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9i Summary Sheets

The document discusses speed, distance-time graphs, gradients, levers, moments, and simple machines. Speed is calculated using the formula of distance divided by time. Distance-time graphs can show the speed of an object's movement based on the steepness of the line. Gradients on these graphs provide the speed by calculating the vertical over horizontal change. Levers use moments, which are the product of force and perpendicular distance, to multiply forces and distances for lifting loads.

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ishaan surapaneni
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1K views

9i Summary Sheets

The document discusses speed, distance-time graphs, gradients, levers, moments, and simple machines. Speed is calculated using the formula of distance divided by time. Distance-time graphs can show the speed of an object's movement based on the steepness of the line. Gradients on these graphs provide the speed by calculating the vertical over horizontal change. Levers use moments, which are the product of force and perpendicular distance, to multiply forces and distances for lifting loads.

Uploaded by

ishaan surapaneni
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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9 I

Summary Sheets

Moving things
Speed
To measure how fast something is travelling, you need to measure the distance it travels and the
time taken. Units for speed are km/h or m/s or mph. The unit for speed depends on the units
you have used to measure the distance and the time.
Speed is calculated using this formula:
distance
speed =
time
The mean (average) speed is the total distance travelled divided by the total time taken.
Actual speeds during a journey can be faster or slower than the mean speed.
A car travelling at 50 km/h overtakes one travelling at 30 km/h. The relative speed of the faster
car compared to the slower car is 20 km/h.

Distance–time graphs
A journey can be shown on a distance–time
graph. This graph shows Kieron’s journey to
school. The steeper the line on the graph, the
faster the object or person is moving.

Gradients
The gradient of a line on a graph is a measure of how steep the line is. On a distance-time graph,
the gradient of a line gives the speed that the object is moving.
Example
Calculate the speed of the object between 5 and
15 seconds.
vertical change (distance moved)
gradient =
horizontal change (time taken)
(75 m  50 m)
=
(15 s  5 s)
25 m
=
10 s
= 2.5 m/s

Levers and moments


Forces can be used to turn objects around pivots. A pivot
is also known as a fulcrum.
Levers can be force multipliers, when they increase the
force that is put in (the effort). They can be distance
multipliers if they make the load move further than the
effort. The amount the force or distance is multiplied
depends on the distances between the load and the pivot,
and the effort and the pivot.
A turning force is called a moment. Moments are
measured in newton metres (N m). The hammer is acting as a force multiplier.

moment (in N m) = force (in N) × perpendicular distance from the pivot (m).

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9 I
Summary Sheets

The longer the distance the greater the moment. This is why it is easier to turn a long spanner than
a short one.
When an object is balanced, the anticlockwise moment is equal to the clockwise moment.

For the seesaw:


the anticlockwise moment = 300 N × 2 m
= 600 N m
the clockwise moment = 400 N × 1.5 m
= 600 N m
The clockwise and anticlockwise moments are the same, so the seesaw is balanced,
or in equilibrium.
Simple machines
A lever is an example of a simple machine. Ramps and pulleys are simple machines that act as
force multipliers.
If a machine makes it possible to lift or move a load using a smaller force, the force has to move
through a greater distance. The total amount of energy needed is the same.
The work done by moving a load is the same as the energy transferred. Work is done when a
force moves through a distance. Work is measured in joules (J).
work = force × distance moved in the direction of the force.

The work done to lift the box 2 m is: The ramp makes it possible to move the box using a
force of only 500 N, but the box has to be moved 4 m.
work = 1000 N × 2 m
work = 500 N × 4 m
= 2000 J
= 2000 J.
The box stores the same amount of gravitational potential energy when it is in its final position
whichever method is used to lift it. The law of conservation of energy means that only this
amount of energy is used to lift it.

© Pearson Education Ltd 2015. Copying permitted for


purchasing institution only. This material is not copyright free. 16 Page 2 of 2

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