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PHYSICS Project

Manvi Singh, a class 12 student, constructed a transformer to investigate the relationship between input/output voltage and the number of turns in the primary and secondary coils. Key parts of the project include describing the transformer's theory, components, procedure, observations, and conclusion. The aim is to understand how changing the coil turn ratios impacts voltage transformation. Safety precautions are noted, and the project was conducted under a teacher's guidance.

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cᴘcтԍᴀмιɴԍ YT
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53 views

PHYSICS Project

Manvi Singh, a class 12 student, constructed a transformer to investigate the relationship between input/output voltage and the number of turns in the primary and secondary coils. Key parts of the project include describing the transformer's theory, components, procedure, observations, and conclusion. The aim is to understand how changing the coil turn ratios impacts voltage transformation. Safety precautions are noted, and the project was conducted under a teacher's guidance.

Uploaded by

cᴘcтԍᴀмιɴԍ YT
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHYSICS

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
(2023-2024)

To investigate the relation between the ratio


of 1.input and output voltage 2.number of
turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil
of a self made transformer

NAME – Manvi Singh

CLASS – XII .

ROLL NO. - .
CERTIFICATE

This is here to certify that this project on topic “To


investigate the relation between the ratio of 1.input
and output voltage 2.number of turnings in the
secondary coil and primary coil of a self made
transformer” has been made by MANVI SINGH of
class XII-A of Shree Sanatan Dharm Education
Centre during the academic year 2023-2024. She
has completed the project under my guidance with
utmost sincerity.

______________ _____________ _____________

PRINCIPAL INTERNAL EXTERNAL


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This is to express my sincere thanks to our principal
ma’am Mrs. Shobha Das and our Chemistry
incharge Mr. Kuldeep Sharma who guided me
through the project and also gave valuable
suggestions for completing this project. They helped
me to understand the intricate issues involved in
my project.
My project has been successful only because of
their guidance.

___________
CONTENT
❖ Certificate
❖ Acknowledgement
❖ Aim
❖ Introduction
❖ Theory
❖ Apparatus required
❖ Procedure
❖ Observation
❖ Conclusion
❖ Precaution
❖ Bibliography
OBJECTIVE

To investigate the relation between the ratio of

1. Input and output voltage

2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil


of a self made transformer.
INTRODUCTION

Transformer is a device which increase or decrease the voltage. It is


based on the Principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil
changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil.

A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the


A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in both low and
high current circuit. As such transformers are built in an amazing
strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement and control circuits,
transformer size maybe so small that it weight only a few grams
whereas in high voltage power circuits, it may weight hundred of
tones.

In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to


another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts.

A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-up


transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a
step-down transformer. An essential piece of apparatus both for high
and low current circuits.
THEORY
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an
alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering
voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a good-
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary is also
linked with the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced in each
turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the
primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s
induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of
turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and
𝑑𝑑𝑝
= rate of change of flux in each, turnoff the coil at this instant
𝑑𝑡

We have,

𝑑𝑑𝑝
Ep = -Np --- (1) and
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑑𝑝
Es = -NS --- (2)
𝑑𝑡
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1,

𝑁𝑠
We get, ---(3)
Es
= −
Ep 𝑁𝑝

As EP is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f. induced in the primary


coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the
difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the applied and back
e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous
current Ip in the primary coil is given by

IP = E – EP/RP

E – EP = IPRP

When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be neglected so


therefore.

E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f


𝐸𝑠 Es
Hence equation 3 can be written as = = output e.m.f / input e.m.f
𝐸𝑝 E

= Ns / N p = K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.


IN A STEP DOWN
TRANSFORMER
ES < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If Ip = value of primary current at the same instant.

And,

Is = value of secondary current at this instant,

Then,

Input power at the instant = Ep Ip

And,

Output power at the same instant = Es Is

If there are no losses of power in the transformer.

Then,

Input power = output power OR

Ep Ip = Es Is OR

Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
ES > E so K > 1,

Hence Ns > Np As, k > 1,

So Ip > Is or Is < Ip

i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is higher.

Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same


ratio.

Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer, whatever


we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current & a step
down transformer steps up the current.

EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the
input power. i.e.

η = output power / input power = EsIs / EpIp

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, η = 1. But


in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore the efficiency
of transformer is less than one.
ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:-

➢ Copper loss :- Is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper
coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting
wires
➢ Iron loss :-Is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of
the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron
core. It is minimized by taking laminated cores
➢ Hysteresis loss :- Is the loss of energy due to repeated
magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is
fed to it.
➢ Leakage of magnetic flux :- Occurs inspite of best insulations.
Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn
of S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked
with each turn of P1P2.
➢ Magneto striation :- i.e. humming noise of a transformer.
Apparatus
➢Iron rod
➢Copper wire
➢Voltmeter
➢Ammeter
Diagram
Procedure
Take a thin iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large
number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This
constitutes primary coil of the transformer.

Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively
smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This
constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.

Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and current
using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.

Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1and s2.

Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage and
current through primary and secondary coil of step up transformer.

Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by changing number
of turns in primary and secondary coil.
Uses of transformer
➢ In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air
conditioner, etc
➢ A step down transformer is used for welding purposes
➢ A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.
➢ A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and
NEON advertisement
➢ Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized power
supplies
➢ Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long
distances.
➢ Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud
speakers and electric bells etc
Sources of error

➢ Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.


➢ Eddy current can change the readings.
Conclusion

➢ The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends
upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage.
➢ The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends
upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input voltage.
➢ There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer
Precautions

➢ Keep yourself safe from high voltage.


➢ While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C
should remain constant
Bibliography

➢ NCERT textbook
➢ Physics lab manual
➢ Wikipedia

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