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5 DOE Steps Guideline

The document discusses design of experiments (DOE), which involves systematically changing input variables (factors) to determine their effects on output responses. The objectives of DOE are to determine which factors most influence responses, and where to set influential factors to optimize responses and minimize variability. Key terms defined include factors, levels, treatments, replication, and blocking. Factorial experiments systematically vary all factors at different levels and allow analysis of interactions. Principles of DOE include replication to estimate error, randomization, and blocking to reduce unwanted variation. Design steps include defining responses and factors, choosing factor levels, laying out the experiment, conducting runs, and analyzing results. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to test for significant factors and interactions

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Venkatasubramanian
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36 views13 pages

5 DOE Steps Guideline

The document discusses design of experiments (DOE), which involves systematically changing input variables (factors) to determine their effects on output responses. The objectives of DOE are to determine which factors most influence responses, and where to set influential factors to optimize responses and minimize variability. Key terms defined include factors, levels, treatments, replication, and blocking. Factorial experiments systematically vary all factors at different levels and allow analysis of interactions. Principles of DOE include replication to estimate error, randomization, and blocking to reduce unwanted variation. Design steps include defining responses and factors, choosing factor levels, laying out the experiment, conducting runs, and analyzing results. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to test for significant factors and interactions

Uploaded by

Venkatasubramanian
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS

What it is
In statistics, an
X1 X2 X3 experiment refers to any
process that generates a
Controllable Variable set of data.

Output Response
Input Material

An experiment involves a


Y test or series of test in
Process which purposeful changes
are made to the input
variables of a process or
system so that changes in
Un Controllable Variable
the output responses can
be observed and
Z1 Z2 Z3 identified.
Objective
1. Determining which variables (Input),X, are most influential on the
response (output), y, in a study.
2.Determining where to set the influential X’ s so that ‘y’ is near the
nominal requirement.
3.Determining where to set the influential x’s so that variability in ‘y’ is
small.
4.Determining where to set the influential x’s so that the effects of
uncontrollable variables ‘z’ are minimized.
Terms used in Design of Experiments (DOE)
RESPONSE:
A measurable outcome of interest, e.g.: yield, strength, etc.
FACTORS:
Controllable variables that are deliberately manipulated to determine their individual and joint
effects on the response(s), OR Factors are those quantities that affect the outcome of an
experiment, e.g. temperature, time,etc.
LEVELS:
Levels refer to the values of factors for which the data is gathered, “values that factor will take in
an experiment ”,e.g.:
Level–1 for time=2hours
Level–2 for time=3hours
TREATEMENT:
A set of specified factor levels for an experimental run,e.g.:
Treatment–1: time=2hrs and temperature=1750C
Treatment–2:time=3hrs and temperature=2250C
NOISE:
Variables that affect product/process performance, whose values cannot be controlled or are
not controlled for economic reasons.
REPLICATION:
Replication is a systematic duplication of series of experimental runs. It provides the means
4 of
measuring precision by calculating the experimental error.
Types of Experiments

Types of Experiments

Best Guess Factorial


Experiments Experiments

One Factor at a Full Factorial


Experiments
time
Experiments Orthogonal
Experiments
Principles of Factorial Experiments
The Three Basic Principles of experimental design are:
1.Replication
2.Randomization
3.Blocking
1.REPLICATION:
It has two important properties:
1.Allow us to obtain an estimate of Experimental error which provide a basic unit of
measurement for determining whether observed differences in the data are really Statistically
different.
2. If sample mean is used to estimate the effect of a factor, then replication allow a more precise
estimate of the effect.
2.RANDOMIZATION:
By randomization, both the allocation of the experimental material and the order of individual
runs or trials can be perform randomly;
As statistical methods required observations be independent distributed, randomization made
this assumption valid.
3.BLOCKING:
An experiment is arranging the runs of the experimentin groups “Blocks” so that runs with in
each block have as much minor variation in common with each other as possible.
e.g. Runs using material from the same lot
Runs carried out within a short time frame 6
Designing the Experiment
Define the Response
Analyze the Design
Identify Controllable output
Input Variables (X’s) ANOVA
/ Factor
Effects of
Decide on the Factor Interaction
Levels for
Experiment Effects of Factors

Prepare
Experimental Layout Fix the influencing Factors
(Considering Randomization , Level values for the
Blocking Relocation)
Desired response and
conduct confirmatory run
Conduct the
Experiment
Monitor the results
Factors Levels and Experiments
No of Experimental run = Level^ Factor
No of Experimental run for a 2 Factor 2 Level = 2^2 = 4

No of Experimental run for a 3 Factor 2 Level = 2^3 = 8 and so on

3^2
2^2 F1 F2 F3
F1 F2
1 L L L
1 L L
2 L L H
2 L H
3 L H L
3 H L
4 L H H
4 H H
5 H L L
6 H L H
7 H H L
8 H H H
Experimental Layout

A B C Response
1 -1 1
-1 1 -1
1 -1 -1
1 1 1
-1 -1 1
1 -1 -1
-1 1 1
-1 1 -1
-1 -1 1
-1 -1 -1
1 1 -1
1 -1 1
1 1 -1
1 1 1
-1 -1 -1
-1 1 1

9
ANOVA
Analysis of Variance
Testing of multiple Hypothesis at a same time
In this we are concluding the Factor is significant or not

ANOVA tests the following hypotheses:


H0: The means of all the groups are equal.

Ha: Not all the means are equal


• doesn’t say how or which ones differ.
• Can follow up with “multiple comparisons”

10
Interaction Plot
No interaction Interaction I
55
B low
50

Output
B low
Output

B high B high
25
20

low high
low high
Factor A

Interaction II
Interaction III
Output

B low

Output
B high
B high

B low
low high
low high
Factor A Factor A
Effects Plot

Output
Output

low high
low high

Factor B

Factor A
Thank You

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