Lecture.

3
Graphical representation – Histogram – Frequency polygon and
Frequency curve

Graphs
Graphs are charts consisting of points, lines and curves. Charts are drawn on
graph sheets. Suitable scales are to be chosen for both x and y axes, so that the entire data
can be presented in the graph sheet. Graphical representations are used for grouped
quantitative data.
Histogram
When the data are classified based on the class intervals it can be represented by a
histogram. Histogram is just like a simple bar diagram with minor differences. There is
no gap between the bars, since the classes are continuous. The bars are drawn only in
outline without colouring or marking as in the case of simple bar diagrams. It is the
suitable form to represent a frequency distribution.
Class intervals are to be presented in x axis and the bases of the bars are the
respective class intervals. Frequencies are to be represented in y axis. The heights of the
bars are equal to the corresponding frequencies.
Example
Draw a histogram for the following data
Seed Yield (gms) No. of Plants
2.5-3.5 4
3.5-4.5 6
4.5-5.5 10
5.5-6.5 26
6.5-7.5 24
7.5-8.5 15
8.5-9.5 10
9.5-10.5 5

1
 Histogra
m
3
0 2.5-
2 3.5
3.5-
No. 5of 4.5
4.5-
2
Plants 5.5
0 5.5-
1 6.5
5 6.5-
1 7.5
7.5-
0 8.5
5 8.5-
9.5
9.5-
0 10.5
Seed
Yield

Frequency Polygon
The frequencies of the classes are plotted by dots against the mid-points of each
class. The adjacent dots are then joined by straight lines. The resulting graph is known as
frequency polygon.
Example
Draw frequency polygon for the following data
Seed Yield (gms) No. of Plants
2.5-3.5 4
3.5-4.5 6
4.5-5.5 10
5.5-6.5 26
6.5-7.5 24
7.5-8.5 15
8.5-9.5 10
9.5-10.5 5

2
Frequency curve
The procedure for drawing a frequency curve is same as for frequency polygon.
But the points are joined by smooth or free hand curve.
Example
Draw frequency curve for the following data
Seed Yield (gms) No. of Plants
2.5-3.5 4
3.5-4.5 6
4.5-5.5 10
5.5-6.5 26
6.5-7.5 24
7.5-8.5 15
8.5-9.5 10
9.5-10.5 5

3
Ogives
Ogives are known also as cumulative frequency curves and there are two kinds of
ogives. One is less than ogive and the other is more than ogive.

Less than ogive: Here the cumulative frequencies are plotted against the upper boundary
of respective class interval.
Greater than ogive: Here the cumulative frequencies are plotted against the lower
boundaries of respective class intervals.
Example
Continuous Mid Point Frequency < cumulative > cumulative
Interval Frequency frequency
0-10 5 4 4 29
10-20 15 7 11 25
20-30 25 6 17 18
30-40 35 10 27 12
40-50 45 2 29 2

4
 Cumulative Frequency

Boundary values

Questions
1. With the help of histogram we can draw
(a) Frequency polygon (b) frequency curve
(c) Frequency distribution (d) all the above

Ans: all the above

2. Ogives for more than type and less than type distribution intersect at
(a) Mean (b) median
(c) Mode (d) origin

Ans: median

3. To draw the frequency polygon we take the mid values in the X axis.

4. To draw the frequency polygon we take the mid values in the X axis.

5. In a frequency curve the points are joined by bits of straight lines

6. He stogram can be drawn for equal and unequal classes

7. Explain how to draw frequency curve