VELAMIMAL VIDYALAYA

ANNEXURE

PHYSICeS PROJECT

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023- 2024

TOPIC: To FIND REERACIIVE INDICES

OF WATER AND OIL

PREPARED BY

NAME: R.HEMANTH KuMAR

CLASS & SEC : XI|
DATE OF SUBMISSION
 VELAMMAL VIDYALAYA
ANNEXURE

NAME: R.HEMANTH KUMAR BATCH NO:

CLASS: XI| REGD.N0.:

CERTIFICATE

Certified that this is a bonafide Practical work done by

Mr. / Miss.RHEMANTH KUMAR in

the PHYSIC S Laboratory during the year 2023.

Teacher-ln-Charge
Submitted for the Practical Examination in
at held on

VICE PRINCIPAL INTERNAL EXAMINERS EXTERNAL EXAMINERS

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people

have bestowed their blessings and heart pledged support up on
me, Itake this opportunity to express my gratitude to all, who
have been instrumental in the successful completion of this

project.

Primarily, Iexpress my deep sense of gratitude to the luminary,

The Senior Principal, Principal and Head Master for

providing the best of facilities and environment to bring out
innovation and spirit of inquiry through this venture.

Iam deeply indebted to my teacher MS. SHENBAGA LAKsHMI

without whose constructive feedback, this project would not
have been successful. The valuable advice and suggestions for
correction, modifications and improvement did enhance the
quality of the task.

I wouldalso like to thank my parents, friends and all the

members who contributed to this project was vital for the
success of the project.

Iam grateful for their constant support and help.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
AIM OF THE
EXPERIMENT
APPARATUS REQUIRED
THEORY
PROCEDURE
OBSERVATION
RESULT
PRECAUTIONS
SOURCES OF ERROR
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 NTRODUCTION
In optics, a prism is a transparent
opticalelement with flat, polished surfaces
that refracts light. The exact angles
between the surfaces depend on the
application. The traditional geometrical
shape is that of a triangular prism with a
triangular base and rectangular sides, and
in colloquial use "prism" usually refers to
this type. Some types of optical prism are
not in fact in the shape of geometric prisms.
Prisms can be made from any material that
istransparent to the wavelengths for which
they are designed. Typical materials include
glass, plastic and fluorite. Prism can be used
to break light up into its constituent
spectralcolours (the colours of the
rainbow). Prisms can also be used to reflect
light, or to split light into components with
different polarizations.
 Before Isaac Newton, it was believed
that white light was colourless, and that the
prism itself produced the colour. Newton's
experiments demonstrated that allthe
colours already existed in the light in a
terogeneous fashion, and that
"corpuscles' (particles) of light were fanned
out because particles with different colours
travelled with different speeds through the
prism. It was only later that Young and
Fresnel combined Newton's particle theory
with Huygens' wave theory to show that
colour is the visible manifestation of light's
wavelength. Newton arrived at his
conclusion by passing the red colour from
one prism through second prism and found
the colour unchanged. From this, he
concluded that the colours must already be
present in the incoming light and white
light consists of a collection of colours. As
the white light passes through the
triangular prism, the light separates into
the collection of colours: red, orange,
yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. This
collection of colours formed by the pris1m is
called the spectrum. The separation of
white light into its spectrum is known as
dispersion.
Dispersion occurs because each colour
travels through the prism at different
speeds. Violet travels the slowest through
the prism; hence we can see it refracting the
most. On the other hand, red passes
through at a much fast rate which makes its
angle of refiraction less, hence red is too scarce
to be seen.
 AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT

To investigate the dependence, of the angle of

deviation on the angle of incidence, using a
hallow prism filled, one by one, with different
transparent fluids.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
" Drawing Board
" White Sheets Of Paper
"Hollow prism
" Different Liquids
Drawing Pins
" Half Meter Scale
" Thump Pins
" Graph Papers
" Protractors
 THEORY

Refraction of Light through a Prism

Diagramn shows section ABC of a prism taken by

a vertical plane, perpendicular to the edge. BC is
the base of the prism and AB and AC are its two
refracting surfaces.

AnGe ot ptism, A

Angle ot cat=0
N

Arge of eme'gence

Ircget tea Anga of reracon nssrncat eam

Retraction of ight through a prism

Diagram : Refraction Of Light Through

Prism
RÌ is the incident ray.
OS is the refracted ray.
ST is the emergent ray.
RÌN, =i= angle of incidence
SQN, =, =angle of refraction inside prism
QSN, = r = angle of incidence inside prism
TSN, = e = angle of emergence
BAC= A= angle of prism
SFK = D= angle of deviation
In QFS, KFS = FOS + FSQ
D=((-r) +(e-r)
D=ite- (r +r) -(1)

In QS,N, I; t r,+ QN,S = 180' --- (2)

The quadrilateral AQN,S is cyclic quadrilateral,

then

A+ ON,S =180 ----(3)

From (2) and (3)
A =rt ---(+)
Eq.(1) become
D=i+e-A
D+A =i+e---(5)

" Angle oÍ Minimum Deviation

Definition: The minimumvalue of angleof

deviation is called angle of minimum deviation.
It is represented by the symbol Dm.
Explanation : For same angle of deviation (D)
there are two values of angle of incidence. One
value equals 'i and other value equals 'e'. As
angle 'i is increased from a small value, 'e'
decreases from large value and angle of
deviation decreases. When angle of deviation is
minimum (D), then, ï and 'e' becomes equal.
The refracted ray OS goes parallel to base BC.
Sin

Since i=e, we have r, = . ( sinr 2 E SIN" )

Hence, at minimum deviation, when r, =: =r
(say).
We have A =r tr, =r +r=r

’r= A/2

Also at minimum deviation,D= Dm and i= e

From relation, A + D=i+e
We have, A + D,, =i+i=9
’j=A + D,, /2
From Snell's law,
sin i/sin r = n

We have,

n= sin(A + D,, /2) / sin(A/9)

n for
This relation is useful for determination of
prism material.
 N

40 - 45
P

X
BO A B4, A -X

fP K K.

DIAGRAM : Refraction through prism at

different angles
 PROCEDURE
1) A white sheet of paper was fixed on
the drawing board with the help of
drawing pins.
2) Astraight line XX parallel to the
length of the paper was drawn nearly in
the middle of the paper.

3) Points Q, Q.,Q, and Q, were

marked on the straight line XX' at
suitable distances of about 6cm.

4) Normal's NQ,N.Q,N.Q, and N,Q

were drawn on points Q,Q.Qs and Q

5) Straight lines RQ,RQ,R.Q, and

R,Q, were drawn making angles of
40°,45°,50 and 55° respectively with the
normal.

6) One corner of the prism was marked

as A and it was taken as the edge of the
prism for all the observations.
7 Prism with its refracting face AB
was put in the line XX and point ), was
put in the middle of AB.

8) The boundary of the prism was

marked.

9 Two pins P, and P, were fixed

vertically on the line R,Q,and the distance
between the pins were about 2cm.

10) Images of points P and P, were

looked through face AC.

1) Left eye was closed and right eye

was opened and was brought in line with
the two images.

12) Two pins P, and P, were fixed

vertically at about 2cm apart such that
the open right eye sees pins P, and P, as
images of P, and P, in one straight line.
 13) Pins P, P, P, and P, were removed
and their pricks on the paper were
encircled.

14) Steps 7 to 13 were again repeated

with points Q, Q, and 0, for i=450,50°
and 55.

15) Straight lines through points P, and

P, were drawn to obtain
S,T, S,T, S,T, and S,T,.
emergent rays

16) TS,, T,S,,T,S, and T,S, were

produced inward in the boundary of the
prismto meet produced incident rays
RQ, R.Q,R.Q, and R,Q, at points
F,F,F, and F,.

17) Angles K,F,S,,K,F,S, K,F,S, and

K,F,S, were measured. These angles give
angle of deviation D,, D, D, and D..

18) Values of these angles were written

on the paper.
19) Angle BACwas measured in the
boundary of the prisnm. This gives angle
A.

20) Observations were recorded.

 OBSERVATION
Angle OfHollow Prism A= 60

Angle of Angle of Angle of Angle of

S.NO incidence deviation deviation
deviation
for water for for
kerosene turpentine
Oil
1. 40 23 36 32
2 45 24 33 333
3. 50 25 343 34
4 55 26 35 35
 OBSERVATION
Angle Of Hollow Prism A = 60

Angle of Angle of Angle of Angle of

S.NO
incidencedeviation deviation deviation
for water for for
kerosene turpentine
oi oil
400 230 36 320
2, 450 240 33 33
3. 500 250 340 340
4, 550 260 350 350
 RESULT
"The angle of minimum deviation for
Water, D,, = 23°C
Kerosene oil, D,, = 33°C
Turpentine oil , D, = 32°C
"The refractive indices of the
Water n= 1.32
Kerosene oil n = 1.46
Turpentine oil n = 144
" Speed of light in
Water V= 2.3x 10 m/s
Kerosene oil v = 2.05x10* m/s
Turpentine oil v = 2.08x 10* m/s
 PRECAUTIONS
" The angleof incidence should lie between
350- 60º.
" The pins should be fixed vertical.
" The distance between the two pins should
not be less than 10mm.
" Arrow heads should be marked to represent
the incident and emergent rays.
The same angle of prism should be used for
all the observations.

SOURCES OF ERRORS
" Pin pricks may be thick.
" Measurement of angles may be wrong.
 PRECAUTIONS
" The angle of incidence should lie between
350- 60.
" The pins should be fixed vertical.
" The distance between the two pins should
not be less than 10mm.
"Arrow heads slhould be marked to represent
the incident and emergent rays.
" The same angle of prism should be used for
all the observations.

SOURCES OF ERRORS
" Pinpricks may be thick.
" Measurement of angles may be wrong.
 BBLIOGRAPHY
The following sources were used for the
appropriate information required to
complete the project:

"Comprehensive: Practical Physics Class

XII
"NCERT textbook of class XII
" Google