ -Z:;~;~-':-;l;;~-~;: -';;;~ -!
,r-------------------------~
1 1 1 , ,---------------------------}
or 0•---+ - - - + - - - = D• z]- z, '
Z, -Z2 Z2 - Z)
,---- ------ ---- ---- --- -- --_, .-- ------------,
• If z,. Z2. Z3. z.. are vertices of parallelogram then : z\ + Z3 ::: Z2 + Z4 :
'. ----- ---- -- ---'
• If I,. Z2. Z3 are affixes of the Points A. Band C in the Argand plane. then
,- ------------------\ ,----------------------------~

[Z3- Z') :
o 0
(a) lI LBAc=a 'rcr0 (b) '' ll
23 - 21 123 - 211 .. , h C
l.z-Z, ' 2 = (cos a +.sm a )" W ere a =LBA
o 0 : - I Ill - 2q :
o
' . - - - - - - - - - - - ______ 1
,----------------------------,
• The equation of a circle whose centre is at
point having affix zo and radius
,,- ----------
,oR ISI2
· -lD l =
-.R O

-.r=a
I

'--- ------- ---' -----------------,

• If a, b are positive real numbers then: x J:5 =- JiTi :
,------------------~
In tegral powers of iota

Hence
 Statement
- - ,
(i) if n f Z (the set of integers) , then (cos fJ + i sin 8 )" = cos (n fJ ) + i sin (n fJ )

(ii) if n f Q (the set of rational number), then cos (n fJ ) + i sin (n fJ ) one of the values of (cos 0 + ; sin fJ )".

Let z = a + Ib be a complex number. and let r (cos 8 + i sin 0 ) be the polar form of z.

Then by De Moivre's theorem rlln{ cos( -:.)+ I Sin({-)} is one of the values of zvn.
Cube Roots of unity nttl Roots of unity

z = 0)""
z - (I)'" Roots : l. aJ,Q:!, •.••• a l'>-!

Roots : 1. tu. w2. where j~ ~~r .~ 2.~r

ur.e · -cos - - +,,.n - -
n n

Properties of Cube Roots of Unity

==
Properties of nttl Roots of Unity
~

• 1 + tu' +tu 2l' = 0 r ~ 3n • They are in G.P. with common ratio e' .......

• llJ
1 10 2~ .. 2~
= e T : cos -+ISIn-
3 3
=- - I2 +1.5- 2 • I p + a .P + a JP + ..... +a P~ -_ olr p ~ 1m
~ IT 4.~ . . 4.~ I . .[3 • 1' + ( a. )P + ( a ,)P + ..... + ( a~ )P = n ifp = len
llJ' =e =cosT+, sInT =- T - ' T
• The three cube roots of unity when ploued on the • (1 - a . ) (l - a , ) ...... (1 - alO4 ) = n
argand plane conrtitute the vertices of an equilateral • (1 + a. ) (1 + a}) ...... (I + a ~ ) = Oifn is even and I if
triangle. +i
"'''''-1-...... n is odd
• (I .a • .a , . aJ -U ~) = {- I)I'>-!

{tu-a~)=I~
ifn=3k
• (w-a. ){0)-a2) ...... ifn=3k+1
1- ifn=3k+2
-;

Centroid , Incentre. Orthocentre & Clrcumcentre of a triangle on a complex plane

Ca) Centroid' G ' = z. + ~ + z) Alz!)

(b) Incentre' I ' = all +b:+CZl

a+ +c \ b
Zlran A + Qtan 8 + ZJ tanC
--=". . _\
(c) Orthocentre ' ZH ' ""

·
ABC
tan + tan + tan
• Z ' ZI (sln2A) + Q (51028) + Zl (sio2C)
(0) C Ircumcentre s = . . .
- - -
m ...

B{~) !!~~;2!D~,!.,==i''=7'=-::-
~ cell) -
sIn2A + sln28 + sm2C c (/)'SB b C05C
 Mathematical Definition of Point Continuity
A function rex) II said 10 be continuous I! IC ., iliff,
J" left RIght
: UmJ{x) - x)., f(l) "" finite quantity : ~ ,, !:::::;.
______IoUrn/e
I.~ :-_a :-. :! _____________________ .'
On!! sidl!!d Continuity
,: fit)
•,,
• continuoul at x=a from left if Urn r{x) _ f(a)
,-.- •
---1f---~,",""""-----+.x
• continuous at x::a from right if Urn f()!) _ f{a)
x-,
X_II'

Continuity In An Interval
In an Open Interval (a, b) If
J'
if ills contin.louilit each.nd every point c £(a,b). fib --~-------
: Jr')
1M ------- , ,
In a Closed Interval (a. b] If
fl. --- ,, ,, ,,
(a) f(w, Ii oonlinuou'l In (1I.b).
,, ,, ,,
,-.
(b) rex) II right conlinuouillt x_ a. I.I!. Urn/fll) _ f(a) _ II flnlte quantity

(c) rex} Is tfl't conlinuoullIl x_ b. Le. Urn f(x} _ '(bl _ II finitl! quantity
-1f---±~,.,_,~---+.-
x - a :r - ~ :,; - ,

x_ b-

Theorems of Continuity
.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------,
r If 'r & 'I' lire continuous,at x .. a, then f 1" g. I., will also be contil'lUOUS at x'" a. And ; will !
~_ ................ ~~~.~~~~'~~~.P.~~~~ ~i~). :.~.............................................. )
,. ................ ·11 ;".is·~·ti~~·;; ;.': .j;&·,g.·I~·dl;;;~~~~~~;;; ; ·; .; ;h~· 1 ~· ~· ~.~~.dI;;~~~ ~; ..":
Theorem · 2
••.........
x ... However nothing definite can be said about f., or fIg.
_.... __ .... _.............. __ .......................... _............................••
•
•.............................................................................................••
,
Thl!ol'l!m - 3 If I(x) & g(x) are discontinuous at x '" a then nothing definite can be said about f ± g. f.g or fig :
,,_._._ ..... _. __ .. _._._-------------------_._-----_._----_._-------_._-------_._--------_._----,•
,,------------ ---------------------------- -------------- ------------- --------------------------. ,,
: )' ftr:)
: fib) ---------
Intermediate value theorem
If 'f II continuous on [a. b1 & (a) "" f(b} then
~ ------
p.)
, for any value c E. (f(a). f(b)) there existi al least
,: one number Xo E. (a. b) such thai f(~) "" c
,,
,, Alternatively
,
,, «xl is continuous in Ia.bl and f(a) & (b) have opposite signs then the equation f(x) '" 0 has at least one root in (a.b).
1 M J'
Jr')

~f'--f,;,---l---,t-_
..... X, b x
---------- If·)
one mot More Ihan one rool
 Left Hand Derivative (LHD)

~~ __~---------. x
o )(:::a o

fCa - h) - ICa)
f'(a-) - Um - - - - - - - - : (h > 0)
.-0 -h

!•,---.----.------------ ..-------------------~I•
Differentiable if f '(&-) - f '(a")
• •
:, um f(a -h)-f{a)
=
U
m
f(a + h)- f(a) :
'
I 11- 0 - h h- O h !
,------------------------------------------,

Open interval (a,b) Closed intervalla,bl

y

LHO

~~--~------~-. x -'~----------~bC-- X
o a b o •
A function fIx) is said to be differentiable A function rex) is said to be differentiable
over (a. b) if it is differentiable at each over [a, b] if:
and every point c £ (a , b). • It is differentiable In (a, bl.
• It is right differentiable at x = a.
• It is left differentiable at x =b.
 WHAT IS A OffiRMINANT ?
Every square matrix can be associated to a number which is known as a Determinanl
If A ----t square matrix
IAI or del A or Ii ----t denotes the determinant of A

• Columns: C, C, C, • All entries (1,2,3,4,5,6 ,7 ,8 ,9) are

~ ~ ~ called elements of the determinant.
. ,--> 2 3
Rows: Rl-+ 4 5 6
R,--> 7 8 9 ---+ Is a determinant of order '3'.

O SUBMATRIX
A matrix obtained by deleting some rows or ccHumns is said to be a submattix .

• • •
If A:
[
,
II:

P
b
y
q r s
'd]
zw;Thenxz.
p r •
[,,]
are all submatric es of A.

e MINORS & COFACTDRS

' ,~I!:(.j*' are defined as the determinant afthe sub matrix obtained by deleting jill row
and Jh column of the determinant (let determinant be A ) Denoted by M.

COFACTOR . denoted by Cij and Is defined by C, = (-1)IOj M~

o HOW TO FIND THE OffiRMINANT ?

Matrix should be square matrix of order greater then 1, let A = [ad",, "
Determinant of A Is defined as sum of products of elements of anyone row (or one
column) with corresponding cofactors.

•
•
A;; =
........
all an an
~
•
IAI = 8 '1 C'I + a lt C,! + 8 ll C1S(uslng
an an a21 an 8.11 8n
, sl row)

al l an all
or lAI- an an all
-a12
all an
+ a1)
a)1 au
 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS IE2Ei1l
The value of a determinant remains unaltered, if the rows & columns are inter·
changed .

.,..
• b, c, ., ., ., • •
D~ b, C2 b, b, b, = D'~ 0 & 0' are transpose of each other.
.,
~

b, c, c, C2 c,

If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be interchanged, the value of

determinant is changed in sign only.

• • •
., b, c, ., b, Cl
D= ., b, C2 and 0' = ., b, C1
., b, c, ., b, c,

If a determinant has any two rows (or columns) identical, then its value is zero.

• • •
al bl (I
D= 81 bl (I then it can be verified that
a] b] c]

If all the elements of any row (or column) be multiplied by the same number then the
determinant is multiplied by that number.

• • •

If each element of any row (or column) can be expressed as a sum two terms then the
determinant can be expressed as the sum of two determinants.
• • •
31+X bl+Y Ct+z 81 x
a2 b2 (2 =a2 + .,
a] bl C3 a) .,
The value of a determinant is not altered by adding to the elements of any row
(or column) the same multiples of the corresponding elements of any other row
(or column).

• • •
D=
al
a2
bl
b~
Cl
C2 andD'= ., b, C2 . Then
a) b3 CJ

Note :· While applying this properly at/east one row (or column) must remain unchanged.
 DETERMINANT: CRAMER'S RULE
~
Simultaneous linear equations involving three unknowns x, y and z
• •
.,x + b,y + cO' ~
dl ............. (i)
a2X + b,y + C2Z = d, ........ .•.. (ii)
a]x + b,y + c)z ~ d] ........... (i ii)

The solution for the above system of linear equations

• • •
[ ~' 1
0, 0,
x=-
0 ; Y=o z=
where

ao bl dl bl ., dl ., bl dl
O~ ., b, "
C2 : 01 = d, b, "
C2 02 = ., d, "
C2 : 0] = ., b, d,
.J b,
"
d, b,
"
., d,
"
., b, d,

Nature of the Solutions

When 0=0 When 0"0

At least one of 01. 02. All least one of 01.

OJ is non-zero 02. D) is non-zero

Equations are inconsist- Equations are consistent Equations are consistent Equations are consistent
.-ent & have no solution &. have infinite solution &. have unique solution &. have a trivial solution

.. If a given system of linear equations have only zero solution for all its variables then the
given equations are said to have trivial solution.

.. If a system of linear equations (in two variables) have definite & unique solution , then they
represent intersecting lines.
.. If a system of linear equations (in two variables) have no solution, then they represent
parallel lines.
.. If a system of linear equations (in two variables) have infinite solutions, then they represent
Identical lines.
 dy
If dx = f(x) ..
Integral Symbol Integrand : Function we want to integrate

I= I f( g(x) ) g'(x) dx • Let g(x) = u • then

dg(x)
dx
=g'(x) = du
dx
V
I =If (g(x) ) g'(x) dx Then we can Integrate f (u), and finIsh by putting g(x)

I = I
r?
f (u) du
back as u.

I =I f(x) .g(x)dx • r =f(x) I g(x)dx - I f '(x). ( I g(x)dx ) dx

A helpful rule of thumb is l LATE. Choose f(x) based on which of these comes first:

Inverse Log ar ithmic Algebraic Trigonometric Exponential

Trigonometric Fun c ti ons Functions Functions FUnctions
Functions

Euler's substitutions for integration 1 =I R(x .Jax 2 +bx + c) dx

Substitutions
1. Jax + bx + =t ± j;x ; a > 0
2 C 3. Jax + bx + c =t x ± F ;c > o.
2

2. Jax' + bx + = Ja(x - x, )(x - x, ) = t (x - x,) = t(x - x, ),

C
 Expressing complicated algebraic fractions into 'Partial Fractions'.
Partial Fractions with 'Repeated Linear Factors' in the denominator.

Denominator containing Expression Form of Partial Fractions

f (x) A B
Linear factor --+--
(x + a)(x + b) x+a x+b

f (x) A B C
Repeated linear factors + +
(x + a)' x+a (x+a)2 (x+a)3

Quadratic term f(x) Ax + B C

+
(which cannot be factored) (ax2 + bx + c)(gx + h) ax 2 + bx + c gx+h

ALGABRAIC TRIGONOMETRIC
(ax + b)'" J sin(ax + b) dx =--.!... cos (ax + b) + C
J(ax + b)' dx =
a(n + 1)
+C a

n;o -1, n€R Jcos(ax + b) dx = : sin(ax + b) + C

J ax+ b
dx
a
=
In (ax + b)
+C Jsec2(ax + b) dx = : tan(ax + b) + C
a Px+-q
Jcosec2(ax + b) dx =- : cot(ax + b) +
J dx = p.lna ,. a
a px+-q >0
cosec x cot x dx =- cosec x + c

MISCELLANEOUS

J dx =_1 tan-1_x =sin-1~

a
J dx
2
1
=-sec-
a
1 X
-
a
a2 +x 2 a a x ";x2_ a

J dx J dx J dx
(x - a)j (x - a)(b - x) j (x - a)(x - b) (ax + b)jPx + q

Put P x + q =t 2
DEFINITE INTEIiRAL AS LIMIT DF A SUM

h[f(a) + f(a + h) + f(a + 2h) +•••• + f(a + n - lh)]

n-1 b -a
= 11m
R.CD
h I f(a + rh) where h = n
r=O
 REVERSING THE INTERVAl y ADDING INTERVAl
Reversing the direction of the We can add two
interval gives the negative of adjacent intervals
the original direction. together>.

-+~'--~C--~b--~~· X

r
-+----'-----'-....,.,,~ x

f(x)dx =- J: f(x)dx ff(X)dX = J.~(X)dX + L~(X)dX

• •
•
b b

Jf(x)dx =Jf(a+b-x)dx, In particular

•
i
o
f(x)dx = I f(a - x)dx
0

~
W Io
oT

f(x)dx =n I
0
T

f(x)d X
where '1' Is the period of the function
I.e. f(x+ T) = fIx)
 TYPE OF MATRICES
Row Matril • • Column Matril • •
Matrix having A\IoJ-11231 Matrix havfng
only one row. only one eolumn.
•
--------------------------------------------~--------------------------------------------
Square Matril • • lero/Null Matril • [] .
Matrix having same
number 01 rows and
A"p [~~!]
7' 9
Matrix hovlng on
elements equol
A3. J ". 0 0= ~~~
a00
columns. to zero.
--------------------------------------------.--------------------------------------------
Upper Triangular Matrix Lower Triangular Matril
• • • •
Afl e"hies below All entries above
the main dlagonal ' 23]
AJ..J- 0 56 the moln diagonal ' 00]
Ole zero. [00 9 Ofe letO.
N.J- 45 0
[ 789

--------------------------------------------.--------------------------------------------
•
Diagonal Matm Identity/Unit Matril · [ ].
All enhies above Dlogonal matrlces AJ.l '" ~~~
and below the in which ~I diagonal 00 1
Pflnclpol diagonal elements ore unity/ one. _ _..;_~-,
ore zet'o.
OPERATIONS ON MATRICES
Addition Matril Sltbtraction Matril
Molrk:es must hove some order. MotJices must hove some order.
•

r~ ;l,[o]
A+8 - l46 + r l6ifb]-
r 8]
II -9 lS-3
A-8-l()~
46
]-r·~]-r 8]
ll-9 l315
•••
--------------------------------------------y--------------------------------------------
Equality Matril Transpose of a Matrix
Molfk:es hoving some order with 011 the A matrix formed by turning 011 the rows Into
c:onespondlng elements being equol. c:olumms ond vic:e·verso. AT.
•

A.J =: 05 o~
' 0 0; B)oJ =
[009
1-------<111 MATRIK MULTIPLICATION 111>----
Part II I
Mlltiplicatiln 01 Mltrix with. Scallr Mlltiplicltill 01 I Mltrix with Inother Mltrix
Each "'.ment of the MotrIxls multiplied If a matrix A and another matrix. then A x I
bV the scatar Possible'
,.....~-.~ ;;;. ~- ..... •
A..,~ •
•
• •

r;;
2x [CI1 -9a] "'" l2r@-18O]
<

[ ~~:l
298 "tl, [~
2 0 .'

These mwt match

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How to Mlltiply • Mltrix by Anltller Matrix?
• • •
0 0 0 0 0 0 +0 0 +0 f) ~
0 0 0 lX 0 = 0 0 +0 0 +0 f) = ~
f) 0 0 f)
'x, f) 0 +0 0 +0 f) , x, ~ 'x,
'"'
1---------<1111 INVERSE OF AMATRIK 111>--------1
ReciprDcal of I Matrix.
for a matrix A Inverse of this .

t.
Reclprocol Reciprocal
• fof 0 mothe. A
(motrbc) X (lnv.se of matrix) ...
I.e. AXA-IalorA-I)(A. [
But Ax A-I II A-I X A

H.. 10 find Illene of I Malrix ?

• • •
Step · I Slep . II Slep • III
Check whether Matrix A is If Matrix A Is Non-singular. Follow the formula
lingular or non-singular I.e. then find the value of 1
AI=-adJ A
IAI - 0 :::jo singular determinant and also find IAI <

IA I .... 0 .. Non-singular one adjoint matrix A.

• (A- Ir' >I: A, If A is non-singular.

1 1 1
• U A .. clog (011 . ou...•... a...) Then. A-I;; dlag(- · - ......... - )
all 022 OM
---------<11111 TYPE OF SQUARE MATRICES
Nilpotent Matrix Idempotent Matrix
If .' .. a where 'P' Is the • • If 82 • e. Then. 'B' 15 an • •
least .ve Integer. Then.
'8' is a Nilpotent matrix.
[1 1 3]
e"" 5 2 6
-2 -1-3
Idempotent mo1r1x.
B- [ ~ o1
0]
o1 0

•
---------------------------------------------j-------------------------------------------
In.olutory Matrix Symmetric Matrix
• • • •
If 82 =I. Then. ".'Is a 100] I aT .. S. Then. '8' Is a 1 4 5]
InvoMory matrlx
B-
[ 0 1 0
o 0 1 Svmmetrlc motrtx.
B ,..
[ 563
426

•
---------------------------------------------j-------------------------------------------
Skew Symmetric Matrix Unitary Matrix
• • f S' {B')T. I where S'ls • •
IfB':-landall
Principal dlogonal 0 12] the complex conjugate
elemlMts are ~O. Then
'B' Is a skew symmetric
[
8"' - 103
-2 - 3 0 of B. Then .• is 0
unitary matrix.
matrix.

Orthogonal Matrix
A square matrix '.'If aTa _I ... aT or aT .. 8"1. Then. -8' Is an Orthogonal matrix.
--------<1111 Points To Rememher
In a skew-symmetric motrlx all the . .. .
For any square matrix A. A + AT Is symmetrtc &. A - AT Is skew-symmetric.
Every square matrix con be uniquely expressed as a sum of two square matrices of which
one Is symmehic and the other Is skew·symmetric
A =. + C, where. = ~ (A + A') &. C =~ (A_AT)

Let be a scolo, &. A be a motrtx. Then

(AI!. Al !: "M.t An)'" Ai t A! t ... :!:. A! where Ajar. comporobt•.

(AI. Al ....... "",T .. A!. A..-1 .... w ~ • A~ plovlded the product Is defined.
A+I" I+A
(A + I) + C" A + (I + C)
o .. 10] m ~ n Is the t;.r[.:;J-rtJ:Il:r::;!lIj;l
A(A + I) aAA +,u
 dy __ Um AY __ Urn ftx + Ax) - f(xJ -+ Instantaneous rate of change of
dx {\JII_ O Ax ~x_o -....:..:--
Ax • 'I'} y W.r. t .x

Fundamental Rules for Differentiation

d d d
1 PRODUCT RULE -
d.
(ffx1.gCx]] "" f[xl -
dx
{gOd} + gW -
dx
{fuJ}

d d
gW. - {flxl} - flxl.- {glxl }
2 QUOTIENT RULE d ftxl
~
dx dx
d. gW (g"'l)'
dy dy du
3 CHAIN RULE if Y :: fful & u :: gDt) then -
d.
~
du d.

d d
- (sinx) = cos x - (sec ' xl '"
dx dx

d d -1 xl >1
- (cosx) - - 5lnx - (cosec' xl "
dx dx
d -1
.!.. (tan xl = sec 2 x - (cor'x, - _ _ . xe R
dx dx 1+x 2

d d
- (sec.) "" seCX.tanK - (x"): n.x" -'; XER. ne R, x > O
dx dx
d d
- (cosec x) :: - cosecx.cot x - (a-): a-.Ina ; a > O, a;1
dx dx
d
- (cot xl m - cosec 2 x
dx
d 1 d 1
- (sin-' xl = . - 1<x<1 - (log. 1 x 11 = - log.e
dx ~ dx x

d -1 d 1
_ (cos·' x) = . - 1<)«1 - (In Ixll - -
dx ~ dx x

d 1 d
_ (tan-' x) - - - . xe R - (constant) · 0
dx 1 +)(2 dx
 METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION I!.S!I!I
l ' Hopital Rule

,
.-..
:, t ,
Lim fix)
- = -oo r'"-
O '"

fix) & g(x) are differentiable at x = a .

, ',
.
L

,.
." ': I'i '::.
'

Lim fIx) = Lim f(x) = lim rex) = ... tililhe indeterminate

--- glx) . - .. g'{x) -- - g"(x) form vanishes.

Guillaume de L' Hopital

logarithmic Differentiation
If Y = [f(x)}"' · ) ~ In y = g(x) In (f(x)]

=:> +- . :~ = dd
x
{9(x) .ln[f(x)] }

Parametric Differentiation
dy dyldl
II x = 1(1) & Y =g(l) lhen =
dx dx/dt

Differentiation of Inverse Function

dx 1 1
Y = fix) and x = g(y) are Inverse function of each other - = or g'(y) = fex)
dy dy/dx

Derivative of a Determinant

(I(X) 9 (x) h (x) )

where f,Q,h,I,m,n,u,v,w are
If F (x) = ( I (x) mix) n (x) )
differentiable function of x then
(u(x) II (x) w(x) )

( I '(x) 9 '(x) h '(X») I (x) 9 (x) h (x) I (x) 9 (x) h (x)

F' (x) = I (x) mex) n (x) + ( I '(x) m'{lC) n '(X») + I (x) mIx) n (x)

U ()I) II (x) w(x) u (x) v (x) wlx) (u'(x) II '(x) w(x) )

 COUNTING TECHNIQUES
PERMUTATIONS COMBINATIONS
• Combination is the number of ways to
• Permutation is the number of ways to
choose things.
arrange things.
Eg : My Salad Is a Combination of
Eg : My safe code is 492. corrot, Onion. Tomato and lemon.
(order doesn't matter)
·(order matters)
.................. 'nJ' "
: ······················,,·,·········(··n·)' '
• P(n.r) =npr=rr 'j WhereO..:s..r..:s,.n
.........................•
• :C(n,rJ= nCr = . = !- WhereO<r<n
:..................... rlJ,,~.r!! ..... r.. : ' - -
n the number of things to choose from
r- the number of things we choose n the number of things to choose from

factorial. r the number of things we choose

TYPES OF PERMUTATIONS & COMBINATIONS

When Repetition is Allowed , When Repetition is not Allowed,

1. Permutations with Repetition 1. Permutations without Repetition

Formula: nr Formula: np, _ nl
(n-r)l
(Repetition allowed. order motters)

• •• (No repetition. order matters)

· ......... ...
.. .
•• • • •••• . • ••
...
..

.. ...
.. . . .. ...
taking 2 at a time
~ taking 2 at a fime

2. Combinations with Repetition 2. Combinations with Repetition

Formula: (n.r-11c, nl
Formula: "C, - - - ' " - -
rl(n-r)l
(Repetition allowed. order does not matter)
(No repetition, order does not molter)

• •• .L taking 2 at a time
• ••
.. .. ..
• •• •• • • •• • •• • •
faking 2 at a time
 PermutaHons = __...!!n:...I_ _ Pr - Number of things among 'n' a re excatiy alike of rfhtype.
PII P21 ..... P,I

Number of Permutations =n'

Case 1 : When clockwise and anticlock wise arrangements are different.

Number of Permutations : (n - 1)1

Case 2 : When clockwise and antk:lock wise arrangements are not different.
1
Number of Permutations : -In - 1)1
2

1~ la"an under Restrictions

Case 1 : When '5' particular things ore always to be included.
(n - s)I'1
Number of Permutations : _.!:.:.--=!:..c'-
(n - ,)! (, - s)1

Case 2 : When a particular thing is always to be included {s = 1J.

- .:.l)1:.1.::,1
Number of Permutations : _.1:(n::..::. ,-
(n -,)I (,-1)1

Case 3 : When 's' particular things a re never be included.

(n - .)1
Number of Permutations :
(n-. - ,)I

Case 4 : When a particular thing is never included (s = 1).

(n - 1)1
Number of PermutaHons :
(n -,- I)1
Case 5 : When 'm' particular things always come together.

Number of PermutaHons : (n - m + 1)1 X m!

Case 6 : When 'm' particular things never come together.

Number of Permutations : n! - (n - m + 1)1 X ml

 Number of Combinations : (n. I-IIC,

Tolal Number of Combinotions

Case 1 : Ways of selecting one or more than one things.

Number of Combinations : nc , + nc, + ....... + nCn : 2n- 1

Case 2 : When 'SI' alike objects of one kind. 'S2' a like objects of 2 nd kind and so on ...... 'Sn' alike
objects of nit! kind .

Number of CombinaHons : (5 , + 1) (52 + 1) ...... (Sn + 1)-1

Case 3 : When 'Sl' alike objects of one kind. 'S2' alike objects of :znd kind and so on .... 'Sn'
alike objects of nth kind and rest 'p' different objects.

Number of CombinaHons : (SI + l)(s, + 1) ..... (Sn + 1»)2p- 1

Combinations Under Restrictions

Case 1 : When 's' particular things are always to be included.

Number of Combinations : (n-'JCII_I)

Case 2 : When a particular thing is always 10 be included.

Number of Combinations : (n - l)C(r_1)

Case 3 : When's' particular things are never included (s = 1) .

Number of Combinations : {n-slc ,

Case 4 : When 'm ' particular things never come together.

Number of Combinations : nc , - (n - mICtr_m)

 Number of ways it can happen
Probability of an event happe ning =
Total number of outcomes

If there are 'n' equally likely events out of these 'm' m

peA) =-
are in the favour of 'A' then the probability of event A is n

There are 'n- m' occasions when event 'A' does not - n-m m
happen. The event A does not happen is denoted by A peA) = - -=,- - ='-P(A)
n n
and probability of event A does not happen is

• PROBABILITY LINE •
(
More unlikely o~ P ( A) <1 __...;M...;O...;":..;I...;ik...;"~Y_ _~)
Impossible Even chance Certain

I I I

Rolling a 1.. Heads P =112 The sun will rise

p=o P=l
TERMINOLOGY

Sample space

Complement
of an event

Mutually
exclusive events

when each event Is as likely to occur as any other event.

Exhaustive A set of events Is caned exhaustJve if al the events together consume ttle entire sample
events spice.
----------------_. INDEPENDENT EVENTS

Independent Events are not affected by previous events.

This is an important concept!
ham pie : A coin does not know that it landed up heads berore .... ,,, .
.... each toss o( a coin is a perfect isolated thing . I
H I
I
I
,--------------------------------------------------------,
DEPENDENT EVENTS
-----------------,
Events that depend on what happend
before
Example :
Taking colored marbles 'rom a bag : as you
take each marble. there are less marbles left
in the bag, so the probabilities change.
--------------------------------------------------------,
BINOMIAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
------------ ....

Let probability of success of an event be p & probability of failure be q =1 - P

The probability that the event will happen exactly 'x ' times in 'n' trials is given by the
probability (unction.
_• .t.~_ ......_.,.~. . .~~

, r(x) ;; . p eX ;;- x) = ( n ) p"qn •• ;;-,.......-

_ _n! -_
__ - p"qn_.
I· . •• ' ~ vlCn-.)! ~
~ .... &40~~ .......... _~
..

\_-------------------------------------------------------~
,---------------- BAYE 'S THEOREM
-----------------,
"an event A can occur only with one of the n mutually exclusive and exhaustive
events 8T, 82,..... 8 n & if the conditional probabilities of the events.

P CA I 8 , J, PC A I 8, J..... PC A I 8 n J are known then,

~--------------------------------------------------------
,,,----------------- ADDITION THEOREM -----------------,
,
:, 0 "A & B are mutually e1(clusive events, then the probability or event A or B occuring is
, ------------:1
', P(A or B) = peA) • P(B) ,
------------
e If A & B are not mutually exclusive events, then

peA or B) = peA) • PCB) - peA and B)

= peA) • PCB n A) =PCB) • peA n B)

= p(AnB)' p(AnB) = P(B). p(BnA)

=1- p(AnB) =1- P(AUB)
e If A & B are mutually ue1usive then I PCAU-SJ;-PCA): ;(8)-'
'"------------'
,,,---------------- MULTIPLICATION THEOREM -----------------,
,,
I
, DEPENDENT EVENTS OR CONTICENT EVENTS
• ___________________________________ _
,,
,,, How to handle Dependent Events?
or event B given that event A has
, PCB I AJ Is called the conditional probability
already occured.
PCB I A) = p(An B) p(AnB) = P(A) PCB I A)
peA)

Note: for any three events AI, Az, AJ

INDEPENDENT EVENTS

• for two independent events A & B p(AnB) = prA) . prB)

• Three events A,B & C are Independent if & only if aU the following conditions hold:
p(AnB) = P(A). P(B) ; prBne) = prB) . pre)
p(enA) = pre) . peA) & p(AnBne) = peA). PCB). p(e)

i.e., they must be pairwise as well as mutually independent.

• for n events AI, At, AJ ••.•..•••.•. An to be independent, the number of above conditions
Is equal to nC, + nCl + .•••. ••• . nCn ;: 2" - n - 1
Note: Independent events are not in general mutually exclusive & vice versa.
--------------------------------------------------------;
 -btJb2=4aC
a ,{ 3 =2a
----

-b c
a+{3 = - , a{3 =-
a a

For a> 0 For a < 0

r
--~!-Y---l - - -y- ,-!j)--"'l
11-4ac>O
XE (-CO . (I ) U IfJ .co)
a< fJ r b2..4ac>O
XE (u,{1 )
(1< fJ

(,>0) (,>0)
o
X E( -co. a) U tlLco)
(a<O)
-y 'y

, y y

\d \d
l:j~ac<O b2_4ac<O
XER -"t/!
,x
XE t/!
-y
0/\ xEII
-y
O
n
,
1:j-4ac=D
y ,
t:i-4ac=O
xEII- {a}
o
xEII- { a}
-y -y
 Part I

Aprogression is a list of things (usually numbers) that are in order.

2 4 B.•..•.•.. ~(-- Dots D.note
Example:
.m Infinite Procressiol

A pc"ern of numbers that increase s or decreases by a constant number.

E.g. 4, 7, 10, 13 ............ .

General Progression

General form of on a rithmetic progression is given as a , o + d , o+2d .. " 0 +( n - 1) d

Where : a - First term d - Common difference
nth term
General term of on a rithmetic progression is given a s

If a i , O '2 , .. . ,O n ore in arithmetic progression then the

Arithmetic Mean (AM) is :
al + az +..... + an
n or = ~" )
If A I A, .... A... ore 'n' arithmetic means between two numbers 'a ' and 'b ' then
a , A I, A, .... . An , b are in AP.

Where common d illrence [ d = ~ : ~ ) and adthmetic mean s are [ A, = a +i b-a)

n +1
 •.......• . •.••....... . ....................................................... .

r - Common ratio

a (r ' -1)
5,= 1 ;r : 1
r-
............. ........................
If 0 1, 01, .... On ore in geometric progression then the
geometric meon (GM) is:
If G I, Gl .... Gn orc 'n' geometric meons between two numbers '0' and 'b' then
0, G" Gl ..... G n• b ore in G.P.
'---:-
, "' ,
h
Were common rolio
r = (~ )
~ on d geometric meons ore
G,=a -b )~
(a
Arithmetico Geometric Progression
Definition
The result of the multiplication of a geometric progression with the corresponding terms of on
arithmetic progression
General Progression
a , (a+d)r, (a+2dlr' , (a+3dlr' ... Where ,
0- First term r - Common rolio of GP d - Common difference of AP
nth Term

General term of a orithmetico geometric

( T, = [a +( n - 1 )d ] r (n - ' ) )
progression is
Sum of 'n ' Terms ...
0 , (o+d}r, (o+2d)r' •...... are in AGP then a rd(1-r' -' ) [a + (n-1)d]r'
5n =1-r
-+
sum of the terms is: (1-r) ' 1-r

If Ir/ < 1 and 'n' tends to infinity then sum a rd

lim 5, = ---'''--- + "C(1:-'--'::'r"")'
of infinite terms is: "- " (1-r)
 AProgression is a list of things (usually numbers) that are in order.

2 4 B.•.••..•• ~~--- Dots Denot"

Example: Infinite Progression

.. It Is a sequence In which the reciprocal of the terms ore In Arithmetic Progression .

.. If a , a + d , a + 2d, ......... in Arithmetic Progres sion.

.. then _1 ,
a o+d
1
o+2d
•..... In Harmonic Progression .

nih term of the Harmonic term is Tn .; ---;-=--:~

a + (n-1}d
1

. Sum of 'n' terms ~ No direct way but con be found with the help of A.P.

If 0 1 , 0 2 , .. .... an in Arithmetic Progression the Harmonic mean Hm is

n 1 1
-=-+-+
1
+-
Hm 0, 02 ... .. an

.. R.M.S > AM ?'. GM > HM

.. GM' = AM x HM ~ AM , GM, and HM are in Geometric Progression.

Sequences which sometimes follow a particular pattern and sometimes not.

POWER SERIESES
... Sum of the first 'n' natural number 1 +2 + 3 + .... n = En = n("+l)
2
.. Sum of Squares of the first 'n' natural numbers P + 2' + 3' + .... n' =En' = n In.1} (2n+1)
6
... Sum of cubes of the first 'n' natural numbers 13 + 23 + ... + n3 = E n 3 = [n (n+ 1)]2
= (1 + 2 • .... n)'
4
/
I
-------------------------e 1. POWER SET

POWER SET peA)

I
,----------- -------------------------- --------- .. ,
2. EMPTY SET 3. FINITE SET
No ELEMENT
FINITE
{} or¢ NUMBER
OF ELEMENT

~ -------------------------- ---------,
5. SUBSET 4. EQUAL SET

A=BIFACB&BCA
 A B

AnB

DISJOINT SET A AND B THE INTERSECTION OF A AND B

A B A B

A\ B At.B

THE RELATIVE COMPLEMENT THE SYMMETRIC DIFFERENCE

OF B IN A OF A AND B
"-- --- - - -- - -- -- ---- -- ----
A B

AUB

THE UNION OF A AND B COMPLEMENT OF SET A

AnBnc

c
------ - -------- -- -------------------- - ------
AUBUC=A+B+C-( AnB) - (BnC) - (CnA) + (AnBnC)
----~-
= -------- - ------------------------------ - -- -
 FUNCTIDNS Part I

T"'""nometric Function

("fl.'t.\" _

IIIn.\- _

nential Function Logarithmic Function

0< 0 < 1 a> J
, .)

(J <a < J a> J

Function

--0 -
Part Function

,
0:--'~'-Ilml'-
COllstrllcted "sillg +, -, X, -7 & .r
Ex.f(x) = ~
 EmW
CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIDN

.
A
- ----- .,..
B

-e- --"
- -,, s,:,
'
~-

••
One-One Function
Each element of set A is connected with

.'
A
'

B
a different element of set B. It is also
called

-----
Many-One Function
,, , If any two or more elements of set A
- ?' <t ...- ,- -
,, , are connected with a single element
of set B.

A B
---- --
,'
-...
,, ' "
'
,---
,,
. Onto Function
Function f from set A to set B is onlo
function if each element of set B is
connected with elements of set A. It is
also called Surjective function.

.-
A
•
-e.- . •••
,,
- - -- - -

_:!-",---
B
Into Function
Function f from set A to set 8 Is into
function if set B has at least one element
,,
which is not connected with any of lhe

- ----- element of set A.

A B

-.
e·
.
••
•
-----
Bijective Function
Function
Function if
'r from set A to set B is Bijective

(a) •f' is One one function

• • (b) '(' is Onto function.

 2D - SHAPES
•
( P = Perim eter)
(A = Area )
p = 4s r
~ s _

P = 2(a+b ) 1
~ a ~

p = 2.,.r r
5 A = a.b b A = 1
A =52 .Tr

1 j
( L = Length of Arc)
P = a+b+ c P = 2(. + b) L = 2..,.r . 0 3
360
A= 21 b.h A = b.h
L (0
A = :T r 2 .~
360

~ . ~

, ,
A = :r( R - r )
P = a+b+c+d I ~ P = 4b

A = -ih . (a+b ) J ~ A = b.h

~ b ~
 II 13D - SHAPES
SPHERE PYRAMID TRIANGULAR PRISM REGULAR TETRAHEDRON
Vclum ~" ~
imfaCf area .. '1 .7r'
Volume of a 8~rol + +
pyr~mjd .. At. Volume .. Ai or bill Volume = "
6"2
A & .,.,. 01 bo.e
Surface area = >'lb'
II .. Mlrhr

RIG H T CYLINDER CUBE

Volume .. ,n'h Volumf' .. " SQUARE- BAseD PYRAMID RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE 4
Surface area .. 2.11 (1 " h) 5ut/acearf'iI '" 6,'
Volume", i I' ll Volwne .. t ,.ron
Surf..... "'~ g , J -+- 2.l Surf~re area = .u(r + I)

PENTAGONAL PRISM , FRUSTUM OF it CONE CUBOID

Vo lum .. o f any prilm "' All Vol ume ~ t-1h(r''' rR -+- R'J VoIume = {xwxh
Surf",e 8rfa o f a dQl.@'dprism .. 2A -+- 5 th x p) Surhce area = 21n + 21w -+- 2wh
, .O,O, + .T (r+Rl)
Total Surface Area = :t(HR)jC,,;:.O,;:
who""
" .. . ,"" of t>a ..
h .. hrijlht
P .. porlmri .... of bo ..
 P OINT IN 2D CARTESIAN SYSTEM
Point Definition Section Formula
Point is an exact 'OOition. It has no s ize,
I nternallv Externally
oniv position .
)'
when P dIvides A.S In ratio AI : .h wnen P divldes AS In ratio )" : ),!
-::y;F/ . ... '"
AR .J(:r,- :r~.o-lL.. , _, "
Afl ,. ) '')
- .i. I --'·'--.i. ~ - .11------ 1,---"'1
- .i.l -
1<---;;"- ""1
•
/1l.'~ T
.' ~< • •
P()(,V) • • • •
Plx,V)

~--------~----~X
Special points in a triangle with 20 co~ordinates '

Centroid (G) Incentre ( I ) Orthocen t re (0 ) Circum centre (C)

Poult oIlnt~_ of """, ... ns Poont oIln\ersectoon 01 ...... Ie boSecton PoInt 01 .,t~ 01 o\llll\ldeS Po4n1 of ir'UnettIOn of ~ Ilo5!!I:to<S
A{)h,YI)

. ( XI tan.")[l tanS .. I(J tanC : c ( XI 5m2A + XI s inlS .. Xl 5m2C

G ( XI + ~ + XJ , YI+V; + '{l ) ,(011(1" blC l " CXJ , "YI" bVI" CVl)' + t anB + time
timA
,I 5m 2A + sin2B + slnlC
, a +b+c a+b+c I V, tanA .. yz lana .. 'I) tane ) '(I Sln 2A .. VI sln2 6 .. If) sln2e )
tanA + tan8 .. tanC sm2A .. sl n28 + sin2C
""---
 Slope - Intercept Form Double Intercept Form

y y=m.r+c y x Y
-+- = /
a b
(0, b)

(0, c)
S
~'--L':;'o:!----"'" x --"+---,,,",-
o (a, 0)
.x
where m = Ian 8

Normal Form Slope - Poi nt Form

y xcosa + ysina · p y Y-YI = m (x-xJ

•
'7""'-'::'If--------1~ X
o ll/here m = tall 8

Two Point Form

o y
Parametric Form

x - x,
-=--=T
cos 8
Y - Yl
sin 8
L

~o+----------~X

o Angle between two

Straight lines
Distance between
Point & line

y
I
Ii1nS- - ml -""
1 + m, ml
I . "•,
y

nil = Ian JJ -"o+----~,.--..... x

I;• TRIGONOMETRY RA T 0
" Pandit Badri Prasad Bole Hari Hari "
A

H
P

B'-'---B---"-I...::o.(

Value Quadrant

(90 0 + 0) Reduction " Complementary angles are

those whose sum is 90 ° "
sin(900 + 0) = cos 0 cot (90° + 0) = - tan 8
eos(900 + 0) = - sin 0 see(900 + 8) = - esc 0
tan (90° + 0) = - cot 0 , csc(900 + 0) = sec 0
,
sin(2" - 0) = sin (- 8) = - sin 0
(180 0
+ 8) R.ec!uction eos(2" - 0) = cos (- 0) = cos 0
tan(2". - 0) = tan (- 0) = - tan 0
sin(1800+0) =-sinO cot(1800+0) = cot 0
eot( -0) = - cot 0
eos(1800+0) =-eosO ese(180 0 +8) =-esell
ese( - 0) = - esc II
tan(1800+ II) = tan 8 see(1800+ 0) = - seeO see( - 0) = sec 0
 TRIG 0NOM ETRIC IDE NT ITIE S Part I

sinx sin2x "" 2sinxcosx . "2=

lin
x +j-
' -cQSX 2
Ian.\" " " --
(OSX
cos.!. =
2
+j
-
1 + coso\"
2
cos.\" cos 2x = 2 cos 2.\" - 1
colx=sinx
COl 2x = 1 - 2 sinlx Ian.!. =
2
+
-
Jl +cosx
I - cos.\"
1 l - tan 2 x
secor "" COsX cos 21" = \'" 1- COLt"
1 + tan 2 x too 2· =
sin x

sl~ x
2 tanx sin x
cosec x = tan 2x = tan'!' =
l - ta n2 x 2 1 + cosx
rl n (A t I) .. dn A",. 8 t<o< Adn B lin C + .In 0 .. 2 dn (C ; D).<o< ( C; D ) 2.ln A (or B .. [ rIn 1,1, + HI '" .lnIA - BI] lin A. ,In 1,1, . 8 I . lin 1,1,.28 1
+ ..... + lin I". ,.-11"'.
nan_ .In
,In _
• _ , (,1,+ _ _, )
In-I)
<0< (A ± B) .. . 0< A "'. B ; ,In A lin B .In Bn 2

--""C
'an f A:t BI " -; ""'~'7"O'C''-;:
1 ;,. n A ranB (OI C'<o<O "" .o« C;D )_=(C ., O) [ ] .mA. <OI IA+8 ) + <OI IA.2a)
2<01" <OS B .. <0'1 ,1, - B I + 'o<I A " BIJ
... ... +. 0< IA+ In-I IIU

cot fA ± 8) ~
cor A.<0I 0;1
(0\ C - "'. D .. - 2.1n ( C.O
- ,- ) .lln (C
- -,- O ) .. ~ .<0< (A + In,-II a)
<01 B t cot A lin 8{1
211n A . In B .. [<011,1, - B) - <011,1, + III]
 Principal Solution
• sin .t

• cos x The solutions of a trigonometric equation which lie

in the interval [0. 2JT] are called principal solutions.

. 1 ,, 5,, 9,7
Eg:slnx=2~ X =6' 6 -6··· ······
But. principal solution of

sin x = _1_ are " , 56" E [0, 2 ,,]

2 6

General Solution
.
SIn U.
= Sln a =:> U = n,,+ (-1)
na , a to [ -2 " ] ' nto 1
:r ' 2
Sin 0 = Sin a
cos 0 = cos a =:> 0 = 2n " ± a , a qo, ,,] , n (!

tan O=tan a =:> O=n rr + a , a to ( -2 ' 2 ) ,n to 1

"rr -o
sin 2 0 = sin2 a =:> u = nrr ± a, n to l o=n"+(-l)a
n

CO S2 U = co s2 a =:> () = nrr ± a , n \OJ nd

tan 2() = tan 2 a =:> 0 = nrr ± a , n to l ; a is called one principal angl e.

Trigonometric Inequalities
. 1 :n: 5:n:
Eg: Sin X >- ~ - <x < -
266
 TYPES OF VECTORS
ZERO UNIT EQUAL COLLINEAR COPLANER
VECTOR VECTOR VECTORS VECTORS VECTORS

~. ~ . . ~

a IS zero vector a IS unrt vector & b are equal ~ ~ vector parallel

a & bare
riffi~f~-o 1 nffrii~-i-l to or
____ _

No Particular
___ I

- ---------- ---
~---------- :"; -,
• a ' -,
eollines vector
,..---------.
. ..., lying on the

'~_~~~_~~=_~ ~I~l
: offallb , same plane.
direction ,----------'
'----_-/
1111111111111111/1111111111111/111/11111111/1/1111111111111111111111/111111111111111111
POSITION VECTOR AND SECTION FORMULA

z ,,, ~
Ala) z
,,
,,,
~

,.. PI·,v,,) Plr) Internal division

-
OA

o
~

,,
,
r '
, 8(XZ.VlI l Z)

y
,,,
,,,
,,
,,
,
~
Ala) -
Bib)
y

x
,,
,,
,,,
x
-
, External division
Position Vector : Internal Section
I ,--------------------,

Postition Vector of pt. P is t?_~~~xI~;i;~~_~J :,1 ;7

,
= (n;) + ( m b) l.
, , m +n it 0
Vector joining two points A & B : ... _________ ~_: _~ _____ :
_ ... ... ! External Section
AS = DB - OA : :--------- :; -------.:..--~

:-::.; ---- ----- - --i. -- -------- -i. --- ---- --- - A-~ : !_ (mb)-{na) :
: : r= : ; m-nitQ
:AB = (x, -x,)i + (y, -ydi + (z, - zdk : : i m- n
'- ----------- -------- ---------- -----------' I --------------.-------
 z
VECTOR LINES
Lines : For a Vector equation of a line one needs
. . A Point on line, let a:
. . A Parallel vector to the line, let b. x y

When Two Points on line are Known Parallel to -

b & Passes Through Point A

Equation of the line AB - --

-r =a+tfb-a) Equation of the line Be

Condition for Intersection of Two Shortest distance between two

Straight lines Skew lines

-
A(al
l,

P. L,
• I
Y

Shortest distance is measure along their

Condition of Intersection
common normal
~ line II & lz will be coplaner
-> --
Required Condition [ b b, (ii - iii II = 0
 PLANE OF VECTORS
Planes : For Equation of a Plane, one needs
. . A Point on Plane, let a.
. . A Perpendicular vector to the Plane, let n.
x y
Then Equation of Plane (r -a ,. Ii =0
Plane Passing Through Three Plane Passing Through a Point and
Points A,B,C Parallel to two lines

Ata)
","
,,
-
c
o y

Equation of the Plane Equation of the Plane

-- -- --
(,-a) . [(a-b)o(b-c))=O
--------------~-"--';,.;
--;; ---=--""..---

Plane Containing a Line and Parallel to Plane Passing Through Two Point and . '
another line Parallel to a~.,

~ -
_ c

_~'!~~!~'?~ ~f_ ~~~ !..I~_n_~

r_
~·_~~_~~_~_~_
~

,.(boc)=[a b c -r . [( --
b- a) 0
-c ) = [a---- ---
( b - a ) c ) = [a b c)
 PRODUCT OF VECTORS
Scalar or Dot Product Vector or Cross Product

•• Ii: lailli I Sinll

II
~I(-- b -~)I
~ ~

Or a.b:abcos
~
I
~
J
-
a

-
a
a,

• Dot product of a and b - • Direction of resultant

vector can be found
is the projection of aover 1>. using Right Hand Rule

Scalar Triple Product Vector Triple Product

(.K"
- ---------- • I
~
I ­
a :<= Scalar triple I
I
i.(bic') I

product I ",, , , I

represents the: ,,
volume ofa ,,
parallelepiped:
I
- II
---------~

-..
SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUCT
~
a. ~b xc
- I ) = I ~a ~
b -c ] ~
a = ali + az.j + 33k NOtrE

Ii) ( ....t:).(C' ..d)=.: ..t:.(C' ..d)

,--------------------------------------,
.
I 31
:- ....,. ....
al 33
: a .1 b • c ): b , b, b, : [ abc] :
,:
-_
.... , : i .{(b . h~- (t: . ~) d)
t. _____________ :: ____:~ ___ ~~ ____________ l' : Ii .~)(b .d) - iii .Il) (b :t)
NInE --
I a. b ).1 -.c. -d ) =[a --- - ----
cd] b - [b cd] a
( i) ii, b & care Coplanar iff a Ii c]: a = -- - - ----
Or [a b d] c - [a be] d
 LAW OF SINES LAW OF COSINES PROJECTION FORMULA
a b c
= = -- a = b cos C + c cos B
sinA sin B sin C

b = c cos A + a cose

c = a cos B + b cos A
c

• • • • • • • • • •
••••••••••
AREA OF TRIANGLE NAIPER'S ANALOGY M- N THEOREM
1 B- C b- c A l!n + nJeot a = m colu - n cotp
Area =
2
ab sin C ta n -
2
=-b+ c
co t -
2 (m + n)cot S = n cot B - m col C
A
1 C- A c- a B
Area = - be sin A
2
ta n -
2
=-c+a cot -
2
1 A- B
Area ;: :
2
ca sin B tan -
2
=-a-
a+b
b
cot -C
2
B m o n C

• TRICONOMETRIC HALF ANGLES

•
s in
A =j< S- b ) (s - c ) A
cos - = j s(s - a) tan A = j< S- b ) (s - c)
2 bc 2 bc 2 s(s-a)

si n
B = j< s- c ) (s - a ) cos -
B =j S(S- b ) t
a n -B -_ j< s-c) (s-a)
2 ca 2 ca 2 s(s- b )

s in
C =j (s-a) (s - b ) C
cos - = j S(S - C) C = j< s - a) (s - b )
2 ab 2 tan
ab 2 s(s - c)

wh ere, S =
a +b+c a +b +C a + b+c
w here. s = w he re, S =
2 2 2
 PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES AND CIRCLES CONNECTED WITH THEM
R - Circum radius of I'!. ABC.

abc abc
= = = 2R . I'!. = -
sin A sin B sin C ' 4R

a cos B cos C + b cos C cos A + C cos A cos B = R

r - Inradius of \ ABC .
. _s,"_
asin B . C b s,"_s,"_
. C . A . A . B
CSIO _ 5m _
2 2 2 2 2 2
r = = --=-----'=__ = _ _=------'=_
cos ~ cos ~ cos .£
2 2 2
ABC ~ a+b+c
r = (s- a) tan - =(s - b) tan - = (s-c)tan - · r= _ . s =
2 2 2 ' s ' 2

r,. r2, r3 - are radii of excircles of 8 ABC .

~ J J a+b+c
r, = - - ; r2= - - ; r3= - - ; 5=
s- a s- b s-c 2

r1 = 5 tan -
A
2 '
. r2 = s tan ~ .
2 '
r3 = stan -
c
2

ORTHOCENTRE AND PEDAL TRIANGLE

ORTHOCENTRE - Point of intersection of 3 altitudes.

PEDAL - Pedal triangle is formed by joining the feet of altitudes .
------------------------~
Area of :a OEF =4 il casAcosB case :
~------------------------
where I'!. is the area of triangle ABC.

r---- 2bc·cos·Aj2-:
Length of an angle bisector from the ang le A = , P. = ,
I b +c :
,--------------
,--- ------- --------,
, 1 I '
Length of median from the angle A = : ma = - 'Y 2b 2 + 2c 2 - a 2 :
, 2 ,
,.-------,
~ -- ------- -- ----- -­
t 2d.
Length of altitude from the angle A =:Aa = - I ll. - Area of
', ____ ~ __ : triangle ABC
o;:.. ..._...;;;;;;;;..;...;...;._ __ _