!

ह#दी पाठ)प*+तक
FIRST-YEAR HINDI COURSE

PART TWO

H.H. VAN OLPHEN

 PART TWO

H.H. VAN OLPHEN

F~~tj ~ Qlf ~~Cfil '1 Id I

~ ~ 31q;fl ~ m-tn
 INTRODUCTION

This book (part 2) is for use in the second semester of a University Hindi course
after completion of the introductory books, ~ Wi/fitJcn/ (Beginners Hindi)
and~ 4/6'i/~Rlcn (First-year Hindi Course) part 1. Four audio cassettes
accompany this text; they include most of the text, answers to the exercises, and
materials from 31 ICfil ~1c:uoft (All-India Radio), mostly short excerpts of news
broadcasts and commercials. Like part 1, this book is also divided into six parts;
each part is introduced by a film song and a conversation taken from
Conversational Hindi-Urdu by Gumperz and Rumery(~ SP:fll~l'1, f~~l,
~
.... ....
'E.~~). At the end there is the script of a cooking videotape (31TS:lf' 1SfFfT a/rtl~l/)
and a summary of the verb forms. At the University of Texas this text is
supplemented by the following materials:
1. 'iff ~!tJJt.t rrr[ ef77r' (New Directions, New People), by F.C. Southworth, S.K.
Gambhir, and Vijay Gambhir, a set of twenty Hindi videotapes accompanied by
scripts. South Asia Center, 811 Williams Hall, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305. [Volume I (Episodes 1-10) is used with this book.]
2. Authentic Materials for Developing Reading Comprehension in Hindi and
Listening Comprehension in Hindi--Novice Level, Intermediate Level (with
accompanying videotape) available from the American Council on the Teaching
of Foreign Languages (ACTFL), 6 Executive Plaza, Yonkers, N.Y. 10701-6801.
[These materials are distributed in loose-leaf form so that teachers can choose
those portions that they wish to use. ]

Austin, Texas
January 1994
 TABLE Of CONTENTS

40. The simple perfect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

41. The indefinites ~ I ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
42. The Merchant's Servant ~ ~ CliT ;:ftottt . . . . . . . 44
43. The future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

L~SSON NINE CONVERSATION qio ~ - 31l1lU . . . . . . . . 55

Song ~ eq;(t' arft' l'Ff1' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Translation 31"1Cll I~
a: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Comprehension YiAl'dl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

44. Cold, heat, thirst, hunger, fear with 65'11"11 . . . • . • 67

45. The imperative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
46. Auxiliary verbs: medals ijCfi"'il/Q"RT/"itCfi"'il . . . .
~
75
47. The subjunctive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

LESSON TEN CONVERSATION tf10 ~ - ~. . . . . . . . .

~
109
Song ~ ~ ~ Cfi1ft if il;:a: ~ . . . . . . . . . . . 11 O
Trans 1at ion 31"1Cll I
~
a: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Comprehension YtFfl'dl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

48. The presumptive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Perfect verb forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
49. Compound postpositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
50. The verb conjunction (kar) construction . . . . . . . . 157

LESSON ELEVEN CONVERSATION qio =tttll~ - tFi' 3fl"t ~ 171

Grammar notes .......................... 175
Comprehension YtFfl'dl .................... 180
Song tfu:I' :rrnIT ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

i
51. Participles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

52. REVIEW VOCABULARY LESSON NINE, TEN, ELEVEN .••. 193

LESSON TWELVE CONVERSATION tfTO - '51<qq{ ...... 203

~

Song Cfitf m- 'O

~ CfW itu ~;ij'Sj I< . . . . . . . . . . 203

Translation 31"1ClllC:: ...................... 205
...
'-!>

Comprehension Y!Ftl'€H .................... 214

53. The explicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

54. Transitive and intransitive verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
55. The causative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

LESSON THIRTEEN CONVERSATION q'10 ~ - C(idd'J,l ij°16flfl 246

Translation 31"1811 C{ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
'O
247
Song ~ ~ qtitifd
'I>
~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Comprehension Y=RltH .................... 257

56. tt'aa!aa as auxiliary verb "about to" . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

57 • "S.1nee an d ago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
II II II

58. The verb /Jonaa: stative and non-stative . . . . . . . . 264

59. Relative clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

LESSON FOURTEEN CONVERSATION tf10 ~ - (ij(f.1"113\ . . . 275

Translation 31'1181 Ia: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
'I>
279
Comprehension YtRl'd{ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

60. The passive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

61. The iterative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
62. Continuous forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
63. The permissive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
64. Uses of the verb (ij'l 1"11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
ii
 65. The hypothet i ca 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

APPENDIX Hindi Verb Summary 323

RADIO EXCERPTS

~ ijqlifi{ 32
~·:sit"l;\.q ~ ldtl 108
mafi'~tt 149
Cilli~ ~ cft 136
&f\{k;f\~ 147
m COT ~ 192

SONGS

~' ~' 31lfr ffi ~ (STTCf CJft ~)

~~' ~uir 28
ift eq:r:ff OJfr u;ft' (~) 55
~ ~"'~«ii4l 85, 89
~~~~q~~ (~) 110
rfre' fTTffi ~ 181
am: &1iea ~ (~ ~ dklle\ ~) 191

iii
 ~ q1oiiq~o0 ~
1

~
This is the second of two books covering the basics of
the Hindi language; before you begin this book, you should have
mastered the information in ~ q13:qq~Ofl
\0
~, especially the
vocabulary and the verb forms. This second book is somewhat more
dependent on the tapes, which include commercials and excerpts
directly from Indian radio, in addition to the songs, which are more
integrated into the text. As in the first book, the answers to the
exercises are given on the tapes.
The first book included the following verb forms:
habitual: ~l&dl ~ /~ speaks/ used to speak
progressive: ~ ~ ~ /~ is speaking/ was sp&a/o'ng
imperative: ~' ~' iSfl&'il, &elfmil speak
In all these forms, the verb agrees with the subject, except for verbs
such as ftl&'i I get, where the subject, the .one who gets, takes post-
pos it ion oITT".
In addition, there are several compound forms, first with modals, such
as ~Ofl~I, Cc717,, b& ab/&/ which we learned in the habitual with no
change in agreement patterns: ~ ~ ~ ~ ? Can . vou go.?
The other compound forms, the compulsion forms, are quite different.
First of all, the modals follow the stern of the main verb while the
compulsion verbs follow the infinitive. In addition, the agreement
pattern is changed, since the subject takes post posit ion col' and the
verb agrees with the object (or preverb). We learned 3 such forms:
~~ fEoa 16:4 l9fla:;:ft ~I Vou !Jave to bc(V a new boo/(.
~~ f6ha 16:4 l<ffla:4l q~d) ~ I Vou have to buy a nflv bool.
~~ Pcfla 16:4 l~lla:"'11 "tl I ~il I Vou ought to fil(.V r:7 new h.?of;-.
In the case of the other verb following the main verb in infinitive
form, "tll~'11 wr:7nf, the infinitive is really a verbal noun :
@~6ffl ~ "tll~al ~ I COMPARE: @~ctl ~ "tll~dl ~ I
The girl wants to go. The girl ~vants a fruit.
Keep the above in mind as we continue with the perfect forms of the
Hindi verb:
2

I
 3

40 THE SIMPLE PERFECT

The underlined forms in the song excerpt on the previous page

are in the

SIMPLE PERFECT 'iufCifilM

The simple perfect is a past tense which refers to a single

completed action in the past. In Hindi it must be distinguished
from the habitual past tense learned in section 37 (book 1, page
222). Let us compare the last four simple perfect forms in the
song wlth the habitual past:

(Normal word order is given rather than the rather unconventional

word order in the song)

Cfl1T ~ i311?
Did something happen.? Did something use ta happen?
~~I ~ =ii<"dl ~I
The wind (f} blew. The r,vfnd used to bloit".
~~I ~~ifil
The cloud came dm.tln. The cloud used ta come dmvn.

The English translations do not really reflect the difference

between the simple forms at the left and the habitual past forms
at the right, since the English forms ble1't-~ came., etc. could also
be used for frequent, habitual actions. In Hindi the distinction
is quite clear--the forms at the left refer to single, completed
actions--the forms at the right to habitual actions.
4

aft Ofi("lq ~ R:@8fl41 ~

crrra~~,~~~
tR: ~ ~ l<J i'tl41 ~ tft Ofildi ~
~,'5rt~~
ij'4$1 ~I ~ ij'4$1 ~
aft~

40. t
MASCULINE FEMININE
The simple perfect is formed by SINGULAR 31T r
adding these endings to the verb PLURAL 'Q" i~
stem:

Example of the verb iifl('5'11 SINGULAR ~ ~

speak
PLURAL ~ an~·

When the verb stem ends in a vowel, a buffer consonant '~' must
be inserted between the stem and the ending in the masculine
singular; the buffer consonant is optional for the other endings.

Examples:
MASCULINE FEMININE
SINGULAR 311~1 SlNt~
PLURAL arrit~ 31 llfl'/STif
311~1 come
 5
SINGULAR
PLURAL
....
lctl'11 lose

A few verbs are somewhat irregular in the simple perfect in that

the stem is altered somewhat before adding the regular simple
perfect endings:

MASCULINE FEMININE MASCULINE

\SfRT go g);n' becom~

occur
<The verb~ with the meaning to be does not occur in the
simple perfect, but has only the special past forms i{f, q-, q\',
qf).

Four transitive verbs have almost identical irregularities in the

simple perfect:

MASCULINE FEMININE MASCULINE FEMININE

fq'lff tfr
M~ tff
tfF:n' drink

SINGULAR
PLURAL -1~~-;f<irrl--:-1 I~~
~ take ~give
I
For the verb Clif'll, the regular forms ICliUIClifl
are sometimes used. C6t Cliff
I
The irregular forms are preferable, however.
6

40.2 EXAMPLES OF THE SIMPLE PERFECT IN SENTENCES:

ISUBJECT ITIME ADVERB PLACE ADVERB VERB (

T/Je gentleman came into t/Je stc1tion in t/Je morning.

T/Je rlck.s'/Jawdrlver t-tl&nt to the lort earlv.

.··

~I
All the people .!o-C7t df)Wn In the room at ef..qht 1.J'c.--:/f)r.:k

4 if ~~ ~ if ~I
I staved in India ten dav.!o-:
, $

5 itq' tll~il ~ua m<tt ~I

The lady- arrived In the cl~,v that nf..qht.

6 llcffi611~ ~ ~~ ~I
The rlckshawdrivers str.:pped at that place. . vesterda,r:

If"'& sta_yed In the. hate/ two da,v~-:

8 faq1'1 '301' I
The plane just took ott from Pa/am roe/hi alrport.J.

i{'ft I
The giris toured around in Agra today:

flv
... friends went to t/Je movies )/esterdav:
...
 7

ISUBJECT! TIME ADVERB' PLACE ADVERB I DIRECT OBJECT IVERB I

11 ~ m 3TI\if CMl('f il ~ ~I
hie spo/(e Hindi in class todar.

12 aiik-t i<"t &Tre: il

~I
The tongadriver took the gentleman from the station
afterwards.

rp;rr I
The porter took the luggage from there first.

EXAMPLES OF SIMPLE PERFECT FROM NEWSPAPERS

(verbs of motion):
8

2 at~f~efft fer~?IT l=t?rT

:u~~ f({~~T q~~
3
+11<a1tt itit 4 tfcit~

fc:t4~1 ~r ~er
6~~~m
'lCJTft~ (C4 ifl(f eftCTI ?

7 ~~t if~ ~q~f ~ cf fiJ~;:r ~~ ?

8
~~tf)'l{~rft Q¥f 1~~
tf)'ITUT 't t; ~~lfITTlft 311\if
m~~

"ifo'5'1 I (in 1) walk (in 8) run (machinery vehicles etc.)

1 1

Efsft' M/F minister t6I a.~I M own country

(."51e'1 I return (intransitive verb) ~ M winter

~F cold lGfiij'11 oough

&fto"1 I pass by (time only) '4Ci6fi
~
youth

ftl©'1 ~ meeting center &l8hl = ©l8hlLfl fe61

6fi'f "q I~ M/F worker
(\
~~d 1<1' M strike ('hartal')

ct cfif'(O I because of (postposition) ~ l = 3t~d 1<tte

 9
EXAMPLES OF THE VERB tRTfT DIE IN THE SIMPLE PERFECT:
""
~ lf"tiJeHhl i!rfi t, Uh ·Im !
1
. .

\. ~ ~ ~ . er~~ CfiT'1 ~ ~T~T~ ~~~Bl~-

-~~trr ~~Ju ;sr;:r ~r(ft ~ !
-W<i ~U qf1 ~Teff ~ !
~~ -arre~~~r' ~q-uu ~rr \jff~ ~ !
-vrtfu ~n: tr~-~ff~~ wroa
. ~~ma:~!

2 ecti ~i=re-'1 ~ qj~

~

""
i:( \ii' ~'t it~

q~f ~ ~~T~fttr Qq"T~rar~ q~

. "'
~~~6~J~JJC-J'il'l
~

~~i;ffw~ij: ~ () ~~··
10

tH""ll lOSE' AND 'ifld'"ll 'WIN'

'. c-.~·

tll~~ (fi~ ~~ ~
. •
. '
~Tll ~ QTtl

~ M blood ~ ~ Cfffi' from time to time

Ril'1if in which
~Mcrime

31itlilafr F self-defense
~-&tfkt€81 coexistence
d~e;:rl turn over
mfiT liquor
~ ti= Shaka year calendar (June-July)
~ hard ~struggle
 11

EXAMPLES OF THE VERB fqtij;:owl IN THE SIMPLE PERFECT.

(For the uses of flfoi"'1L see also section 23.4 (book 1). As
111ustrated below, we find the same uses of fq(t'5;11 in the simple
perfect)
11 11
I. meet - with this meaning, ftt©;:owl functions like other
verbs:
A. no postposition wlth subject, with which verb agrees
1) qytfu"Rtft (fir.) Parthasarthi- masculine plural =
~ (for politeness)
2) ~ Q'-~ many world leaders- masculine
plural
(NOTE: ~, although it is a masculine noun ending in
-Sll, is unmarked and does not change in the plural or
oblique singular. See discussion in 9.4 (book 1) for . ,
WSIT, etc.) The oblique plural of such nouns requires
addition of -311: asta131T, U'31ialT, :PidialT
B. the person(s) met take postposit ion ~:

1) 4t ~ afi' ~er~~ q'B1•£lf ij'

Sri Lanka's foreign (minister) and other ministers.
2) tflq(fl rrM ~

Thus fq(t'5"'11 is intransitive in Hindi; there is no direct object.

(X ij' ftl©;:owD. The verb meet is transitive in English, (meet
someone) although intransitive use like Hindi (meet with
s·ame.ane.J is also possible.

0 ttT~~T~~ ~T~t11Tefi fct~~

er 3l~ ~t iif?r~T ~ fq~
12

2)

tj\'irffi itietT ~ 3l'~tfi

fq?;Cf-~~T fir~

I I.
11
get
11
- with this meaning, the verb ftlM*tl agrees with the
object. Thus, in the sentence below, (We) got your letter, the
verb ftKwft is feminine singular agreeing with ~eai.
.... If the
subject (the person getting the letter) were mentioned, it would
have postposit ion afil: . . .
3)

4)

a-. 3ltnl6fiT ~ 3Ttffift:qr~

~fu ii ~~ 'l~T fir<¥TT
m eftlRt
admission councll

SUB.JECT + etrr:
Agreement with object m (masc. sing.)
 13
EXERCISE 40A Give the correct simple perfect form of verb in
parentheses.

~) trlf ij 1g&1 fa:<?"&\ at ~ 31(9&1 I{ (cl 1'1 f)

~> ~Cfil'1eJ< cffl' 3mr t(t a1u:•1GJ at~~ <~w'"ln
~) STitf m ra.«'fl ~ ~ . . if «hH'"I I>
~) ~ cl~cfi Cfil' fctia;:ft fi:la1~ati <illcl'11)
~) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ afi' ~ 'ijif\'1 CR (ilGin
~) q1i1S11w1 31q;:ft ~Cfil'"I ij' c~ant'i'10
\9) ~if~ ~ atre: ~ ~ C1lT ~ (3i'FfT)
l) l<"54I1'4'\ 3110 ~ ~ ~ (4{'ii:::t I)
~) ~~at~ (31Rf)
~ o) ~ &ilC::ifl ~ ~ (af'l(ij'"IO I

EXERCISE 408 Translate into English.

1
+rfir~¥° ~ ~ 3TT't1Tit
mr.ft

:errrr, crrar'tt, icrR' er \j~~

•
Cf1 +ITit if-iii : ;if~) ~if
'O •
14

ir~, ~)~er;er ~);:fttr~

f\if~T ~ ~T~ f~~r~ f~llsT
• •

F meeting 311\ijl<fl F freedom

tl"lt'Lf I F problem 316fil<'fl Sikh religious sect
er = stll $:a: M Center, Central
crRtt' = &I ktifld Government
3TmT F hope increase
~ F wholesale market (intransitive verb)
~ M gram Gfl'1'1'(1 M millet
icfR:i ~ kinds of ~ (=pulses) lentils.)
'q'ICf M pr ice M<i6fi'1
'O.
I slide <intransitive
verb)
~' rrim, ildd6fi, f('ll;ftqa place names
"O

~ M canal l~dU M danger

-e:ffi F crack an;:t=tl I increase
~ M district ~ F flood
f*~ F situation fil:tl~'11 I worsen

40.3 THE POSTPOSITION ~

 15

...
(6'i;Cfil: ~ Listen (6'i;Chl: Say (something;
(boy) ~ (/) said (itJ (girl) (/)heard (itJ

Note that both simple perfect forms are masculine singular, even
though the subject T is feminine in the second form. The
reason both verbs have the same form is that there is no
agreement between subject and verb in the perfect when the verb
is transitive; in such instances, the subject takes postposition ;)'
and the verb agrees with the direct object. If there is no direct
object the verb is in the neutral form, which is identical to
masculine singular. Thus the full rendering of the above simple
perfect phrases is:

I said (itJ.
I heard (it).

The postposition ;)' has no meaning but its use is NOT optional in
standard Hindi; it must be used in the perfect with transitive
verbs. Nouns and pronouns are used in the oblique form with ~
as with other postpositions:

"'fiwct 1w"'f ~ f'ruitse!!ers

~ ht'i she fcfi~;i who
16
The main exceptions are:

Oblique not used with~ and ~

Special plural forms when ~ is used with ~, ~ t/Jey afit;r 'w/Jo

all'
~+~=~~)q ~+~=d~l;i
~ (plural only) + ~ = IEh;@"T\ (singular = fStiijT\)

40.4 KQ, L and NE VERBS

Since the use of postpositions, mainly ;)' and ar;l, with the
logical subject is dependent on the type of verb, it is necessary
to distinguish three main types: KO, I, and NE verbs; the verb
type can often be predicted from the meaning or form.

1. KO VERBS

This group of verbs is the most difficult to identify, since the

use of atn" with the logical subject is dependent on a meaning
relationship which considers the subject to be the recipient of
the action or emotion. Thus it is necessary to learn these verbs
as KO verbs. The total number is small, however.

Up to now we have learned the following KO verbs:

qij""-=- ~ like (see section 20, Book I)

q(((S~q ~ know a fact (see section 20,
Book I)
know /Jow to do something (see
section 23.4, Book I)
 17
ge(, happen to meet (see section
23.4, Book I)
want/need (see section 34, Book
I)

With KO verbs:

( 1) The logical subject (the liker, knower, getter, needer, etc.)

takes postposition onl'
(2) The verb agrees with the logical object - the person/thing
liked, gotten. This object never takes a postposition. See
examples p.11.
(3) onl' is used with the subject of all ~ verbs even when
there is also an auxiliary verb (I ike 'e6fi'10.

2. I VERBS

I verbs do not take a postposition with the subject (except in

compulsion constructions, see section 33, Book l). The following
are I verbs:

A. intransitive verbs (3t6fii0f0fi fcjl4tlj)

Intransitive verbs are verbs which cannot take direct objects.
In general, verbs which are intransitive in English are also
intransitive in Hindi. There are some exceptions: thus meet
and tear are transitive in English but intransitive in Hindi:

Xij- ftle6'1 I meet with someone

and X~~ fear from someone

Look is intransitive in English, look at somethin~ someone, but

alct'11 is transitive in Hindi: ~ alf".t'11, ~ orfl' alC4'11
"°
18
B. conjunct verbs: transitive + intransitive

1) ~ ifRT = ~ Clil ifRT 'having taken go'

take f~"'OmethingJ ~r.Jn7ewhere
2) ~ 'Et©'1 I = ~ arr{ 'Et<"'1 I 'having taken go'
take (someone) somewhere
3) <"1... 1 = ~ 311... 1 = ~ Clil 311 ... 1 'hae?fng taken
{something) come' bring f~·y1methinpJ
(see exercise 408-1 and 40.2-11, 12, 13)

C. exceptions - a few transitive verbs

i11<"T1 I speak
q<r'tl study (also used as NE verb - see 40.5, t 1)

3. NE VERBS

The subject of NE verbs:

takes postposition ~ in the perfect (uni ike I or KO verbs)

takes postposition afi1' in compulsion constructions (like I
or KO verbs)
takes no postposition in other verb forms (like I verbs,
but unlike KO verbs, where the subject always takes
postposition Clft)

The following verbs are NE verbs:

A. transitive verbs (ij6fii:f6fi fqfi'QIQ)

Transitive verbs are verbs which may take direct objects, usually
the same verb in English and Hindi except as noted under I verbs
- intransitive earlier. Some verbs in English are both
 19
1ntrans1tlve and trans1t1ve such as open: The door opened
(intransitive) and He opened the door, (intransitive). In these
instances, two different verbs are used \n Hindi,

lct<1'"11
'I!)
(I) intransitive:
a>(6i l'it I ~ I
• 'I!)

and lGtl<""11 (NE) transitive:

~ a:l611'ijl lfl1le;51 I

B. complex CflHI verbs: Gl'Rf Ofi(i=f I, ~'k!Gjf( Cflt:i11, ...

40.5 EXAMPLES OF NE VERBS IN THE SIMPLE PERFECT

A. simple verbs
the verb agrees with the direct object unless there is no
direct object or the direct object is used with
postposition otrr. In those instances the verb is in the
neutral (=masculine singular) form.

ISUBJECT DIRECT OBJECT VERB I

feminine plural
The men :..aw the :;.ilfrt:;.-:

masculine plural
The bearer counted the clothe:;.-:

neutral agreement
The gentle.man c:-:a//ed the porte~-:
20

ijil' ~rd~
masculine plural
The customer had all the blou~C?s wa.s/Jed.

~I
feminine singular
J,y~ was/Jed the shirt.

~41?
masculine singular
T/Je_,v took a rupee?

feminine plural
The customers bou._q/Jt sweets.

let l'!t I I
masculine singular
The gentleman ate a ras..qul!a.

neutral agreement
The students listened to the teacher.

masculine plural
I kept all the mone,y:

feminine singular
The bovs
·'
studied Hindi?
 21

feminine singular
The. teachers drank coffee..

dol"ll I
masculine singular
The porters lilted the. /up._qape.

~Cfil&H I
neutral agreement
l;andhl threw out the. British.

~I
feminine plural
The teacher gave (/It- tool<) f3){afl7.5'.

B. Simple verbs - double object (same agreement

pattern as in A.)

I SUBJECT IND. OBJECT I DIRECT OBJECT I VERB I

feminine plural
The girl wrote the lady- two letten:...._

feminine plural
The guide .showed 1.1s the building~..._

feminine plural
The 1-voman gave the girl two ~ari~..._
22

masculine plural
The man sold the customers unripe. bananas·.

ftc.tMIQ I
masculine plural
The women gave the bl~,vs cucumbers to eat.

masculine singular
Wnat dfd_,VOU SCI}/ to US?

masculine plural
The students a::..-i.·e.d the. teacher a lot of questions.

C. non-functional complex verbs (same agreement

pattern as in A. and B.)

I SUBJECT I ND. OBJECT I DIRECT OBJECT I VERB I

masculine singular
The bearers cleaned the. hotel.

masculine plural
The cobbler began these ta::..-i.·:::.-:

masculine plural
The govemment reduced all the prices.
 23

feminine plural
The bc:ws
·'
re.turned the books to me.

D. functional complex verbs (verb agrees with

preverb)

SUBJECT PRE VERB VERB

feminine singular
The people hurried

feminine singular
H&./~ne tried to sell.

feminine singular
11 1'0 helped ,vou?
1

feminine singular
.Someone conversed with the teacher.

masculine singular
£ veryt.me waited lor the custome~-:
24

40.6 EXAMPLES OF NE VERBS FROM NEWSPAPERS

(name of

2 +rr "(ff ii ~ff~ ~;~ ife

ii qft~f~~ Cfi) ~~TtfT

3 cr)it cl 6fi 1'1 ~

~~

;rRa- ~T ~T ii~~
~'l ~ ~~Tlfl

s tZ~~\ll'Ttrlil'atiT,ir~f~T
;)f~l=irli~ ~T1f~Tf~frfi~T

Sentences 1-5 use verbs tU;c(/q{lltiid cf\{'11 both meaning

de teat
1 \3'0Q'O = d'ffi ~
 25

iif;:J ~f~tTTt ~~
1 ~T~ +fT~ffi ~
'!~it~~~ a);:ff f~ffTat \l{l'~

6 c{t ADV completely ~ M game

7 ~ itrnft team name (iflW child)
ftitdlil M title 'iftd~I NE win
6 q@&\ F fl sh catch
r ·1Wif-o-f-.3fGf--f45-cfo.1n._..;..---..,,,_---
...
6 ~ f(Jf f!il tr.f.3't'?
26

11

~ atld~i?~I ~41· C51"

12
tlli:fl off "" it I~I
~T~Cf\T ;f 3f~Cfi'T er af~
13
~m ~ ~f.:rcti ir~<f +rttft
~T it~T ~Cli({T~ ~) fq~Tf
C11 i:JTl=f~ ;1" ~~ ~q f~liT
10 ~M philosophy Ell~~I NE kill
11 311ttSfiatlct\ M terrorist 'i]itflUI M villager
12 ~A other ~~6fl A military
"' i~I NE ask for
"11•
13 tf;ft M/F minister ~pp by
&f;eJ{ M contractor ~F beating
EU'f@I M matter '311 A violent
~M form
 27

15 ij~ttl ~ ~~~
~
:JllA etec;~ a; Fclq ~ tf41-CNH
~ fcl>qJ, w iQi1 q.ft talJf>
~lliliil!

14 6fl~l;:ft F story ~F life

il'it 1"11 NE save
15 ij a:w M/F member
~Rfl"'(il M resignation
16 ~{C{c{' M headache
'ilra' iFft' 'it worked out'
'it was solved'
28
17
~~~~Ofttf
~~m~Oi<ll
~ >eiic6l q{cllt ~ Cftff
~ '3'11<1 fch:q I Cfl1T
a.ir tffir a.ir ftlc ~ fJ?t
~ ~-~J ~ ;;mr, ~ Utf

(note use of ~ in excerpt of this song

from the movie ·~ ;;mr, ~ tJEI')
 29

19 ma- ~ ~~ :
~~~ f~ tf ~c rft-, ~~~ ~~if)"
.~Ttft

17 ~ F world X Clft' q{q iij 8fi{'1 i be

concerned about X
~ q1{'1i puff, smoke fqe\11 I decrease
iJli M grief
18 '31~~1CJ( I F people's service
19 ~F death Gt~ifl F Indian sweet
20 \it'Ff ~ take (someone's) life
21 Olll{ F air ~ F border
XCfiT d<!"<:6.E1'1 Ofil\11 vi oIate X
22 cntff' M/F worker "1&1;oi1 NE burn
30

an~T ~Ta- afR';cr ·~ fif;~;t

qft;f fcmrT ?
On example 231 note the reversal of the normal SUBJ-OBJ word
order with the object coming before the subject for emphasis.
The postposition ~ clearly identifies the subject.)

24

23 ~ mt F midnight 311~ .. e: proper name

~ M affair ~ F possibility
~0.. M aspect
24 ~ name of temple ~ M monkey
@lT"t;::; I NE snatch, grab
25 w) ~=tt I proper name OF1' M forest
~ M tiger l!~lctjki F meeting
26 qi:SOI M Five sons of King Pandu, heroes of Mahabharat
~ M Descendants of King Kuru, defeated by Pandavs
qft.1q( M state in NE India Cil~llCifi F clothes
\I)
 31

atl&icil'di
5Yaraa
faP> 'Qjl=i6<Ylf gt
ttal?
28
"lftilR, ~ ~ f!l(f ..,. Pl; ~ .wrRt ~
~ .q '...,}JN' ii~~~ irier
~!"
----- ·-------.,

"' M tooth
27 ~ tt.)lJ;:e 1
Forhan s (toothpaste)
28 ssftit1"'1 Mr., Sir ij~Si (ADJ) pictorial
q lltcn I F magazine q~~I F woman
32
40.7 WORLD NEWS -- RADIO DELHI

*
ftl:;f©cflf:El if 3H'tlqfttCfi (untimely) ~ Cfil{OI ~ (flood)
stR afll "€1~1""'1· (boulders) cf; ftcteCfi~ (sliding) ij' &14i&lfl
m qft ~~(were killed) sfl'{ ~ m
(ijfqdl (missing)
~ I ~ ~ 01ft ~ tildlf I (number) q f.:t<" I ij' 'Q'Cf; m
5 mo fch6'1a:flet 'iii l<ttct\l(.'tf' ~ (area) q: ~ \ilKft t (1 s
told) I ~ ~ Offt' ~ (death) ~ (drowning) ij' ~ I
fei@~ (ft;{~ if~ (heavy)~* Cfii{Oi ~ 31T
~ I silt~~ tR ~ (mud) ftqfiCfi (slide) ~ l"Jttift
(so that) ~ « ~ (bridges) 3fil t©' Clft ~ ~ ~ I
10 *
~ ij' ~ mq tft ~(communication)~~ I

*
ttf4ft511 i!tq16'
*
S11\if Cfiloiti'{ lfRd' ll\31\d (ambassador) 4t ~o
if
~ lf,fl' :sfo d©tft ftrft ~ I «
*o
'\!)

t fcfi'
d"il·~ &l•i~ ~ ~ lf,fl' "il~IOI Offt'

15
&ldl41 \ifTffi
*
YRllfllCfi (upcoming) ~ (trip) flltstif (topic) if illd'iftd
ctl' I

~ 311C61416110ft fa<te61 t I
t,
~ 3tlCSfiltH611Uft fe:~ Lfl~:qq ~(ft;{ ~ :qrt m
~ tR I ~ ~ ~ ofi' UU(~ ~ Oil{ :c:q I{~ ftl;:ie; ~
20 ~~I

~~ Give permission (used when taking

leave, either with Hindi ~ or
Urdu iii:::Tl"':l<l)
EXERCISE 40C 33

Change each verb from the habitual past to the simple perfect;
also change the adverb 31CffR often (compatible with a habitual
action) to ft:rqf 'Q'afi' il'R only once (compatible with a single
action). Use ~ with the subject of NE verbs.

Example: ~ 31CffR ~u~:qj 'bllm in' I

The washerman often used to wash saris.
~~ ftAf 1:tCfi' iiTR ijl~:qj ~I
The washerman only washed saris once.

~) 6'~61ft 31CRil ~ Cfiq~ l~fla:dl tfi I

~) ~ ~ 31Cf+I{ il6'1d it I
m
'I:>

~) ~ ~ 6'~~ 31Cffil qft ~ it I

\l)
\(.)
*
~ ~ 31CRil 6'l4"1'31 Cfit~ dldij if ctiT"f?l
ql{;5ij 31CffR 311t1' CllT m d6'1~1 Cfi{(f\ tfi I
tfla it I
"'D

~) 6'~~ llCf+lt ~ ~ ~ it I
\9) ~ 31Cffil ~ ~ ~ ~ fliTtdl ift I
~) ~ m a m
31CffR 3Tit1' ill({ it 1
~) 6'~Cfil ~ ci ~ 31Cffil la2'41 \ifR1T tfT I
~ o) qq- ij tgil ctn" t(t Cfi ii IG) ~ ~ 31Cfet ~ fti6'd it I

EXERCISE 400
Fill in the blank at the left with the postposition ~ (for NE
verbs), the postposition cm- (for KO verbs), or leave it blank (for
I verbs). Then fill in the correct form of the verb in
parentheses. Use simple perfect!

~' ~ ~ Cfiq~ caol'11)

~) qq 'Ei 1g&1 -~ ~ (&1@1"10
~) 6'~1%tti _~ ~ ~
\l) ~ ijit\&I -~ ~
'I:>

~)
* ~. <t'{'i""ll)
lf!l'it'"t
\(,) f4a4R _te:~<'fl it•~ qao1""' <·......
a~P'!!!!l"~...-o
34
~) ~ ff) _ _ if <'111*10
\9) S'flq' (M) _;:(}Cfift ftt©~ $ ~ ~ ~ erR1' (Cfl{;ail)
l) <f.i ldil _311blT ~ 31q;:fl ~ ctiT ~~~It (Cfi{~ I)
~) sfim' _=i:IR ~ m <q{'ii~I)
~ o) ~Cfil*lc!Jt -~ fcltia1i· <<"liii)

41 THE INDEFINITES
41. l The indefinites~ and~ are unusual in that they vary
greatly in meaning depending on the way they are used. Since
they start with Cl), they may easily be confused with question
words such as~ w/Jo.

41.2 THE PRONOUNS ~ AND ~

As pronouns,~ and~ are never followed by a noun:

INANIMATE ANIMATE
~()met/Jing, ~()meone,,

anything -

SINGULAR ONLY DIRECT ~

"D ~

OBLIQUE ~
"O
feo«t
1 m if ~ ~ I Theres someone in t/Je /Jouse.
2 '€f{ if ~ ~ I T/Jere s something in t/Je house.
"D

There are no negative indefinites in Hindi such as English 'no

one', 'nothing'. Instead, the indefinites are used in negative
sentences with *ltf I ~ is in its normal position directly
before the verb.
 35

Gasoline is expensive and no one has money to burn.

No one saw that girl.

I don't have anything.

The pronouns~ and~ occur in several special combinations:

everybody, everyone
6 gt Cfi1t S1 ltt I I Everyvne came.

everything = ~ ~
'IO

7 ~ ~ ~ iji( OMJ &fdl41 I

"O
I told them everything.

a lot=~~
8 ~~~~~I I saw a lot.
36

,,.If

:q l"i"i I accept i58fid:H one who has the right

316R"t{ ~@~dbl
~, 316R'H ~ ©~dfil
~, ~ ~ ~ w~c6\ ~ ~ i:t

In the fol lowing sentence Does someone live on some planet? ,

the first instance of~ (in the oblique form ~) is an
adjective; as discussed below, it does not have human references.
The second instance of~ is a pronoun and does have human
reference, someone. (See previous page).

iftfT ~ffi ~ tf~ efi)f

~ort?
 37
41.3 THE ADJECTIVES ~ and afilf SO/"!E .• .AM··'

As adjectives, the indefinites are always followed by nouns:

WITH SINGULAR WITH PLURAL OR

NOUNS MASS NOUNS

IOBLIQUE
DIRECT

Examples:

11 singular: ~ tR afilf IEfidlat t I There's some book on the

table.
12 plural: ~ tR ~ fcha1~· ~I There are s·ome books on
the table.
13 singular: afilf ~ t? ls there any washerman?
14 plural: Ofil9 ~ ~?
~
Are there any
washermen?
15
mQT Cf5t i:rffl" ~ ~I ( f&I
Chis ~~ft~~g?
lTI<=r F death ~ F liquor CifiTb" Maffair
inm M relation, relationship

Mass nouns in English may be recognized by the fact that they

are not used with the art1cle a and are not plurallzed. Mass
nouns in Hindi usually correspond to mass nouns in English and,
as mass nouns, are not used with afilf.
16 ~~
'O
t? Is there any lruit .?
17 ~ ~ qr;::ft ~ I 6ive me some i,vater.
~~ 'O ~·
38

The noun~ fruit may however also be used as a count noun:

18 singular: ~ ~ ~? Is there any· rpiece of}

tivit?
19 plural: Are there some (jJieces
ofJ fruit?

The adjective~
'O
may be reduplicated: ~~means
'O 'O

somewhat. a little and like ~ may be used only with plural or

mass nouns:

20 ~ ~ CO(tf Efi'U I Do a little work.

"° "°
21 CMJ SfiW ;:iqCfi ~ I Give a little salt.
"° "°

22

iJ'-qo (! )(Rd CJSI

~~~~
~ ,~q)('f ~~i
~~ ~l'f~t=rr, ~t=rr~, 3Tf~ '1cRiT itr ~t~·

<tj)4 IJ:id( more convenient qidf& I prompt

'O
 39

~ Cfi{~ I NE present 31 fd ft'ffi ADJ extra

Offlqa F price, cost

41.4 THE COMBINATIONS~ ;:w- ~AND~ ;:w- ~

as pronouns

Someone or other
will certainly come/
He said something or
ot/Jer.
40

as adjectives

26 ~ fehij) !I feh+f\ SH Ie:ifl ~ ~ arft I

J spoke to some man or other.

The combinations of~ and~ with sfl! 'other'.

~ sin~ sin and ~ sin/3itt ~ as pronouns

27 Ck" ltl if afll ~ ~ I Theres someone else

in class.

Did you see anything

else?

~ sfll;sfll ~ and ~ sfll/3itt ~ as adjectives

Theres no other
man.?

There were some

other people?
 41

... ak air. • 311a=8

~=wna cfit Jff a1 a:>t'
ioat~
~ ~ happens ~('11 1'11 compensation
tfi1T F demand 61il <Q<S'11 regrettably do
something

41.5 OTHER USES

~ as adverb: somewhat. Used with adjectives:

'\&

Hindi is somewhat difficult. Hindi is not difficult at all.

42

~ as adverb: about

~3TIO~~ I ~ ~ fll'"fe 3fl1: ~ I

It's about eight o'clock. There are about ten more
minutes.

EXERCISE 41 A Translate each sentence into English.

*
~) ~ qra fctidlil ~I
~) ~~?
~) ~ ~ fq(6;oi 1 •eu ~4 t
~) mijOMJ~~ I
':l

~) ~ 3TI?ff I
~) ~ ~ ~ \iietlil ~I
\8) ~ ~ ~ 'lift ~ I
"&

~) ~~M'Dlft'itf ~I
<{) ij~Cifi tR ~ 311 a>ifl ~ ~ I
~ o) ~ atf 31{CJflill{ ~I
~ ~)
 43

EXERCISE 418
Fill in the blank with either~
'\!!<
or Ofilt. Use oblique form if
necessary.

~) -~ &11\!)ll it~~ I
~) _&lld:ifl ij" ~ I
~) _tGil... I ~I
~) ~ 3Tfq' _~
~) ~ at\' ~cnl*t -~ ~ I
it
* tmT ~ ~?

6_> ~ ra,(fflft Olll _~Cfffl'll~cH '~ ij~8fi" 'ifT ~ ~?

\9) ~ -~ illetidl ~ I
l) ~ 3Tit1' ~ _q-Fft ftrtn' ?
~) ~ _fchd I~· (9f\a:;ft ~ I
~O) 'ef{c:f;~-~ l

. . . 31'CffR Ofi1t ('?~a6\

~' 31'CffR Ofilt ('?\i48fi I
~, wr atcmt arnt M\i4ar0 ~ ~ if 1
44
1
42 THE MERCHANT S SERVANT
~~Ofll~
42.1 Read and translate.

~ ~ ff citf Bo '3ft ~ if I d'1661 'QCfi" ~

t1T I ~ CfiT ;:rrcr tttrf t1T I tttrf lfu:lr-H§ I am
iYl'iC:J< ~ 2lT I ~ ~ q1f@66 Cfll 66'1tf.
~
@• 1166{ 66ld I ?.1T I ~ ~ tttrf ij' • ~ it I

5 'QCfl" ~ Cb't <if'Rf ~, ~ ~ CSJIT citf ~ ftl@fl 31 ltt I I

~ ~ ~ CSJIT ~•?JL-H@ll< Mam ~-S1'i4Jl ~
l3+1MI I

~~• §Hfil'l9cJ ~ qin 31q;i ~ ~ e1q3 ~

~'O
'1tf ~ I ftrsr off ~ ~ g"! ij"o \ift ~ tttrf aITT
!'19$1~ I ~ ~, tfFr -~ !cfil!fl if e 1'11 ..:u ~ii, ~q if
'1tf I ttlq' ~ ~ \ift ij" 2JIU qj!fi 3it{ ~ • t@d) ~ ~
1s ~ CfiT etlYC:J fdh:q1 I

~ ~ Clft iTRf ~, ~ ~ G01 ~ 'ijliti Cliltr ~

~ \il'RT qr I ~ ~ tttrf cn1' ,(6
l<:f I 3fh: ~ ~ cn1'
~I

~ ~-~ ~ ~ ~ aol \Jlcr~-~

20 ~ -cfiW Off{ ~ fcltilCI1 if !Fl @ltt I I
 45

~ 'ift' CfiT ~ cft o;q'{ ~ m

&tllil I ~ ~
Ofi"f(, • • I q ifd~I lft ~ ijq~a I: d ~ lft {ctnifl
ilmatr
~ ~ '51q Iii ~, ·~ 'ift' I ~ fa;:r 311qzt ~ ~
25 qr fafi' ~ if (Ofiiifl BFJ qt Ofi)f ~ Wft.l if ;r wI~ I
ttil
'ii 1 I"

merchant; used to refer to

wealthy man
servant
2 ~-ij'iiqi upright and truthful Ctwo
adjectives of similar meaning)
3 'q1.-.a:1< honest
q1f(;5Cifi master
'ift' (ijtJT afil 'having applied the spirit' used
adverbially in the sense 'to one's
utmost', 'conscientiously'.
be happy with X; is also used as
adjective C= Qij;;lt)
5 ftr;r friend ( = Urdu - friendship:
fli'ldl/~~
meet. ~ \!ft' ~ is understood in
thls sentence. $ ~ om1tted
after this verb.
6 X CliT 311(({-ij(Cfil{ 66(... i to respect X. masculine
functional preverb.
7 take out
8
46

mixture of spices, llme, nut, etc.,

wrapped in a leaf of the betel
(qr:f) plant and eaten as a snack,
especially to refresh the mouth
after eating.
to tell a person to do (whatever
the verb -vb.- is)
run ~-~ running
the nut of the areca palm used in
tfR
embarrassed - from ~ ~)
shame
before
used with verbal nouns in
1 1 1 1
meaning upon , when
13 ijq~ 1"11 explain
{Cilil&fl dish
14 ~ forgiveness CNF) = Urdu~ in
~ qj~l"11
as a non-functional preverb ~

=lfltW. (afqTftl1tfi'. Cili<*i I)

mistake (derived from ~ lwd
'wrong')
1s cffttaJ promise
20 ilt l'i!ifl i -cil·u;:s 1 two verbs wlth meaning 'wipe',
1
dust off' used together for
reinforcement
short for m C6l 6'1"11 'having
put br1ng'
for person X to become angry at
person V
 47

22 cr;tf somewhere Chere: used as

expletive, no translation)
when there is

EXERCISE Answer questions based on~~ CfiT ~

~) ~ cor Ti1Er qqy t1T ?

~) ~~~qJ?
~) ~ ~ ~ ftr;r' CfiT 311 a:l-ij(Cifill fctie' ~ febtt I ?
-~=~)
~) ij'o ~ ~ l'llGt;:s afi" ilre'. 3ltR ~ ~ cp:f'f ~ am- ~ ?
~) ~t{Ff-~fctiij'q('5ll41?

l) ~~fctie'qMlt41?
ij'-
~) ~ ~ ~ ~ am- CflfT <ait3i}i l:q I ?
\9) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ CJllT ~ Ch1 ~?

~) ~~Cfil~~~m~1
~ 0) ~~~~cm- CflfT 'itctlil ~?
48
43 THE FUTURE

43.1 The future consists of a single word formed as follows:

singular p1ura1 masculine feminine

~)-~ ((flf)-sTr
'ii>
singular 11T
VERB + + rft
STEM ~)-'Q' ~)-~ plural it

Thus the future endings added to the stem of the verb are as
follows:

MASCULINE FEMININE
singular plural singular plural

The verb "itt&5"11 is representative of most Hindi verbs:

The verbs~ and~ drop the stem vowel 'Q' but have the
same endings:

It I It I
It I It I
 49

The verb ~ has somewhat irregular endings:

It
43.2 EXAMPLES OF USE OF THE FUTURE

. " " ' ~ ~ ~ ~ffl Cl5)-

~ f':itil•ft

'i 1(d) J.11 e.n I'1\911 fer~lttsr~·

~ Gtitlil
3

1 ~ F kitchen
2 6fi 11'41 ADJ legal
~~4Sfij M specialist
3 ~ F war
50
4
Ptfl4' 611>6 ~ ~
~'itf
5
'111a1q1;:r i:ta1el\·t ifr ftis:19lf:rf
vgr ~ur;e 6f)ltl+i mrtr'
6

7
Ql~OI "fi(ffilf a;sflole"'t
~ ?.fiT • q;,(111 ·
8

~'8'!11 q;)- Gi161;11 ~ aa1l~

~ tr ~ t:l 1 {{ g)1fr
4 d lctjd F power ell' snit PP before
~Ofl"i I I bow
5 li~ ICI 1'1 M lord q~1cfl~ Jain saint
ft151;a M principle ~llfTd F peace
Sfjlttq ADJ established

7
8 :sflC'.f"1 M life
ddll;=jl I unload, remove ~ F violence
~ ADJ far
 51
These examples illustrate the three uses of verb C6g:t11:
1
9 call (something or someone) something• (see book 1, section
25.2)
10 'tell (someone) to do something' (+ infinitive +Sift>
11 'say something to someone' (indirect object + a>
g

10

9 ~t(iiijfi M vicious
circle
1O dafle: F hope
uq&\e1 play about
God Rama
~ F night
~ F service
~ A closed, termi-
nated
52

11 YRIPf fSr M representative

~ = 41 l&l IQI Great!
 53
f4tu;q I
w
M rent 'll~Cfi M landlord
ifTOI' M vi 11 age Pohu~a:1< M/F tenant

~) 'lcfi1'1 CllT q IRw56h ~ qi~ 1¥1 3114 I ?

~ > Fcha~ ~ artr fchu:tt 1~ ~ ?
~) IEli<14a:t< Cfiil' Pat;u:q1 ~ ?
~) 'I Ife6h tj~ lcl Cli1' ~ \JI IQ~ ii ?
\{) ~ 6fi1' 'I I~Ch Cli1' ~114 C: fchu:q I ~ ~ fqe;)~ 11 ?

F butterfly
NE catch
ADV well..
CONJ if
M mosquito
M turtle
F brand
31~ ll&ltfl F incense

EXERCISE 438 Give the correct future form of the verb in

parentheses. Translate sentence into Engllsh.

w
~) ~ ~ (~ 6fi{'1i)
~) fchui'la&lt m '1tf ~)
a
~) q-q t11~dil ~ 31ltT ~ ~ <&11w"1 o
tt
~) 3TltT Cff1' ~ ~661'1 tlif ~ fci6a1~· cftlcl<Pil)
~) ~ U\iflCil rtil:ft ftfil 'iJ,'1 ICil (\if\d'1 I win)
\9) 311tf &J1:rr fchaJt ~ ~ cwrr>
l' S11t1' ff) 31q"11 qt1"1f m OfiiT <~"ii'1 o
"O

~) ~ \if1' ~ ~ ~ ~ m ij" <~ctk'?'1D

~ 0) 3TftT c1l" ~ l1mT ~ (~)
54

EXERCISE 43C Transform each sentence to the q~Til

compulsion form retaining the future tense.
Translate into English.

Example: OflTI' ~ ~ e1~lti l<iflca•ft ?

J.vi'll V(.."JU
.~ ..• a lot e.'l ~-aris?
buv
~ ~, ~ ~ ijl~ttr tt:Jfl2';:ft q~··n 1
Ve.s, I'll /Jave to bu.r a lot ol saris.

~) ~ 3Titf 3WRT il ~ ?
':t) ~ Cif)Q~ot 16' I ij l ~ttT&i=i\i 11 ?
~) OfltT 1aa.~n ~ &ilM~ Cb't 661~1Q1 Bht.. n 1
8) OflIT trq 'E't 1g&1 ~ Cfi1' &l@I Q!i ft ? '\!)

~> Ofl1T ~ • 6f)q~ ~q•n ?

~) Cftfr 6'~cfi ~ ~ '1Cfil'l1 f'ali1 ojlr ?
\9) OfllT ijltil" 311qerft ~ cnlil' ?
{; ) OF-TT ftr&roll ~ ifl6'• 11 ?
'{) OfllT ijil'tiflcnw 1ij'if • 11>s11 it:it• 11 ?
~ o) CfllT ~ \ilcraJ Cfilil' ?

§l?<lcUefl
~ ADJ midterm
'if;ftCI
'O
M election
Cfi'U"1 I NE have done
©t ldl ~j • • • it seems ...
~ M sun
~ F energy
X C1lT aq'Lf1i 1 Cllfi I use X
Cfic1d'\ F cutback
 55

LESSON NI NE SONG - NOTE USE OF FUTURE

fl?V dreams·' queen (queen

ol mv
. dreams/
.
ijq""f I M dream
u;ft F queen

&1lf ~ tttd 1;ft Cttkt 1;ft ~ ""·~

'O 'O
~~) into~'<icating season came
(the season of joy has
come)
~season
"°
qR114l intoxicating

w/Jen will rou come

come_, .vou come

love's allevs (a//evs of

.~ .-1

love/
~ M love iR'ft' F alley

gardens' buds (buds of the

gardt:YJS)
;ntT M garden
~F bud
56

all growing things

:(.i ('(&\ colorful, flowering
things

are asking

ifta' q'"fEle
Cq -
tr• ft!:;r '"Q~n q
ft!:;r qT1€fe CR~ 41iQ•ft>
when will you sing a song
at the garden
- ft!:;r (q() on what day
q~€1G garden ifta' song

blooming Ille a t7ower

come near the heart
-m like fti.t6'911 bloom
~ afi( having bloomed
~heart

meeting from afar calm

dldn 't come
~ far ~ comfort
;'f' not

and untiI when wiiI you

torture me
d'$ql;=jf torture

4C1tJC
 57

tfTO ;:M- 311 t IU

LESSON NINE
Conversation

\I ~~~cnr~q~1(<~t1

~ 3TI'if ~ R~<'fl ~ ..~~1'1 cfr ~ ~ I

Mfcl\'1 - ~ qt 16'~, Clft ~ ~ I
~

~ 811~ Rq q~i\( ffi\if ~ ~ I

\9 ijFif ~ ~ ~•itlq{q{ COT~ 3fll ~~~I

l ~ ~ Ofll' &I I <~I I~ 41 l~Gi~l'1 ~ swft ~ 1!"1d i'ij

~ CJft ~ q &1"1 l:q I t1T I
58

~~- ~a4n : ~ ftCM11, ~ 31T3IT 1

~ ~. ftcmCI lt'5 I : " ~Ugil, ~ I
~ ~- ~a4n = ~ affT <Lig•u CflfT ~ ~ ,

~ ~. ft6f4lct lt'5 I : ~ ~ GfiT ~ Wit I I

~\9. ~a4n = ~ m"te t
ij- '!lt•a<1 1 ifd'11'1tfa:m1
~ l. ftcmCI lw I : ~ affT ~ al dd'1 I tt t
I ~ 3Tlt1' ~ I
~ ~- ~a4n = ~, ~ amw STR '-21 rtt~'" 1 ~ ~
¥11(1 '1tf ~ I
~ o. ftcKtCI lt'5 I : ~ Cfflf t ~t1'6il I tJftii' 34 Ia\J:ft t I 34"4 I
-~I
~ ~. ftcMctl©l : fclreR ~~I ~ ~ arft ~?
~~- ~do4ft : '1tf, gq ~~~if tt'l'11 l1T I ~ ~
· if~ falclT ea6lit ?
~ ~. ftcK\CI 1651 : mtr ~ aT '1tf, lCfR=r ~ falclT tlCfid I ~ I
~~- ~a&4ft : ~ ~ ~ ~ C5filit I l:fft ~' ~
~'1tf I
~ ~- ft~Cl I© l : ti ltil, ~ .....
fl:l'1-C:: ~ I
~ ~. ~aqft t
: CflfT iT1d' I lfT (ijt id\ ~ ? t
t
~ \9. ftcMCl I© I : gq Clim ~ I 31l=ft ~ qr:ft tft Ofit
fI
311(fT
~ l. ~(4ft : ~ ~' qr:ft m t ~ fR1t I
~ ~. ftcMCI IM I : ~ t ij lijil I q1'R 3Tlt1' M)fr ~ ~ tft
~I
~o. Pc1a4ft : 34"UI ~, ~ t1' ~ t 1 ~ :q~·it 1
 59
ift eq*f1. Cift' tFft' C6if 31 tQi Rq
~ ~ 'f RI 141 Ofli1" &11 Qi ftfl
ift(fr ~ ~·a:• Ii4l C6if a1 Ic;p ft q
~3lT,q~31T
~ 311, 3TT ll ~ 31T
~311,q~SlT
~ 311', 31T ({ ~ 3lT I

LESSON NINE -- TRANSLATION

~) ll*ll <r4<" 1"1 I

'\:>

CALLING THE RIKSHA

~) 311lft Clft 'E'l~Cfi CR

ON AN AGRA STREET

~) ~ &llil(I ~ I
THIS IS AGRA.

~) 31ittll ~ ~ CliT 'tCfi" ~ ~ tI

AGRA IS A FAMOUS CITY OF UTT AR PRADESH.
A~l(l (A) famous

T.() am;r ~ R~&l ~"'~+d 1'1 Clft ~ t I

TODAY NEW DELHI IS THE CAPITAL OF INDIA
~ (F) capital
~fcb'"1 - 3Utl{I qti{t')l Cfft' ~
~
tfi I
BUT AGRA WAS THE MOGULS' CAPITAL PREVIOUSLY.
ip1M
...., (M) Mogul (pre-British rulers of India)
60
~ > 3114 R~ 31Cfiiit CfiT ~ f&h(I') I lft i I
AKBAR'S RED FORT IS ALSO IN AGRA.
316flcst'l (PN) Akbar (Mogul emperor)
~(A) red
fotiMI (M) fort

\9) ~ ~ ~ ~t•iq{q{ iliT tam~~ tI

THE TAJ MAHAL IS (MADE) OF WHITE MARBLE AND IS VERY
BEAUTIFUL.
BcBe: (A) white
\'flll4HH (M) marble

') ~ ~ ar;) ill«411t 4llf'iitl~ ~ 31q;f\ ~ l!qd 1~

~ ~ ~ ~ il~lif I "'1 I
EMPEROR SHAH JAHAN BUILT THE TAJ MAHAL IN MEMORY OF
HIS WI FE MUMT AZ MAHAL.
est IG:~l let (M) emperor
~II 631 i< l'i Shah Jahan
~ (F) wife
J:l'lC"I f.3't ~ <PN) Mumtaz Maha 1
'° .
~ (f) memory
cst'il'lfl ~ past perfect of cst"il"il make, build

~ > 311\lf ~ ~ ~ 411t'ii\\I~ am ~dl'11 ~ Gift ~ t I

1
NOW SHAH JAHAN AND MUMTAZ MAHAL S GRAVES ARE IN THE
TAJ MAHAL.
CfUi (F) grave

~ 0) 3t .~A ~ 3t6fi6H 6fiT ~ f&ti(ij I lft t I

AKBAR'S RED FORT IS ALSO IN AGRA.
316PaH (PN) Akbar (Mogul emperor)
~(A) red
(qi("?) I CM) fort
 61

~~' ~~ilft«~sm ~a4ft m~~smmw

fAtie;s1 ~*~amt,
EVERY VEAR QUITE A FEW NON-FOREIGN AND FOREIGN
PEOPLE COME TO SEE THE TAJ MAHAL AND THE RED FORT.
~ (A) of the country, i.e., Indian

~ ~' ~ ~a4n lfl' 311•1u ~ 311111 t,

THIS FOREIGNER HAS ALSO COME TO SEE AGRA.
~3fF:n = ~~~3fF:n -- ~~
may be omitted after a verbal noun when the
main verb is JfFll or 3TAT (the case here)

r~ > ~ ftct411, ~ Sf18ft I

HEY RIKSHA, COME HERE.

~\l) WT fll~il, ~I
YES SIR, SIT DOWN.

~ ~) ~ CiT d~IU
"IO
~le iltTT I
WHAT'S YOUR HOURLY RATE?
Litera11y: 'an hour's your rate wou1d be what?'
iP1l is the future tense of 6FtT to be.

~ ~ > -qarr ~ CfiT -qarr 6Cftll I

A RUPEE AN HOUR.
Literal translation: 'an hour's one rupee'
62

~\9) lfW m~ ~ ¥t•c:J t 1 t1a'11~~m1

BUT THAT'S MORE THAN THE RATE. CWE) CAN'T PAV THAT
MUCH.
tc ~ ~ more than the rate. ~ is used for
than ( = in comparison to). Note that there is
no specia1 comparative form for adjectives such
as the Eng1ish er form in bigggr.
Bdfi"il m be ab1e is a1ways used with the
stem of the main verb, never a1one. ~ is
omitted in~~ ct) because of negative~.

~G)~C1iflemdd"llttt1 ~3Tltr~l
THAT'S HOW MUCH THE LOCAL RATE IS. AS YOU SAY.
~ Ciftl tc 1itera11y 'rate of here'
3"CFn that much
'fl adds preciseness like 'exactly' in English.
~· is a subjunctive form indicating the
'saying' is st i 11 hypothet ica 1.

~~) ~' ~~~'2T l°tlM•ii I ~~¥11C:J ~~I

LOOK, YOU'LL GET TWELVE ANNAS AN HOUR. CWE) CAN'T PAV
MORE THAN THAT.
ltiMJll future of KO verb lt!C'11i~I get. Subject
c;.q-
.....
takes -apl (~
.....
~~ f4 IC{I more than thls. See note for tc
~ :r:nc:r (fi..j) above.
 63

~o) • Cfilf t tiltai I ~ 311C{ifl' I 3i'i@I, ~I

THAT'S VERY LITTLE, SIR. I'M A POOR MAN. O.K., SIT
DOWN.
Cfi11 'little' in the sense of 'too little'.
Opposite of ~

1]'ftif 'poor' in the sense of having little money.

Opposite of 3ll:fR 'rich'

~~)-~~I ~~Ofl't~?
WHERE SHALL (WE) TAKE (YOU). TOWARD THE TAJ MAHAL?
~ ita>"'il take (someone) (somewhere).
Subjunctive used for shall and should questions.
cpj ~ (PP) in the direction of.

~~) ~, ~ iRJ {lft' ~it \iOl;=jl qr I

NO, WE JUST WANTED TO TOUR AROUND THE CITY.
~~if~ - - ijdlllit?
WILL YOU BE ABLE TO SHOW THE CITY IN TWO HOURS?
iflI ~for no special reason
"'
~4"'1 I tour around
"'
'EP=FlT ~ (compulsion) 'were to tour around'
"'
f2::rerr 'Ei ¥1 ll show + be ab Ie

~~)~~al~, ~~-ijdfidl fI
NOT THE WHOLE CITY, (I) CAN (ONLY) SHOW THE SPECIAL
PLACES.
mn (A) entire
~ CA> special (Urdu for Hindi ftj~f~)
Stem of ~Of 1"'11 show used with habitual
present of BClfl"'i I can
64

~~) ~ ~ ~ ~ cRit I l:fft ~, cmt '51~cfl 'itf I

(WE) WILL FIRST BEGIN WITH THE FORT. GO SLOWLY,
(THERE'S) NO HURRY.
~ (ADV) fl rst
~
....,. Cf!Fil begin
tf1t (ADV) slowly
~ some (in negative sentences equivalent to
'no')

~ "<,) ij 1g&1, 'QOO ftt~e ~ I

SIR, (WE)'LL STOP ONE MINUTE.

~~) ~ ilTff ~I ~ ©tltfl ~ Ofl1T?

WHAT'S THE MATTER. THE SUN BOTHERS YOU?
8)JHI KO verb used wlth nouns such as ULf
.....
sun::..""'hfne and ~ (F) thirst to 1nd1cate a
fee llng or exper1encing. See (~1..9) also.

~ \9) ~ t'lfm ~ ~ I 3'Pft ~ tTFft tft Cltt 3l1aT ~ I

(WE) ARE THIRSTY. (l)'LL COME RIGHT AWAY AFTER
DRINKING A LITTLE WATER.
(Y}Jfr t adjectival use of M 1 1:;oi11 similar
grammatically to~ t.' (she) is seated
"cft OF{ having drunk. OF{ is used after the
stem of a verb where in English we might use
and, i.e., 'drink and come'

~ l) Cflff ~' tTFft tfT ~ ~ rro:r I

SAY, IS THE WATER COLD OR WARM?
~(A) cold
JTm (-rn:f) (A) warm
 65
~~) mt ~ld&1 1 ql'll 3Tltf m ~ ~ tft ~ 1
(IT) IS COLO SIR, BUT YOU PEOPLE CAN'T DRINK LIKE THIS.
WR (CONJ) but (~ fot>•=o
~ (ADV) thus, like this

~o) 31'i'@I ~' ~ ~ ltt tI ~ !itM'il I

0.K. LISTEN, IT IS GETTING LATE. LETS GO TO THE FORT.
~ (F) delay
~ occur
1
delay is occurring'
~oblique of fOt;MI. Oblique always used for
places gone to (even though no postposition is
used).
66

~) s:rmu ~ ~ q: ~ ? .:fitt=t!ff)(\{}if:? ...

':t) au• 1u ~ q41~< ~ ?
· ·
-~!rJt ···==tir .
: . - ;;:;- ~:. -·. lf
_Jr_ · . ,~ . . . .·.·~ ··:
A ./::::::._ ./\' j
•
~ ~ ~ CfiT iAT ~ ?
. ~~~:
:/ ;. ·- . . . __)_
·· ·-·-·~-'--'"-"~ ~Co ·:j ··~~'--'-'-'.,
~ & :Y ·
... ~·,
.~l ;:::~~'.:~(:"<"7~mT
\l)
~) fehe~ ffi\if ~ il~llll ~ ~ 7
(("(\if
I·.nl~.·. r-~~:.=~+ .· 1.:1,.r;H~··
.·::.;:.
;
r;I
.
l . 'J'-'-'-" . .........,....
·.~~·-'-'-'~··.·
-~•''1 '._. .·.·,
:::~.

:1 . ',
./

~, :~:Ti~ ~ ~r~.,,::.~.
x1.......
~) &16fiil~ ~ s:rmu q OflfT
06
;::
i1~1:q1
! ?
?' ·• .

. .: : .~ ...
,..,. :;.;:
:i-1
==
1111
···:•.·.~~ :l
::!~!:~::::::~:~
• '
'<:. . .
:
~.
f.1
. '··
. ·~
;.~·······~·
~ .. ·.
·.. -:··-·............ . .
-
,:-..

~~) CfllT llcM\atl~I {'tl(\il ~ 3ltfR qr? ~-~-:~ ~ili\f. /st

~~) Cft1T llcffi2416'1 iji~&l ctn' ffi\il ~ Clft dl~:_~..~? .' .
~ ~) ij iij&I Cff1' ~ 'i'l:=t I ~ ?
~~) ll~8116'1 ~ ~ q: Cfl1T ~ ijOfidl t?
~ a_> e 1~&1 ~ ll<>Mat 1~ ~ ~ ~ 'it~~ cti1' ~ 1
~\9) iji~if Cf»l ~ ~Td\ijlt Cf){;!fl ~ ?
~ <:) llama 1M afil' ~ ~ ~ ift 1
~ ~) qr;:ft ~qr?
~ o) ll'*'CI 16' I qr;:fi ~ alt ;rre: e l~il Cffl' ~ ~ 'ilcl4 II ?

__ ,_,._._ •:. . . ...

,~-,:~,
\·11.v~ .. .,0~1.'
 67

44 COLD, HEAT, THIRST,

HUNGER, FEAR with C"~ I~ I

To express that one is cold, hot, thirsty, or hungry, the following

feminine nouns are used with the KO verb (a'll=t11:

oq'~ cold ~l'T'ff heat ~ thirst ~ hunger

As with other KO verbs, the person who experiences these

sensations takes the postposition ~ and the verb agrees with
the noun indicating the sensation; thus, with the nouns above, the
verb will always be feminine singular.

He is getting hungry.
(progressive present)
People are cold in Jafl(Jary.
(habitual present)
You'll be not in the street.
(future)

When a habitual action or an action in progress in not involved,

but a state is described, the verb 65'11*11 is used in the
adjectival form. This construction is identical to other verbal
adjectives describing states:

The lady is seated in the

room.
The word was written on
the board.
68
The underlined forms on the previous page are verbal adjectives
(participles), [see section 24, Book I.] With the verb {")'ilT'll, it
is not possible to give a translation using adjectives in English,
but the constructions are analogous to those given above:

~~~ti I'm cold.

ftcmCll I~ Gli1' ~ ~ qr I The rickshadriver was
thirsty.

Less commonly, the abstract-noun possession construction (see

section 32, Book I) can be used with these nouns:

I'm hungry. (1 have

hunger')

Other nouns used with M'ilT'll in similar relationships are~ M

tear, l:f1 F sunshine:

STiit Wt €14P1Efl{ sNu, il1i(T ~ The.re. n1ay be deep

~ M'iidl tI darkness ahead . ... Oh~
I'm afraid.
In June there is a lot of
sunshine.

Some of these nouns may also be used for afflictions; thus, l:f1
(")'if<Pil can refer to sunstroke,~ (ij'ifT'll (more commonly~
w•i4P10 to having a cold, etc.. There are also adjectives cttf!Etl
thirs~y· and~ hunger, which may be used as in English:
M\i!iatl lpft ift' I 'The girl was hungry.' However, the
adjectives are more commonly used to indicate semi-permanent
states as in~~ Gli1' lGtl4P11 c6Rif~ I 'Give food to the
hungry people.', and the adjective <4iijl was the title of a
movie, where 1t referred to the Intellectual thirst of a poet.
 69
~ cold and '1l'r (tllf) warm.. not are commonly used
adjectives, but they cannot refer to people.

EXERCISE 44A fill in the b1ank at the right with the appropriate
KO VERB:

fq(d"'ll get atl;cl know how to do

something
(Sometimes more than one verb may be possible.) In the left
b1ank insert the correct form of the pronoun in parentheses in
the combined form with postposition Cfil. USE FUTURE.

~) ~ -~~~ --'
~) rctW> _ Ciff iqfl fFcft __ l
~) ccq> --'!'"llC{I Clim ~
~) ~) --¥~cnl'i11 I
~) ~) _;rmaR~1J." - - '
~) ~) -~~tlt~
\9) (STitl) -~C5Tle
G) ~) --~ ~ 111611Q I
~) ~ _mf m ~ ttfja1 _ _ ,
~ 0) <gq°) --~~
70
EXERCISE 448 Give the appropriate response using (1,.11"11 as in
the example.

~) ~ ~ it ~«'ft it fi6f II I
~) ~ ~ ~ COl9 ~ li41al"ll I
'O

~) ~ Q<tf;\S ltit¥Tcti ctr 'Q'CO fttj<tLI ~ '31 IJl 11 I

~) ~ Wtt Ist I q"{ tnim &lld© ~ CJit ~ \JI 1a11 II I
~) ~~it~ @ll;i 8fi:t£:c11 I ~ 15 Dec.-15 Jan.
et'1 (~ Oh{~ I bathe

'(4 (!'."f~
(bedbug)

Cfi TCfi (l :q
~ :;:ftR:lli (ants)

i:i,,~{

(mosquito)

~
(termites)
 71

45 THE IMPERATIVE
(see also section 13, Book 1)

45.1 We have learned the following imperatives (commands):

intimate: ~ ~' ~. ~' ifRr afit, ~. ~

familiar: (8q')
"'O
G11an, 4'1&1, ~, ifRr arm,~, ~
neutral: ;u;:c 1, &ilw;:c 1, d.(Sl;:c 1, i1'RI' oti<TI 1, ~, ~
polite: (31'(tf) ~. Gilre;,~, afttc~, iTRf 6'lf\it~, <tflf\it~,

c6f\it4

Examples of the polite imperative (underlined):

feta:<! C1iT S11tr awn t;"•tti l'li11~$t ~ tllit~ 1 ~ ~

@"\@lit I :qn: :iftre;,:qj ~ tft8 ~ il I ~ttt;f\it Cifil 31©41 I
&}l\ltq qli~Cji°)'1jlij'S ~, &\@lq qliftil'"ljlij'S ~I
!L_
: ;

§lec(ICIClfl
ftna:c! M headache A local
~ F happiness M tax
""'
f&it4 II~~ ~ let spoil 3fofc( A extra,
~ F tab1et separate
72

§B!G:tCf&l

1 ~ M hair
fcit ;::q l'a M arrangement
tm° SfH"11 NE present
2 ~ ADJ several
411'1eJl ADJ splendid)
A HAIR Oll OF
grand
DISTINCTION

~.-,h No DO 1227
mr Msoya
DU o( Mfr ~c..
~Pnc::~f;;~7.15
t.A
~ M taste, flavor
local ~-~ "•ha
31 l"'l·c:: M pleasure

~~·<t>llif--.
~-(qcra]a ~
Bi! g 31QGll Qijj WRll
M~cfit~
2
 73
An extra-polite imperative can also be formed by adding the
ending -fJT to the polite imperative. This imperative is also
known as the future imperative, since the politeness of the
command indicates that it can be carried out at a later time.
The simllarlty of the ending with the normal future endings also
points to the futurity. (The neutral imperative, which is used
for instructions, is sometimes considered to be the future of the
famlliar imperative.)
74

\jf;q' ~ birthday Cfi~;ft F elbow

"O

~ F bell ill\311'11 ring

a':t 16ft F finger att{T 8fH'1 I excuse
~ Mdarkness
 75
46 AUXILIARY VERBS:
MODALS
~

iR=tot l"ilotl ~it I~

46.1 Following the stem of the main verb, we find two types of
auxiliary verbs found in English and many other languages and w111
be referred to as the class of modols_ The second type is
characteristic of languages of the Indian subcontinent and a few
other languages of the world and will be referred to as the class of
explicotors_

46.2 THE MODAL ij8fii1 I c1Jn., be 1Jble (see also: 23.6,

Book 1)

The modal <acniil 1) always follows the stem of the main verb
2) may be used with almost all Hindi verbs
3) has a1l the forms of any other verb, such
as habitual, perfect, future) etc., but is
rarely used In the progressive or in
compulsion constructions
4) is found in both positive and negative
sentences

Examples:

1. The girl brought the books. &S~a6l Pcbd IGf ~ I

2. The .qirl was able to bring the w~ao'*\ fdtidlGt. ffi d I

books:

3. 11/i!I ,,vau g&t the clothes?

76

4. ftslflf..vou be able to get t!Je

clot/Jes.?

5. Cobblers repair shoes.

6. Cobblers can repair shoes.

The verb ijdfi"'ll shows the same agreement as the main verb in
the corresponding non-modal sentence. The only exception to
this is when tlCfi;ti is used with NE verbs in the perfect. The
postposltion ~ is not used with ijCh"'ll and agreement will
therefore shift to the subject.

Tile gentleman drank tile collee.

Tile qentleman was able to drink

t/Je coffee.

The was/Jerman washed the clothes. ~ ~ Cfiq~ 1dtQ' I

The was/Jerman was able to wash ~~ tit ~ I

the clothes.

Since the use of oITT' with the subject is related to the meaning
of the verb, while the use of~ with the subject is a
grammatical rule, the use of flOh"'ll does not affect the use of
postposition anl' with the subject of KO verbs:

The little boy got the sweets. ~ &~afi qij- fl:la1~4i

~I
 77
The Ifftle bav ~
~tlas able to qet
~
~ 6'~~ Ch1 ftla1,4i
t/Je sweet:;."'. ~B9Hl

46.3 OTHER MODALS:

The two other modals in Hindi qr;:ff can,. be able and "iiCfl"'tl
~

linlsh. q'Ff'f is much more limited in use than 'E'IC6... I and is

found mainly in negative sentences:

~ ~ ~ ijCfil~ ~ ~ ~ I He couldn't go.

iitOfi"'ll
~
is used mainly in the simple perfect and often translated
as already:

She has already gone.

J'v& a!r&ady &at&n.

EXERCISE 46A Rewrite each sentence without the modal verb

ijCfi"'ll. Use ~ with the subject of NE verbs and use the proper
agreement.

EXAMPLE:
Th& port&rs w&r& ab!& to h&/p the man.
Response: *~·!fr~ e1~&1 Clft ~ Clft 1
"'T/Je
° porters /Je !ped t/Je man.

~ ) 6'\i;Cfi Pfia 1&1· m ~ 1

~) elt&I ~ ijtll'14l ~ ~ I
"'°
~) ~ l1fft ~ a-OT ~ I l1fft ~ heavy bag
~) ~ ~ COT ~~'i1H Cfil ~ I
~) <i41\31 I{ CfiT ~ ~ Offt 'ltuld Cf;l ~ I
78
~) ~a,4ft ana<£fl ~ qCfil'1 ~~I
\9)sma ~ ~ q ~ iji~~j ~ ijqff I
~) flla1tcl1@1 Sfq;fl lGJllil fl:taup•1i ~ ijGOT 1
~) cfl;ft ~ 3tWC6 ~ q'(t:r ~ I
~o)~mmaroo~~Cf\l~ 1
~ ~) fq\"Sfl ctt ~
GI. "O
~ Cifit ijCll'f I fq~;:;fl carpenter
~~)~ 3ll«f tJ.tT ~~~I tJ.ll = ~ entire

EXERCISE 468 Answer each question in the negative using !iiCfl;B(I '\!)

in the answer as in the example:

1111II you go to Del/JI7'

But I've alreadv qone to
Del/Ji.

~ ) OflJT 3Titf ~ ftt]~q al~· . n1

~) cp:ff q\!Jj ii< COTCr Ofllt II ? 'l\!JJCi< laborer
~) Cflfl' u\iflct tfibft t]blFf if;ft' iFiil' 1 t]blFf q;ft prime
minister

8fie1d\ F reduction
 79
46.4 EXAMPLES OF THE MODAL ijCfitj I
This is the only verb in Hindi which cannot be used as a
main verb.

UI~
fifii di4di RICi ii 611~ ii\
311q dil ildfa•i
a:>9Cl5 ara a:>1 i.Ti!'i[~ i8ffit;r
80
Cfi~Cii ADJ strong ~ M taste, flavor
ij"I¢ I M attack, assau 1t &l=if"'ll I be saved, avoid
~ ADJ full, complete 'E'idl61 M satisfaction
2 Df;tl'-ij'-Ofitl' at least tR ADJ comp Iete
"11qq fih"'I ADJ i mposs i b1e
":>
~~look
moft ~ oilil ctC-·cit ~-~ .att•• ,_ -·····
2 oQJ. ora: OACOCi I cJd[ ?

3 ~ 6fil"11 NE clean
q"11<ftl
~ . M profit
Cfi'I 1"1 I NE earn

q 1.._l .(=t Ith Ch<Zi Cfil &-iCR:f<~j

3

ll:Wllhl Cf)ql ftCfi:aO -sf. RH!I ;ihm !

 81

Cf=<41 ~IQ¥1

lijts\JRe( a11Q$
"IQ.
~~qJ
fl¥~1 }?
5
Cfli:tttc9(' ttTolf~if
~ ....
# 3'~T
tf~T~ ~ i=t' ~ ~~)

5 q 13i143h11 Mprogram
~ F study
82
46.5 EXAMPLES OF THE MODAL tfFiT

2 2 iii~ Titt F (sandwich)

bread
~A modern
'It)

YfdR:i1 ADV every

day
A white
A soft
A delicious
A good
M symbol
Mtaste
mrr&Iq;y an~ C<?Tc ~ ftvf~ srf~;-r NE forget
~. ·~ .311t ~q1~ ~~rer C1Amr ~ 1
~ti'Cl'T ;:mr ~~ ef~ qcrrf~ ~ ~q;- ~ I

t:f u~ Gili'i~lG1 liilifi~ crfur~..... ~

3IT"ll ~fltfil ~C[Ii1 lfi?I ;r qf~1I.

 83

3
51'~ ~f.fllto ~ 'f~
'
Cf~ 1ffa''
3 qqq ADJ fl rst 616'iiio M birthday

46.6 EXAMPLES OF THE MODAL ::ct6fl;:i I

"O

1 ~ cf; i:im ~.Cf;\ ~. ~~ ~ ~, "(Rif[Cfi

cf; ~ Cf1ll 31!£ITT: ~ ~ t? "
"q<ff ~ ~ m~ t? .. ~ ~ ~·
"~;ft ~ ~
"ID." q;m--:-
"<>i~, ~ lft q#.T t," ~ ~ ~ ~.
O~i!iHOI ~

~~~1 ...
1 61Cfflw M lawyer C"-

t1~w1 F lady
(1@106 M divorce
~ M basis
\5j~f\ A necessary
~ M answer
2 65~ ldl ~ ... it seems ...
~ A most
~ M/F traveler
~Cfif.11 spend
~ PP without
qCfi~ tTit were caught
..-- -
84

3 ~it'ij; llfl unemp 1oyment WCfi{~i remove

ij'q=at F wealth d4'©'1 Cfl{~ I
ti"ll~Cfl({ M socialism expropriate
~ d<SITil take steps ~a·;r A free (name
of r1ght-w1ng party)
4 Rftfi;:i M afternoon snack
··- ···-·----
~ M salary

I 1#. ~Gt,
4 'lf1lT ~ ~
fffi(
~-m '¥ ~
 85

~ 91t1;ft \ij·'1f\u· ~ ~ ~ ~ I
Ofl1T ~ ~ tiR;Jw CfiT ~ ~ ~ ~
:efre: cfi' ~ q \ifT q(•eu t 3'fFjf \ijq 1"11
~~ij'~lft'ilm~~~
~ t.¥ ~ ~ m
31iT ~ ~ \itet 14"1
~ it~~kl 1;ft

®1'51. OfK'5' OJft' ilffi, ~ C1ft' <il'R1' qu;ft

~

~ ~ if ~lcf~l ftte;5Cfi{ ~ Cfi~ 1;fl

~ ~~caR114t ~ 1t~cak11;ft

~ F chain
<il$'i I break
4:(!3:1 (IX) F goal
.,..
~ M moon
~ M door
Jt"t:IHI Mera
JtJR M world
-;:mn i) $-=! I join
~ M blood
"""
31=(:rr F ambition
JiCI l...fl F youth
E9l$'"11 leave
zy Mtum
86
47 THE SUBJLINCTI VE
~q

~~~~'9'3TT~
~~~~~\ill~
~ Cfilft ~ m: ct'TT m: m
~ ~ lloO Oll1it il ~ ID sfit
~m~

flt! from the outside no one could come inside

(Jf) from the inside no one could go outside
Think if it were ever to be&~. then what would happen
(/ti I and rou ivere lacked in a room and the ker were lost.

The underlined forms are in the subjunctive and indicate

possibility; subjunctive forms are very common in Hindi and
indicate a range of meanings as the examples will show.

47.1 FORMS OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE

The subjunctive is formed by adding the following endings to the

verb stem:

Example (the verb ""'f('3;oil)

singular plural singular plural

.:. .:.
(~) -\7\ ((ltl')
~
-3ft (~) ~ ((ltl') ~
'.!:!

.:.
(Ol'g) -tr (~) - 'Q' (~)~ (~) ~
 87
Since the subjunctive has the same forms as the future except
that the final 111'/it/tft suffixes aren't present, the same
irregularities exist. Two verbs drop the stem vowel 'Q':

~give ~take

singular plural singular plural

~) ~
"' caiom
'ID

~)~ ~) ~

One verb, ir.=rr, is somewhat more irregular:

r"' ~) ~ ~)

~ ~) ~ ~)

47.2 USE OF SUBJUNCTIVE IN "LET US ..."

Note preceding 'Sl13ir

1 1

irlff ciiilff: ~ ' 2

1
88

1. Come lets count the

rupees (future
subjunctive of fll91911
count)
2. Whats the use ol
counting, lets go to
sleep (fut. subj. of
m'511911 go to sleep)
3. The rupee count will
be printed in the
newspaper tomorrow.
(future of ~ ~
print)

Lets strike.
 89

m"Jf 3f1fs •H, •hih•a "'· ~. ::ra-u~. Wrir,

't!'n:r 3 iJ t:112" : •
trrm, IR1Thr, ~:y ( l"fT.. one:) f~ '6 m We" qn;t., ~ 'lfllTtf I
:

Let's make love.

6
3lT3lt q~~d Cfi1' ~ ~ «4~ 14'
3ltR ~tff cITT' ~ li~ 181 l;IOf d4;10f 1if
((tf ott ~ ~ en) ftlatr ott liftr i5fi)
eq;:ft· ~ ~ t<tm ~"'~01~ d4;mi14·
~ lCff ~ ~ '3itit 31(if ~ ~ Gl8114l
~ ~·~0141

u1\il. ~ C1ft ~, ~ ~ ~ qu;ft, ~

~ ~ q F©~·~1 fq(ijCSfi{ ~ Ofi~i4l

~ ~"'~klt;fl, ~ ~~~(;:ft

Lets make toil our faith

Lets make our hands our God
Let's make that land of Rama., the land of the Buddha.,
Ind;~ lovelier even than (our) dreams.
Theres new blooct new ambition~ now new youth.
90 11 11
47.3 USE OF SUBJUNCTIVE IN FIRST -PERSON SHOULD
QUESTIONS
Closely related to the first-person use ln 47.2 is the use
in first-person questions, either singular (1,2,3,4) or
plural (5).

ifttt l'"l;oiCI l'if\ F hospitality M duty

~ NE fulfil M lemon
(ftm ADJ sharp I be pleasing
 91
3

-
~T ~ an~fl)afAifi ~JJ<P ~ tm~ ~~ ~ ~~

&1~1'11
~
NE quench 31 t'4tneTP18fi isotonic
fq@f'11 NE give to drink Y\'dd ADJ present
~

~ M question dfi(t(oq)f\ F shirking

92
,,:,
47.4 USE OF SUBJUNCTIVE IN SUGGESTIONS (plural ~ form
with understood subject snq')
This use is similar to a polite imperative.

\ifflRT;ft
•
1"ft
<rrrGtqtif ~c:t1& ct- m~
~MT QIQ ~Jq;~r;:fl q.ffi
~ ;:r ~""
q~fq:i(ij F recreational assembly ~ F magnificence
~l"'ljU;:ft ADJ saffron ~ F small leaf
@l'ilCllil ADJ matchless
2
93

• ~TQCfJT a:rqrn 'CH

• ~Tl=! Cf)f:f
• BT~ \Jl"TCf'l~
13"l1Tfi ffq)~CfT folf 1;1l~BT ~

'e~HI M assistance ~by

~ M loan ~ Chfi r = fqe;,"11
~ F installment ~ M profit
~ F happiness
'!>
~~ take
&1'€f f;:rT NE move Onto) *1'1l©dl F success
94 4

ifii I~ I NE save '1¥ftl~I

~
smile

47.5 USE OF SUBJUNCTIVE IN WISHES, DEMANDS, ETC.

"
T~T~ lirn:f \JtfJ~T
~ ~ ~· ~

~ \StJT~ tirT1JT ~T
"~
TJ[~

~ M insistence TI\itf M state

felon lfl deve Iopment *'41al ij' \Nlllal most possible
2 95
"~~PI WtJI QcFll 3Iaf+ilctfcl5
~aft &liCIR ,~~7.t~I$qt aft~!"
~tja m

iifftlll QFiWPI WtJI ~ t.iqi~,

~foltctlt
3
q~~~~~~

~ ~tf~T~T
Biatrrfvrtff
f(~f iq~fq~ ~ ~~~~
3't~itll"'5 ADJ precious, priceless PllctH*ll NE cleanse
•ti81 l'A I NE mend) correct fi~ Id~ Muni on
....
qirJ' F demand 31¥16' I (Sikh group)
ijq$ia I M agreement q{lqtif M consultation

4 God forbid t/Jat we get argumentative

tenants!
Many expressions can precede the fcfi'
in such sentences, for example:
cT~tl 3JJq; ~!U\sm
\f416f li1 Cflt foll t1a_v 6'od . . .
11C?1 r ~ mz <!T\
f<h\if~ ~
3JTqq>J t1l~J ~ I ~ if I ~:q ~ Its nece.~~ary
~~amn~
7, •cl<;qJT~ \n9il 111rl, that . ..
;:i~1 fe~·-1, 0002
~ Rl'~'I !jlfj q;8 ~
ai't@I ~ ~ fcfi' It's best that . .
~f1'tll q;');:i q{ ~ \)q~!tr
q;);:i: 270161 /227
! I
qft ~i4Jl ~ foll Its n~v wi~-/7
273890. 3ITT 260022 that . ..
~ ~) ii ldd I ~ I (do notJ want
that ...
An example of the last expression
is given on the next page.
96
5

l ~ Cl~tl~Cfi citHd\fll
6

\ii((\{\
q~~,I -e- c.rtinct tre:f ~
ilCSfil{ M unemployed ~111¥1&> ~join, be
included
'ijflC'.'.tl ~ it's necessary ~~II f.:tC6 M scientist
q fl?.l&i M environment 65~ 1181 M attachment,

~ Cfifil NE produce affection

Note that the compulsion with ill~i4 may sometimes be used in

this context instead of the subjunctive:

7 ~ M truth 7
~ myself
"!!>

:ti1•rttdl F ability
t$" &lt11fil6fi
"'D
PP according
to
d'1l~ I~ F salary
 97
11 11
47.6 USE OF SUBJUNCTIVE IN WHEN CLAUSES INTRODUCED BY
~

•
Whenever, (You) wish ...
Note that the element in
the then clause is retained
even when the rest of the
clause is omitted.

2
i:Jif ~~ *et(rl ·t{~ at~ ~

~~ ~' ~ ~lSI ffi(fil l:-

-
When security is dependent on only one /oc~

then there is only one lock: nav-taal

98

~~~~mm~~~~tcnit?0. • •

llie 1lii<tt1 ~clCfffl fSt ftalie

~ ~ ct 'itir m mm ~ ~ CftIT tcnit ?
ftie 1ftj:q 1:t6'6R'fl ~ ft:c6e
~, 41Cfi6fit 31li fcte1fll'1 ~ q1@1it1@
m ~ T(Cfi' Wlfl ~ ~ ~ 81©1<.iil
fqia 1Pttt1 :t~Oftfl fil llaha

tj B happily sports
ci.f q, •=11 grow F sugar
A IM IA IM fl 11 ed
 99
47.7 USE OF SUBJUNCTIVE TO INDICATE POSSIBILITY

lldtffl

~~1i)~~
:g;;f~%02e

whatever mav be
/
100

iMaft
3tdl!1i! 8l
3164'('1{ M occasion

The use of the subjunctive in the instances above is closely

related to its use in IF clauses as we saw in the song used to
introduce the subjunctive:

~ tf ~ 31~C::< ~ 3TT ~
SR{~~~~~s
ar
tjt-iIT COlft ~ m: ~ m:
~ Olf 'Q01l Cfilft tt ~
'\:)
mam ~ mfilt!
 101

47.8 IE CLAUSES

The subjunctive is very commonly used in if clauses, although

other verb forms are possible. Let us look at two examples:

pg. J no. 7: (Sl'R) (~ wq ~J m~ ~ ...

If I tell the trllt/J, then Dabbllji ...

song, previous page: (Sl'R) anrft ~ ~J m~ ~

If it were ever to be s~ then what wollld happen ?

Note that the word for if, commonly 3111'{, but also~ in
formal language, 1s often omitted, but the word for then, at, is
usually present, exactly the opposite of English, where if is
always expressed, but then is omitted. An elliptic sentence,
such as llyou go, becomes in Hindi:

a) m...
3flt1' '5l11f
b> 3ftR~~m ... If it's that way. . .

Some of the possible combinations in Hindi are:

if clause then clause

subjunctive subjunctive
subjunctive future
simple perfect future
future future
102

~_,...;/JTiil ~ cjeJT~"71
enU4X0Jt arif·~ TiTq
-~-~ r--~
......

IF CLAUSE: 811'R 3lFif aq'

"O
~f(l{d ~ Cfi{lif al~ qig
"O
~
~~I
lfyou don't do mischief toda.,Vi J will give
you five pice.

d°t¥ltd ~ after taking a bribe)

The if clauses in the cartoons are underlined: 103

2 M boss 3 fif'3t&l F electricity

F trouble Bbif-if tft M/F worker
3-language ~~di© F strike
'"ijltf@r M formula ifi.'1'JJ11f M arrange-
fqfi:q l;ef :Q;:s M activation ment
~ A private at;I' M sector
~ = fcilGtJ"l '3Nle59 M production
104
4 (see 47.9)

47.9 SUBJUNCTIVE IN EXPRESSIONS OF DOUBT

A common use of the subjunctive is in expressions of doubt

which include use of the adverbs tiilttC:: or formal Hindi Cfie:lfttd,
both meaning perhaps·.
"'

Perhaps the trains are up

ahead.
Perhaps the porter will
carry· (lilt} the lu,_qga._qe..
~) 411tta: ~I "" Perhaps l 'lI go.
~) Cfia:l~tl f:Jct1'1#3fl ftm' ~ I Perhaps the prime minister
will go to E_qxot.

The one-word subjunctive we have studied is sometimes referred

to as the future subjunctive to distinguish it from the
following subjunctives, which are used mainly in expressions
indicating doubt:

habitual subjunctive lcil&dl ~ (masculine singular

progressive subjunctive ~~m­ forms given)
perfect subjunctive {q~6'1 WI'
 105

~llttC:: ~ m ~ &ll6'd ~I Perhaps those people

(used to) spt?ak Hindi. ."t·
Qll4C:: ~ ~ ~~Cffl Cifil' ~~I Perhaps he saw· the
pretty girl.
~ (t'S'!4c61 Qll:tt({ fti• i'le tft "ttt ~ I Perhaps that girl is
(~vas) smoking a
cf...q.:7rette..~:
*Context would indicate whether the meaning was past or
present.

EXERCISE 47A Transform each statement below into a question

using the subjunctive form of the verb as in the
example.

~ elt&I 316ffH ~ Q ~ I /"Ir. Singh often goes to town.

~ ~ 3ITTT tft ~ ? Should he go today too?

~) Cfi6'0i l(d f Sf<iRll ~ ~ ~itd I t I

~) ~matsml~~~~ 1
~) ~ 316R'1( <E1'!48fl ct fcti'1R ~ ~ I
8) CfW ~~erf1SlCRlllltidlil~4!Cfil~ ~~I
~) ~ Sf<iRll ~ ~U~tti tCJf1t:!\(1l t I
e_) m5f 31Cffll tl6116' ~ ~ I
\9) ~ Sf<iRll ~ ~ ;n(; 01Hd I ~ I

G) ~~-fci Sf<iRl{ ~ WP=f CR Ck" l'l"I ~ ~ ' I

~) ~ Sf<iRll tf1t ~'llql:r:t d<Sldl ~ I
'\!)

~ o) ~ 316R"I { '31<raJ 6fi4~ (1fflff ~ I

106

EXERCISE 478 Change each sentence below to a then clause

following the if clause: (811'R) ~ ~ •••
If (subject) gets tile money . ..

Example:
ft:iw tlldil ~ ~ -
Mr. Singh wants to go to town.
'I
Answer: (31ift) ~~I at~~ I
(/f Mr. Singh.) gets tile ffkJfle,V, he. will go to
town.

(Verb in if clause agrees with~' since subject fttg ~lltil ~

is understood.)

~ ) UTS1' i:n«r 'il'FtT - ~I

~> l:n«f fl{c61( ~ \«4f-i1 ~ il... 1... 1=illddl tI
~) Cll Otflqlft ~-lflel ~q1111 lCJfta..-.1 =illddl tI
m
~) gq' ~ atft Cii{i=ti • fI
~) ~ti fq fd ~ atiT q f:.a.< il411 I... I 'it ldd I I t
6) d1:I° ctldlO!tJii~d ~ (~4{G6fi4ii Cf(ijifl) ~ ~ ~
•ti
\9) ~~ ~ qt*l*ll 'f'tidd\ tI
~ > qOfil... q 1~Cifi qOfil*I Gift q(iqd Ofi(*il 'itltdl ~ I
~) ~ m 31q;:ft ~Gift~~~ ij' Ofi(*il - ~I
t
~ o >qg Cfi(dCf 16' I ~ Ott 1q itl il"1"1 I 'ii ldd I I
 107

EXERCISE 47C Answer each question saying that "(Big) brother

doesn't want ..•" as in the example:

Are we going to the movies?

\ifl' ~J ~ +tltil ~ ~ N4 big brother doesn't want

-fcrr~ ~~qi~ I us to go to t/Je movies.

(Note: The use of the resumptive pronoun ~ to anticipate the

1$ clause is not required, but is quite common in Hindi.)

~) cp;rr~Ofl'tmtri ~~?
~> cp;rr m ~ ~-~ Ch'\•11 1
~) cp;rr il ftr~ ~ ilRr ~ ?
~ >cp;rr +tar 65~~ (fR ~ m q"{ STI ~ 1 t
~) cp;rr &Titf ~ - Gfi1' ~ ~ ?
~ > cp;rr mu q ftan< ~ ffF3f QCifftCJ+t ~ awm :st 1q•11 ?
\9) ~ irRn \ifl' f:tl416f\
~?
*~ ~ Ch1 cm m Cfi"f ~"'"q

l> cp;rr ~ ~til'1 :strl * ~ milt ~65 IQ1' ?

~) cp;fT ~ +tltil ~ ~ qf\'gn ~? (Do not use fcfi' clause
in answer here)
~o>cp;rruler~~m~*~~:st1q•111
108

EXERCISE 470 Answer each question using 411"4( and the

correct subjunctive form of the verb. Omit
subject in answer.

Example: 4t ~ C1"4T ~ ifl65d ~ ? What language

does Mr. Urs speak?

411"4( Cifl"'I~ iflwd wr I Perhaps fhe) speaks

Kannada.

~) t(ij~ll~ ftfid~ ~ ~?
~ > J44'd165 aW ~ ~ CIR lW ~ ?
~) ~ '!ij(ijq I~ CfllT ~ il)(ijij ~ ?
~) ~sntr~ltt«f :srRaf;~~~~~?
l.() 65~a6l GfiT ~ ~ fAtidlil ~ ~ ?
e.> qq- ijlfii ijfWJ:qi ~ "f\~ft ?

B31 l"il decorate

(Y)1.fFfT attract
"'
trr~ colored
~ Jet's wear
~
.....
modern
rc.~11c:n giant
 I !?1 ~ ~ ~ .l:lh .ltjLU:t
..1!...EJ I ill ~ ~1lt .!:11..tl,j.!£ ~il
l..!h .liliJ.h .a.J ~ a .!£.~ ~
Jd~i:.2.J I (!t) ~}! ·~ ~

~~J !tit ~~a

AJJ..),JJ,... ,.,...., . -
µ ~ 0
Th-""~,..
,...,, c-.... G ,t'n k
,... ,.,..
o(. A» ..._, roO
-c
w
;
All}

A.tJ
llfR.iHllJAW:U
-AJ

_..,.., N>
-...:

- -
.lJ.)
--""'

- .w
-.....

- °"
-
·o

.,..,,
= A~.;~
~EI 111 11-=~1-~
G ___J

~511~~

'

109 N31 NOSS31 .112 .21.b

110
LESSON TEN SONG CFROM BOBBY ST ARRI NG DIMPLE) NOTE
SUBJUNCTIVES

31Tit ~ il;llECl( aN"«

il1ilT ~ ~ CS5• 1tn t
ctRtamf~~
;ai.tt~tt~
31Tit ~ 61... Efl< aN"«
ctRtamf~~
Qiq"{ tft ~ B]: q l\afi<d, ;ft:q tft 311;11 I fil q f'5fiw
~ Gfi\ft ~ m'1T CfqT m- <~ i(R)
'O 'O

~~~Glit:stT~m
afi{ mat 1iW' ~ - (~ i(R)
~~$·if ~illift~~
~~~·•if~ns-m~m~

~~~J~*ctRt
rra:ft if ~, iR ~. ~ ;ft:q
&1.-.a.lCft st;lt'5114'-~ ~ m
;m~~m~~m
~Gfi\ft~mm~m- <~ i(R)
~ '!if t;ran oS;t lw ~ - ~ m
an !(R! - (~ iTR)
~ ~ ~ ~ <J,qctl1 ~ ~ ~ m ~
~~~•if or.:a:n ~~m~
 111

§i!(:Jq&J

~ F key ~ M eye
~
.... "' F maze El.-iElh ADJ heavy
3lWr M darkness srop
.... M robber
('t') 2{I M robber S{l.-il frighten
"'
Tif(fT Mway ~
.... JfFl1 forget
~ Farm lW1)l
.... M swing
~ M companion ~ ('t');::i I
.... swing
~ F town ~ M mountain
m(fl F intoxication ~ ADJ absorbed
"'
~ ADJ thick ~ M tree
31''1 J:tc:t I ADJ unseen 31''"1'"1 1"'11 ADJ unknown
112

LESSON TEN
Conversation

~11q1~ aoti?t aR' ~ ~

~. R\«Jl 4l41~ tR ij ltil ~ ~ I

\9. - "O :- ~«'il'Fn' t, ~tltil ?

~. ~a4n : ~ qcMe «ttft(t< ~ t I
~. : ~ d<"Ciblctllal ~ ~ ~ cU I ~ 8ltR
mq- uT111
"'
~o. - "O : ijt ~ ~, ijl{til I
~ ~. : liorre al ;rtT ~ ~ ?
~~. rcta4n : liCibC: al t ijt tmr I
~~.
~~. -"O
:~~m~~?
: ;ft ;rtf, ij'Rf ~wt< aR' ~e'1ji&:t" tR ~ t I

~~. : - il ~ ~ I cr;ti ORa lfl if ?

Cif(ij lfl 0\ •

~ ~· faa,4ft : g;: 1 t1u:ttc:: m "' 1 rttutifl am: m ~ qr 1

~\9. - : ~ il ~ t, ijltil I ijfql~ 8TaJ ~ ifl{?

~ ~.
"O

~ ~. rct(4ft : fil('(t{ l:ft ildfitt

: fatid;f\ ~ d
*
tmr ~ ltif cit,
I
m-
ati'{ I

~o.~
"O
: ~ ~ 3Tlt1' Clift INft' it. ti ltil I
~~. ~a~ft : 3\'i\91, ~ 'QCfi" 6Cttt I ~ I 113

~~. t
: OfltT tti ftcit'$6'1 ;re: I
~~. ll'Pft : ~ I 31tR 3TitT C6) "J<"ld '1, ffi $ '{ I
~~. ~(4ft : ~ ildtil 1;ft I
114
 115

31(Y'6$ A foolish 31)~(YI) A sheltered

....
dCfllrt Mtyphoon ~ra1n F life
3Tilfl F storm

.I
r
.l
1 ~
l«<ft aiil'
* ~~
(<fMI
T.11<'5'1 ii' 'QCli ~ 'QCli trlft
t l'ifil"il ~ "' ~ t '
~¥~· 418'4'" - at2'4'
\(ijtil~tti ~ ~ ~J d"1afi
~ atR ~ •ii~4i
. °"'
~in atPl4f4d "'~
tI iTre: ~ ~1;:fl· tR Q(ftan
~ ~ iuf,t;q)· am- trlft
~ OffT ij 1q"1 I Cfi<"1 I
q'ifdl t'
 t fer." ilclft rtift 411 ~t11" il a~ il
116
2 Wt° ijCfid I
*
311q(dli16fl;w arnif ~ q1&1f ~~~
*
\ifT ~gt tit cn~a ~ ~ C{Cllfltti (fqf iO\JtTi
am
~\iff~gtl

3 a
31 lq~ 31 ~~Cfi"J\uf arnif ~ 11 ~"11. ct 'if<"~ il
ilOO ct CfiltOI 31161¥166. CJltlij)° q ilOO ~
t
ijGfidl I ~ ~ ijq$d]l am
d~<aJ4\ ~ I
~ 31161¥tCfi Tt° gt fft ~ ~an' dqCfi(Oi a~
~~Cflll

§i!c:JCIMl

~ Cffr ~ danger chain *'1itci 6t as soon as one

1 1$1St~fl f confusion pulls
~ PP with 31 Pt <l fl"kl A irregular
"C](ftm Of> :t.-i I wait ~
..... f inconvenience
311 q ("Cfi I(\J)');:i A emergency Cjtj&lj M person
.....
tftf~(l ~ disaster area ~ f medicine
31 Fc:f clCfl quf
.....
thought less iif1m M obstacle
~'4m M effort 3tj{C~J<ft A responsible
tl.f-1 ~ G.l't A understanding 3flq~Cfi A necessary
mm
..... 3q0f){DI safety device FlR M bath
 117
LESSON TEN TRANSLATION

qio ~ - ~uq1Ti aa1.:t ~ ~ • 'ID

LESSON TEN - A PORTER FOR LIFTING LUGGAGE

"CtTO M lesson M luggage

3C5HI lift up
~
..... porter, coolie (from which the English
word 'coolie' comes; refers to many kinds
of unskilled labor, i.e., ~
.....
i5flT Qfilli)

~) fa~ ~41'1 q{ ijldil ~'I

THE MAN ARRIVES AT DELHI STATION.
qg'i:J•'"ll
.....
arrive

~) iji@il, ~
'O
'iil~:q I
SAAHAB, NEED A PORTER?
.3fTq' Cfi1 understood subject

~ > ~ ~, ~ct cnu- ~ e1q1.-. P1Cfi1e;?J 1

HEY COOLIE, TAKE THE LUGGAGE FROM THE BACK OF THE
CAR.
P:icsri<+>"i I take out

\I) ~ Cfi 1<6 I &ICfiij ijt ~ ~ '511q:a11 I

THIS BLACK BOX WILL NOT GO WITH ME.
ct l:ft9 behind ct l:ft9 B"
from behind, from
the back of
~~ with (used for accompaniment)
:qlc{ ~) = OflTI" car CfilMI A black
GfCfi'Ef box
118

~> ~ 3ftt m~ t ~ at at<PC:\t ~u~ ?

THERE ISN'T ANYTHING ELSE INSIDE THE CAR, IS THERE,
SAAHAB?
°E9 something OflE.J
.... 3ITT something else
"cF ~ inside

~) ~,GR{~=i:IR~t1
NO, THERE ARE ONL V THESE FOUR THINGS.
only

\9) fcRr ~ ~ \ifRT t, tll~ I

WITH WHAT TRAIN ARE <YOU) TO GO, SAAHAB.
~ = oblique of Of!ff 'what'
~ = ~cnlmf1 train

~> ~ QoMe ~ gft@J< 'ifRT t I

(I) HAVE TO GO TO HARIDWAR WITH THE DUUN EXPRESS.
compulsion present, understood subject ~ ....
m
iifle&:l'l = God + ~ door, i.e., Haridwaar, a town in
North U.P.

~) liW g(ijCfiiCii{iji ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ 31tR ~~ ~ I

GIVE THIS LIGHT BAG TO ME. (I) WILL KEEP IT WITH ME.
A light (opposite of mt) heavy)
68iCfil
Use of crrcni with adjectives indicates '---
one' and that a choice is made when this CfR})T
adjective modifies a noun.
~ Mbag
~~=31'Ffl+cF~
Use of 3l\FfJ indicates reference to the
subject, here -tr. Thus m
~can be used
only if the subject is not it
 119

~ o) ift tftU' ~' ijlgil I

COME BEHIND ME, SAAHAB.
it' + ~ t:frd = ill t:frd

~~> flq;e m~~g)m 1

(YOU) DON'T HAVE TO BUY A TICKET, DO YOU?
compulsion future, understood subject 3lll:f Of>l

~ ~) fedfie at t ift qm' I

THE TICKET I'VE GOT.
min ?? and ?~ equivalent to tag question
~~> ~~m~~? <7mi~~m~311il1n1>
THE TRAIN WILL NOT BE LATE, WILL IT?

~ \l) ~ ~, ij'Rf ~Mi{ afi ~ectjli:f ~ ~ t I

NO, (IT) IS ST ANDING ON PLATFORM NUMBER SEVEN.
~ 'standing' (Verbal adjective although there is no
verb :rc=t ~"11)

~ ~) ~ CRW5 lij il ~ :qi°"' I tfi1t' Cil{ij iij il ?

•
IN WHAT CLASS SHALL I TAKE IT. IN FIRST CLASS?
~~ subjunctive used for shall/should question.
"'

~ ~> wr, 411icc:t m WI", ftl@{tl Gl'R m tt qr 1

YES, PERHAPS IT IS IN FRONT. LAST TIME IT WAS IN
FRONT.
~ll"l!C: ADV perhaps (Hindi CfieJRitj) usually used with
subjunctive
ahead ftnJ M1 A last
~ F time
120

~ \9) ~ q ~ t, e l\iii 1 e 1q 1411 &1;c::t ~ :qt{ ?

<THERE) IS SPACE IN THIS, SAAHAB. SHALL I TAKE THE
LUGGAGE INSIDE?
Jfll6 F space, p1ace
~ ADV inside

~ <:) li'l~l tft ilCMt cfi qra ~ tlC1 °CU, ~ Clit I

PUT THE BEDROLL UP THERE NEAR THE BOX, BE CAREFUL.
fcitH'H F bedro11 ~ take care of, be
careful with
tti-mn Of>l 'be carefu1 with it and .. .' Of>l here
indicates that the verb~ taking care
describes the manner of action

~~> f&ba;fl ~ d?
HOW MUCH WAS THE LABOR CHARGE?
1aborer • °"
1abor charges

~ o) ~ tft 3Tltr ctn' lf\iff Wt, ij ldil I

WHATEVER YOUR WISH IS, SAAHAB.
(fixed subjunctive expression)
~ F desire

~ ~ > &l'i:@I, m'QC5li' W~ I mI

O.K. HERE, TAKE ONE RUPEE.

~ ~) cp;rf ~ ftct\i6'l ~ t ?
IS THIS WINDOW CLOSED?
c1osed window
 121

~ ~ > gT, 3F'R snq CffT '5ji'{d gr, fft tcilw { I

YES, IF YOU HAVE NEED, THEN (1) WILL OPEN (IT).
3f1R" (=Hindi ~) + subjunctive verb, en + subjunctive
verb
3Pl1' may be omitted in IF c1ause but <TI' must be present
in THEN clause.
'1 '¥' H'I (=Hindi 31 IC1 ~Clfi i:1 I) F need, necessity
Ofi1 indicates abstract possession.

~\l) ~ lt~li114' I
THANK YOU <BIG KINDNESS)

~~> tft<;:i{ ~~an Cl1if at~~~ I

HARIDWAAR IS A PLACE OF PILGRIMAGE OF THE HINDUS.
~ a place of pilgrimage
~ pilgrim ~ pi1grimage
~ (=Urdu trEtlfctq) trave1er
'-A •

~ (=Urdu ~ cf. 'safari') trip

~~) tft<;:I{ ft q~;a t1'TT ~ ~ ~ I

THE SACRED GANGES RIVER FLOWS IN HARIDWAAR.
qfcfsr A sacred, holy
JfJrr F Ganges ~ F river
~ f1ow

~\9) '1i1T ~at fclh'1R ~"Ile~'

qf.oc;:{ ~ I
affl. ~~an all

<THERE) ARE MANY GHATS MADE AT THE SIDE OF THE GANGES

RIVER AND <THERE) ARE MANY TEMPLES OF THE HINDUS.
UTC ghat (steps a1ong the side of the river)
iFfT adjective formed from verb iiFFfT be made
i:ir;.aJ M temple
122

~ G) 'Eflif CR - "1Qi~Cii6'1" atft ~ ~ tI

THERE IS ALWAYS A CROWD OF BATHERS ON THE GHATS.
i;ih11 (=Hindi ~) always
~ F crowd "i g l"i I bathe
"1e:1ifc::c1&>1 bather

~ ~ > ~ C5fiT f4¥4 •ti t fcli flin ;:rcft Cl'{ <11t• ifit mtntr ~
~I
(IT)'S THE PEOPLE'S BELIEF THAT IF THEY BATHE IN THE
GANGES, THEN ALL <THEIR) SINS WILL BE WASHED AWAY.
Fc1~e:tm M belief
qrq M sin
~(intransitive of~ wash) be washed away
"'
 123

COMPREHENSION

~) ~-tt~t?
...
~> ~ ... atil' ij 1q I~ ~ ij' f.:ICfi le;5~ I ttr ?
~> e1tii CfliY ~'4•~ m ~1
\l> ~ ... ~ ~ ij- ~ PICfii(ijl ?
l.() Cfi le;5 I ilCfitl CfliY ~ cW 31•'!:{ ~ ?
a
~ > ij itil atn" - ~ \1IRf ttr ? ~ \1IRf ttr?
\9) ~ ~ ·-~ ~ ttiQil atil' cft? CfliY?
~) ~tlltil~*S111l'~?Cflil?
...
(( > ti ldil ~ Factie Cfiif ~tt 1 ~ ?
~O)~~~~~?
~~)~~~t?
~~) ~... ijlql'1 - ~ q ~ ~? (~ = Of(Y)I~)
~~) 31tR ~ tft~ ~ tft(H ~,al-~ if~?
~ \l) ~ ~a~n _. in ~ QCf\4ij ~ ~ tlir 1 3Tltf atn"
~ q1(ij~qt?
~l.(> ~ ~'IG
~ t11q1'1 ~e"tilit(\tR
•
mr?
~~>~~,_~<~WU?
~ \9) ~ ~ fctia;ft ~ fti(tft ?
~~) ~ rci(4ft Clft~q~~ ~?
~~> ~~~a4n*~~-?
~ 0) dft«it CfliY q\ld< t ?
~ ~) tft@J{ il Glft;r-~ '1C!t ~ t ?

il- t?
':( ':() ""1T $ t.rreT t1t ~ -~
~~) ~ CfliY 1liTT ~?
124
4B THE PRESUMPTIVE

46.1 Presumptive forms indicate that the speaker presumes that

the statement is true. Sentences with presumptive forms can be
translated by introducing them with the speaker presun1es that
... , but translations withmust or probab~y are more normal
in English. Note however that n1ust is ambiguous in English:

He must live here (i.e., He probably lives here.)

presumptive in Hindi.
He must live here (i.e., He has to live here.)
compulsion in Hindi.

48.2 PRESUMPTIVE OF THE VERB g1;n' to be

The presumptive of the verb ~ is identical to the future.

Thus the correct meaning must be determined from the context.

singular plural singular plural

masculine feminine

Example of presumptive meaning:

~{Prr I
Where is he? He m1.1St be he.re.
 125
Examp1e of future meaning:
arw~~~?
Where will he be ton1orrow? He will be he.re.
( 'He will probably be he.re.' a1so possib1e. presumptive
meaning)

Below are given examples of~ in different uses. The

presumptive translation is given in each instance, although, in
the absence of a context future translations are also possib1e.
In addition, the tense is given as present, although past or
future presumptive translations may also be possible, since the
tense is not marked in the presumptive.

non-linking I verb <"~~ ~ I

It m{Jsf be a girl.

noun-noun linking
The man must be a was/Jerman.

noun-adjective linking .
'IO
. Sl'lVl ~I
The chair n1ust be good.

noun-adverb linking
The train n1ust be ahead.

concrete possession •
w:s4
at- qm CliV'
'IO
~ ~'
The boy probab~v has sonlf.? apples.

abstract possession
The bearer must have a lot of work

compulsion
He n1ust /Jave to bring a boolt
126

48.3 HABITUAL AND PROGRESSIVE PRESUMPTIVE

All verbs in Hindi, with the exception of the verb~ to be,

have presumptive forms distinct from the future.
As an example, we will take the verb qc;.-.1 re.ad:

habitual present :
The boy reads books.

habitual past :
The bo_y u:sed to read books·.

habitual presumptive : M~Cfil f&bdl~· q(fdl ~I

The bor probab~v reads books.
The boy probab~v read books.

The progressive has the same three forms:

progressive present :
The boy Is reading bod.~..._

progressive past :
The. bor was reading books.

progressive presumptive : M~Cfil f&bdl~· tJc; tgT ~ I

The boy must be reading booA:s.
The bor must have. be.en reading book~..._

Note that, in the presumptive, the distinction between present

and past action depends on the context.
 127
EXERCISE 4BA Answer each question using a presumptive verb
form corresponding to the verb form in the question (i.e., a
question in the habitual present would be answered using the
habitual presumptive.) Note that using the presumptive is
somewhat similar to making an educated guess.

EXAMPLE:
<dl4'1'3\ if fafia~ m ~ ~ ?
How many people live in Lucknow?
Cljf\ii ~ wnq a\ll ~ ~ I
About a million must live there.

~) (d)tf Fa<fflft «311t HI dGfi' ~ ~ f ?

~> ~..~~14l m
~> \it<dl:tt m TPff if-
'¥flCJd{ ~~ ~
*
ttt ~ q~'"*a t?
\I) li1<dl:tt m q~1<'11'1 at~ CfltT ~ ~ ~ ?
? ill"'a t

i=l'1h"1'1 M entertainment
~> Ofiq~auw1 ~ ~u~:qj fafiaJt ~ q ~ ~ ~ ?
&_> ~chl'1aJ< •ii~Cfi «• ~ 'i'-1' ~ t?
\9)qfbca ~ CflfT m ~ t ?
G) l:l'Ra q falidJi m. f?
~) ~ '5t(d< q PhaJt 1'I l{d\:q m t ?
~o)ltl«f tt U~fd aft 'iR Gift~ - ~?
~1~qR1 M President

~ eb!ctl B)f\' ~ iro' ~;;:t\ijl{ (habitual presumptive)

~ijctft ijq"i 1q fqi\ij' i ~Cfi<I<
She probably waits for me somewhere
Longing for whom I wander restlessly
128
48.4 PERFECT VERB FORMS 'lufCfflW

In addition to the simple perfect discussed in section 40,

there are also additional perfect forms, all of which require ~
with the subject of NE verbs as shown in the examples below:

simple perfect ©~'* ~ fcltidl~· q4f I

Tile boy reads books.

present perfect
The boy has read books.

past perfect ©'$afi ~ f&tla1~· tfcft qy I

The boy had read books.

presumptive perfect
The boy must /Jave read books.

I verbs have similar forms, but without use of the postposition

~:

simple perfect ~~Chi ~··~ rp;rf I

The boy went to the shop.

present perfect ©'$661 C!Cfil... fl?IT t I

The boy has gone to the shop.

past perfect ©\iiCiffl '!661"1 'tin' in I

The boy had gone to the shop.

presumptive perfect
Tile boy must /Jave gone to tile s/Jop.
 129

EXAMPLES OF THE PERFECT PRESUMPTIVE:

Hey; how did this Yes., the mosquitos must

statlle move? certainly have bothered
~ JfA1 =move it.
perfect presumptive

3
'1' ~ stlqaffl ~ ~ t I"
·~~tr
"tillltC{ ~ q I"
·~f&ti.. ~ al Gfilft ~ ~ ~ t"
''tf?IT al ~ tft ~ I"
"al~~~~tar-1 ~~mm, .
130
EXAMPLES OF THE PRESENT PERFECT - similar to English present
perfect. Note, however, that the example in sentence 4 is not a
present perfect but a perfect participle used as an adjective:
Our hand of friendship is extended for everyone. The present
perfect would have the same verb form.
In other contexts the same form is used as a present
perfect:

That man has moved forward

quite a bit.

~'fR"TC{~)ifit~~
.~m if1 ra-~ ••t t
5
.;rfi" <1lZ '
VR:~~7
a5tJ311 'd/Q
ff'UiR" WR?ifc#I 1
! O<<tZ}~ Et;~'-­
*.rr mrr t- __.. .,. .,. .

5 lTilf\' ;ft (used here to refer to friend's wife}

~ q;r love letter ij~~I message
.q'ii!Ci I send ~ friend
~ed 5 at the time of returning
 131

'quf gs••r'
6

3itt11tlfe asr ar q1act

llG&t ~ •t<g alif" GllCi
.JUDI i /r--.___.
/

r- /

7
132
a

6 ~ ADJ full ~ pitcher Chere refers to

&llt'I~ f self-purification ~ festival held
q16i<Pt ADJ sacred, holy every 12 years
3ii4ij( M occasion t{{T ADJ complete, total
7 a10CIM ADJ first ~ f congratulations
'iiw I~ I NE burn ai:f\' ADV at that time
8 CliR M ear qq;~<Pf I NE catch, pu 11

q:n;f qq;~<Pfl 'grab ear' -- used when admitting error

t 16'cft F mistake. error
 133
EXAMPLES OF THE PAST PERFECT
The past perfect in Hindi indicates an action further in the past
than the simple perfect and is not always translated with the
'previous to past' English past perfect with had.

9 10

11

~!!Ffi ~ ~ ~ ~ 3lm 3lR ~ m~ q,'l

~ ~- ~ ~ qi) ~ cl; ~ il ~'
··~, m~ <li ~ il ~ 31"WT-31WT Wl ~,
~ ~ m~ <i'l ~ ~ Offirl!T ~. ~·~ ~ q,'l
~, -atm ~ trnt ~. q<l1 gl1 0{(11 ~mf<f ~
~ ~ ~ ~?"
"~." ~ ~ ~ ~ ~-
D Jr. fg.

9 if'1 ICI Me1ect ion

'O
M price
aml Meffect
10
~ PRO self 311'5Jld\ ADJ free
11 31\Tr Mblind (person) (ij(t'ijl M style
31<'"' l-3i(ij• i A different
. w=r F opinion
llt1U M column ~ F rope
fcll~blij M/F specialist
134

EXERCISE 468 Flll in the verb forms as indicated and

translations. First one completed as example.

HABITUAL
post position
65\ii~ S1q'11 dfiiHI =iq)Cf>~ t I
The girl opens her room.
...
present 65'i;Sf\I 34q;s1 Cfiq{I _ __
The girl her room.
past 65\ii~ S1q'11 Cifiq{i _ __
The girl her room.
presumptive 65'i;dffl 34q;s1 Cfiqu _ __
The girl her room.
subjunctive 4114a. {ij\iictfl 3tq;11 Cfiq(i, _ __
The git"'.,__!__ her room. (maybe)

PROGRESSIVE
present 65'i;Sh'l 34q'11 Cfiqu _ __
The girl her room.
past {ij\iia61 31q;s I Cifiq{I _ __
The girl her room.
presumptive <"~~ 31q'11 Ofiq(i _ __
The git"'.,__!__ her room.
subjunctive 4114d: M'ifa6\ ___ 3tq'11 anqu _ __
The girl her room. (maybe)
 135

PERFECT
simple
The girl her room.
present ©~CfO 31q"1 I Cifiq(I _ __
The girl her room.
past w~cstn &1q"11 Cfiqu _ __
The girl her room.
presumptive e~ctn 31q"11 Cifiqu _ __
The girl her room.
subjunctive 4114({ ©~Ciil, 31q;11 CfiiHI _ __
The girl her room. (maybe)

COMPULSION
present w\ii6h1 31q"11 Cfiqu _ __
The girl her room.
past ©~~ 31q"11 Cfiq{i _ __
The girl her room.
future ©\iictft 31q"11 Cfiq(i _ __
The girl her room.
presumptive ©\iiatfl 31q"11 Cfiq(i _ __
The girl her room.
subjunctive 4114({ e~Cffl ~ Cifiq(i _ __
The gir..._l__ her room. (maybe)

FUTURE
The girl _ _her room.
136
~ Order, order! Well done, Mr. Sharma!
~ suq~ ~a-~ 661\.:ft ~-9 atft ~ ~ t 1 ~ ~
~ ct 31;ij4 ra t1tt~ Glim" il ftm' m atft ~ ct ~
'QCi qft~ atft Pi1Rfi 311":tClitt"t I ftm' m C5f)f qft~.
~?

~ argument (=fl.TT and

q; 1'141
.... legal ~-~
.... .... prowess
~ praise ~
......
but
~ 31~~:pfo under tJfluur test
OfiRn period ~ care
qfJ~ guardian P14Rf appointment
......
31 ~ ct l"ll necessary
t:'

§1!d. Your honor,

~ 31e:lwd C1il' ~ QdU'ij ;r gt, at ife:r - ~I

objection
iS((!J "I" ready

~ ~, 311tl' ~ I Of course, of course, 311tl' ~ 31"'@1

qft~ ~ ~ 3'ftl. gt ijCfidl ~I ftm' m, 3flt1'
~ lf!~I faff \'Id fI
~~I fct; f4 C1 lucky
""

thanks give

R. iftacw ~tt1 ? ~ lfi iTR if~ t•1•ft ? ~, 31lft

ffl~~~, Qq4f@) ~Gift I ~~Gill~,~~
 137

"14'1ctl fool

m ~. ~ R4@\w o'tc$ ~ ~ t ' sitt gr, ~ ar ~ tt

~qr1 3flftrit~~C\Wallt1ft~t1 ~m1

§ftMI: No, no, Uncle, no!

'~11\"1 ~ tlt' I 3flft auq~ Ofi;:fw iftosm:o q{f~I< awT f©lCll

~ ~leOfi ~ I f::t~IOfi - ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~~CllWI
CfiwlCfilt q - 4t 31lR - ~'
'O
4t l4qU'4J1 rtta", t,ft
ftrm, 4t ~ atfttt1:rt1, 4t ~<>~<> t&il'!Ei, 4t ~ ~, 4t
'O
*
<l1f Ofiqf{,
'O
4t <Fir Ofiq(W} ~. sitt Ofiqtfl
'O
Oii"WT ~'O
I
Y~fdCfi(Oi 'ti\iltqCfi Cfiqffl
"O 'O
~ ~ sitt l,ft ~ tTta'f
"O 'O
I ~
-;ri-c:Cfi~ 3lltr 31ICfi141CI 1un f$1q@ I ~ ~ ti q I

c Ofi
;mi I p1ay P1c!'~IOfi director
l.TT1T c;Sif ct I('>) I part kipant Y'fi'I..... R1Ofi~ 0 1 presentation
'fl 6 l<:f Ofi assistant
138

49 COMPOUND POSTPOSITIONS
~i~"ffi q«'f~ f
~

49.1 Many postpositions are formed with more than one word:

Examples: $~for $ il'ft if about

These are called compound postpositions and represent most of

the postpositions in Hindi since the number of simple
postpositions is limited. Many compound postpositions are
formed from adverbs. Thus in English, prepositions and adverbs
often have the same form:

ADVERB He is inside.
inside:
POSTPOSITION He is inside the house. ~ill aW 31;c::t
t1

49.2 EXAMPLES OF PLACE EXPRESSIONS <ADVERBS AND

POSTPOSITIONS)

ADVERBS POSTPOSITIONS
3f..d\{ ~ 31;c({ ~I -at"3t~{ CIWittaW~~I
inside Hes inside. inside (of) Hes inside the hou.!t--e

itm ~~ii -el;~ arg- '-ll el; ~ i I

outside Hes outside. outside (of} He's outside the
house.
 139

~ arw~t1 -al~ arw~cit~t1

above Hes upstairs. above Its on top of the
table.

~ arw~t1 -al~ OIW~cfi~i I

below Hes downstairs. under, below Its under the table.

m ~mt1 -*m ~~mt1

ahead Hes ahead. ahead of Hes ahead of me.

tft\t OIW tftU' t I -at tft\t erg ~ tftU' t I

behind Hes behind. behind Hes behind me.

~liq~ OIW ~uq~ tI -at e1q~ ~~rfijlq~ tI

in front Hes in front. in front of Hes in front of the
hol!Se.

~qm~~I -aliqm ~ 4aGffl~ at" qm

....
~~I
nearby We live nearb_y. near I live near the .!>"'hop.

-at" . . C5IWijt . . '111Q"11 I

erg- '111Q"ll -~- erg'!'J~-
"llQ<ill I
first He'll go first before He'll go before me.

ilR: il erg i1R: il 'ii IQ" 11 I -afi' iTTa: erg ~ iTTa: 'ii IQ" 11 I
after- He 71 go after- after He'll go after n1e.
wards wards.
140

~il ~~ilt1 -~~ ~~&Ii~-~~

ti
in the Hes in the middle. in the Hes in the middle ol
n1iddle n1iddle of those people.

mq ~mq~1 -~mq ~ 311tf rt mq

"' I
'5f 1'3rlll
together We'll q,, toqether.
~ ~
together I'll go with you.
wit/J

EXERCISE 49A In each sentence, change the adverb to a

postposition, which follows the expression given in parentheses.

Example: m t'ltff if if1g{ ~I (ill)

The people will sleep outside in the sumn1er.
m t'l1ff il i:ll ~ i11'{ ~ I
The people will sleep outside the house in the
summer.

~> cp:fJ m-
tlCllM ~ ? (qftgn exam)
311tf
~) OfltT ~ ~ ~ ~.'? (~ql(d)
~)~~I tCfiq{I)
~> llct4il 3T1'it ~ ~ t I <~>
~) 311tf il're: il ~ ;sfT ~ ' ? (q(ij iij)
~> ~~il~t1 <~m>
\9) 3114 IU Cira t I <fa<r&\)
l) ~;ffil"~t1 ~
~river
~flow
 141
EXERCISE 498 Answer each question in the negative and give
positive statement using adverb or postposition with opposite
meaning.

\f>Q < I
~ > ~ STitr GliT ~<iii ct ilTC{ ltatie ~ ' ?
~) cp:fT vr;r ~ fF<ft ~ t ?
~ > cp:fT 3fl«r &11aotft at" snit ~ ~ t 1
~) Cfl1T 8Tlt1 awft rctittlil alt~~ Bfffil'SJ ' ?
~) ~ gqTft ~ tftU' t ?

snit "° . ..-.tilt rn

tfkt~~~

49.3 EXAMPLES OF ADVERB USAGE

irf~~T ~a'~ i{
~l~ flCf~Tit
•
31'Ul
2 . ~;:r~y """' 3
3TI'f
~aT~
~ ~. ~ '(~},
~ ~~~~
~m: ~ ~m
rnrr, ~ ~ ~ ~«
• !ftul· 3ITT IJlrmT ~ ~
~ rfT I
x x x

q~{ijl F lady ~ld{\Jt F chess

ftttMl4' M/F player
2 \:Jf;f:fdl M people ~ M leader
142

4 i1G1' M year (ij),€1{ M kitchen

~ F remembrance Plii•i:.T M essay
5 ~ ADV aJways
7 ~ ' .., ~
143

atiftl ?IT (Tit ifi 'lef ir

~a atm
8

g ;" "iit.J! ~ ~pr ~i:r •

j~'11 ..: .~ ~ y m-
P-ir;·it~!(G1ifl ~.-. Q"1i .~~Dr I

7 • ADJ illegal ~ M business

a q·~M F goal

49.4 EXAMPLES OF POSTPOSITION USAGE

1
fcl~ctr~r ~
<flef 3flt;z I
2

1 fai4Cf lij M confidence

144
3

convenience of making lassi immediately after grinding spices.

Note adverb ~ immediately between ti and ill'a:. In same
way: Cf(ijlij afi' 'QCfi' ~ - one hour before class
 145
5

* ~ used here for going to a person - see Book 1, sect ion 31

5 ~ M price i1Cfl'11 I increase

q\qJ' M fan
6 lq(4ft41 M rabbit ct1~"1 I I run
7 ~ F worry
146 a

9
.qra\ ctit faq;~a1 ~ q.1~ m "11(

~ :mer :mer 3fm ~

10

31111
~ tfi 1ffir .•.
9 cnaf F conversation feiCfi(ijdl F failure
10 ~"O
F age ~ F income
~ F increase
 147
lf!<ili{C::lt q~F:e;an ~ &flilttl'1
Cffa' ~ ~ ~ ~ :qq-.1
~ ~ il • f4'M' (ij41itq
f!41i{<=:H Q~~fted6 P ifl<l&li1
(CfF.IT 31t1t lf!¥1i (I" '5fnl lfT ~ i -(w-• '5fnl
~ ;re.;r il ilmt ~©•liq I
lf!41\ctl{ Q~~fteOii p it){l(tJ)...
~ ii... ,~ *m am ~ -....~ * !JR
~ tR ilmt f4'M' M4 Ii'lt I
~CMflij qp:f cO' m, cfftCiti© ~ &Cli'<i I I
'fcil..... ~I C5f....arr A fragrant CiflC JfFl1 is cut
q\C JfRT is torn ~l4~1 M skin
~ M body ~ F skin
-<c:t ~op
"'
A dry a:Rfl F beard
~ cst'i HI shave ~ M face

'e
148

49.5 OTHER COMPOUND POSTPOSITIONS

(1) place
across: ti tfR around: ti at iijq iij
in front of: afi' e1q~
at the place of: *~
near: (=ti ttm> *ijs:flq, ti "'l'Jj ~Cfi, ti P!Cfie
far from: ij' ~ at the side of: ti fclti"'IR (tf1:)
(2) direction
in the directft:m of: Hindi Clft am
Urdu afft mtl?
(3) cause
because of: ti J:fft Hindi
Urdu
*afft
Cfil{OI
~ ij'

(4) comparison
like:Clft ~, Clft l:lff6, <Gti> ~
in conparison to: afft d(t)"'ll q\ afft sN~
equal to: at" &ltiil{, *'O

ijql'"'I

*ilft afi'q
(5) others
ahout:
accordinn
::t to:

against:* ftct('51'1j,
'O
*
qa1~an, at.-a~fd, ti at"'ltllt
*• *
f4qfla
• 'O

besides: * *
ftm, 3'<'51~1, atRtft'fli *
during: *~, ti ~
for: afi' ~J $ m
 149

in spite of.· $ illCi'S{C::

instead of.· am~~),~~~), cl; il'itl:q
without: Gt fer;n', Gt ~

31if ~ ~Gfi'ilftif I
~ ~ 3110 ~ ~ !1q1:qld ~ il • lf!466 tgr I
~I
'O
*
'I.ct f'1q tfl ~ fcli au« 11a:ft =et1ifle ~ if il ~ tiiW 'O
tt
~ ~ uf,r Gfi' ~ iFJf ~ q'if 1\1 ftl'"te 3ftl (fm ~ ~ ~ I
~ ~ ~ 31af ijqil<t ~ t I
~ a:fta-0· en:~ u-: ii'1'1dfit q:q1e fqfie en:~ snq atft' ~
if ftfit ~ Wfil' I
31ir 31m (lfZil~ I

EXAMPLES
150

3 ilGO f'
Vocative form ~ Ofi{;lf I NE get
3'1Cfi6'66 ADJ attractive (CiOi - F puzz1e
4 il'I tlltit M hoarder afil1' ADJ harsh
CfilfCitd F action
 151
5

•
6

goft9 i}i dtli!DI

5 in1T F demand
6 iJ1JT
'O
M good qua 1ity
152
49.6 PREPOSITIONAL CONSTRUCTIONS

A few Hindi postpositions are often preposed; there is a very

small number of such postpositions as shown in the following
examples:

POSTPOSITION PREPOSITION
1 without sugar ~*1iFlr 1if;n' ~ * (Hindi)
2 without sugar ~*~ ~~~ (Urdu)
3 because of the cold ~ * qft qft~~
4 besides the man SU(tf\ * ftrcrr ftrcrr SU (a:ft *
Note that both postpositions meaning without occur in this
construction. Other terms for because of such as * Efii(Ui and
atft' ~~or other terms for besides such as* 31<'51Cll and*
31Rtft'ffi do not occur as prepositions like their synonyms above;
the 1ist is basically limited to the four examples given. When a
postposition is preposed, the ct' remains postposed, although it is
sometimes omitted, as when the without phrase is adjectival:

5 I drink coffee wit/Jout sugar. ('sugarless coffee')

~ 1ir;n' ~ Clft' anT~ tfRft ~ I

49.7 WITHOUT WITH VERBS

Most postpositions can of course be used with verbal nouns as in

these examples:

1 because of building a /Jouse qan1..,. &l..,.i*t ~ dfil{UI

2 for studying Hindi H' • *~
 153
However, when without (elther ~ or ~) is used wlth a
verb, there is no use of off' and the verb is in the OBLIQUE
PERFECT PARTICIPLE FORM.

EXA1"1PLES
3 without talking to me ~ ~ ~ ifRr ~
4 without washing hands ~ g'ftf i{d ~
and face •..

The word foF:rr~ can be preposed or postposed:

s
~#~T. ~· m:.ct # ~ :
· ''etil+i tr~ ~T~ f~;;r fcn~T
~T~o ·it Grra:cf1o -;;@"
6

.J
~~.. .. ,,<'.;\ "
7

eraaul~
tCl!ffepfl
5 acJ' M position ~ F hardness
7 qqJ
"IQA':
M exchange ~ Sfi{*i i NE spend
154

pr ~ 31/~"J! it ~ Cli7"
Pf@iiid yqc;:n8 ~ J.fdd:;?i ci;r
ej/h~J;j Y.fYW ~,@!" ~
. ~2A?l<7 7:fi* ~... ·.. ct7§311 ~
8 dCififlil~ ADV about' Jf'i-0~ 340>/"?csrJr ~r:F?.
9 311\ijl F non-
violence
~id M principle
~Cffl 1"1 M harm
'O

@(;Cifil{I
'O
M relief
Cfiv3'T
'\O
M turtle
UN F brand
 155
EXERCISE 49C Answer each question according to the pattern in
the example:

Nl1, I went away without having

a meal.

~ ) Cfll'f 311t1' ~ g1:1R z:f5ft CfiT ~ ?

~ > cp:rr 311t1' ~ aecft< f.ffiift ?
~) Of?IT 311t1' ~ t~tll ~ ?
~> ot?IT suaoifl ~ ~ t"flctl ?
l.(> Cfll'f Qtt<ile matR ~ ?
~) Cfll'f "lldGfi ~ ~ ~?
\9) ot?IT W4i"lil" ~ q41.,. ctn -q{-iq-a ctn ?
') Cfl1T q'SJ Ci( awp:r tf{ ~ ?
~ > Cll1l w~~ ~ q'S{ e;1;qq M ?
~ o) Cfll'f aft«r ~ \ifCI Iii falfT ?

-- ~o oe,q1< Gift ~ll~tti e\Sf\&l iji1861 ~

-- ~. ~ ~o \qi{ ctn
ijl~tti ~. irr i•rwft eq;ft{'fl
fitstGfilfl I
-- ~o \qi{ Gift~~~ ii<;i~
-- ~, ~ ~o Ci(iql~('atft ~ ~ ~•lt'te ~, irr ~
n·
aq·:a CfiT iji'Jq' 1
-- e\3f16fl <:an&\ ~ afft ~
eq$it m ~ lf'l'O 611q I( I
~ ~ 1 ~o Ci(iql< $ ~ i{_~'i ~le t ~ qaf;t1
STR-if'Fr
-- ~o
* YdlGfi
6tiqi{, ~o 6tl'll<
156

-- ~o 6!1qi{ ~ ift Cfiq~I ilT11d t, ~ ~ 3ftt ~

~ cf; ~~ il*lld ~ I ~41F&J4 S11tf ~o Of!'liij" cf; ~
t
if t1'ta 'IT:s~t' li"Jt,;:0· EFll=l1CFr tiff am~ C1C11[(;5<!l atrr
411"1C::I< ~ -- ~o \'II{
~o \'I 1+f awr ;nir -a'tt-q-a-1 arft -q~--+.t-1'1- 1
H:Tfl('l")I ADJ beautiful
(Y)1.fFfT NE attract
""
ADJ dreamy
'E'f q:;::f)('I") I
~ F spJendor
31R-iifR F fastidiousness
YdlCfl M symbol
~ ADJ strict
~ F inspection
l.R"Y"t ADJ ful 1
"'
~ F care
~ ADJ pleasing
3flt:kll F excellence
4$~H F sign
 157

50 THE VERB-CONJUNCTION
<KAR) CONSTRUCTION

The verb-conjunction construction is often used when more than

one verb appears in a clause. The verb-conjunction construction
consists of using the first verb in stem form followed by the
particle

Cfil (most common in written Hindi)

aR" (most common in spoken Hindi)

EXAMPLES:
ao Cfil/ao
~ CIR~ aR"
* having gotten up
having seen
G1'm' C5fR aR" having conversed

<Only ft can be used with the stem of Sfi{.-SI to avoid *Cfil Cfil)

<The exact translation of the construction depends on the

meaning relationship between the two verbs)

50.1 SEQUENCE KAR

~ 30 CIR~ @fl<ql ? What did you eat after getting

"°
up?
 158
158

4 it«id ADJ disappeared

5 159

i;~ s1 ~q-~ ~l(~11 ~1 ~ ~~ qrt' ffirr tR \3ffiCfC?ITTR

3Rnfrrq; tm'fq; ~ ~
tf~~T ;J
~
q;yfUfTI ~~IRWR'Q~
~ q;req;'1 Cfi1 QR m
.ftl ~ij~_~(li·q;~_ (1;1 'iroC';:i ;:i q;-? I

. • llifietl q;)fUtll

. i •.•

s "IWll
'U
M anger 'Ttft8'T dfi{;c I NE wait
ddlCl(ij 1q~ M hurry ~ ADV very
~l(tifi A harmful ftli~ be proved
t'filecp M gate tm Bfi(;jl cross
YttM M try
160

7
·rfin if ~ ~ aw.ft~ ?.ft. ~ ~ ~
f.P~'""lljl:lR BR ~ ~ ~ ~ CfiT "R CfK ~
WT m.
wH ~ 311 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~!0l... ~
-;if! rfTrr if -qr-ft i <FU? ,,
'"m ~, ~~t ~m~~~~

a
~ (f;J ~ ~ ~ "1J. ~ ~ ~ 1J.Ul,
"m ~ am. ma
q.1 ~ ~ ~? "
"~.~~;rtt.~~l. ~~?)
~ 'Q'iT.f ~ ~ ~. 3iT ~ ~ 1l ~-"
o~~

6 (.q'O"'4 i q'i 1'11 enjoy oneself

7 1:1q~{ ADJ fearful iffiJ F flood
~;flfl M priest ~ ADV daily
Plttql'1ijl(
'O
ADV regularly \""11'1 I ¥<'11 bathe
~l M jug ~ M water
~ NE fiJJ q$1Gfil{ journalist
a d6'1C5fi M divorce q4;;;.q1
'\&
M case
~ M deception

50.2 CAUSE AND EFFECT KAR

1. w~aS\ ~Uil qr.ft tft ~ aftql{ ~ ~ I

T/Je girl became ill from drinking bad water.
 161

2 ;:ftar;ft F job aftqi{ Ai11

il)q1ft F illness
" . "ifi;lll
ij(Clll{
. have a fever
3 ~ ADJ ordinary tliil;ll
'O
M soap
~ M hair ~ijflfafi ADJ natural
il ('
~C{tt M beauty ~ CSff {"'11 NE destroy
162
4

rich
I get angry

50.3 MEANS KAR

~~ qF:f iJm f.11~ ~Cfl'{ f~GT '{'~)

4

. I
. I
. IJ
- I

2 tficti~I NE throw F robbery

;q~ M person qafi~~I NE grab, arrest
3 tf1"t111 M snail ra,..
eJ ADJ alive
 163
50.4 MANNER ~

1 ~~~qiROfi~t;ft ~ l
The teacher told me the story speaking slowly.

2 snq- am- 41ftf.q1" q q"i@{C:J;ft ~Gp{~ ¥:tl(t.q l

In the .>t1nm1ev you shwld sleep under a mosquito net
('having installed a n1osquito net')

He spoke smilingly.

5
----

6
:mr-dldi:t
3in~
• ...

4 ;ft~ to be satiated
5 tijj~q M step fi:l<61;111 NE bring together
6 ~ ~ blow the expense
164
50.5 OPPOSITION KAR

1 ~ 3U(tf\ Rwft q ~ iffl: " ~ il)~dl I

R(\"<+>1 ll' ts" "CF<" = f2: (Y'Ml ll' ~ ~ \.fl
'q{ lft in spite of (postposition)
That man doesn't speak Hindi even tho{Jg/J he lives in Oe/hi.

50.6 RE I NF ORCEMENT KAR

1 <q ~ CfR SllQij ~ 311Qcll I

She won't come back.
f..'lhe-ht1ving returned-won't come bt1ck)
2

50.7 USE OF KAR CONSTRUCTIONS

A. In general, the subject of a kar construction (sometimes

called abso1utive) is the same as the subject of the main verb,
although there are some exceptions to this:

EXAMPLE
~ atil' ~ CR '3ij6fil ~ 411~ ~ I
flls mind was relieved when he saw his brother.
(The meaning of he (subject of~ afit) is close enough to '3ij6fil
q;:r his mind to consider them to be the same.)

B. The tense of the kar construction is determined by the final

 165
verb form. Thus in the sentence

(1) ~ OliT ~ '4t OR~~ I

The was/Jerman washed the clothes and got the money.

'4t Cfit is interpreted as perfect washed, because the main verb

is also perfect. The literal translation into Hindi of the English
sentence:

represents the same meaning but is not very natural in Hindi.

EXERCISE SOA Rewrite each sentence below using a kar

construct ion instead of the underlined verb.
Thus a sentence like (2) above should be changed
to (1). Note that the postposition used with the
subject is determined by the final verb in the
clause. Thus, in sentence (2) above, the
conjunction~ begins a new clause, and the
verb fi:ttQ5il11 Ca KO verb) does not affect the
first subject ~- However, in sentence ( 1)
the clause-final verb is ftl(ij;lji and the subject
~ does take am-.

~ ijldil " •lCf i;lji @i<U 3ftt ~ • q)? it ~ I

~ ~ill:~~tltt(qitft I
~ ~ " ~ ~ ~liq I... l3CbiM I 3ftt lti54 ll(I Ci1ft ~
~'
~ ~ttddfi ~Gift CiCifil... ~~~~~'
*
~ M~ilft ~ aftl 'I I«< ttm flift I
~ M\ictl ~ Gilt ~ sfi{ ~ ~Cifi I... Cfi'T ...-rit q 1(6°'q ~ tm I
166

\9 l1ilT ~ ~ mt silt ~ 31q;:ft ~ il;lf llll I

G *
aua.4l ~ qGff 1;:w G6T qar w:a oia 1silt ~ trm t1tfT 1
~ • ~ "'... ' C1131ia1 am 'ell *~ (ij"'" n· ~ il<"•tt • 1
~ o e1gt;1 ~ q't@(c!J:rf\ •am miN 1 "O

EXERCISE 508 Answer in the negative using the feRr + oblique

perfect participle construction as in the example:

~ (ij~Ofil ~ - ~~ *~ '111Q'*ll ?
Will the boy take money when he goes to his friend?
~ ~, feRr ~~~ti~ '111Q'*ll I
N~ he'll go to (his) friend without taking money.

~ > CflfT UN Utt m C5lil Cf(ij IQ q 3Tilfit

?
m n
~ > ~ <C5~4'l "\litll ~ C5lil '111 q• 1
~) Cfln' ~ ~ ftraf$ ij' il'Rr C5lil ti qftm <ft ?
\l > Cfln' ((q' (ij·a:~ if ~ af'{
"'°
ra.wn
'1IT lW Wl' 1
~) CflfT q~(iji ~ ~ af'{ ~ t1f ?

so.a FIXED EXPRESSIONS USING af'{

Some expressions with C5lil have become fixed and function much
like postpositions. With these expressions, the subject of the
kar construction does not have to be the same as the subject of
the main verb. Examples: 3{;:rT~ Cfi) ~)~Cf)~

~+rt q~~ i:r~m

Gfi1' ~ af'{
( 1) -

~ ~ 3l1tf * except
<C5~cfi Gift ~ af'{ ~ ~ ij' il'Rr arft I
I spoke to alI the students except your son.
 167

(2) - aWI' ~ Glit about

gq t1\il;:ftRI ~ ~ C1it itKr ~ aRit I
We won't talk about politics.

(3) - g)' Glit via

~ 8Tltt \ii 1q 1'1 "' C1it ttT ~ "' C1it 'q1«f ~ ?

Will you go to India via Japan or via Europe?

(4) 'iiF=l'--9' C1it on purpose

~ 'iiF=l'-9° C1it ~ Pffd Iii ttt' ?
Old you take that booJ.· on purpose?

(5) il'il' C5fi'{ tin1e expressions

For minutes after the hour, we have learned the following
expressions:

fatJ quarter after five

tatJ five thirty

There is also an alternative construction with G6t for these time

expressions, and that expression must be used for other than
quarter hours:

ca> qf.ir il'af arit q~~ rq.,.e tR

at fifteen minutes after five
C9> qfq ~ Cfft ~ rq.,.e tR
at thirty minutes after five

Note the use of tf{ when this construction is adverbial, while the
oblique without postpositions is used for quarter hour
expressions like (6) and (7). When the construction is not
adverbial, the perfect verb~~ tTQ' is used:
168
<1o> aRr "°
iFil' atit ifm ftl"1e '"f I
Its twenty minutes after seven.
(Seven having struck, twenty minutes occurred.)

The expression for minutes before the hour does not use stem +
afit but oblique infinitive + q, again with postposition ~:

(11)~ ~ q am-
ftl"1e CR
at five thirty (thirty minutes to six)

When not adverbial, the verbal expression anotft ~ are left is

used.

<12) :c:zutt ~ q ifm ftl;:ce ill~ ~ I

Its twenty n1inutes before eleven.
fin eleven striking twenty n1inutes are left)

In sentences (10) and (12) the verb agrees with li:l;:ce and would
be singular for one minute after and before the hour,
respectively.

EXERCISE SOC Rewrite each quarter-hour time expression given

using the alternative construction with q~st
ftl"1e,am- ftl"1e, ~a 1&\ij ftl:rse

~)~~~~I
~) tft;r ~ tI (Two alternatives for each)
~) ~ iF5l'T t I
~>~:qr{~~
. I
~) ~~~~'
a_> Glf ~~I
\9) ~lfmt I
 169

EXERCISE SOD Answer using - Cli)' ~ Cfit as in the example:

3Tlt1 ~ \1161I~i1"1 qij;I({ t?

Do you like llnqulstlcs?
'5ft° gf, \11611Fcli1'1 Cli)' ~ Cfit i1KI' ~ I
Yes, let's talk about linguistics.

~) 3l1tf ~ &tl(CifCil( qij;:({ ? t 3112'~fcUC!\ Idealism

~) &l1tf Cli)' g~ q:a;:a: ? t ~-~ sports
~) 81ttr ~ ~ q:a;a: i? ~ philosophy
\l) 3Tit1 ~ q;fl fq411'1 qij:rc( ? i ii ••fl fc.:t ii H psychology
~) 81ttr ~ " ' fe~q1 q:a;a: i ?

EXERCISE SOE Answer each question with kar construction in the

negative by using~ + perfect participle. (see section 49.S)

EXAMPLE:
CfllT 81ttr ~ tJ<; Cfit qft~ ~ ?
Did you study and take the test?
;:rtf, ~ ~ ~ ~ qft~ ~I
N~ I took the test without studying.

~ > CfllT m ~ 31q"1 I CfiTEf l5fit ct l4e;s$t im ?

~) CfllT 65~~ ~ 31q~ ql-6(1tl' ~ il'Rr Cfit cf;~ atft ?
~) CfllT ~ " ' q<;" Cfit l:n«f im ?
\l) CfllT q~e;)I ~ caq ~ l5fit ~ 4~11il ? iflllrtl order
~) ~ ::17
""t;;!
&tl~lf\ dfi<l"1
'IO
qG• l5fit qij{dq1;:s
'IO
~ ?
170

- IRf ~ ~ I ~ tR Cfiq~ I ft'ltt a~ lW q CfllT ?

- ru~fch~ q(f 1 at*'f1t,~mtR~tt1 "<lGtCS116'r
mer ~ \(l~~· II, d'ilM -~ "' 'ilTQit I - {li1Ci lw I" mer I
11

~. qf.q m f4it"1 1 Ptqfa1 'i11CS1ta1 mer '*«fl

. 1

:q(i do not
urn
..... touch
1RT ADJ dirty
~ F dirt
lb$Cfl"11 sprinkle or spray, asperse with
3Jf(t)I ADJ clean, bright, white
P1Af<il Mproducer
 171

~T~a ~ J:rffiRN-
~)~-~~Ttt'

!
I
I

I
Ii
I
II
I
• !
i I
: i
' I

' !' "

I /
'

/.

·~
------·~o: ~~J:Jcmf lUxffi
?St lciil~ qus ~~
~. <f~f~. ~· \jf~~· :;:i-~
172

~ tif 16101 31q;ft ml ~ ~ ~ q((§I \ill lgT qr I

!!!!'l'!!''it©9'!!'tod-'it©d ~ 'QCfi' !l"'C::t - I ~ ~--'\11&101
"161<1§1 ! 3Tftf ~\ill li ~ ?"

f
iill&IUI ill©I--'~ Cfiqlft \ill lgT I"
s il"'e:< ~ ~--''Cflfl' ~ ift' mq ~ eana1 tr
•1&101 ~ anwr--·~, ~fclti'1 ~ itft mer an<i=ft
-qi"'!lo'I.i""'ft I"

il;:c:{( ~ ~ Cfi{ii I - ~y I I t 1$01 sftl il;:e:< ~

il'!!'W"l"ld~+.ft~d ~ ~ ~ I ~~~qt~ 'QCfi' MifR
1 0 • I erg ~-alt~ \ill~ qr I ii;({{~~
fa:lCllCfi( - ~ KM ,31q if ~ ~ I ~ if ~ ~
qt
qr I fBI ~ {litdfi{ il"'C::< "f.t(tJ~ ~ I

m~qt~~*~~d~~<"un
mfi R@1! tl I Gl;c;::l ~ ~ ~ ~ 31q;i ~ ~ ffi
15 ~ I 'if©d -"f.t©d ~ ~ ~ ~ qan1'1 aW 3§Jc!ldfi
~ I tRT Wt ~ ~ I ~tl~Q ~ ~ ~ qan1'1 tt
a;qft fBm q 'ii lent Q I

~ qan1'1 ~ CfiT qr I 311l:fl' m=I' ~ qt

~ CfiT
tl<C:lt Bt@IYI--'~ qCifil'1 q ~ i? ~ ~' 3if al
20 q i(Cfi( @t Id I ~ I" ~ aW ij{C!j{ Cift' iR ~~Cifi{ iii l&fOI !D!II
3'ftl §fi1U3 ~ I ii;({{ dT ~ ~ ~ qr I ~ lfl' ~
~ ~--·~ ~ f I ~ 1ff gl, If~ Gtliidl ' I STl'5I'
~ tt~•ft ~ cn1e3 ~ (I"

~ell tl<C:J< ~~--·~~ctn'~ YB!'tl3

 173
25 ild lafr I"

ii~{~~ Cfft ~ ;fiq treCli tr~~--·~ Ent

~tr

1FIT CfiT ~Hctl< i t !FR I

~ ~ if;a\{ ~ ~ ~
~ i(\(ijl--'~, irw qft ~ ~ t"

30 e<aJ< 31q~ 1FIT ain- mq if - B1!II 3ftt ~wt"'tt--

t
'~, f{ll'ft, ~ SIT ~ I" 1FIT cfa l:rpf ~ ~ if;:a:{
~&11$01 ;fiq~~qawl t ~~-m~ tTT I
d_3'ftt g3 :#tijcn ~ if I ~ $if~~ 3'ftt '31?41iHl(l"'f
affl' 'QOfi' q)e<!ft q !lhtr 3'ftt llY4l DI (!ft I

35 41$01 ill '5110fi{ ~ ~ ~ ~ if ..d>( ~ tft ~

crmmm-1

THE GHOST AND THE GREAT GHOST - VOCABULARY

1 41"01 M Brahman ~ F wife
'l l+:QI M anger M another region
'O

2 ii;:c{{ M monkey
3 qdlU'it M Great King!
4 1:l';r CJiql~ in order to earn money ( =1:l';r ar;q1~ ti~)
~ M wealth
6 X Cfft ~ Cfl{;:i I serve X
8 ~ Cfi{;oi I M agree to
9 • M miJkman
1O ~ --ett M milk-yoghurt
~ M dance
11 ~ F earthen pot ~;uq q as a reward
A filled
174

12 ftr{ M head
...
13 il(f.,_I I continue ~ M well
14 m:ft F rope ~~ KO be visible
G1i1:1T M shoulder m~ NE hang
15 at' .,_"JctliSfi PP near

-
16 'itiSfi.,_I
"O
(modal - completion)
17 M section mlt 'went to sleep'
19 tt{e]t M leader RcCiWITil NE scream
~al otherwise
...
20 'llt~I NE kill m F scolding
~141 ... 1
I wake up
21 ~iltlTil I worry
f:til{i~ ~ 'began to worry'
23 ~ cr;1eT11 cut off nose
24 q~:q1 ... F indication, sign of recognition
26 treCll ~ NE throw
27 ~ M spit
26 ~ 'ilRT I fear <%"oti... l NE throw
29 :q)<fr F braid
30 'tf 14 IT11 I flee
32 i5fi1or M (small) room
33 ~-~ M diamonds-emeralds
"ii4"1+1i I shine :SCClltdd M jewelry
~ NE tie
~ ')
34 ctle~I F bundle
31q;:ft ~ ~ go on one's way
35 ~ M happiness ~~ ADV happily
LESSON ELEVEN - GRAMMAR NOTES 175

LINE NUMBER INDICATED IN ( )

VERB FORMS

1. The habitual present indicates a habitual action in the

present. Some verbs are rarely used in the progressive, however,
and therefore occur in the habitual present even when the action
cannot be described as habitual:

c22> aa-1-'1a~1 ~"'

The habitual present is also used to indicate immediate future:

(20) --
lcUdl ~"'

2. The progressive present indicates an action in progress in

the present or, with verbs of motion mainly, a future action:

3. The progressive past indicates an action in progress in the

past:

4. The simple perfect indicates a single action in the past.

The subject of I or KO verbs takes no postposlt Ion or atrr,
respectively, the same as non-perfect forms. The subjects of NE
verbs, which are usually transitive, take~ in the simple perfect
and other perfect forms. The simple perfect indicates a single
176

action in the past and must always be distinguished from the

1
habitual past, which must always be translatable as 'used to --
in English. Examples of simple perfect:

KO verbs: (2110) - (14) ~c!t

I verbs: (9) ~ (12121) ~

( 16)
~ ( 17) ti
c19) Rlct(in*tt (20) if11TT
<28> rm (32) m
NE verbs: (6) ~ Pcfi;q1 ( 11) (ifl'
( 15) Rt>tti (26) c!t
(34) ~ (36) ~
...
(28) ~ (34) ~

KO verbs indicate that the subject is experiencing an action. I

verbs are usually intransitive. The one exception above is
Rf4.!'~I... (, which is a verb of utterance, like ill~.-.1. NE verbs
are usually transitive. All verbs formed with Cli{<i'f i are NE
verbs.

5. The present perfect indicates an act ion in the past st i 11

relevant to the present:

(23) &C ltt I ~ I have come (31) &CT ~ ~ has come

6. The past perfect indicates an action in the past, usually

before a previous time:

Night had already occurred.

 177

7. The future: (7) q~~ ft

8. Imperative (command) forms:

Intimate (19) ~
Familiar (25) ildiaTt (31) ~

VERB COMBINATIONS

9. Ob11que verba1 noun + forms of 811.,.1/'111.,.I

(4) 6fiq1q ;rr ~ ~

<23> Cfileq &11tt1 ~

The verbs Cfiq(q, ~, and 6fi1Gq are verbal nouns in the

oblique case because of understood postposltion cl;~ after
each verb. The verb may be translated literally as for eamlng,
for selling, for cutting, but to earn, to sell, to cut usually
sound better in English. cf;~ may be omitted like thls only
when the main verb is a verb of motion such as 3TRT or ;rr;IT.

The only other instance of a verbal noun in the story is (6) ~

Ofl(;:sl used as a direct object.

10. Externa1 compu1sion: (6-7) ~ qft ~ Cfi{;:f\ q~~n

In the case of external compulsion, the verb q~""il is used

instead of ~ in the meaning have to. As in the other
compulsion constructions, the subject takes Cfil, the main verb is
in the infinitive form, and the agreement is with the object, in
this case with~ (fem), the preverb.
~ Cfi{... I functions llke ~ Cff{... I, q{tqd Cfit""ll and other
178

complex verbs formed from feminine nouns wlth 66{"11. These

verbs take the postposltion Cfft' wlth the logical object.

11. Oblique infinitive ... (.ij<ii... I 'Inceptive'

Here (W):&ITil is an I verb meaning be.gin:

( 12) oq(ijtpt (t5'flT began to walk

(21 > EliHl<lZt W11T began to worry
(35) ~ (W511T began to live

12. Modals are always preceded by the main verb in stem form.
Modals are not used without a main verb present.

(5) ijCffTil Ci!lfli be able (16) 'itCffTil

'IQ
finish, often
translated as already

13. Explicators always follow the main verb stem; they are
rarely used in the negative or the progressive and are difficult
to translate into English.

Used with I verbs, signifies completion:

(28) ~ tp;n (31) S1T tp;n

Used with NE verbs, signifies inward action:

(14-1s> m~
C36) m ~ttl

Used with NE verbs, signifies outward action:

(26) qeCJi c6
 179

Rarely used: ( 16) mtt means went to

sleep

14. Participles (verbal adjectives)

(a) habitual - indicate simultaneous action

(2) "ite;5d-"ite;5d walking

(9) Glldiftd ~ ~ conversing

(b) perfect - indicate a state

(11) im filled
(13) ~~ lying

Participles may be reduplicated, especially if not modified and

may be followed by ~' ~' ~ (same agreement as participle).

15. Gli't constructions

sequence: 12, 17, 20, 30 (two actions loosely related

and occurring one after the
other)

cause and effect: 1, 20 (action and reaction)

means: 11 (describes how the action was

achieved)

manner: 30 (describes the way something

is done)
180

CITO <lttl<t - 1"' ~ ~

Ytitl'dl
COMPREHENSION

~ ) 418101 .n: q{e.~1 \ill ~ qr ?

~) 418101 'it~d -'it~d - ~ ftlm ?
~ > SlfR il•8'< til IGIOI ti mq ~, at
~ ~ Ofi{"1 I ~ ?
~) 3ltR ~ cp:it fl'i l'I ~ ?
~) ~'11'1 OfttT qr ?

~) ii•({ - ~ ~;11q ~ ~?
\9)mft~~?
G) il•e:t mft - OlW ~ f1?fT ?
~) ~ .n: '16fil"1 afi" ~ ~?
~ o ) - ~ 'icnl"1 irr?
~ ~ >418101 .n: €\iHI~ ~ ?
~ ~) il;e:t ~ ~ afi" ~He:I< atf\' ~ ~ i51il ~ fchtt I ?
. ~ ~) ~ GfiT ij{C::J{ .n: ~~ ?
~ \l> ;f\~a11~ ~ ij 418101 ~ GRJ Ohl ~ ftlm ?
*
~l.()~ Cfl1T Cfi't ~ ~?
~ ~ >a;g ftfil ll'f ~ m .n:
ar1t 'SJ(;'<a ~ ttt 1
~ \9) CfltT 418101 3'ft'{ ii•({ ~ -srq;t '=R ~ ?
 181
~ afiT m:rr ~ ft4©'11 ~\t'i!J'"ll ang14l t tftct'"I ct • ~
Qr:r ct ~ st1:a 1q411 Cfft' ~ ~.tit CJ1cCMli'ij ~ llOf) ~
~ (qj@i if GmT t ... ma tTmT ~ I
lt:i(l')"11 meet iGift.$"11 separate
story <itef "1 youth
going 31 PIJ:f "1 coming
sweet, melodious a>IM"'il put

companion
friend

ma trn:rr ~ ... ~ ~ Cfft' Cfiijt;:f\ t ~ cq:qq'1 ~ atei1;:ft

ifcm~~o;:rq;rif~~t1 ~~~~
~Ajl' cil\'SOMl;:e CflT ~ ~ lRT ij<1fta lRT aq~1< --- ma
mat~
3"t:fJT joy iif'Ci 4"'1 childhood
Jlql~ youth ~ Ofl{'11 enter
~ body l:Ff mind
~~ is born ~ 1-TTI Jove-fl I Jed
Wfr<=r music 34$1'( gift

~~·q ... ~at; ~(f)lijlill~ ~ ~ 3Pft 311q~ ~<iii 'Tfm tTmT

~.. awT q~a Cfit•~f•q ~ 1
~~1q"1 advertising service
~ transmitted program
182
•
51 PARTICIPLES 6lia\d

Many verb forms in Hindi consist of two words as follows:

(2)
habitual ~ present
progressive + past
perfect presumptive
subjunctive

The aspect markers ( 1) and the tense-mood markers (2) can be

combined to form the various verb forms. In addition, the forms
in ( 1) can be used independently as participles, i.e. verbal
adjectives or adverbs.

51.1 IMPERFECT PARTICIPLE

The imperfect participle is found in various forms:

a. adjectival ~c~,rrm-c~ masculine

mat <d> feminine

b. adverbial rrm- ~)
c. redup 1icated rrm--rrm-

It has the following uses:

a. to modify a following noun

1. ~ tftat ~> w~"1 a girl drinking wate.r

2. ~ itwd ~) m people. walking home.
 183

b. to modify a preceding noun or pronoun or other item in the

sentence (such as a verb)

3. ~ rfRr rrnn ~ I Go singing a song.

4. (ijq')
"O
tifR ilied ~I Go spreading love.
s. <l'~a6\ ij~(lfl ailKf Cli«ft d ~~I
The girl went away talking ttJ a (qlr!J friend.
6. 31q;:ft fclhd Iii" ~ 'ii laTI I Take your books and go.

In the above sentences the adverbial form (if different) may also
be used -- thus in sentence 5 i(1(f Efitd' ~) is also possible.
However, if the modified noun or pronoun has a postposition, only
the adverbial form is possible.

1. <"'SJdfO ~ ~~ l'iJd ~ 31q~ ~ cO\E1'f ctn" m ~

Ptdfii<'i I I
While fightin~ the girl threw out all her friends.
a. ~ ~ rifift CfIT ~ ~ Efitd' ~ ~ I
I saw the cobbler repair the shoes.

In addition, the reduplicated form may be used (except when

modifying a following noun):

9. 65'1Jasft ;c1=etd-*li"Etd tfCli ff{ I

The girl got tired from dancing.

Note that imperfect participles are similar in meaning to manner

kar constructions and occasionally (as in 6 above) similar to
sequence kar constructions.
184
51.2 EXAMPLES OF IMPERFECT PARTICIPLES

~ ..
tDfqd~enil
2

~f 16 left dit 3ik'

il<= en r&lotftfft a;
3tild> ~-(fif 311$ill
3cff~Jit?r
3

1 aniq;:u I tremble
2 lf!~l~I~ F happiness i1<;;w1 I move
~ ..a.•n
F life 31~C3fi ADJ many
~ M form 311~;w1 M mirror
3 ftftt F clay \M F statue
~lCt~;w1 I scatter iji~fdan ADJ cultural
q{IXHI F tradition
4 q(0l4q";ft M chief minister
"'O
\Jllf I< M magician
 185
5

~1 if th:a1 ~·

5~ M suspicion 31~Q611ij M lack of

ii<;~i I grow confidence
~ F gap
6~ F flame '\~'11 I fight
7 ~ F prayer
8 ~ F air d\1'11 I fly
~ I float
186
51.3 PROGRESSIVE PARTICIPLE

This kind of participle is rather uncommon in Hindi, although it

is occasionally found in newspapers and other formal language:

1o 31 liiCfiM T:RW5' ttt' qj:qqbfflt lf1ii:rt I

the five-year plan in progress these days
11 ~~~~~
the conference beginning today

51.4 THE PERFECT PARTICIPLE (ACTIVE MEANING)

The perfect participle is found in various forms:

a. adjectival ~(~),~(~) masculine

~(~) feminine
b. adverbial ~(~)
c. reduplicated ~-~

The main difference between the habitual and perfect participles

is that the habitual participles indicate actions while the perfect
participles indicate states, as seen by these examples:

HABITUAL PERFECT
1. ij'4Cfi tR mtft <~> iffl' ij'4C3fi tf{ ~ (~) iRt
bus stopping on the street bus stopped on the street
2. ~ smft <d> (ij~~ m;r 3Tif <d> (ij~aK\
the girl coming today the girl (who) came today
3. ~ tf{ t<M <~> m ~tR~<~>m
the people sitting down on the people seated on the
the chair chair
 187
4. qr.:ft' tftaT fl311) aua:i:ft ftrttr fl311) &I Ia:ifl
a man drinking water a drunk man

Number 4 is an example of a transitive verb used to modify its

subject, something which is very common for habitual
participles1 but not so common for perfect participles, except for
fixed expressions like:

s. trc;r-~'-41 aua:41 literate man

and stative expressions like

the girl wearing a sari

When an object is present as in 6, the perfect participle is in

the adverbial form; otherwise, the agreement patterns of perfect
participles are similar to habitual participles. They may also be
reduplicated:

1. sua:ift ~ -~ ~ i:gr trr 1

The man was lying there thinking.

The use of a perfect participle with its object as a passive

participle is very common of course and will be discussed with
the passive construction:

8. news seen (with) the eyes

188
51.5 EXAMPLES OF THE PERFECT PARTICIPLE

~ m<:TI Cf>R, ~ m~ cp~cqc{ ..

~etil•ff·~~
~ol;uqp(
2

1 41&\iii M carpet
~ M chick
~ ADJ better 0£tlql( M business
2 tft41;:r1 I get wet ~ F soil, clay
3 q~1e M neighborhood ::cq;:r ;:r I NE choose
'\!J
 189
4

}~h
.,...(('~'

5 (cf. 51.2, no. 3)

qet ~ uoi il1e1 cit ~ a=ttc

iftu11 §3U en
7

4 :a~qiu proper name afta:;:u I spend

~~l~I NE return
5 ~lCli{... I I scatter Rl~Gfil M straw
6 ~<!"11 I return
1 qMan F eyelid
190
EXERCISE 51 Answer with two sentences using the imperfect
participle as in the example:

Example: ~ t'i~a6l ePte ~ t(t qt ?

Was tile girl playing tennis?
~ Wf, ~ ~ ~ ~ "©d ~ I smft, ~
"©~ <~> w~Cfft CfiT ~ ~ I
Yes, I ,!,"'aW her playing tennis. Lets go watch the
tennis playing girl.

~) cp.n~~~Cifittffqf?
~' CfllT qg1ata gyqt ~ ;ct<" 1 qr ? m
~' OflIT sua.ifl ~ am- ~ ldT qr ?
~) OflIT Ofi'fAr 31q;ft Cfi ~d I \'flT tW ~ 7
T.() cq:qr ~ ~ ~ ift ?

""I e: IC:kl M mahout "i 6 <""i l"i I NE bathe

;:rm M cobra "ii:OJ l"i I NE cause to
dance
F dancing girl ~ li<l"1 I I dance

am iiiea ~, t%tR iiiea ~, w1

am~~,Clfll~~
OflIT ~ OflIT l!ij©qi gq- ~ ~ ~-~
~ ilied ~, t1:fR Gtied ~, g 1
am alieel ~.am &iea ~ 1
t?IT{ t ~~a:tft C1ft' f:.141141, ~ ,~.rr 191

CfiT Cfi~ I ~ ?TfU,

~ttm,-cl(l"R'~
• ftteaaiea at ~ t, ?TrU w1
"'O

~ ~ CfilT q, ~ $i1' CfilT Wt

<iqCfil ~ ~ ~ ~ stq;:ft ~ ~
tlTR &1ied ~, tlfR &1ied ~, w'
t?IT{ &1ied ~, t%fR &1ied ~ 1

'{f1l ~ t,
al {dql.-:t (It("'
"'O

~ t 6fita1< m\ilt.=r aq ~ "'O

;:nir ~ "' qtR ~ ;r ~

~•m~~,
~ 41d\ijl<{\, Cfi(a'* ~
. . qqwr
~ ~ CfilT ~ auna:' ~
tllR &1ied ~, tllR &1ied ~, w!
tllR &1ied ~, tllR •lied ~,
CfllT ~ CfllT ij.tll"qi
dtf ~t~lllf
tllR &1iea ~, tllR &1ied ~, W!
tllR ilied ~, tllR iiied ~ 1

~ F voice f3:1.-~JFI F life

~ few f6t C11'11 spend
Pt ~11;:fl F sign ~
.... -:.. M 'great (one)'
~ M friend B1JJ M tune
(fl{ M string
C14iot>l
.... ~ -;:i- sif CiflefY ~ ~ ('I') s. I€
~

'Lest this fight sink you'

Tn=I" name Hi441'1 name
v
op{C11{ name JfFl name
$.-f11'1 M human ~16.J) IC!: M prince
~ M leader 3ufla: F hope
192
8Mf il, ~ CfiT ~
st 1~811~ 'ifliflij ~ q R(.!('fl am st lijq iij st 16fi 1~1 P1•:fes5
$fT I a1qq1.-. il ~ rct4'61 ~~I 3Tir d7ifi' ~
a1qq1.-. q'tiflij a.41q<a61 ij1(1' c~~.\9) 3'ftt 4''1aq ;:fl' a.41q@q
~ <~-~) ~ e·tl~i lCfii'St" fcfi:ttl fl?ff I

~ st1cr;141C11on RCi(tft t 1 ~ ~ il anq eq1u st•1w1

Chl~:fcjq ~ I

311'Ei4H:'I ADV surroundings 3110fll~I M sky

1T11:f('">)ADJ dear <ll4LIH M temperature
fc:t~ll'!{ ADJ special ~ Mchange
~ADJ maximum a:~l'"l(Y')ct M point
'""4'1<l'"I ADJ minimum
"'
 193

52 REVIEW VOCABULARY - LESSONS NINE, TEN, ELEVEN

. ""
52. 1 NOUNS ijij IQ

m people

q~·:i1 (M): . I boy

<d'SOfi iji~tii
"O

31it>4\ man lfl' ghost

<"~Oh, girl
sft«f (=~woman

"I l~Sfi customer lfl;ft traveler

~teacher R48'4ft foreigner

'!~°41 fstlldd: CM end in ')

·rft.ift cobbler ~ washerman
~
"O
porter

~water ~milk
~yoghurt

Shiqfl coffee llt:i Re cigarette

194
NOUNS USED WITH KO VERB ©~1;!11 FEEL
(all feminine except :s{)

~thirst ~hunger tRtft heat

~ cold l:f" sunshine :s{ fear

OTHER NOUNS

masculine feminine

time ~washing
charges
ewp:r work ~labor charges
ij<Sll© question ~ vehicle
J:id©il meaning ~ wish
~II riksha \ijlli{d need
Fcli©i fort ~ thing
~ bag ~ p1ace ( =~ttFI'
M)
~ hour "Jifl;!f land, ground
e1q1;:w luggage ~ rope
ilCfiij box ~ nose
il·~t monkey at delay
J:IClil;!I house lira: memory
'Ell house, home Ud' night
e<a:I< leader ~capital
fel~1e belief, confidence ~ river
~:rtlU side ~ crowd
"l're" ghat qt<il 14' k1ndness
qf.:a:t temple ij'i;Cfi street
 195
52.2 ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS fct4ttiiU1Jftitt1fct4ttiiOI

ANTONYM PAIRS <* participles)

~ cheap q:g·• 11 expensive

~d~I this much dd~ I that much
Sl~I good (CjUil bad
qqcr.I finished Cfi-Oiil unfinished
q{l~I old ~ new
"IO

~ a 1ittle ~ a lot
Cfi1f (too) 1itt le !"ildJ (too) much
~ big m llttle
&tiijl~ easy q'IDftofiw difficult
31ifu rich rrfti1' poor
~~c6Cli near ~ far
Sl• 16'1 next ft1@6'1 last(previous)
"'
~ high ;ft:q'f low
~&Ofil light i:nfl' heavy
~ closed ~*open
'O

~* seated ~* standing

ADVERBS POSTPOSITIONS

3Rt inside cl" Sl;({{ inside

arm outside $arm outside
~ above cl"~ above
~ below *~ below
m ahead ar;m in front of
~ behind $tft\t behind
e1q¥i in front ~ e1q¥i in front of

..
lTm near
before
cf; lTm
cf;~-- before
near
196
i1Ta: if afterwards at i1Ta: after
ijl'q' <if> together a(; ijl'q' with
~ far «~ far from
'1'3Jc!\Cfi near * '1'3Jc!\Cfi near

OTHER ADJECTIVES
~ entire qfclst holy
lCfm special ~ famous

52.3 VERBS ff;;q IQ

KO VERBS -- logical subject takes Cfil, logical object takes no

postposit ion

l"alctl~ ~
see, be visible
q1ea°'q ~ know (a fact)
ftl65'11 happen to meet ( + animate obj.);
get (+inanimate object)
know (a language)
know how to do something ( + verbal noun)
65'41'11 feel (used with a few nouns in this meaning, see
previous page)
need, want (object cannot be verbal noun in this
meaning)

VERBS WHICH NEVER TAKE ~ WITH THE SUBJECT

INTRANSITIVE

come do'11 get up

go <StH'11 stay, stop
 197
~ sit down \'1<111 tour around
~ live *'46''11 walk
"'
q~T:l'il arrive ~ sleep
@6'11 stop ~ happen, occur

TRANSITIVE

~ 311'11 = 6'1"11 bring ~ ilw"1 I = ~ ~

take something somewhere
i\1wi1 I speak ~w 1'11 scream

HELPING VERBS ti@lltcti f91i<£tlQ

modals: STEM + tlcti'11, tfl'1T can, be able

'iicti"1 I
"O
finish

inceptive: OBLIQUE INFINITIVE + ©tl'11 begin

NE VERBS (includes all transitive verbs except those listed on

previous page)

1. SIMPLE AND NON-FUNCTIONAL COMPLEX VERBS --- SINGLE

OBJECT
All these verbs take a direct object with optional
postposition C5fi1"

d:li1"1 I look @11"11 eat

~ 1"1"1 I count il(l 1"1 I tell
di© 1'1 I
"O
call ~'1'1f hearJ 1isten
to
wash t@t"11 put
cause to wash q(ftf readJ study
198
~ take tfRT drink
tqfl~~I buy d<Sl'11 lift up
~ Cfi{... i clean Cfitr Cfit.-.1 reduce
~ Cfi{... i excuse 4T~41 Cfi{Tii polish
~ 66{'11 begin q 1q:a Cfit'=i I return
(something)
l1re: Cfit.-.1 remember d<" 141 Cfi{'=i i search, look
for
:q 1g;ow 1 want, love 'ii 1'=1 '=11 know

2. DOUBLE-OBJECT VERBS <The indirect object takes

postposit ion qIT)
These verbs take an indirect object with postposition affi'
except for the verbs marked * which take ~ with the indirect
object. The direct object takes no postposition.

fa:lct 1;:s I show i=ct'=i I se II

~ give 1°(;5lct"11 write
BfiG"11 * say '{@"11 * ask

3. FUNCTIONAL COMPLEX VERBS

Complements take postpositions indicated. When the subject

takes a postposition (in compulsion and perfect) verb agrees
with preverb.

'il~(l F Cfif.11 hurry (no comp.)

X « i('Rf F Cfil"'lf converse with X
X Clft' cr.1f4t~t F Cf;{;:it try X (X = verbal noun)
XClft' ~ F Cflt""l I serve X
X C1ft ~ F Cht"11 help X
XCfiT 'i""d'fiJll MCh{T\I wait for X
 199

rli<a>c! ... ~C:::;fl(') ... ~ ~ ... ~C:::'11cl

~ 'iiCfil'I ~
'O '0..
... ~C:::<Pilcl
~ c:::~1l'5 ~ ~ •i illil
4'11l'5 afi" Pt" ra1an afiT aN 1c:: <Pi -- ~ c:::;c1('5
~ ~ q ~ R;fati;q I - - ~ SI fd ft'ffi -- ~C:::"ilcl

r~nacf headache mtt body

c:c{ ache BCtf' cold
J!Cfl
-:..
14 cold ~ gone
~qfu1 producer 3c-YIC!5i product
31Rifhf) extra

~am-~~ Gl'itldl ~ dflll'5.,e, ~ 1« ~ Clft ~ ~eldl

~ Cflll'5~le I Cflll'5ite ~ m
~ ~ t°t ifR ~ ~ ~
q:vit1«l z* ~ ~ q: ~ 3lll ~ ~ ~ ~ Ch'ie1or
~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ctnl'5•1e Rm ~ m: m
st~(91e ~,
Cflll'5.,e ~~ll!Mt ~ W<fl ~·tfte ~I 3TFJI' t°t (Ctflfa<q
sill~ Clft l:~ OfOf\it.q t ~ q;r arn-lmft ~, Eflll'5ite ~
m1 <*~~>
....
GFi" tooth decay
iSf ii HI save breath
bad odor ~ Qfi•Fil cause
200

Ofl....le: 1°1.... germ be pleas1ng

"qf\" Bc!'.l percent

a:m iiiea ~, a:m &1iea ~, w'

a:m ilfea ~I a:m ilfea ~I
~~~1!ij~qj
~~~~ltlf
t1
tlfTt &1iea ~, tlfTt &1iea ~,
a:m &1iea ~, tll'R iliea ~ 1
 201
RADI 0 PROGRAM SUMMARY

iftt\lctl I 31T;r eW "lff2fcjiql· "lft wllctl I

-- e·4 na tt fta 1 Cb 1~fCJ6q il 31il' ~ ~ ~ GITa:
S11tf ~, Utt 'ift"1'!fl q ~ ('if"11Q I
--am &Nt6fl< 'if 1{"flij ftl"1e trt <~ 1161&1, 8110 ~
ijq l'it I{, sfll
-- 3f10 &1'1166< ~ f4'1e q{ ~ "~ ~ ~.. 1
-- ~ 3110 ~ Yl!i]iq ~ ·~-II I
- - 31 lqafi ttjq f~~R fqj@:f\ flR ;ft ~ ·~ ~11
rt, ~ ~ q;.y ~ ~J ~ ~ q~{'11'1, sfll
lKr ~ ~ ~ ''STitl Olft ttj(ql~41 ff
11
tm ~~I
-- 311q6R 31"1-0t.T
~ ati ~
. -rth<tlf\ llan1:s('e ~
.... Yijtlld ~ ....
~ iilm ~ rrr;:r q·:s{"fl q sm a.T ~ mr m
Sfi t:tfcjiq ff I
-- lft'1' &1'11Sfi( ~ f4'1e en ~ - ti~ na I
-- ~ ~ ~ 31"1{\Jt;f\ Sfil'"i('qnq q: 3TJq" ~
. ~ ~'"'
q"fia ~ - SfiT ~di( 611d\~ I
na
- - Cfi"1 feCfi t1"4 tl1:rT ~ ~ =ifR ~ ~ qf.q «
~ ~ Ytl 1ftd Olft '11 ll~4 ft I CfffJ;ffjhq ~ ~ q Rfu56fi I
3ftl: qcn 4ftaq I
~

-- tlCll' ~ ~ ~ dlttfl ~ ~ rfRr Sfiltfcjiq

«31T{q "1ft I
-- ~ ~ ~ "dir sfll 31il' Q)~11q il stJtJ ~J
11

31 ICI l\JI. ~ftcsfCfi aff ~ rfRr I

11 11

-- ~ 3T10 ~ I~ ij' ~II Ofil'!i('fjhq q ~J

'il"1Cfie;5"
°'
fq;<t£1
.
cW ~ I
-- ~ ;fi ~ ijql'iil(, ;ft~·~ sfll &llCll\ij I 11

-- ijCIT ;ft-~ I~ ~II dfffc:fqnq ij ~J itC11<1q

~ ~ Ri5ftitd ~ ~ 311Gj lcti ij' ~ ~a"std I

e·411q Olft ~en~~ "1tfe0fi1 .. _
qa;:rn I
202
~ ~ ~ 3Tltt ~ 61ttl tftff I
-- ~ ift 31R cfi' Cfilti('Cjiql arft 6CfltGt I I

~ijlQ~ ~ 6fiT ~ ~651~1Gllt:: ~ t I ~

fi:lw 1~.q, mo filat6fit ~6fi'tflij fi:l~e (ftij' ~ 1

Of! F'"'I c¥l ¥0J M program :&q ~'fci I F summary

~ F work Bl"I 11;1 I { M news
YJ4fof:in ADJ requested 3FRl'u
..... M request
q.-fl {Jj "i M entertainment ~ -=-Ofl. . .,. {"i. ,.,.I NE present

*
~
BFE..~
PRE non -
ADJ fo1k
ADJ evening
t;f B 111 C1
WfR:r M music
ADJ broadcast

3Tfit.T iFrr I begin

n ,..
~ j~op M tit1e B"f.jJ M musical
3-~ F voice instrument
C6:Tn pp by 3'113:1 lcfl F freedom
Bqcf PP before fCf C1.5'f \""ii F independence
•ffl) lit M movement ~ F basis
~ ADJ based "illeOfll F short play
~le.le: M martyr CRFT M motherland
~1Cld: CRF1 'martyr of the motherland'

3fiT a Qj:q ~,61. ct1a .3tfq

34 aafl q cf; 5ffq ct=Sl' fct>~
18\Q '"l:'<aitf q;8'4 Etslcit?
 203

tffO &II~
\Jl:£tq{ ~

LESSON TWELVE
CONVERSATION

~ ¥<<ft ttrrr crw iro ~;a"J 1t

Rif +16'1 d'l"'i I tr fthtd I ' il6fiti{
~ Cfi«f\' "1ft ~ ittr ~;a'i) I{
f:if +1c61 dLi"'i I tr fttitd I ~ <46fl<I{

~ Gttfq{'IO
~ atf1' ~ tI
~ 'iltf'J,( ~ ~ mt ~ I
~ \3+1Cfil •!<" 14' ~ • ~ cft{ffcfi \3+ta6l • ~
t t651Gt...,
"O
tRtR C1ft' ~ ~ I
~ a '!t1'11 ill'ijlt ~ ~ t I
8
~ q m
Ofi1ft ~ I
*
ij\16fi ~i=IR 8fiq~1 ~ ~ ~ 6fltl·~ ~ arft

~ ~ij ~~ ~ m:a-
tR ('it 114\ ~ I
\9
l
~ m *
tjfq <t~Cll~ ~ I
ir\1)' 31q;:ft ij<Nft ~ am
~I
~ ~tml~~~ij;wf\ ~~I
~ o ~ 8filf ~ -m falifttl t I
~~ ~~~•«1
~~ ~ uP=f;qj ~ qf I
~ ~ ~ f6fi'1 31il' ffi lq t&\ ~ ~ I
~l? ~ ~ qi1~1Cll('ii ~l~ifl ~q41 ~I
204
~ ~ ~e f&J4 merg ~ii© 1qa© 1311c::Lfl aeCft1 ftt<(tl R m
ti
~ ~ ~ ~a4n '114'"!t q Q ~ ,
~\9 fq8'4ft ffiir q@l Olil ~~I
~ G 'af4T ~, ~ ~ '"!<1"11 &ll'SJH ~ r
1

~~ '~, ~d)~~qft~~ I ~~~iFft~ I"

~ o ~ ~ Cfil~ '"!U;:ft (ij~ idl ~ (3 fch"'I ~ em - ;p:f'f
CFIT ~ I
~ ~ ~ cf\aM afi' dl{d"'I filana ~ 1
~~ ~ ~ sft1: ~'Qcl"'ll;:ft 6fitfl4H cftdcl Cli &f{d'1 sft{
cftde;5 ~ tt If(;5:qi il'1 Id ~ I

~~ fctd>4R:
*
~~ fq8'4ft ~ ~ fchµt iltd'1 ~ ~ ~ q I
31"4.91 ~, ~ 6'1e'11 q~~11 1 ~ ~
qan~;ft ~I
~~ ffiir ~: '11:tfq{ 311qcr;) ~~I
"!>

~~ ~a4n= ~~~'

~ Cfitdl ~ CIW Em ~~'SJH

~eCfft a£1""11 it ftt1ta1 ~ cqCfiut
Clitf Cfi{('fl ~ ~ Em ~""d'SJ I{
~eOffl tt'l"'I 1it fet1<a 1{ cqanut
<{{ '1!<Mil ~ ~ ~J Cfiddl ~ ~ ~
0

t
~ if(f C1ft ~ ~Cfiijl;i ~
"!>

~ '111' ~ q q:q(ij ~
* •

ijij{d ~ PtOficl ~
iltt~ii~~~
ftl(f5' ~ Clil'R
ant'f Cfi{d\ ~ ~ im' ''i'd\JJH
RteOffl d'l;:;if 1it ftfita 1~ ilanut
 205
~ lq 1&t1" atft i:IGT mtr
&i{ijiQ l<!qi{
ftfit ~ fa;( traT it
iOldC4i&l Lfo51CfiRff tr
'IO

d&tfid 'q'ft' ifmT q

~~ i}tijl{
cr.1T Gffldl ~ ~ itu ~;(fl'3j It
l"Jiijc6\ aq"'I I il ftbtd I ~ ~Cfili{
~earn aqft11 q: ftfi<a1 ~cnu< t

1 \Stl44l ~qr;{ 01ft ~ ~ I

"O

JAIPUR IS THE CAPITAL OF RAJASTHAN.

2 '31l4'!t~~~t I
JAIPUR IS A VERY BEAUTIFUL CITY.

3 ~ CfiT ~ea1~i ~ • i 1 Cflt~·fcb aectfl ~ ~

!i l(t) lifl
"O
tKtR atft iFft' ~ I
THEY CALL IT THE PINK CITY. BECAUSE MANY OF ITS
BUILDINGS ARE MADE OF PINK STONE.
JI('>)
.....
Itit M rose
ll(Y')Psf'I
.....
Onvariable adjective) pink
Cflt:\'11 NE call (i.e., name)
{Cl) 3B6Pl/ll('l")l;;;f1
.... m< ~ -g I
SUBJECT D.O./OBJECTI VE VERB
COMPLEMENT
The first part of sentence 3 is impersonal; the subject
is unstressed 'they' in English. Such sentences have no
expressed subject in Hindi and the verb is always
206
masculine plural.
$4FF"1 F (plural: $4IF1) building
~ M stone
~ Offl modifies $41'~8· (feminine)
All underlined terms are
feminine plural: $41{8' ~ Offl cspft t· I
The buildings are made of stone.
masculine plural: t\ih'l"<i cfkl<+> ~ iiFl "t I
The vessels are made of brass.
masculine singular: ~ CiflPIJi Cif)l ~ "t I
The flower is made of paper.
In the sentences above, ~ is a perfect participle
agreeing with the subject. ~ is formed from the verb
l.if"i"i I be made.

4 ~ ~ <J,U'11 tiil'i}ll ~ ~ ~ I
FROM HERE THE OLD BAZAAR BEGINS.
~ ~ and ~ 6fl {"11 both mean begin. iRr forms
"" ""
are used when the verb is intransitive as in sentence 4,
while Ofl'l"il forms are used when the meaning is
transitive, Le., to begin something:
fflff ~ ~ OfMIB ~ Cifl'l4RI °t I
""
The teacher starts the class at I o'clock.

s ~ m e'iian at- Fch'1rt anq'ii• ~ ~ ~ 1 Cf!fl"fch ~ Cfft

Cfi1ft ~ I
THESE PEOPLE ARE SELLING CLOTH ON THE SIDE OF THE
STREET. BECAUSE THERE IS A SHORT AGE OF SPACE.
loP"iHI M side
~ iotlTil~ (qr) on the side of
~ cF iof;"<11t
on the side of the street
 207
Ofilfr F shortage
In the expression X Ofli Ofilfl, as in English, X must be a
plural or mass noun:
~ opj OF1:fl shortage of fruit (mass noun)
~ of.l Ofil::fJ shortage of apples
ORfr why
0 f't:ilfcf = $ fi f?> 4f6t; because

6 ~fl f&sit ~ ~ tR ©• li'tfl tI

THEREFORE <THEY) SET UP THE SHOPS ON THE ROAD.
("Jl)llPo:f'I f the present perfect which agrees
with the direct object ~.....0fllif (feminine plural) .
The subject is understood 3 ..ifif.
~ Mway, road

1 ~ m rtfar c1i ttqcllS t I

THESE PEOPLE ARE VILLAGE RESIDENTS .
..,
1TfCf M village
•rn if Cf IM I M resident
1lTci Ofi1 {5ii Cf I(+) I village resident
facr"Ml ~ •rnifctl~ residents of Delhi
fG: cr"M~I Ofri H~if ct IMl resident (f) of Delhi

a ~ ~ ij&\ifl ~it'"' ~ ~ I
<THEY) COME TO SELL THEIR VEGETABLES EVERY DAY.
TI:;; ADV every day
~ f habitual present of 31Fff, agrees
with understood subject <itTr
~ = ~ (~ ~) in order to sell
3-TtFft their own--refers to the
understood subject ~
208

9 ~ trm' gt rr.sr ffF3f'l e;wfl ~ tI

THEY HAVE FRESH VE GET ABLES EVERY DAY.
~ Lfffi Used with HAVE possessor of
concrete noun
every
every day ( = ~)
genera 1 form of t, must be used
when a habitual action is
described.

10 ~~~el Rlctdl ~I
THIS LOOKS LIKE SOME PALACE.
FC::#t"i I look - - joins a noun or pronoun
to an adjective, often an adjective formed by a
noun + m, 'like'. The person to whom
something 'looks' may be expressed with
postposition Oflt.

11 -~~-~l
THEY CALL IT THE WIND PALACE.
('PALACE OF THE WINDS')
F wind, air
see sentence 3

12 ~ UPl=tti ~ tff I
IN IT QUEENS USED TO LIVE.
-rFfl F queen (ml Mking)

13 3lil' dT lqictl ~ tI
BUT NOW (IT) IS LYING EMPTY.
31if ADV now
~~IMi (invariable adjective) empty
 209

~ perfect participle of Y$"'11 fall

NOTE: the perfect participle describes the result of the
verbal action
~ ~t:?ated -- the result of csl6"11 sit clown
rM{q I written -- the result of rM{tj"i I write
~ ~v/17..q -- the result of Y$"11 fall

14 ~ ~ q~i"'6116'1 s11a:ifl &iq41 tI

THAT WHITE-TURBAN WEARING MAN IS ILLITERATE.
q J lfl F turban
yll$1C41MI M turban wearer (or se lier)
yJl~iC41MI (as adjective) turban-wearing
~ ADJ white
cifq(9f ADJ ill iterate
~ read, literate - the result of
Y4"11 read(~ = LTCp-fM~I

literate)
without (prefix)

15 ~ij fell at ~ f!il(ij I qa(ij I &1 la:tfl ~ Cilft ~~<fl ~

~~I
FOR THIS REASON THE THIN MAN IS WRITING HIS LETTER.
a:~MI ADJ thin (for animate beings)
""
YC"IMI ADJ thin (animate and inanimate)
YC"IMI ~thin man(= 2'1!.fMI
""
~)
q <i Ml [Op <i I~ thin book
Ri~o"'I
..... F letter

16 ~ Pctaqft "14'!< ~~I

MANY FOREIGNERS COME TO JAIPUR.
210
11 ra a4R m tJt ~ artt ltt ~ 1
THE FOREIGNER IS TRAVELING BY TONGA.
~ M tonga (two-wheeled horse-
drawn carriage)
m F sightseeing trip
X Of.i m6f1 '!'91 ( = X if tP=t'i I) to trave I around X
a-

Feminine functional complex verb - verb agrees with m

(feminine singular) in compulsion and perfect
construct ions.

18 ~ ~, ailtc:.u~, CfllT ~ CJ,U~I ill\SjH ~ ?

SAY, TONGA DRIVER! IS THIS THE OLD MARKET?
~=ZIB+f'r
(i(J q(('I")( tonga driver
Ciill C:H M (vocative form)

19 ~' ~ M * cITT Cf)'t ~~I ~ fa;:r ~ ifTft ~I

NO, THESE ARE MODERN SHOPS. <THEY) WERE BUILT SOME
DAYS AGO.
<Pr M style
~ ~ new style
~ ~ Of11 modern
4•U"i
..., I <Pr old style
qn"il ~ Ofi1 old-fashioned
.....
some days \ofiU
.....
some is used
only with plural (and mass)
nouns. For some with singular
count nouns, Ofllf (oblique fol;":81)
is used.
~.m (6V,
~ '\.£!i
6f) ago;
~
agrees with time exp. Of1t9 '-.A

~ 6V some days ago (masc.

""
plu.)
 211
~ -g present perfect of ci1"1"1 I; agrees
with understood d:Cfi
..... 19' (sub jed)

20 ~ ~ cr;1qfl CJ,t14l 6't1Jl ~ 1 Sfclb'1 lfW mu_.

~~~I
THESE BUILDINGS SEEM QUITE OLD. BUT THIS ENTIRE
SECTION IS NEWLY BUILT.
(ll)JHI seem; joins a noun to an
adjective like fe::rctT"fl (see 10).
Person to whom something seems
may be expressed, always with
postposition 'Cifit.

21 ~ cftd6' *illd"'I fittcr;(l ~ I

THERE BRASS VESSELS ARE SOLD.
F brass
l\i Hfi'1 M vessels
~Cfi"il be sold; intransitive of ~
sell
habitual present; masc. plu.
agrees w/ l\i{f!T"f vessels

22 ~ ~ sfl1: l!ij6'q1;ft Cbl"ti{ cftd6' *il{d"'I sfl1:

cfid6' ~ ti I f(a:qi fil'1 Id ~ I
BOTH HINDU AND MUSLIM WORKMEN MAKE BRASS VESSELS
AND BRASS TRAYS.
Cfi 1:fl 1 n M workman, craftsman
~ F tray
l\i "i I"i I NE make (trans\t\ve of~)

23 fc1(4ft ~ ~ fclb~ alt illd"'I C61:ft ~ ~ I

THE FOREIGNER HAS NEVER SEEN THIS KIND OF VESSEUS).
212
fot";f14 F kind
Ofi"l.ft ever. In a negative sentence:
Of>l-ft .•• ~ ne.ve.r
simple perfect of d:~ct"il, masc.
plu. agrees w/~{<i"i

24 ~ ~' 31il' ~ie'1 i q~~ 11 I ~ ~ q66'fi:rfl ~ I

OK LISTEN, NOW (l) WILL HAVE TO RETURN. I HAVE TO
CATCH A TRAIN.
0ic;:;:rr = CfTt1B 31RT/CITt1l JfFfl return
BUT NOT CfT\l'B 61"1JO"il/C:Hq'Ei '*1"f return=give
back
NE catch, grab
q9"il is used here as the main verb in the 4$"11
compulsion construction. This construction implies
stronger compulsion than the ~ compulsion used in the
second sentence:
~ compulsion is external, forced by outside
circumstances or persons.
iA1 compulsion is internal, forced by interior
reasons, such as one's schedule.
Both~ and~ require subject +opt(~ is
understood subject in first sentence above) and follow
the infinitive form with object agreement. There are
many more 4$'11 compulsion forms since 4$'11 has many
forms (progressive, perfect) which the defective verb
iR"l lacks.

25 'if'£1q< STitf Ofl1' ~ ~ ?

"'°
HOW DID YOU LIKE JAIPUR?
<"1'> 1 l"i I seem (" Hoiv did Jaipur seem to
y~-;u? )
11
(see 20)
 213

26 ~ at't@I ~I
I LIKED IT VERY MUCH.
(~)
..... {:Jfli q..... {) ~
.....
~ M"TrT I
Jaipur seemed very good to me.
~ M 3 1"'il may be considered equivalent to
YBT'"C: ~ like. Using the adjective~ bad '.0

(preferable to Urdu "'lfU~ also bad) ~

(\l)JHI means dis/Ile..
214

~ ll\ift~ Clft' ~ CffT ~ OfllT t?

~ '31'4q{ afi1' <iftf1' -
"O ' ?
~ '31lf'J,{ Cifi1' ~ ~ - ~?
~ m '-"'~C6 *feb;:eft Cftq~1 ~ ~ tW ~?
~ tjfq ~ m ~ q: OfllT ~'ifTI amt~?
~ diictft ijf53Jtti ~ &Hldl' ?
\9 GitflJ,{ Cfl't l<Jm ~ CfiT ;:rrq OfllT ~ ?
G ~~if~~~qy?
~ Sftir~~q:~~t?
~ o OfllT fttetl ~lcti:l8i I© I iileJ' ©<I Id I ~ ?
'
~ ~ -~ar--<"-1-qd{ijl 311C{ifl ~ m q:a1~1~ 311C{ifl ctt
fl:te<fl ~ ~ t ?
'
~~ ~ ... n ~ \iltt"!< amt ~ ?
rcc'"""aQ......
~~ ~ taa;sR f&tieq· '!ttt'!t ctt m CO{ ttt ~1
~~ ~ a4R Cll1' ii 1\ij I{ cm {ij:a 1a 1~ 1
~1-( aii\811~ C6T tft ~ CJ,ll::f\ (li•idl ~ ?
~ ~ ~ ~ Cf)(( ilTff ?
~ \9 "11ttqt il fcRr Peh\'I ~ ilta;:e fi\lanet '
'\l)
1
~ <:: fela4ft ~ ~ te41.-. ~ ?
~~ ·1aa4ft C6T \ilttq< cm ~ ?
'\l)

~0 3111{ STiq" \iltf'"!l ~l al ~ OfllT ~ ~ ?

 215

53 THE EXPLICATORS

53.1 Explicators are a type of auxiliary verb in Hindi which

1) always follow the stem of the main verb.

2) are used with various verbs according to certain
rules.
3) have a11 the for ms of any other verb, such as
habitual, perfect, future, etc., but are rarely used
in the progressive.
4) are rarely used in negative sentences.

Explicators do not correspond to auxiliary verbs in English and

are unique to the Indian languages; the meanings explicators add
to the verb are usually expressed by adverbs in other languages:
violence, completion, regret, and suddenness. In some instances,
explicators are used with certain verbs as fixed combinations in
which the explicator does not really modify the meaning of the
main verb. The use of explicators is very common in Hindi and
can best be learned by observing their use in stories and dialogs.
Since explicators are not found in Western languages, there are
no traditional grammatical terms to describe them. Besides
'explicator', they have been referred to as 'modifier', 'intensifier',
'operator', 'vector verb', and just 'auxiliary verb'. The latter
term, also found in Hindi as 'ijtl4C3fi ~, fails to distinguish
between explicators and other types of auxiliaries such as
modals. Modals are different from explicators not only because
they have counterparts in English, but because they are used
freely in negative sentences and with practically all verbs; a
modal such as ijCfi'11 modifies the meaning of every verb it is
216

used with in much the same way (equivalent to 'be able'), but one
explicator may modify the meaning of one verb one way and
another another way.

Although grammarians have counted up to 20 explicators, there

are three which are definitely more common than the others.
These three explkators are given below:

EXPLICATOR MEANING VERBS USED WI TH

completion of action, most intransitives

finished process

comp let ion of act ion, transitive verbs,

directed to, or for the rare with typical-
benefit of the doer ly outward verbs
such as causa-
tives

completion of action, transitive verbs,

directed to, or for the rare with typical-
benefit of someone ly inward verbs
other than the doer such as eat, drink

All explicators, including those above, are also found as

independent verbs; as independent verbs they have different
meaning which are somewhat related to their meanings as
exp11cators.
 217
53.2 THE EXPLICATOR ;rRT

sentence without expJicator with exp1 icator

1 The 111..qga._qe can1e. Q1q 1;!1 31 ill I I Qlql;!1 31T ~I
2 The man died. 311C{ifl qu I auc::ifl in:~ 1
3 Everyone will come tt;r w)q f:.ICfi~fl I m Plctiw
ttGI'
out. ~I

Special combinations with expJicator ;sw1;:w1:

1lW' \il13T forget

4 Example: ~ w~ctft QiT ~ t1'f I

That girl forgot everything.
When 1{(f5;!11 is used without the explicator 'il'RT, it usually
means wander.

flfl$ ifB[ understand

5 ~ ~~ Gift ~ ~ ijqifi ~ I
I understood everything the teacher said. ( all the teacher's
words)
When ijqif1;!11 is used in other meanings: think, consider,
the explicator is not usually used.
6 ~ ijqifil ~ STltf ~ tI
I thought you were /Jere.
7 ~ ~ 3Titf atiT qu ~ ijqifll I
I considered you my friend.

m !IBT eat up tft !1131' drink up etc.

I

This use of 'il'RT is limited to a few transitive verbs

218

indicating the consumption of something. Note that the

explicator is equivalent to the English preposition 'up' here.

a etW ifreT <"'iiCbl ~ ltt'*!cM "1 at IQ'* 11 l

That fat boy will eat up all t/Je rasgullas!
9 air ~ UUil' cft ~ ?
'°
You drank up all the liquor?

'5ll3T as a pseudo-exp 1icator

\A/hen the action of one verb precedes that of another verb, the
two verbs can be used together with the conjunction ~ (or
ct> used after the first verb:

10 ~ Cili'{
'1fRf take and go
11 't1)' ~ ~lit lilt I wash and dry

The conjunction Cili'{ (or a(l) is often omitted and the result is
a verb sequence which looks like verb ... explicator, but which
differs in the fact that the second verb retains its full
meaning and does not merely modify the meaning of the first
verb: The verb '5fFfT is often found as such a pseudo-
explkator.

12 C1W Cbq~ ~ <CIR> 1fllT I

He took away (took and wentJ the clothes.
13 etW q3{ ~ (CIR) fli(T l
He gave the letter (and) went away.
 219
EXAMPLES OF EXPLICATOR ~ IN PERFECT

Cffl ~'
~
~ rf~!
I
4
•

1 ilC{65~1 I change
4 'it~lct
'O
M election
'1lilRI~ M astrologer 4114il
220
5

6 1
r·-·---·-----
--

~~ -.;q {'° •14 I

(~~ ~·~l~HMTlm)

5 Pt=ttfd M export
a ~ M flour ~ F lentil
lflCI' M price
9 ~•iclla:aJdl M correspondent
 221

11

fchfil c6r ~tr ;rITT wr---

~ <40i I(ffitt ~shfl ~
~fl'~ ~tjtm~!
12

13 il~~I I flow '{id] M intention

Clf lc;51
GIC{{41
itT
M cup
M bad color
PRO which
•
il'it"il
ADJ ordinary
'61 ~<'11CC Iii ADJ quick-witted
I remain, be saved
222
EXAMPLES OF EXPLICATOR ~ IN OTHER FORMS:

a1ci! glee
3th!' es at~
........... e"!"W"e:-. ~

~'lll11'

1 ~ F co 1d Uh.Ul~.R.:C:!~f"111Mii~1i1t11
!.1.1··

W M weather Sll<lqat
2 fijq I'd ~ I end
 223
EFFECT OF NEGATIVE: In sentence lA we find an explicator in a
positive sentence; sentence 18 is negative, but the auxiliary verb
is a modal, not an explicator.
lA

dlll 311~tbl 'Jri"ll

~HdMm1
18
Sl JllCll?
~~\is <IE-I 3~ctJl 3flll~01 Cf.>9
\?1 ~<Ci ~ -qtt Cf5 ::i ;a Cf5 (11.

In the two sentences below, an explicator is used in the positive

part but deleted in the negative part:

.~.'·.~.····.
2

~~~ ~~ ~ '

4iM ...
Md
•.~mfl"Plt
3

f~;a-T .3l1 ol ttlfT

.tt:r atTJ\ill rrlft ;r~T
1A q;:;:rr M baby
'O
224
53.3 THE EXPLICATORS ~AND~

With many transitive verbs, either~ or~ may be used as

explicator, the former specifying the action of the verb as
inward, and the latter as outward. Wlth some verbs, different
meanings are used in the English translations:

~ ~ stop (one's carJ

Tia6" ~ stop (someone)

~ ~ read (to oneself)

~ ~ read (to someone else)

m~ keep
m~ plac~put

PlcniM~I: PlcnlM ~ take out

PlcniM ~ push outi throw out

When no explicators are used with verbs such as those above, the
meaning is determined from other contexts:

~~~~m-1
I Jl!jf the money there.
I kept the money there.

Some verbs are used only with ~ and not with ~- These
are verbs which characteristically indicate inward action, such
as~ itself:

a;el~ ijiF ~ ~ ~ I They took alI the money.

~~&\(tit~ I Take the sari.
 225
Other verbs typically used with ~ include:

lC!ll.,.I eat tfr.:IT drink tft1"1"11 listen, hear

al4... I see, look at lctft<=O... I buy

Some verbs are used with~ and not with~- These are
verbs whkh characteristically indicate outward action, such as
~itself:

Give me the money.

I gave her the saris.

Other verbs used with ~ include causative verbs such as

'(ijl*tl cause to wash, and verbs like ildl*tl tell and ~'it*tl
sell.

EXAMPLES OF EXPLICATORS ~AND~

2 ~ ADJ true, correct Gt 1"'18filfl F know ledge

226
3 i ,I 4
~nit~ S.:ifi'T\ f~irt if•;f tf)lrf\if q~
ffi ~~~· ~z ~r ·,
f~~fr~
5

n Jl
D 11
0 n
tJ

3 flTahl{ Cfi{..,.l NE refuse 4'!'1Jd F honor

Me*il NE plunder, steal
~

5 all M wire, telegram

6 ~ cte~Clle;51 unbreakable
dl\ii;li I NE break
 227

remaining

51.4 OTHER EXPLICATORS

Some of the other more common explkators include the following

used as I verbs:

do"1 I/q~;c I (suddenness) ~ (regret)

Subject of the above explicators never takes ;l. The following

explicators do require ;l with the subject in the perfect and are
used mainly with transitive NE verbs as main verbs:

qf{"11 (violence) {@t"1 I (permanence)

The explicator '5165"11 also indicates violence as in the example

in the cartoon above:

Nt?. it's fine. But all the other toys he's beaten with it and
bro!<en.

A special use of ::Sl65"11 is with the verb ql{"11 which means

beat or kill. The combination qi'{ '5165"11 unambiguously means
!<ill.
228

54 INTRANSITIVE AND
TRANSIT I VE VERBS

54.1

An intransitive <SCBfi'tGfi) verb does not take a direct

object <Gfilf>.
A transitive (ijCfiilf6ff) verb can take a direct object CCfiilf>.

Hindi transitive verbs usually correspond to English transitives:

w~$ ~ @b(l IGI t<Jflctl I

The boy bOl(qht a book. (direct object underlined)

However a H1nd1 1ntranslt1ve may correspond to an English

transitive:

2 ~Clwl m~ ~ t I
T/Je mongoose fears t/Je snal<:e.
3 ~ ftlW ttlt!I ~ fttw1' I
I met Mr. Sing/J.

Both ~ fear and ~w.-.1 meet require a complement with

postposition ~' which is not a direct object, since Hindi direct
objects, by definition, can take only postposition atit.

A H1nd1 transitive may also correspond to an English intransitive:

4 at I«ifl f1Cbl3 ~ tgT qr l

The man was /ooldng at the hou...~e.
 229
In English it is very common for one verb to be used either as a
transitive or an intransitive verb; an example is the verb stop:

5 The rickshadriver stopped at the station.

6 The man stopped the rlckshadrlver at the statIon.

In sentence 5 no direct object is possible; thus the verb is

intransitive. In sentence 6 the direct object is 'the ricksha-
driver' and the verb is transitive. On the other hand, in Hindi it
is very rare for one verb to be either intransitive or transitive.*
Thus sentences 5 and 6 above will have different verbs in Hindi:
intransitive W ... I and transitive -04... 1.

5ftot41la165 I ~41... tR oafiT I

6 311({i:ft ;l ~.... tR ftot§llC!llM Ol!J TiatiT I

The verbs W ... I and <14... 1 form an intransitive/transitive pair,

one of the many such pairs found in Hindi. Other examples:

OPEN
intransitive: lct65;:cl
"O

7 ({{Cf I~ 8110 ~ lf!<"d ' I

The doors open at eight o'clock.
transitive: lCfltl'... I
6 CfW 31 i(cft ({!Cl IJ) 3110 ~ ~1t"d I I t
That man opens the doors at ef..qht o'clock.

*ii(<.9"11 change and~ fill are two examples of such rare

verbs.
230
WASH
intransitive: f!&*il
9 Gfiq~ rR~ if st'i:Ul ~ ;:r(f ~ I
Clothes don't wash well in dirty water.
transitive: l:11;rr
lOV"Pf~~q-~~I
The students wash clothes downstairs in the kitchen.

SELL
intransitive: ~CIMI
11 " feM11~· S11if - ~~I
The Hindi books are selling today.
transitive: ft'it;:jl
12 ~d lilct 1& I 311\lf Q..J\ fetid 11t· ~ ~ t I
The bookseller is selling Hindi books today.

GET UP
intransitive: do;:sl
13 &\iiatft S110 ~ aa°r I
The girl got up at eight o'clocX.~
transitive: d<Sl*ll
14 q ~ f ~ 8Wif STIO ~ §hiGh"l Gfi)' d<Sl<lt I I
The lady· got the girl l1fJ at e~qht o'clock.

TEAR
intransitive: Cffe;:sl
lS~~CffG~~I
All the flags are tearing.
transitive: Cff 1~"11
16~~R~~~~I
The hard wind is tearing all the flag~..._
 231
BREAK
intransitive: ~

17 ~ ftltt afi iRf.:r ~ I

All the clay vessels will break.
transitive: ffl'4*11
18 41'Ou:g I BiI ftri' aft iRf;r a1i411 I
•

The thuq
. will break all the clay
'
vessels.

WAKE UP
intransitive: "11c1.-.1
19~aim-~1
'O

I (fem.) woke up before you.

transitive: '114 11*11
20 ;ftarR: ~ - ~ ~ - '114 flit I I
The servant woke me up before you.

be sold,
are passive in meaning and are known as natural passives or
antitransit ives. They have specia1 properties such as use with
agents and not occurring in passive constructions.

There are two main patterns according to which the form of

intransitive stems is related to transitive stems (the pairs
~RO~*ll and '1ie..,.l/<1'1~..,.I are examples of additiona1
irregularities).

54.2 INDO-EUROPEAN PATTERN

This pattern involves vowe1 alternation and derives from Indo-

European; we find traces of it in English in pairs like 'rise/raise'
and 'lie/Jay'. To form the intransitive from the transitive:
232
( 1) ai, aft are shortened to a'
(2) f, 'Q' are shortened to '
(3) 311' is shortened to 3T

However, since there are only a few of these pairs and there are
many irregularities such as thew added when the transitive
stem ends in a long vowel ~' ~) and the alternative between
"O

:q' and C6' in ilit"11/~dfi"11. Therefore, it is easier to learn the

individual pairs.

INTRANSITIVES TRANSITIVES

stoA be stopped ilC5fi"1 I stop

open, be opened lCOM"1 I open
was~ be washed ~ wash
sel'1 be sold ilit"11 sell
PIC5fiw"1 I come out go out PICifi IM"1 I push out
take out

54.3 INDIAN PATTERN

In this pattern, which probably derives from usage in the

Dravidian (South Indian) languages, the vowel 3TT is added to the
intransitive form, and if a long vowel occurs in the root, it is
also shortened according to the Indo-European pattern given
above. Again, it is easier to learn the pairs rather than learning
the rules, but it is possible to guess these forms, since this is a
somewhat productive pattern in Hindi.

INTRANSITIVES TRANSITIVES

d<S"11 rise, get up d<Sl"'i I raise, lift,

. get r:someone.J up
 233

q\'ITll wande0 tour around E14q1;:w1

'IO
s/Jow
(someone)
around
"'
Q(i4Ttl arrive, reach "'
Q(i41Ttl take or bring
somew/Jere
~oTtl sit down ~01Tt1 seat
wi1~1 be installed {W5ill~I install
il~~I be built; become il~l~I build,· make
(someone
something)

When exp1icators are used with these verbs, ;rRT is used with
the intransitives and ~ or ~ with the transitives:

intransitive: q41~ ~ 'PU I

The house was built.
transitive: a;:r aue:ftltll ~ q41;:w il;n' ~I ~lj I I
Those men built the house.

Use of~ in the latter sentence above implies that the men
bunt the house for someone else1 while use of~ implies that
they bui 1t it for themselves.
234

EXERCISE 54A Change each verb in the sentences below from

intransitive to transitive and introduce~ m
as the new subject. Use explicator ~ as in
the example. When the new object is animate
(as in sentences 1 and 7), use affl' with the
object.

EXAMPLE: ~ mI ~ (tf)4 fi" ~ ~ ircfi' cft I

The train stopped. Those people stopped the
train.

~) ~ ©~~ ~..~RI l*t q 661~ ~ I

':t) (i5't©' ~ - "' I
~ > 31iCifl ii lttti llf
il';:r I
~) mill~
'O
ill"IH
•
il :qm I
~) ijCiffl*t il *If ftlt~fclt;:qj ~ llf I
~)~~~I
\9) ~q<f' ©~ctn c+r
llf I
l > q4f4\ct16' I ~ iFit ao '1'tfT I
~) cfttt© $ iRf;:r ~ ff\I I
~ o >({{611'311
•
~
'O
rrirr I
 235
EXERCISE 548 Give an appropriate answer for each question
changing the verb to an intransitive as in the
example. The first five questions are
impersonal (see book 1, section 23.3) with the
subject already deleted. In questions 6-1 o,
delete the subject d~)":Pi in the answers.

EXAMPLE: Cfia:ft~· ~ 1:Tia- ~ ?

Where do they wash shirts?
Ofii:flJt" t'frrr il \iltWtfl ~ I
• 'ID

Shirts are washed in the Ganges.

~) iiR:ltti ~ M'lla f?
~)min~~~?
~ > ({611\Jj I Ciffir @<'ia ~ ?
\l) M'4f&b41" ctn"~~ f?
'°() cftdM aW iRf.t ~ il'11a ~ ?
~) d~·q ~ ifilT ~ I
\9) d~lq ~~gcff I
l > a~rq '1}d~< «lc;r;fl iim <tl' 1
~ > a;:grq uPilil. at- ~ i1'114 1
~ o >a<ii)·q ~ ~l<Pf (ICll ~~I

EXERCISE S4C Rewrite each sentence using the future form of

the corresponding transitive verb (with
explicator ~) and use new subject in
parentheses.

~ > ~ ~ Ci(Ll~<4i il1Pf '511Q'ft I (~ Slla>ifh

~> Gl)iam ~~I <CTW q'SJ\U
~) ~ CliT ~ ~ \SllQ'll I (~ M official)
236

\l) M'i$4 m- ~ I t311:c:t I F nursemaid)

~> ftct411 ili'SJI< q 'if~'ll I <ftcfftatl©I>
q_> ~a,4ft ~if~ I ('llltl'S>
\9) qq ij ltil ar;J i65 ld"J ~~:a 11 I <fie@ ar;J ~>
<: > ~ ~ ~ci;il I (tfi©SI IMI>
~ >~ ©'i$4 ct' ~ ct<C'JllG) I t;~c ii I ~ ~>
~ o) sft«r 8TIO ~ ill q(~t ft I ~ Cf;T Gni!. clerk)
~ ~ >ftrir-':( \9 ~qi~ l11«r ~ ~ I m> <m

EXERCISE 540 Answer each question using an intransitive

verb as in the example:

CfllT 311ct4' ~ C{(C'JllG)I lci1©i ?

Oid the man open the door?
ift ~' q1(\q ~' d<ti41"JI fc6lr (1lW ~ I
No.. I don't know how the door opened.

~ > CfllT Ofiq'lq I~ ~ ittf ti ldil GfiT -<Sl4 I ?

':( > CfllT cllfl'S ~ U 1;fl· GfiT ~ ~ f!q 14 I ?
~> Cfl1T lt~.a1;:ft M1t~· ~ 31C5fiil{ GfiT '!!!'l"ill-~-~11-g i1.-,1:q1 ?
\l) CfllT ijl(;il ~ tti1' ©'iJCSiil GfiT atcfftfl ?
~) C14T ~ ~ q1:st1ll ~ ~ - Plotii~ ?
~ > Cfl1T ttf flqij ldil at ~ l:/i Q<i 11 I
\9) CJ4T ~ ~q41 311ctift mln 'il©IQ<ill ?
') CfllT ~ 3l1tf ar;r ~ ~ ~~.. II ?
~) CfllT ijitif ~ <lcitil ?
~ o> Ci6llT arnfl:a1t 3Tlt cflaw $ iRf.:r il~IQTl ?
(Ofl Fti 3 I { craftsman)
 237
54.4 COMPLEX VERBS: INTRANSITIVE AND TRANSITIVE

Complex verbs formed with preverb and main verb Ciff{.,.i form the
intransitive by replacing Cfi{.,.i with gr.:n. The relationship
between the forms with gr.:n and Cfi{.,.I is the same as the
intransitive-transitive relationship described for simple verbs
earlier in this section.

CLOSE non-functional
C\{Cii'ij I ~ ~ ~ rp;ff) I
The door closed.
:ift~a:H ~ C\(C!41'5j I &t;a: fcfi4 I (Cfit ~) I
The watchman closed the door.

PREPARE non-funct iona I

filo1,4j ~ ~ ~ 'If> I
The sweets were prepared.
~ ~ ftlo1~4j ~ Giff (Cfil: ~ ) I
Svrekha prepared the sweets.

HELP functional
rrfl;r sua.ifl Gift • ire:C\ d1
The poor n1an was helped a lot.
q ~tli I ~ '1'ftir &I Id:ilf1 Clft • ~ Clft I
The ladx helped the poor man a lot.

BEGIN non-functional
~ ~ Wt 1lt1T I
The work began.
~~atnif ~Cfit~ I
The workmen began the worlr~
238

EXERCISE 54E Change to the transitive form using new

subject given in parentheses, explicator ~.
Retain future tense. Translate into English •

.m ~ Wt '51 nf:a ft I \'!~ijcllwn

'il@('lstlw I .m ~ Gfit ~ I
The policeman will remember the words.

~) ~ SUC{if\ C5lft ~ ~ '511Q'*ft I (~ ij{dfii( new

government)
":t> fqj<?q G1ft ~ G1f ~ liJdq Wt' '511 Q'* ft I
(f:t~ICiff Mdirector)
~> ~ qan1'11· C5lft dMl41 '1' 'ill(('*ft I <'!f&Je F! police>
~ > 81ot4 if~JJ '" Wt ~ 1 <t1ewst 1~ >
~> ~ ~Wt ~ I @'iltl r:ff.;ft>
~) (ij{Ciff i{ F government)
~~3Tltf{ ~~
iifET~ ;r~"f ~)in

Mtyranny be tolerated
 239
55 THE CAUSATIVE

55.1
The concept of causative refers to verb relationships like
see-show or open Ontransitive)-open (transitive) in English and
many other languages. In Hindi, the causative relationship is
well-developed and several types of causatives may be
distinguished.

DIRECT CAUSATIVE (The causer of the action is directly

involved in the action.)

A. intransitive-transitive
1. lcfo5i1
'O
I - tcn<f5i1 l (open INTRANSITIVE -
open TRANSITIVE>
2. il*t*tl - ili11*tl (be made - make)
3. <ftati' ~ - <ftati' Cifit.-,1 (be corrected - correct)

B. transitive (single object> - transitive (double object)

a(Ct;c I - fa(Ct l*t I < see - snow)

INDIRECT CAUSATIVE (The causer of the action

is not directly involved in
the action.)

transitive - indirect causative

1. ~ - 'tlt"l*tl/1!1tt"CllT11
'O 'O
( was/J - cause to was/J)
.
2. litflC{.,.I .
- litflC{etli11 (buy - cause to buy)
3. <ftati' Cfil~ I - <ftati' Cfill.... I/Cfilct 1"11
( correct - cause to
correct>
240

55.2 THE DIRECT CAUSATIVE

One direct causative relationship, between intransitives and

transitives, was discussed in the previous section. The other
type of direct causative is formed from a limited number of
transitive verbs, sometimes called "middle" verbs, which describe
a personal, inward activity, and therefore characteristically take
explicator ~. These verbs, which are very limited in number,
are listed in the left column on the next page. Their direct
causatives, listed on the right, are double-object transitive
verbs. Middle verbs don't have indirect causatives for reasons
which are probably related to the proverbial "You can lead a
horse to water, but you can't make him drink." These just aren't
the kinds of physical actions you can make someone do. Middle
verbs also do not correspond to intransitive verbs, although there
isn't really a good semantic reason for that fact. Thus the verb
(lct;=ji see could easily have corresponding R\lct;=ji be seen. In
fact, faolct;=ji does exist, but its meanings do not correspond
directly to a.lct4Pll.

falq!Cil
( 1) = appear
qlf 31ijw q ~ ~ l°a:lctd'1 ~ I
You really look good.I

(2) = se~ be visible (KO verb indicating that act of seeing

is somehow involuntary)
~ q" f4d Iii ~ faolCt<'ft I
I don1 see t/Jat booK.~ (T/Jat book lsn? visible to me•.J
 241

MIDDLE VERB DIRECT CAUSATIVE VERB

SINGLE-OBJECT TRANSITIVE DOUBLE-OBJECT TRANSITIVE

"q~"11 understand "q~l"11 explain

~"11 see ~l~I show
'dii~I hear 'diil~I tell
tft;:rr drink fqw1;:w1 give to drink
(ql"11 eat ftctw1"11 feefi give to
eat
q(fl I study q41"11 teach
:tftlct;:w I leam ~lct1;:w1 teach

EXAMPLES: Person 'caused to do something' =

indirect object + Clit'

I SUBJECT INDIRECT OBJECT I

DIRECT OBJECT VERB I

The. teacher will tell the. students a story.

~"'" ~ ~a4n ~ ~~ ~tct1~ 1
The guide showed the foreigner both cities.
(t..~Rfl:rft ~ ~gq1...1· afl1' ~ fq(W)ld ~I
Indians give. their guests tea to drink

55.3 THE INDIRECT CAUSATIVE

With the exception of middle verbs, all transitive verbs

(including direct causatives) have indirect causatives. If the
transitive verb stem ends in 311', there is only one indirect
causative, which is formed by changing the 311' to err.
242
EXAMPLES:

d<Sl""i I raise ddCii""ii cause to raise

falCt 1'11 show Rlctat 1'11 cause to show

If the transitive verb stem does not end in 3TT, the indirect
causative is formed by adding C5IT to the stem. Sometimes, an
additional indirect causative form is formed by adding only 3TT.

EXAMPLES:

l~fla:;:c I buy "flt:Cill'"ll cause to buy

~ wash '1116'CI
'D
li1 I Ctl6'
'D
li1 n cause to wash

In this latter caseJ the stem is changed by vowel shortening as

when forming the intransitive from the transitive.
Additional examples are given here.

A. transitive verb stem ends in 3TT

TRANSITIVE VERB CAUSATIVE VERB

d<Sl'"ll raise d8C511'11 cause to raise
t:tql"11
'D
tour (someone) 6iqiif t"'11
"O
cause (someone)
around to tour (someone)
around
"'
q('ifli11 take, bring "'
q('ifctli11 cause to take or
bring
l°alCtl'"ll show falltatl'"ll cause to .!>"11ow
~'Pll'"ll tell ~.f:fatl'"ll cause to tell
illi51'11
"'O
call &1wi41'11
"'O
cause to call
Cilijl"11 settle il~iill .... I cause to settle
i16'1'11 drive il6'C511'11 cause to drive
 243

B. transitive verb stern does not end in 3'T

TRANSITIVE VERB CAUSATIVE VERB

~Cfi~I stop Watl~I cause to stop
lCfl65~1 open (qtf5Cll~I
'O
cause to open
~ give re.wCil 1~ 1 <re.w 1~ 1> cause to give
~ wash ~6561
'O
I~ I <~65
'O
I~ I> cause to wash
Cfi{~I do Cfi{CI I~ I tCfiU~ I> cause to do
(CJ fl a:;oi I buy (CJflC::E4 I~ I cause to buy

Sentence examples -- the agent, i.e., the person caused to do

something, takes postpos1t1on ij'

ISUBJECT AGENT IND.OBJECT I DIR.OBJECT I VERB I

The foreigners have porters carry ('/ift.'l the lu§..qage.

qq fQ ltil ~ ~ ~ a6l' ~6561 IQ• ft l
The lady will have the bearer call the washerman.
4ll~Cfi "'ff<"Cil I~ ~ <"~ fcti=tt). a6l' ~ ftci65CI I(fl II I
The customer will have the fruitseller give the girls oranges
to eat.

The teacher had the boy explain the lesson to them.

Note that causative sentences mentioning the agent are relatively

rare; the agent is usually understood and omitted.

Are you going to nave a house bu!It?

244
EXERCISE SSA
Rewrite each sentence with a causative verb. Use
the word in parentheses as the new subject.
The original subject wi11 become the agent and take
postposition ~-

EXAMPLE:
(Akbar) The people were settling Fatehpur Sikri.
atCSfiil< mtff ~ ttjdt<i< ~Cfif\ ilijCll tgr t1T I
Akbar was having the people settle Fatehpur Sikri.

~) ~ff) ta~* illdiftd \~I Qil I

~) cafi«r> ©\i!iBh~ ., let 1.-.1 qCfi ltt I I
~' ~ Cfi&l> sua.ifl ~ 'Et©ldl t 1
\l) (ijidil> ~ ~ ~uq1 .... d<SIQfl I
~) ~ ij idiO 1:Tiaft ~ Sffq~ ~ I
~) Mi©Sll©O ©\i!i4 ., C!d61i1 tcnttfl I
\9) (ij{CliiU 411'1'6 ~ ~ Rletidl t I

..., Id I t I
l) ~ ij ldiO ~ 1:Tiaft Ci1it ilM
~) c~a4ft q"(al) M\iiaM ~ ijwf\iil6' Ci1it ~ ~ I
0

~ o) Cat I~ifl> q)ift ¥f ~ Cfi{d I qy I

EXERCISE 558
Each question contains a causative verb. Answer with
the corresponding non-causative verb indicating that
the work is done by the subject 'himself, herself' =

lfR~.
'9

EXAMPLE: ~ l:Tiif\' Cfit1i'• 1::016'

'\O
61 Iq:a II ?
Will the washerman have the clothes washed?
'ift' ;:rtf, 1:Tiaft ~ ~ 1:il q~ II I
N0 the washerman will wash the clothes himself.
 245
~ > CflfT atCSfiii< ~ uPttir C56T ~ la\l4C41~ ?
~ > Ofqf ~ ~ am-
q(iqa CSfi<at 1a t ?
~> cpn ~ e1q1.,. a<SC11 tgr t?
\l) CfllT ~ IQ ltil ftq(d1 ... , l'9fta\et idl ~ ?
~) CflfT - ~ 'tTiift C56T if(ijqj<qj
"O
?
~> Ofqf ftla1f41w1 <'Et4!~ il'1C11tt1 t ?
\9) cpn ftcmct I© I ftcw1 I "if(ijCj Id I t?
l) cprf sitm 31q~ if-uql" CfiT fclbffl \"'ICllQift ? (Fcf>ff!I story)
~) CflfT ftr~" q4Clldl t?
~ o >CflIT l'91'1ftiqi ~ let 1'11 qCfiCI ltf I ?

EXERCISE SSC
Answer each question with a positive answer using
the direct causative (double-object verb) of the verb
in the question with explkator ~ and the subject
given in parentheses.

EXAMPLE: ClllT STitf ~ '1jdd"!< 4\0fift ~ ~ ? ('ili,\i)

Oid you see Fatehpur Sikri? (guide)
'5ft Wf "llfl'i ~ ~ '1jd\\"!< 4\C56ft fam ~ I
J

Ye~ the guide showed me Fatehpur Sikri.

~) CfllT td~a61 ~ {IQ'l!cM m ~ ? (~~Qit;ft m

~) CflfT ~ 311({4\ :q'(;q' cft ~ ? <3'lttt">
~) CfllT (ij~* " qc; ~ ~ ? <ftr~
\l) CfllT td~tfi ~ ifRf ~ ? (~ IQ ltil>
~) CfllT ~ ~dlil tQq.. ~ q ? ttd~fclb:tti>
~> CflfT ~ t1r:IT m <t ~ ? <~>
\9) CflIT ~a4n ~~am-~ lCJRT ~ alCta1 qr 1 t"ll,'i>
l) ~ ftcK\eti~ ~· qr:ft' ftlin' ? tafttd>
~ > CfllT if 'tiff ~ '31Qatfl CSfit I~1 ~ ? <~ <'ilif Cfi I)
~ o) Cfqf ~ m:m ijq$d I qr ? (qf 5liT ~ 61te:rft>
246

tflO ~ ~d~'!l ij')Ofifl

LESSON THIRTEEN

~ > ~ Cfjdd'!t 4)ar;ft t I

~) "1jd,'!{ Qlar;ft 311• R~ ~ '.( lfRa' \t I t
~> ~~ ~~~'{ cq..SG ma;g'ttu «~atit~ ~~~y
(q~g ~ ¥.ftu<fl> aCfl 1t l W11. Olfl' ~ ttl I
Y> ill(411t 31afiil{ ~ ~ 31q;f1 ~ il"'ll:ql I
l.() (I) Pff"'I ~ if ~ ~ Olfl' afiEft Wt '1f I
«
~) aft'{~ :qgf 31itR ~ ~ I
\9) ~ il":;:a: C{(Cili\ijl - ~I
~ > ~ 31afiil{ ~ ii"'lcll:q I tlT I
~> 31l\ilafiti5 . . q{Aid Wt~ I t
~ o > 3lil' al • qm ~6'C51i6' dat I~ Wt '1?11' t I
~ ~ > ~ ift tfl1Rlli1 qr I
~ ~> 316fiil{ ~ ~ il~tl:ql I
~~> ~ \ijql~ if~~ 31-1-ill-Aoc!\ ~I
~ Y> tllfli ~(4ft Cfi1' 316fiilt aM ~anfl Olfl' flql{('t). at' Gift if
iKl'rmt1
~l.() tllil'i: \ift wf, &tCfiill ~ ~ stq;fl ~ il"'ll:qf I
~ ~> Mfchi1 ~ if ~ ~ Ch'\' afiEft ~ 'llft, slh ~
~aatltR:~~I
~ \9) ~a4ft: wf, ~ ~trail 311t Rif dijCfii folll"I @T I
~ ~) 31il" l:ftffi ~, ~ qft:!tC{ ctn' ~ I
~ ~ > • 11~'5: \ift wf, Mfchi1 3'ftft ~ft:q I ~ - ~ CR
fl1w1~ +.u;C11~.q 1
~ o> ~:q ~611-0· CR ~ (\cil~d CffT'f ;r:n t I
~~) ~(4ft: ~~~~~~~I
~ ~ > • 11~\i: ~ d:ftct~, ~ ~ 1<61 fcha;:ft 31'i4/l iFft t I
 247

~ ~) 31..c::< ~ amt 811tl' ~ ~ - fI

~~) ~ ~C51Wf-~-'Jm t I
~~) ~ ~ 31Cffil{ 3ltR ct:sfl{l" ;f IDtl' ~ t1T I
~~) ~tR ~ Pl411.-. ~' ~ 31Ci6iH ~ q'ilif\(f\ ~(ij~ ;f ~
il'161 loq q I
~ \9) :qRf ~ <IPiaff afl ~ iR ~ I
~ G) ~ a-=tcf; 81 l{lij iifiT ~ ~'kl'ij 1q t.TT I

LESSON THIRTEEN TRANSLATION

SONG:
~ ~ qtiild ~ ~ a.-.Cfi1
'D
t Cfl11f
'1-G-~-GI CfiT ~ ;m ~ ~ ;rpr
q'{ ~ ftle ~ ~ ~ ilC\'1iij
~ <fl' v1'4' tft '5IR <fl' am ~ ~ Cfilit Cl1'R

~ > ~ CfjddCJ,< «lctifl ~ I

THIS IS FATEHPUR SIKRI.

~) Cfjd~'!< ij1Cfifl 3T11'ft ~ ~~ ~Cl< i I

FATEHPUR SIKRI IS 25 MILES FROM AGRA.
~ CJ
.... PP far from (modifier goes
between ~ and ~)
....
very far from
1o miles from
248

~) m
lll ~ ~~~ ~ (q"'Sti d;:gtlu ~~CIR~~~'~
m
(Cf"'St ""4it14b aotr '141~· G1ft ~ ~ 1
IT REMAINED THE MOGHUL CAPITAL FROM 1569 TO 1584.
year - precedes year number
f5MrC'f C. ) used in Sanskrit when
final 31 is not pronounced,
superfluous in Hindi, since final
31 is not pronounced anyway.
from. The longer form is
pref erred when used in
correlation with (fCif) until
4"PIM Moghu1 (name of dynasty of
"" .
Muslim emperors who ruled India
for several centuries before the
British period.)

~> ili(4ilij stGfiiH ~ ~ sttFft' ~ il:fil:qf I

EMPEROR AKBAR MADE IT HIS CAPITAL.
lit IB:~ll6 emperor (also ~)
310fl lit { Akbar (greatest Moghu1 emperor,
ru Jed 1556-1605)
4SF11'11 NE make (someone or something
into something else.)
Structure: SUBJECT (310flaH) DIRECT OBJECT CTft)
OBJECTIVE COMPLEMENT VERB
The verb agrees with the direct object as is normal when
transitive verbs are used in the perfect and the subject has a
postposition. Since the direct object also has a postposition, the
verb is masculine singular. Contrary to the grammatical rules,
many speakers use agreement with the objective complement and
would say: cst1a:~1115 310fl4iH4 ~ ~ TIJIUFfl Cii.-il<fl I
In the 00-0C sequence, use of cFl' with the DO is more common
than otherwise, although still required only if the DO is a proper
noun or personal pronoun. The objective complement (OC) never
 249
takes a postposition. Other verbs which take a DO-OC sequence:
call- 6fi6"11
consider- 4 l"i"i I, fl4 $1 ....11
m. ~ R=tct1'9c:t1M cpl '11$5 ~~I
11 11

T/Je British call (someone) w/Jo snows a city a guide.

316fitit=t cpl ~ titl2'~11~ B4$hi -g· I
(T/Jey) consider Akbar a good emperor.
~ ~ 311G' Ciffl ~ olcF Bit $fJ I
I considered your words correct.

~) Mfch~ GTre: q: ~ qr;ft Ch't Cifflft ~ 'ff I

BUT AFTERWARDS A WATER SHORTAGE OCCURRED HERE.
OFlfl F shortage
water('s) shortage
I occur Chere used in simple
perfect with explicator JfFfl)

~> ~ ~ t1lf ~ 311~R ~~I

AND HE HAD TO GO FROM HERE TO AGRA .
.3WTt used in oblique case because of
invisible 'zero' postposition used
after destinations.
compulsion by external factors;
otherwise, same constructions
used in internal compulsion with
~ (SUBJ + Cflt, main verb in
infinitive form)

\9) - ,©.C\ C\{CI l\Jj I - ' I

CTHEV) CALL IT THE BULAND DARWAAZAA.
Hig/J Gate (~
..... is a now
obsolete synonym of the Hindi
word ~ "' high)
masculine plural, since the
sentence is impersonal with no
250

subject expressed. (Subject in

English is unstressed 'they')
Structure: (SUBJ)- DO - OC - VERB (See sentence g)

<: > ~ 31Cfiill ~ ilTiCilttl qr I

AKBAR HAD IT BUILT.
have built, cause to build
(Indirect causative form of
iif""fl"i I build)
Note that past perfect is used in Hindi but not in English. In
English, the past perfect indicates a time previous to a given
past time, in Hindi only a more remote past.

~) 311\i1Cfi6' . . q{Afd ~ ~ tI
THESE DAYS IT IS BEING REPAIRED.
.3"1 IJf Cfl ('I) ADV nowadays, these days
l=FtU:kl iAT I be repaired; intransitive form
of l4'lW:kf Cfl'l"if
(t:l•P"1'kl ~/Cfl'l"il are related in
the same way as \iFFl"f/it"11"10

~ o > 31il' m~ crm f<'leactlea aGt 1~ Wt flin t 1

BUT NOW (EVERYTHING) NEAR IT HAS BECOME COMPLETELY
DESERTED.
ADJ deserted
ADV completely
become (contrast this meaning of
linking ~ with its meaning
occur when used as a
non-linking verb. Both ~s are
used with explicator JfFTI, here
in the present perfect.
 251
~ ~ > ~ i:ft tPIRU... tJT I
IT WAS A DESERT PREVIOUSLY TOO.
M desert

~ ~ > 316fiil{ ~ ~ ilij 1:q I I

AKBAR SETTLED IT.
NE cause to be inhabited
(transitive form of iHFfJ
inhabit which is intransitive in
Hindi: Xll' iHFfl)

~ ~) '3ij" \ijq I~ il qgf • 31 Iii Ic!i ift I

IN THAT PERIOD THERE WAS A LOT OF POPULATION HERE.
3jt:fl~I M time (=era)
31 IGI lc!l F population

~~) 411~'5 ~d>4ft Ciff) 316fiil{ sill 4'6fit\ Cb't ~ql{('ff cf; ifR il
iRtT tgl t I
THE GUIDE IS TELLING THE FOREIGNER ABOUT AKBAR AND
THE BUILDINGS IN SIKRI.
cF' ant :q· PP about
$l11H1 F building

SONG: sTift fcfilft ~ ;:r d{ij.. '5tTif i1= ~ f

~ G4'~1· Cb't ~ ~ ~ •!GJ<dl f
a
~ ~ ~ Cfit cf; ij{ij 1q
~~q~iiifd t'O

~d...Cfil t~
qGiiild C6l ;f1' i(('I' ~ ~ ;:nir
q"{ '5tTif fqe '5tTif g1' '5tTif ii c::~ 1q

~ ~ @1~1 i:ft ~ ~ lfR ~ ;:r oRit t:q'R I

252
~~) 411~\S: \;ft'~, 31Cftill ~ ~ 31q;ft ~ &1;mw1~1 I
GUIDE: YES, AKBAR MADE THIS HIS CAPITAL.
(See sentence g)

~ 6.) ~~"'I GTre: q ~ qr;ft Gift Gfitft ~ fl<fi, st}'{ ~ ~ ~

311'1 R'il'RT tl\;I' I
BUT AFTERWARDS A SHORTAGE OF WATER OCCURRED, AND HE
HAD TO GO FROM HERE TO AGRA.
(See sentence &.)

~\9) ~a4n: Wf, ~ ~ ~ &l11ft if aeCK1 fotie;51 ~1

FOREIGNER: YES, I SAW HIS FORT IN AGRA DAY BEFORE
YESTERDAY.

~ l) 31if \fl(R ~' - q fe:ita: Clft ffit1f I

LET'S GO INSIDE NOW TOWARD THE IMPERIAL MOSQUE.
1-flm = ~ ADV inside. Corresponds to
postpositions~ ifRR = ~ ~
i:i rfJI c; ~ ~fl.ft<=R" Insfde t/Je
mosque
let's go (subjunctive of i'frl'i"'"l I)
PP toward, (in) the direction of

~ ~> •ii~:S: :sft Wf, ~~~ S1l:fi ~ft~ I - S'ftR ~CR

fl le;5 l<ij it<;CI I~~ I
GUIDE: YES, BUT WAIT A MINUTE. ('JUST WAIT') HAVE
COVERS PUT ON YOUR SHOES FIRST.
65'!"'11 I wait (i.e., stop)
11tMICfJ Mcover
tj4tjHI NE cause someone to put on.
<Indirect causative of tj4HI, a
transitive verb meaning to put
something in an upward direction.
 253
Example: ~ "Ciq\1'11 olter
flowers /in a temple_, etc.}.
"Ciq\1'11 is the transltive form of
~q'11 climb~ go up.)

~ o > d:ftct4 ct}q i{f tR ~ l\Gl~d ~ iAT ~ I

LOOK, WHAT BEAUTIFUL WORK IS MADE ON THE WALLS.
F wall
Ofcl 4Sf B Fi
( =waJ) beautiful
"' "' .....
~ ~c:tlifBH"I how beautiful
"" ""
Gf1T is made (perfect participle of
~ be made used as an
adjective modifying Ofilli)

~~) fel4'4ft: ~~~~~~~I

FOREIGNER: SUCH BUILDINGS DON'T EXIST WHERE WE LIVE.
6l1rt ~ = ~ + oF- ~ at the place of us where
we 1lve
~ -g genera 1 form of -g, here the two forms are
interchangeable

~ ~) i 11,'S: ~ (f{q~, ~ 'ii 1{tfl fctia;fl St'i:@, ~ ~ I

GUIDE: LOOK HERE, HOW WELL THIS LATTICE IS MADE.
JfTMi F screen, lattice
see sentence ~o; here adjective
is feminine agreeing with Jfl"Mi.

~~' 31~< ~ orm STitf ~ ~ m ~1

YOU CAN SEE CLEARLY FROM INSIDE TO OUTSIDE. (YOU CAN
SEE OUTSIDE CLEARLY FROM INSIDE.)
~ inside
~ outside
clean, clear
clearly
254
canJ be able (used with stem of
main verb i!:•fcF11)

':t~> ~ ctlC11'1-'Q'-~ ~ I
THIS IS THE DIVAN-E-KHAAS.
In Persian, adjectives follow the nouns they modify
and are connected to the noun by the ezafe -'!"-.
Thus c:!JCiH-\f-~ = ~ c:!JCil"i special hall. This
was the reception hall for great ministers.

~ ~) ~ ~ S1Cfiif{ ~ Cl'1f\{f afi ~tf ~ qr I

HERE UPSTAIRS AKBAR USED TO SIT WITH HIS MINISTERS.
upstairs C~ downstairs)
M minister. The Hindi equivalent
for ~ is tf:ifl. Thus fctd::jl
tf:ifJ = foreign minister.

~ ~ > ~qt \ill' Pi411;:w ~, ~ SICfiif{ ~ q-Oiftt} ~M;i afi ~

&1'181 l.q q- I
THE MARKS WHICH ARE ON THE FLOOR, AKBAR HAD THEM
MADE TO PLAY PARCHISI.
~ M floor, ground (=~)
F-i~IH M mark
Jf1 Pi~IH the marks which
q~=t41B1 F game of q~iflB (25), parchisi
~~(Y)"i I NE play
cst"i Ci HI NE cause to make

~\9) ~ ~ UPitt1" ~ ~ ~ f I
ON ALL <FOUR) SIDES THE QUEENS' PALACES ARE BUILT.
~ all four (used to indicate all
sidesJ the number four being a
general approximation)
 255

in all directions (all around)

F queen
M palace

~ <:: > ~ ~ snuq EfiT iji( ~;aa,1q qr 1

IN THEM WAS EVERY ARRANGEMENT FOR THEIR COMFORT.
3lR"Pi M comfort (also means rest)
3fTTil1 6fl Fi I NE rest, re lax
$rtj"jJJ4 M arrangement(s)
256

~~\ii)' qg&tqd
"O
t
t ~ d'16fil 6fip:r
qg\Gt CfiT \ii)' ~ ~ ~ ~
in ~ ftfe ~ ~ ~ ilc:\'11q
~ ~ &1~1 tft \il'R ~ lfR ~ ~ ~ am -~
~31flt~~~Cff)f ~~I
ift~~afi~M'afi~~J ~
~ ~ ~ at C5p:IT gt 3(\it l"I
~\ill" qgacqa "O
tt ~ d'16fil Cf)1tr
'l"P.!qg-~l'!!!'Pcii CfiT ;ft iffr ~ ~ ~
in ~ ftfe ~ ~ ~ 4itc:\'11q
~ ~ ifl~ tft \il'R ~ lfR ~ ~ ~ am -~
m M- ~Ti" aw~ ~ ~ ~ t!
~ ~:fft.-n· Cfft' rR'ft ~ ~ i!'51(dl { J ~

t
*
~ \l Wt ~ atit ij(ij 1q
t
~ \ill" qgi&fd ~ 31'16fil Cf)1tr
"O

--qg~~~cii CfiT ;ft iffr ~ ~ ~

in ~ ftfe ~ ~ ~ Ciic:\'11q
~~ &l~l tft \il'R ~ lfR~ ~~am I
 257

~) Cfjdd'!l "'Cfifl fcba;i ~ ~ f«~Rtl... ~

~ift?
':() '3'« ~ ii 1({4116 ~ qr ?
~) «l¥fl fA6a4' ~ ~~~,... atn' ~ ~ ?
\l) 31afiil{ ati1' ~ tftatifl ~ ~ ~?
~) 4'Cfift ~ ~ $ trm t ?
~) 31atiiH ~ 31 i• Rif Cft1'T ii...cu:zu ?
\9) \ft¥fl ~ t<f:Stt cp:ff {tJUii ~ ~ ?

G) ~ cp:ff 1<"•C{ C{lcU"JI - ' ?

~) afit.:r f4 ~14'· Cfi1" '1Cfifl l°a'A Id I t ?
~ o) ~ q'{ flll" ICfj cp:ff 'ii(f 1'11 t ?
~ ~) ~ q-ft;itC{ ~ cflct ,~· q'{ ~ Gli1tr iFIT ~ ?
~ ':() <{1141... -'Q' -t<Jm q CfltT tKn' qr ?
~ ~) 31Clfii1t ~ ~ q'{ Pi411... fche ~ilii 1il q ?
- ...-cr....
~\l)~mqy~~~ir.l ~?
258

56 WAALAA AS AUXILIARY
VERB "ABOUT TO"

56.1 The use of Cf'Ri'T with verbs in a meaning equivalent to

the English suffix -er was discussed previously.
Examples:

1. keeper

2. weather condition te11ers

q'~q q;1 ~T<ff ilctT~ Cflcn~ q;r ~T<ff

fC{'-'~·n if ~rqr
. . ~TM
l'ffirr. ifi ~fll~ ciit "lg"ll'f~r
•icr.rit
·ircH
~T 'fiT. ~q:c:n: ~- B"~ ~ 0111 ti, "l"Gl \1
~ _:rhrir ~~

~<J"~c-1 ~fff<:eT fr 'fl'finJ f~ ~~ ~ 1 ~lJ G:{f(f<: if; ~)lrf if, qT'i

<fi'T{ 'f.Pf 'lQ:l ~- ~;:;'5rn: f'fiirr ~T <:~i ~ f'fi 'fi"<i '"11T~T ·:j{fi;f~ :~frr­
fu:r if 'STl:'.~fim f'Flff "l'Tlt :/'1 <: 'f.m ~ ~). fo:p::;~f«i ~>ff 91·.fr
'FP:r ~ <'Hlf 'H ~ G.T 31"<'l!fTh7.fi if ·in::r <TRf'r°i: r:rtiT'l'c:-: 'H <'>1TF1:<:
oo •:~-~ ~- lfQ: ;:;~er)·~· 31'1~ G:T fo:<f ~ ;;ft~·'1''f.l'" ii Hfrc- 1
it 3f ;:;f7.:~T tt -if;:;:fr qr.

irqf ifi1' ~'1l'T

"'~" qrfft
qzj'
'O
the dead Ri);e:I a1i ve
 259
4

m'lrfi~ ~'~(-N1-1A
~ m ~· mtr{f ~ «~m.
'ii ie:;fl F moon 1i ght
NE steal

56.2 AS AN AUXI LI ARV VERB Cf1m ABOUT TO

OBLIQUE INFINITIVE + is about

to

~was
~ aboutto

1=1::1=~b~ will be
about to

rper/Japs)
is about
to
260

This function of arRi'5T is much like an auxiliary verb to indicate

that the action of the verb is incipient:

~ Cfiq{i ~ Cbl'~CI i&\ {llfi I

!.>ne must be about to clean the room.

Since the above form is identical to the one described in 56.1,

the above sentence, in certain contexts, could be interpreted to
mean She must be the room cleaner.

Examples:

1 ~ ftr~ ~ ilRl' Cfi{~c116' I I f

I am about to speak to the teacher.
2 ~ ~ ar.1 ~ 2'~ctk1'1 ~ I
He is about to give the wa~""/Jerman money:
3 ~ ij ldil arnft trt -oT1tCI t&l ~ I
~

The lady is about to sit down on the chair.

Constructions with~ can sometimes replace English

expressions with almost, a word for which there is no common
Hindi equivalent.

4 ~ il\if~CI lea ~ I
It's almost two o'clock. ('Two are about to strike.')
s ~ ~ &t\ifT1tct I~ if I
It was almost quarter to six.
 261

EXERCISE 56 Rewrite each sentence with an 'about to'

construction.

Example: ~ 3Pft f&fidtW' ~ I f

~ fotid ii\' q<;~81 I~ ~ I
T/Je._y are about to re.ad books.

~) f!C61~ d]( 3Pft STN ~ iTm Cfi{d I t I

~) ~ 3Pft 1:Tiift er;) il'nd ~ I
~) ~~4 3Pft~~~ I
~) ~11,:S 3Pft iji1' llJm ~ f'a:lqldl tI
l.() m 3Pft feiOtq I ~ Plcn©d f I
~) ~ap:ft~~Slffi'~ I
\9) ~ 3Pft ilM «"11dl I i
~) 3Pft 31'Rff ~ I
~) ~ lff«r '5IT tgt I t
~O)~'~'*I

¥ ~ ~ ('ldg'd{)
\9\9\C)

~ ~ tR 'i4l'5iOI ~
~e~a:f\~~
~ iiiflsTt, etfittl
. &1a1an
.
¥~
'QCfi" ~:q I d"'l°tfte ~
262

11
57 "SI NCE AND AG0
11
II

57.1 The postposition ij' is used with a time period stretching

from some time in the past to the present. A progressive verb
is usually found.

1 ~ ~)qq f{ ij' ~ CliTtr Cffl ~ ~ I

I /Jave been working /Jere since Monday.

2 ~ ~ ~ ~ snq atl1' ~ ~ Gift Cfil f41~1 Cffl ~ ~ I

I /Jave been trying to phone you for two hours.

3 ~~~ij'~~~~I
I /Jave studied Hindi since a year ago.

57.2 The form \31T~~ is used in the meaning a._qo and

refers to some time in the past. The form {Sll~~
agrees in gender and number with the time expression.
Alternatively, the form ~ may be used. It is
invariable.

4 ~ 6fiW ~ :r.i
"O ~~ 311:q1 I~ 6fiW ~. 31141 I
"O

I came some time ago.

s ST1tf ~
fchl41
?
fchazt ~ ~ cfchazt ~ •> ~ qnq ~

How many years ago did you begin t/Jis work?

 263

57.3 An alternative expression for ago is frequently used:

6 3U(tft CliT it"'ca~I.,_ if~ ~~ (Q"~~

SUBJECT + ~ VERB IN OBLIQUE TIME PERFECT
perfect OF~
participle agreement
form with
time
expression,
explicator
optional

It has been two years since the man arrived In India.

(i.e., The man arrived in India two years ago.)

EXERCISE 57 Fill in the blank with~ or the correct

choice of pr~Jd'. Translate into
English.

~) <ijdt'!< 4:lldhf\ :qn ~ m ----- tl'Rd' Gift ~ tft I

~) ~. ~ ----- •i~Oi~ I t
~) STftf OfiGT ----- im ~ ~'
\l) ~ ~ ~ ----- 3Titf OfiT ~;ij'iji{ Olil ~ f'
~) STftf fchd~ ~ .... ----- fa<RJl ~ I
~) ~ ~ oio!i!l'foh-d'1
ft ~ ----- ~ ~
.... m I
~ ~ ~ ~ ----- ~ 1:TI ~ ~ '
\9)
l) ~ aR' ~ ----- ~ il:qf ~qr'
~) 65\iictft ~ 34lqilit ~ ~ ~ ----- I
~ o) ~ ijitil ~ ~ ¥61e;s ~ ~ ----- I
264

56 THE VERB ~: STATIVE

AND NON-STATIVE

58.1 When~ is used as an ordinary I verbJ it has two

basic meanings:

as a linking verb: become

1 example Utt~~ I The bread became stale.

as a non-linking verb: happe~ occur

2 example ~~~~? What happens here?

Below are given the forms of the verb~ in the masculine

singular in schematic form:

habitual present The three forms

progressive past at the left can
perfect presumptive be combined
future with each of the
future three forms at
subjunctive the right for a
total of9
forms. With the
simple perfect
and the other
two form~ the
total comes to
/j:"> forms.
 265
The forms on the previous page are much like those found for any
other verb; like other I verbs, ~ is commonly used with
explicator ;n;rf:

habitual {Wl' ~ ~ {~ · present

progressive WI' ~)* ~ + qr past
perfect "' tfllT ~ presumptive
~ "llQ'lll future
Wt' ~ future subjunctive
*Explicators are not commonly used in the
progressive.

EXAMPLES

3 ~CfllTWttgTt?
Whats going on here?

4 cw lij if Olld'iftd ~ ~ ~ I
There must be conversation going on in the class.

s ~ ~ 31IC(ifl "' tfllT I

He became a bf..q man.

6 i1lGt ~ ~ "llQ'lft I
The car will qet clean.

Since the verb ~ with forms as given above always refers to

a process rather than a state, it may be referred to as
NON-STATIVE~- When the verb~ refers to a stateJ
usually translated by the verb 'to be' in English, it may be
referred to as STATIVE~. STATIVE~ is a defective verbJ
since it has no perfect forms. It never occurs wtth expl1cators,
although it may be used with the modal ij6fi"'11.
266

58.2 When~ is used as a stative verb, lt has two

basic meanings:

as a linking verb: be
1 example M ifmt ift I T/Je bread was stale.

as a non-linking verb: I/Jere is, I/Jere was, etc.

2 example ~ Ofll1' t ? W/Jat is I/Jere /Jere.?

Below are given the forms of the verb~ which have stative
meaning in the masculine singular in schematic form:

usual forms forms used for habitua 1 or

genera 1 statements

present present
past past
future/presumptive presumptive
subjunctive subjunctive

EXAMPLES

3 ~ iji~if f«~Rtl;:fl tI
Mr. ~lngh is an Indian.

4 ~ 3110 ~ 'elt il "1ft I

~/ta will be at /Jome at B o'clocl<.~ OR
Sita wi/i probably· be at /Jome at B o'cloi""I<.~

5 ~ Pctid I~· tff I

T/Jere we.re a lot of books.
 267
6 trct~tM"~f I
Ripe bananas are yellow. (general statement)

7 \flital~ if qr.ft arft Cfi1fi ~ ~ I

There Is a shorta,_qe ol water In the de~"'&rt.

8 ~ ar; trm ~ Fcffa1~· ~ tfY I

He always had books.

9 ~ ~ ~ tlCifidl I
This cannot be. tThls Is Impossible..)

58.3 In many contexts either stative or non-stative

~ may be used with a difference in meaning:

NON-STATIVE STATIVE
10 lctl*'ll ~~I (ql*'ll ~~I
The food became ready. The food was ready.

11 d<tCI l\ij I ~ ~ I d<tCI l\ij I ~ ~ I

The door was closed. The door was closed.
(not opened) (not open)

12 ~ ~ ~ ;rp:r q1e°'q ~ ~ ~ ;:ntr q1('iq ~I

"'!> °'
~ rftfT I
I found out his name. I knew his name.

STATIVE~ is used in these contexts: (NON-STATIVE not

possible)

as tense-mood marker:
Sh@ was working.
268

Here tft' marks the verb form as being uafil_ progressive

(rather than present, presumptive, etc.), and only the
non-stative usual (not the habitual) forms may be used in
this way.

2 in compulsion constructions: ~ ~ csil@;::fl I t

He has to speak Hindi.
Here ~ indicates the tense of the compulsion construction:
He has to ... rather than He had to ... , etc.. This usage
is closely related to that of the tense-mood marker on the
previous page except that habitual forms are used in
compulsion constructions.

3 ~ Cf©iij il ~ ifl@;fl ~ t I
He. has to ~peak Hindi in class. (every day, etc.)

NON-STATIVE~ is used in these contexts:

(STATIVE not possible)

in intransitive complex verbs:

4 Cf©lij :Cttll~ ~ ~ ~ GllQ~ft I
The class will be.gin at eleven o'clock.~
This example is with the future tense, where there is no
distinction in form between stative and non-stative~-
In the past only ~ ~ ~) could be used here, not tft'. If
the complex verb is formed with an adjective, stative ~
can of course occur in the past, but then we just have a
predicate adjective used with 'be' rather than a complex
verb: (see first two examples: The food was ready. and
The dc..'or was closed on previous page.)
 269

with certain nouns referring to occurrences:

Examples of such nouns are Ele~l incident 1 illd'ifkt
conversation, and ~·~11q1 uproar. Often English uses the
verb 'to be' (normally rendered by Hindi stative) with such
nouns:

s ~ ii 1a:;fta d 1
There was a conven,afion.

With some nouns, the context determines whether a process

is involved:

6 ~~~Mifftif~,at~·~~I
When I heard about /Jim I was very sad. (PROCESS)

7 ~~tR~il~~ifrl
I was very ~ad in that dirty cl~y. CST ATE)

In the sentences above, the normal construction with an

abstract noun~ ~adness is used, but the same rule holds
with an adjective~ sad:

a ~ ~ ~ a:a4 ifft if ~, at ~ • ~ pr 1
When I heard about hin?. I was very· sad

9 ~~tR~if~~tff I
I was very sad in that dirty city.
270

ifl'l]wl ;ffwq uje tlfqjw

<" 1tt... q·~~e Gift ~ ifa"
'1'1]~1 affeaqu/e flfqjea
'QCfi flftljM, ~ ~ I

~ il Wt liJll41, ~ Wt ifa: ~
Gi~e ~~<>Al.-., 311Uq fa.6'til ~
g•~e ifq1 r&scee

-~
-~
-;fl(ijq
- ~fctl... :;f\©q mijiidll1 ~ ;rtf Cll<a•
- ~ IEK"'I ;fle;5q ~ ijifCfi1 ~ 6fi{d I ~ I
-~~am,~~am
;f\(ijq ~ ;f'\(ijq ~

~ tft ij1f\' ijq"'i I e• id I ~

- ~ ~~I fl 1"1 EliT ijq"'i I, ~ ~ ij° -
~ 001' ... <"1~4
~ q1R;5;ft, l11tl~1 Cll... f~, ~ +'1G'iff
- {&1<!\q
 271

59 RELATIVE CLAUSES

Relative clauses are introduced by the relative pronoun :sit, which

has the following forms:

SINGULAR PLURAL
DIRECT ~ 'ill'
OBLIQUE ~ ~

Analogous to the optional combined forms ~ ( =dijc6i) and ~

(=~)there is also a special combined form~ (=~ijctfl).
When~ is used with the postposition ~ (without an
intervening noun), the form ~~1·q is used (cf.~ and
a;:tf~).
The relative clause in Hindi most typically precedes the main
clause:
The antecedent follows the relative pronoun and is a part of the
relative clause:

Examples:

The book which ... \ill' ~dlil

The was/Jerman who . • • ~ 1dtift
From the cltr that . .. ~~a
Together with the people who ... ~ 6'1ift· at mir

Since the antecedent is given in the relative clause, the

antecedent in the main clause is replaced by the pronoun ~ in
its correct form; the pronoun is preposed in the main clause even
if it does not normally occur in this position.
272

Using the relative clause~ SllC!04l fe:~ q ~ ~ The man

who lives in Delhi for the occurences of 311C!04' man in the
sentences be 1ow:

The man speaks good Hindi.

Prepos1ng the relat1ve clause and replac1ng the antecedent 1n the

main clause by ~ (which is already preposed):

\ill sneo4l R~ q: ~ t, ~ ~ " aneaa1 t 1

(The man who lives in Deihl he speaks good Hindi.)

2
I .!taS.V the n1an.

Preposing the relative clause and replacing the antecedent in the

main clause by ~ (and preposing it):

\ill aueoifl fa:(f(tfl q: Witt,~~~~ 1

I saw the man who lives in Oelh1:
(The man who lives in Oelh1; him I saw.)

EXERCISE 59A Replace each occurrence of 3tiC!04l man in the

sentences below with the relative clause 'ift' &tlC!Oifl fa:~ if
~ t The man who lives in Oelhi.
 273

EXERCISE 598 Repeat exercise 59A using CIW ancttft Fe:~<Wl q

~ ~ I That man lives In Oe//JI. as the main
clause and each of the sentences in 57A as the
relative clause.

EXAMPLE:
~ ~ &I lctifl qij..a: ~ I
I like that man.
~ S1ict4\ ~ qij•C:: tJ ~ re.<?&\ if~ t I
T/Je man I like lives in Delhi.

EXERCISE 59CRewrite the relative clauses below as Cf"R'TI'

construct ions.

EXAMPLE:
~ ~ 3tti0Cfil - if Cfi'p:r ~ ~J ~ Cfilc:in ~
ftie;5d ~ I
Using cnwl':
3140Cfi I - if Cl\TEf Cfi(~~ I~ 1:111 liltll. CfiT ~ ~ ftwe;5d
~I
The washermen w/Jo work in t/Je As/Joka Hotel get a lot of
moner.

~ > ~ ~aQn ra~<"1 q= ~ ~J ~ at"4tl ~ an<"a ~ ,

~) ~ rft:ift' at~ ¥ tJ
&1'1 Id I ~ ij' ~ ~ ifR=I' C1ft I
~> ~ m ~~~11'1 if ~ ~J '3'1' eW ;rft if ~ ild iJl II I
~) ~m-=q=~~J~~~~~I
~> '1IT m mr
~;0tq1 ~ ~J ~et~~ afii" ~ ~
CfiEI' ~ t I
274

EXERCISE 590 Form sentences with relative clauses as

indkated below:

EXAMPLE: «
rel. clavse: ijlgtil @"fCtf!tl. tilTa' ~ I
main clavse: M"feb;q} CJil' H 3TRft I t
sentence: ~ ©~R;541· ~ ijlfii itRf ~, \3"1Cfil H 3TRft
ti
The girls who the gentleman will talk to know Hindi.

1. relative clause: §Ii! CliT ;:rp:r il"1llij tI

main clause: tier <iP'f illI tf \ill li ~ I

2. relative clause: @d~csU")itil~~ I

main clause: stl«r §Hiott~· CiliT 81~ ~<Sl~iti ~ ~
ti
3. relative clause: ij 1g&1 ~ }ft 19§1 lflct IM ~ ijO( I© ~ I
main clause: ~ ~ ~ lfl\11 lflct IM Cfft z:re:a: Cfft I
"O

4. relative clause:
main clause: ~ --q
~ CfiT Cfiq\l• 1:04(ij
'O
1;i ~ I
afi11:r 8htdl tI
 275

qra ~ MlCf'1'3l
LESSON FOURTEEN
Conversation

~~al~
~~al~
q1l{'Q'-
'i(if ~ ~ ~ ~ <J,$tcti1
'!3fiib1 \llttfl 3TT rlf

J1 ~~m~
'PR'Q'-
\ilir ~ ~ ~ ;l E!3fi0fi1
'!'1•1 till4fl 31T ~
~ au Rtati m~ n
tf1ll 'Q' ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ;l ~$cbl
'!'1•1 311 ~ia6l 3IT '1f

,....o..,..
~ wlct~al ~~Gift~~ I ./~~-. ·.
~ ~ cl; ill1t ifq(qill~I t I l/!~ .
~ ~q 1q&11~ I 31Cfl:l cf; "'tct l&I C6T ~ in I
\l "'tct Iii '!'* 1©1. CifiT 'Q'Cli' q.sfR in I
~ ~ijr@~ ©lCt~d\ q ~ 1ij©qf~ ~~I
~
\9 ~q1q&11~
**
sfll ~ mit-mit a( tft 'ifec:ft ~ 1
qm 31ijqf1 qflata: t I
276
~ ~ f(;i)(ql t ·~ qill{Cfi"
'O
I
~ ~ ~ ij,~clq1;{f CfiT l<JRf ttfl~i( t I
~ o ~' . ., 'ifcll~, ~ ~ ~ '1° 111( I t
~~ ~ m~tT-~ ~ C1il ~q•"J ~ aiufl C1il lW i 1

tlfR CfiT ~
~ ~ ~ qr El1"R,
JJ tll'R~~
~ , ..dfil ~ tft ~

~ al d@jft I ~
d@jft"1'i ~ ~
~~tgt
~~~

~ ~¥i'1 al~
~ ~QLl;i m~
qt'R~~
\j(if «~~;l~
l!iftChl a)Rfl 31T t1f

~~ RI d:tift : ~ STltf ~ e61• n· it _. Clit 'ii 1'1dl ~ ?

~~ ft ..~+t;ft : 'ift' ~ I QtittC:: anq ~ qt=ctt;it ~ I ~ ~
&liq~~' EfR ijitil I
~ ~ Pei d:tift : 311 a:til 31'Jf, EfR ij ltil I ~ il-Oifl CfiT cp;n
;nq~?
~~ EfR ij l~OI 3FJf' l ij('iq I ;ntr ~ ~ aoT l
: al IC<IOI
~ 6. R1a4n = ~ cqyft at*fl ~ , ~ \ft ;iq '"J ~ ~ ~
Cf?IT ?
~ \9 lfR ij ltil : ;rtf, ~ al ftlqf aq 1411 ~ ~ ~ I
 277
~ (; 31ar ~'51 l'ijd cfl ~ii ;:wq l'ij ~ ~ CfK'fi
I tI
~~ 1"<11a~n : 81:a&1 1
~o ~m~mq~Cfi'{;owq1a, ~~ 1
~~ ;owq1a, Efi ~ ~ m ~ ftl©d ~ I
~~ ~ ~ ftlea;:w1 ~ '5t1dT I t
~~ ~ofi~~wtiiil ~~I
~~ ~~itij'ft~srnf ~I
~ l.( iJ-uq1" ~ it ftct©1:=t tfr ~ qe~a: ~ I
~ ~ it ftltt aW iFl ~ I wlGt;ow& C5lft ~ ~ tI
di'iidl ~
81'fR ~ ~ qjt Id I
~ir a1qT4 aor Cft{
~ Cflfl' qit id I
~ ctiiftf?t dT ~
~ Cfiifetj{ al~ IJ
qt"R ll •
~~~~~d~Obl 'O

lj.~Cb1 il·a'.' ft STI ~

278

~, ;:rtf, ~ ©'*ldl t,
\jfif (ltif; Pol fett I ~ ~ ~ \ffll{,
~ if'ihtl ~ill~~ I
~ C5h't ql, ~ ;:rtf
lfW ~ 'QOfi ~ aq14 -- ~
<"Rc(f <'1ltff CfiT ~ fclQCl'tl;fl:q
~~~
q'Vifla ~ if (ft;{ I
 279
LESSON 14 TRANSLATION AND NOTES

Lucknow, the capital of U.P., is one of the largest and most

modern administrative centers of North India. In former times
lt was the capital of the Nawab-Wazir of Oudh. Nominally a high
Moghul court official, the Nawab became virtually an independent
satrap during the course of the eighteenth century as Moghul
power waned. The clty has been known as a center of Urdu
learning, poetry and culture since that time. The Moghuls and
their officers established a reputation as great patrons of
literature and art; poets able to compose verses on the spot for
any court occasion were considered ornaments to the Nawab's
court.
Lucknow's famous buildings, the Imambara t~'iltfill'i;I, the
Nawab's palace) and the nearby Asafi Mosque (3'ii'e'"f?l ql#tc!),
form a complex of buildings slightly outside the city. The palace
is now used on festive occasions such as the Id (~) festival
which closes Ramzan ({q'Jji"1), the Islamic holy month of
fasting. On this day, prayers are read in the mosque, new
clothes are worn and gifts and greetings are exchanged by
Muslims. The traditional costumes which one sees during this
festival recall the splendor of the Nawab's court. Id is usually
the occasion for a carnival, complete with country-made Ferris
wheels, novelty shops and food stands.
The greeting 311a:lil 31's( is given in situations of contact
between Muslims and non-Muslims. Muslims often use 'E'lwl'i
st('36fiq
-0
when they greet other Muslims. To a Hindu one says
"1q~, or, more formally, "1Ll~lt

~ ) <'iltl"1\31 ~ ~ Clft' ~ ~ I
LUCKNOW IS THE CAPITAL OF U.P.
280
~) ~ alt ilTgt ~q 1q&ll\iJ I tI
OUTSIDE THE CITY IS THE IMAAMBAARAA.

~) ~"ll"lill~I ~alt ~Clllil CfiT ~qr I

THE IMAAMBAARAA WAS THE PALACE OF THE NAWAAB OF
OUDH. (~)

\l) ~Cll Iii i!• 1<61. OfiT 'QOfi' ~ qr I

THE NAWAAB WAS A MINISTER OF THE MOGHULS.

~) ~ijf(;si\ @(451~'3't q ~ 1!ij@q1~ ~~I

FOR THIS REASON MANY MUSLIMS LIVE IN LUCKNOW.

6-) sm ~ alt mtr-mtf a{ tft ¥:fwd1 ~ l

AND TOGETHER WITH HINDIJ URDU IS ALSO USED.
cF" ~-~ together with
special use of ~ M:rt I in the
meaning to be current

\9) ~q1qau~1 alt qm attijqft qfestct ~ 1

NEAR THE IMAAMBAARAA IS THE AASAFI MOSQUE.

~) ~ ~lGt I t ·~ ld,il i{Cfi" I

HERE IS WRITTEN "HAPPY ID".
kr'i::tGi I perfect participle of verb f<:r';Ofcfrtl
write
In Hindi the expression corresponding to X"'je51H6fl
is XOf>i ~ with X being any festive occasion.

~) ~ ij°ft 1!ij<""ll;f\. CfiT lCJ'Rf e:tfldl{ ~ I

ID IS THE SPECIAL FESTIVAL OF ALL THE MUSLIMS.
flll$1{ M festival
B"m all (here meaning similar to~)
 281
~ o) ~' i@., atcU'1, ij'if ~ \ifq'f g1' frtf f I
CHILDREN, OLD PEOPLE, YOUNG PEOPLE, ALL HAVE GATHERED
HERE.
M child
F child
M PL children (masc. or of both
sexes)
aged, old (i.e., not young)
q{l"'i
.....
I means not new
M young person (also used to
mean soldier)
I gather, collect (Transitive:
Jf1=ll 6fl F"l I)

~~>~ m ~q-~ mafit '1'11GJ Ch't a<nf\ afit lt ~ 1

HERE PEOPLE PREPARE FOR PRAYER BY WASHING <THEIR)
HANDS AND FACE.
M hand-face
'i~l"J F Muslim prayer
X Ofli 8'l! tfl 6fl '!"11 prepare for X
m oi=q literally: having washed. Here
the Ofl<" form of~ indicates
the manner in which preparations
for prayer are made.

DO YOU KNOW ANYONE AMONG THESE PEOPLE?

~ here means among- a common
meaning after plural nouns
oblique form of~ someone
NE know (in most meanings:
know a person, know a fact
)""'1 ~) or know how to do
(=""'I 1(1'.....
something ( =3fF!l)
282
~ ~) ;ft gT I qu:qc:: 3'fltf ~ qg0f.tli11 i1tf I ~ ~ 3'fltf aft~,
iftt ttlgil I
YES. PERHAPS YOU DIDN'T RECOGNIZE (HIM). THERE IS
YOUR FRIEND, MR. MIR.
~ll<:JC: ADV perhaps
q i5 'Cl 1"1 "11 NE recognize
~<t there is (idiom)

~ ~ > &11 C::iil ~' iftt ti ldil I ~ Cil'iiift CfiT ;:nil' Cfl1'T ~ ?
HELLO, MR. MIR. WHAT IS THIS GIRL'S NAME?
~~ common Muslim greeting

~ ~> 31 IC::lil ~ I ij(liq I ;:nil' ~ ~ CfiT I

HELLO. HER NAME IS SALMA. (A Muslim girl's name.)

~ ~ > ~ a:nft il'iiifl ~ I ~ lft iiq l\lij ~ 31lf ~ OflfT ?

SHE'S A VERY LOVELY GIRL. HAS SHE ALSO COME TO SAY
THE PRAYER?
"G!:fm lovely
~ .
lZITTT = ~
.... lZITTT
~ = ~ ~ ~ in order to read (prayer)
the verb re.ad is used in
connection with "1'413j, the
Muslim prayer, because of the
importance of reading the Kuran
in the ceremony

~\9) i=ltf, ~ mfeqf aq1411~31lf ~I

NO, SHE HAS COME ONLY TO SEE THE SPECTACLE.
<1'41~11 M spectacle
~ = ~ ~ ~ in order to see
Omission of ~ ~ is common when main verb is
a verb of motion (usually 3lRT or JIFIT)
 283
~ <: ) S1if ~\SI IG)d cfl l\itil, '1q I'!) ~ ~ arR1ft i I
NOW EXCUSE ME ('PLEASE GIVE PERMISSION'). THE PRAYER
IS ABOUT TO BEGIN.
F permission (used when taking
leave also)
~fflr I begin
""'
~ e;lilctlMI about to begin
""

~ ~) 3'"4§1 I
OK.

~o) ~ m~ ij"ftf ~Wt Clil '1q1GJ ~ ~ 1

ALL THE PEOPLE ST AND UP TOGETHER AND PRAY.
together
stand
literally: having stood up
Construction used to indicate the
manner in which prayer is done
(see '?'?)

~ ~) '1q I'!) afi' ii-re: ~ m ~ ftl©d ~ I

AFTER THE PRAYER ALL THE PEOPLE EMBRACE.
M neck, throat
embrace (meet with the necks)

~ ~) ~ ~ ftl©'1 l ~ \Sl'RIT ~ I
THIS IS CALLED 'ID MILNAA'.
active: ~ fc!: filM~I ~ -g I
(verb masc. plural because of
impersonal they)
passive: ~ ~ f4(11)"1 I OflITT JfTffi t I
(verb masc. singular agreeing
with~)
284
':t~) ~ afi" ~~©•II~~~ I
AT THE TIME OF ID, SWINGS ARE INSTALLED.
fa: ~ ~ ("CR) (at) the ti me of Id
~ .....
ferris-wheel like swings
('l')lll"il install, set up
('I') JI Iii Jfffi t passive of mascu 1ine p1ura1
agreeing with ~ .....

':t~) ~~~mt~~~ I
FOR THEM ALL THESE CHI LOREN HAVE COME.

~ ~) &i'tl'T.f l° ~ ~ fli16",i?I tft ~ Qij.-a: '

1
I
CHILDREN LIKE THESE TOYS VERY MUCH TOO.
RC1 M,"i I M toy

~~) ~ ~ cW iR' I <1'li1'1al Clft ~ ~

THEY ARE MADE OF CLAY. IT'S A SPECIAL THING OF
tI
LUCKNOW.
~OFT of clay
GFIT made
Both adjectives agree with ~ Olc:fMiif> (masculine
plural)

mft cli strr

BODY PARTS

ftR
~~
<gr~ afft ~)
~'it--:~-~
""
~

tftcf
"' _ _ _ _ __
 285

~) ~q1q&11~1 ~qr ?
~) ©lq;!fat fcRr ~ qft ~ ~?
~) @lct;!f al Cfl't ~ q ft::;t a: CliT ;:rp:r CflTT ~ ?
~) ~ ~ ~ C5ffT tcJm ttll~i{ ~ ?
"<) qe©q ,.., q ft:\il a: il ~ ~ ~ ?
"D

~) .-,q'"' t«F~~m~~t?
\9)*!e"'q' "" fcRr ~ .-,q,"J ~ ~?
') ~er~ ~q•'5J ~er il're: m OFllT ~ ~? ij'if
~) ~ ©~Ch'l C5ffT ~ CflTT t?
~ o) rcta4n ~ ~ atft ~ if ~ ~ qd'if 1.-.1 ?
~ ~ ) e©q I q ftata> if CflTT ~ ~? STif
er
~ ~) ~ atft ~qf'5j ifre: ~ fqtij~ CifiT ~ - ~I
~~) ~er~ itiii(t. er~~ ©•1141 ~ t?
*
~ ~) ii'ilifl" ~ (ij{q"1\3l ctn" ~ ~ ~ ~ ?
~~) ftct611ZI fcRr ct;~~?
~ ~) ~ Mti1'1& il ftRt' *!e""q 1;:f\ ~~ ? m
~\9) ~ ~ ijl'q-mq ©lCC~'d\ il ~ ~-~ ~ 4'4©tfl
~? ~ ·. .·
0)~,~~
/
'~ii~~·''-~-

. iI1~1~
/-~~ .. ·. ~ .........
~ ~~ \ ,

. m·(\\\\h .
286

60 THE PASSIVE

60.1 FORMATION

The passive in Hindi and other languages indicates that the

subject is being acted upon by some agent. Sometimes replacing
the transitive verb Vv'ith an intransitive verb has the effect of a
passive transformation:

1 ACT I VE: &t Ia:fqtt"'f '1 C::<eUaj I lctl<" I I

T/Je men opened t/Je door.

2 PASSIVE: C({Cil'111 •
~
'ID
I
T/Je door opened.

11
In addition to such passives", both in Hindi and in English we
find a passive construction formed by combining a participle
with the passive auxiliary. The passive auxiliary in English is
the verb to be, in Hindi it is the verb \ilRT.

3 PASSI VE CONSTRUCTION: C((Cll\JJI lcfl©l 11'qT I

T/Je door was opened.

Like to be in English, the passive marker '5f'l';ff is found in

practically all forms as indicated by the schematic
representation of the passive construction on the next page:
 287

MASCULINE SINGULAR: stem + 811'

(=perfect participle)
+ ~7:~1+\;.:
l;·· l. . . rr)
'~~

'5ffQ' (fff)
(MAIN VERB> (PASSIVE
MARKER)

Agreement is with the subject (which is being acted upon).

If the subject is animate, it may be followed by the postposition

Ohl, in which case the verb would be in the neutral form
( =maculfne singular). If the original verb is intransitive, there
would be no subject in the passive, and the verb would again
show neutral agreement (=masculine singular).

The /adv
.. was called.

5 Also possible:

Intransitive verbs may be used in the passive construction as

long as they are active in meaning:

Chairs are not ~at upon /Jere.

Verbs like lct<1''11 open and &1'1'11 be made are already passive
"O

in meaning and cannot occur in the passive construction.

Sentence pairs like The door opened/The door was opened.
are somewhat more common in Hindi than in English, since Hindi
has more verbs with passive meaning.
288

Thus for the Hindi pair:

7 Ctt,d*'tti ~ '31Uf•ft!O(ttfetti -~·•ft I
English has only one equivalent: The chairs will be made.

The normal perfect participle (=simple perfect) forms are used

for the main verb, except when the main verb is '3i'FfT; then the
regular form ~ is used, not the normal irregular form TP-ll.

8 ~ fchd1~· ~ if ~ ~ rTlft I
All the books were taken into the school.

When the agent is expressed, use of the passive is not normal in

Hindi. Thus, we might have the following pair of sentences in
English:

ACT! VE: The prime minister accepted the proposal.

PASSIVE: The proposal was accepted by the prime
minister.

There are Hindi equivalents for both sentences.

9 ACTIVE: Q14('1iisf\ ~ Q~IC( \<tlotii( M I

10 PASSIVE: l:Ni"'l#;f\ afi g;RI Q\diCl ~Cfill fctittt ff£IT I

However, the use of the agent with the postposition afi' ;:TU,
which is equivalent to English by, is highly artificial in Hindi
and limited to formal speech, especially in newspapers, where
many articles and headlines are translated from English directly.
Use of the passive without the agent is) however) common at all
levels of speech.
 289
EXERCISE 60A Translate into English

~~Efi'm~~ ~~MR
~~ fCJ;~~T~
2

~ o , o o o ~. Cfil 'l'T~ fi:r~T

4

~f~if~ if ~ o o ~tJT~Te ~
~...... ...... . ~

~;!f~e~ if'lTtr ~Tlf1f

~~T CflT tF>i~T ct~ it rr1ft

lf>ifft ~ ~~ a'Efi' ~~~~
6

. . ;..
" ~llfT
q~ ~ lflfT
1 ~ expense ij(~ harshness
2 Q~\£41'1 ASEAN cx:uq1ft8fi business, commercial
ijQEl ..t'f relation(s)
3 ~ thief qar;~'11 grab arrest
1

5 ~ noose
6 dlCjdl platform
290

7
.ctn-r_i_Tti~~if ~ ·~·
fc};
-Rn<¥H <id11n aft ~anfldl ~ fiBnaft n~g
~ arnti51 (lf"ITU \3llff 6 '?

irn:~~~'
«ir~~~~+ft
~.
-~~cu- TfllT ~u

x •ti if ·~ .~ $~~ ~lttl

-~T «T~~ ~;:rTtrT ~Ttf·il"T
. '

music Cll(Qtist instrument

literate
 291

EXERCISE 608 In the sentences below the subject is

understood. Give each sentence in
(a) the passive construction with ~

(b) using a verb with passive meaning

EXAMPLE:
f@t~~ lf.ll&l 1
(They) opened the window.
Ca) ftct~arft litl6ft ~ I
The window was opened.
Cb) f@t:s4'\ ~ I
. "'°
The window opened.
292

60.2 THE PASSIVE WITH MODALS AND EXPLICATORS

Only auxiliary verbs which are NE verbs can be passivized; thus I

explicators such as \lfRT, 311'11, q~'11 etc., are excluded as well
as the modals, whlch are all I verbs. (see #31). Expllcators
which are NE verbs are, however, commonly used in the passive
construction:

1 ACTIVE: ~ ~ efAjtti m ~ I
He will eat all tile vegetables.
2 PASSIVE: «Gr efi;SJ:tti m ~ "JllQ•ft I
All tile vegetables will be eaten.

Without the explicator, the active and passive verb forms would
be lctiQ•ii and mt "illQ•ft, respectively.
The verb \il'FIT, as a main verb or as a passive marker, does not
occur with explicators; it does, however, occur with modals:

3 ACTIVE: ~ ~ ijfiwj:qj m ijCSf;dl tI

He can eat all the vegetables.
4 PASSI VE: ijil' ij l&):qi mt \il'T \iCfldl ~ I
All tile vegetables can be eaten.

The stem of the passive marker 'ill 1s used since it is followed

by a modal.

In summary: MAIN VERB + I EXPLICATOR -- no passive

construction possible
MAIN VERB + NE EXPLICATOR -- explicator
passivized normally, main verb
remains 1n stem form.
 293
MAIN VERB + MODAL -- main verb pass1v1zed
normally (Le., changed from stem to
perfect participle form). Passive marker
in stem form ~) followed by modal.

ACTIVE PASSIVE

5 ijif m~~l (I exp1icator) no passive possible

Everybody sat down. with explicator

6~11~'S~~mffar1 1 ~-~
(NE explicator) if?fT I
The guide showed the town. The town was shown.

a ~ {qj<t'I ~ ~ ~ I 9 {qj<rq ~ ~ '1ff

(modal) ml
He couldn't see the t7/n1. The film couldn't be

10

~ bfifi I grow
294

•
w
13

\!1::1e
ditdi1Ntl4111•:tdl~!
t1 ~ immediately
'O
'!Pi:t(\f\itd wel I-established
tt-;:s1-;:sI cash
'O

12 dtcli{ thief, smuggler ddi{'11 take off

13 l81&1ft news Cftl+kt price
 295

EXERCISE 60C Answer each question in the negative using the

passive construction with modal ijCfi.,..I as in the
example:

3T(tf ~;:ftd 165 q: ~ ?

Are you going to swim in Nainita/?

~, ~;:ftd 1(6 if ~ ~ \ilT ijdfid I I

No_, in Nain ital you can't swim.
( . .. cannot be swum)

~) ~ 3T(tf ~~if ~651~1&118' ~ c!U{IOI~ ~ 7

~) Cfqf 3T(tf 3Trcl ~ q: ~ "~" ?
~) CflfT 3T(tf 811{101~ if fTl?1' OliT ~ ~?
~) CfllT 3fftT mu l=n«f ~ ~ if ~ ?
~) CflfT 3T(tf f;r;n' 13&1 I~ ~ CliT qFft tftQir ?
3 cit IM"i I boil ~ tap, faucet

~> CflfT 3T(tf ~ m

q: ~ l~fla:il ?
\9) iiflff 3TI'tf ~ ~ if;ft ~ fil(')"il ?
G) Cflff 3T(tf ~ ~ ~ tft'Qir ?
~ F liquor
~) CflfT 3T(tf ~ aOfl l65ttl5fl Cfilil' ?
~("1")'4151 I F train trip
~ 0) CflfT 3T(tf ifmT ~ ~ ?
296

EXERCISE 600 Fill in the blank with the correct verb form in
the passive construction with ~. For each
sentence, the main verb is given in addition to
the form of passive marker~ required.
Translate into English.

~) il"il{ij - --- (dfi~"tl> habitual past

~) ~ ~ q ~ --- (&1l<6"10 habitual present
~) 3T1'5f ~tfetif q'{ ;:rtf --- tilo;:it) progressive present
~) ~ ~ ~ atl' '116'1Q --- (~) progressive past
~) ~ ~ ~ ij° --- (4•11"11> future
~) ~ C!)1:ar ij' --- <ftled"10 simple perfect
\9) 31il' cnTqft --- <tft;m future subjunctive
<:) ~, ~ --- (d:(Gt;sl) future subjunctive
~) qu;fl
'!>
fcha1~· --- (~¥.f"11) simple perfect
~ O) lfT'Sft ij° m<fl' --- (C(@"tl) progressive past

60.3 THE PHYSICAL INABILITY CONSTRUCTION

Sometimes a verb is used in the passive construction to indicate

the physical inability of someone to perform a certain action.
The two characteristics of this construction are that the agent,
usually a person, is expressed and used with the postposition a.
In this meaning the passive is always negative. Examples:

a
~ ~ Cfi1lf ;:rtf f4i:q I ~IQ• 11 I
I will not be able to do this work:

2
He is incapable of speaking foreign languages.
 297

3 ~ ~ a;t afi" mtr ~ ~ fl'lIT I

We were unable to sit down with them.

When an intransitive verb with passive meaning is used instead

of the passive construction, the meaning of physkal inability is
also found.

4 ~ ij- ~ ~ CJiT let 1"1 I ~ Gl"'ld I I

I can~ make this kind of food.

The previous sentence can also be rendered with the passive

construction:

60.4 SUMMARY CHART - PASSIVE CONSTRUCTION

AGENT SUBJECT MAIN VERB PASSIVE MODAL

(normally omitted) verb I expl MARKER

6 3(1((1'( afi" ~ ~ ~~ ~I
(by the women) Tile flowers were taken away.

ij~tti ~ ~ 'iiiQ• ft I
(by tile man) Tile vegetables will be sold.

a '3'i ofi' IDU otiTCffl tft ~ ijotic:fl ~ I

(b_y t/JemJ Tile coffee can be drunk~

g~~;:m Cl« ~ :srl'~~I

(~v the servant) The monev
.. Is belnq taken.
~
298

10 fclaQn aW ;:rrr ~
(b,.v the forei._qnerJ All wiII be able to be. said.

11 e;5'i$aKl *«TU ~
fb_y the girl) The news is being told.

In each sentence above, the finite verb (last in the sentence)

agrees with the subject. The finite verb is the passive marker
unless a modal is present. The subject in the passive
construction may take afft, in which case the finite verb is
neutral (=masculine singular). Each sentence above may be made
negative by inserting ~ before the main verb.
 299

61 THE ITERATIVE
61.1 FORMS

The iterative is formed as follows:

MAIN VERB + HABITUAL VERB FORMS OF Cifi{~ I

perfect form agreement with subject or

neutra1 agreement object (in the case of KO
( =mascu1ine singu1ar) verbs)

Example for verb &11©~1 speak regularly

~ ifl<" I Cifild I/Cfitd°1 ~ I

~ ~ Cifi{d I/Cifittfl I t
61.2 EXAMPLES

IJ:!Hll UTQ'T ~T<:/1 ~

·+ q~ ~;!JI .

aqa,QI 6fit"11 sermonize

aqa,QI ~ ~ ~ iterative of aqa,QI Cifit"il
~ lie
300

<il"lat 1.._
'O
helpless

'i I if
 301

qm~it iterative past of verb qf{"'ll beat

\JI... 1&\ llct 1'3j jungle custom
~ 86{"11 close (here: end)

T/Je two w/Jo regularly reside in my signs.

Q&S SJ'···
302

61.3 USE OF I TERATI VE

The iterative forms are generally interchangeable with ordinary

habitual forms but indicate greater emphasis on the regularity or
recurrence of the action.

Examples:
1 present: (3~6hl 31oR'H ~ 01ft ~ ~ Cihldl tI
The boy regularly helps /Jim.

2 past: ~~msw:n~~q1
Many people regularly used to come and go
(commute) /Jere.

NOTE: The irregular perfect participle form of~, i.e., t'1?IT

is not used in the iterative.

3 presumptive: ~ ~ ~ fchiu Bfildl g)trr I

The cobbler probably repairs shoes
regular(y:

4 subjunctive: ~ Qlltta: \l~Ollt ctn" 31q'21 ~ ftr©r ~

~I
Perhaps he regularly gets his money on
Friday.

5 future: ~ ~ ill© I Bfii':t ft I

I (F) will speak Hindi regularly.

NOTE: Future, not habitual forms, of 6h<T11 used here.

 303
EXERCISE 61 Answer us1ng an appropr1ate lterat1ve form
as in the example:

~ mift 3fc5m'{ ChQ~ ~ q?

Old tile was/Jermen olten wash clothes?
~Wf, ~~~~it I
Ye.s; they washed clothes regularly.

~) ~ atlC::ifl ~~~R11'1 it~ arl~illl ?

~) ~ ~ STIO ~ q(oqd\ tft ?
~) cp:ff ~ ~'iii fcfi4i fcfid 1i1' q4{11 tff ?
\l) ~ qijl~ ~ ~ illft~I ~ ? t
~ M mountain

Father.I Wily are a chickens legs

1

so short? You don~ even know

that? If a chickens legs were V
long and it laid an ty;..q, S'1louldn1t
ft tall on t/Je ground and break? 1
304

\ill ti"ff ct»'t 3T1'f ~

ftcm' \3o't ~ ~
~ m~tit,~,,~~,,
Cll t, qR1tt"1 tre«, Cll t, qf41tt"1 tfe«
' '
-QMQ It ... QMq H ... ~{14 ft"1 . . . QMq I{
-Ql"QI{ ~' ~' ~
-~, 411"1({1{, QMQI{, -qcl-q-1{, QclQll, QMQI{

-~ <S~il~ I ~ ~ 31161 IG) STftT SitA ~f&C("l ~ t1l

~ ~ ' ? ~~C("l aCK41e;sT'3f\ ~ anift ~, ~ 411"1C:Jt
~1"1la,\el ~ ~ -Chfl&I ct~ \'l41~1· afft 311611'1) ~l ~
311qaan q('€41a ~ 1 'QCfi ~ 31\iieo ma m =EfR: e:m
m aCll ~ ~ q ;ft 11T:sw I
~' feCfil'11 a:ftl -q{lijtjC{ I qij ..C{ ~ ~ "1'1)<fictfl
a
~Race ~¥a 1 rtt ~~ 1
 305
62 CONTINUOUS FORMS

62.1 FORMATION

~ present (progression)
MAIN VERB + ALL FORMS OF ~ present (no
habitual form progression)
311i11 past

Both parts of the form agree with the subject (or object if the
main verb happens to be a KO verb).

62.2 USES

The most commonly used forms are with the verb~' which
can be rendered in English with the expression keep on:

~~&ll<dd ~'
We'll keep on speaking Hindi:
2 ~Cfiq~ ~~ l
The washerman kept on washing clothes.
3 il OfiTtf Cfi«t I ~ ~ l
I used to keep on working.

Use of~ instead of~ implies some kind of progress as

indicated by the following example:

4 ftr~~~~~sm~~4llila ~~,
The teachers keep on teaching Hindi (with no
progression implied) and th& students keep on learning
(with progress 1mplled).
306

The verb 311'11 is less commonly used, and never in the future.

s it ffi ~ Cfi11f Cfi{d I 3lT ~ [ I

But I've been doing such work. (for a long time)
6 ~~~~ fe\<r&l il Wt 31TQ' ~I
They've lived in Delhi for ten years.

EXERCISE 62 Answer each question as in the example using the

correct continuous form (with ~- Translate
into English.

Example: CflfT ~ qli(i51 ~ ~ &ll6''11 ~ ~ ?

Did that lady ever stop talking?
'3ft ~, ~ ffl illi55tfl ~ I
No, she just kept on talking.

~) Cfq'f (i5~cfi"l ~ at'Sfl&1 ~ ~ QC5fie6fi e:lct"1 I ~ ~ ?

~strange QOflcOfl 2,=tct"il stare
~) op:rr Cfffi ~ l/rcti'1 i ~ ~ ?
'O

~ dog l-"f1'6fiY1 I bark

'""
~) ~ (i5~a6\ ~ ~@fl ~ fJA'f ~ ~:q1 ?
JTIT=fl V sing M song
~) ~ ~ ~ ~~~f"1 caS FcSl¥1'1) a\(q'1 I ~ fct;:q I ?
l.() CflfT :ql{ ~ li i• 1"11 ~ ~ ?
aj"{ thief i:rrrFn flee
~) ~ ~ ~ '!~afi· Cfil~"11 ~ ~ ?
Y'i 1$""1 I tear
\9) CflfT ij 1{1&1 ~ 3(-0\ifl &f\65'1 I iR: ~=ti I ?
,) ~ 6'1• rr ~ ~ an 1• 1'3J GJifl"" q{ cfi.Sfi""l 1 ~ fch:qi 1
til waste
'{) ~ @1;fl" ~ Cik"lij q ~ d:lC4'11 ~ fcli:q1 ?
 307
~ o) Cfll'I' ~ aua:ift ~ ·etCJ< :tr· C1t &>dl~ \{"11;ow1 ~
~?
(Y)i:·f'ltf)I joke

62.3 EXAMPLES OF CONTINUOUS WITH~

~lf Z/1ff epr~Br

~zrr0!T~c cT.:.
~~~Ff~

3
~ra 3ff~l~t ~
fit~('ll (~i il

1 '1i&'11 swell up ~ blood

i\-Ei;w I suck
3 ~Wld steel 31l'Q1'11 ease
308
308
5 w~ 61 crco.·.. ·.. . ····=··::.... .··..
--
4
...
•,
, •
•. I ,

•
·. , "'
..
r

,. 4'•: : •'I
, •...: : :~:: ~: \. •/·:: ~. . ,: . , ·:::;~l!Yi·!.:?~ :=.: '~t.'.
.. ....•'.... .... . ., .... ' . " ' ..
(
·, '

. . .. :... . .. .'
..
•

t
•
•

f
. •
t

•
•
•

' •
•

•
•
•

\
.
•
•

a
•
•

f
•
tJi
\

\
' '

• e ,:., ' ' I

.
\_. •• e ' I

''-' .\ '
~ ~ fotaR ~ i1R l(gf .
rijtb\Yl01 3dRll Jtldl ~ ?
Fcb~fcYru 3~ awn CRH ?
11 l"<d lfa l"f CfiT ··
.. ~ ._. '.:::·.:::::~· ..... ,
' ' ..
~m~m ~irr
..

"~
.:.: .: . ·\:·: .:· ~

......
\..,. ' f I I I' I t • f' , ,

ifi"{)~qf(=I'
•
~o rk)

5 ~ sun ~ dependent
"18flij 1"1
'IS
loss d<Sl"1 I bear
l1ffl wen
6 {1'14Rl president ~ by
Cl"'i'i l'i48fi
'IS
proper name ijtq l:ti honor
~ banquet ij{\14dl aid
7 Cfi{l~qRI mi1Jionaire ~ broom
 309
62.4 EXAMPLES OF CONTINUOUS WITH~

;yi:ff ~~ar \ifT~ _

..-.ft ~. 1l \ ~ (~) I
mrQ'r.fr fz'R;fr if ~ pz 1fh:rir ,
!ITT W-11t l'f11~ fzrr !iT I 3lT"3r ~
er;-r rnr-Y •n. l f-n:tr «1 t=~ q ~
.~o~.o f!'ft) rn-::r ~ '"
~7a~1
. inn" ~ it nm R"n 3l""tft ~
ir-fT ~:( t I 1ffiTI °'1' ~
.'t'.J hnft ~ qr I
Qi • I '11 :::; I tj' <={ (,f1f";:f ~ mi:if
~tmr~~~!!ii~ rt
rrT I
~ ~ tJ f(QIOll rt· f";rn".
hr<mf'r ql'.f afl <l>T"TOT ONl'TT-::r !., ~
fy-efr ff!f; $ TflIT I

1 'fcli'tl' money
310

....... -.... ,··· .... ····· .. ~·v

~-- ....................·· ···· ... .

.........
.. ,. .. ...
~

3 yfdfe>'l1 every day ~ crowd

4 '"1'£@'( mosquito
 311

63 THE PERMISSIVE

63.1 The word for permi~...._"ion is ~'311'5jd (f) Urdu

or Slm (f) Hindi (aagyaa)

qfg(I" ~ ~ C6) lCtl~I ~ q,'t ~Gil~o (3lTijl) cft I

T/Je lady gave t/Je bearer permission to bring the f'ood.
2 ~'31 f\ijd ~ ? I amIT ~ ?
Mav
... I leave.'?

63.2 A much more common permission expression is with

auxiliary verb ~ following the oblique infinitive form of
the main verb.

3 qft©I ~ *CfiT lctl"'ll ~ fa?n I

The lady let the bearer bring the food.

Since ~ is a NE verb, agreement is with the object (in perfect

for ms only>.

(Someone) allowed bad use of prime ministers position to occur

5 \Tf'{a'T tfTif · ~
¥;{ ~ ~1'
rweJ wf11.not allow t/Je Janta party to break up.
312

· .. ·.J::L
~1

What should you do so the milk won't spoil?

You should let it stay in the buffalo!
(permissive + compulsion)

EXERCISE 63 Answer each question using the~ permissive

as in the example. Keep the tense as in the
question. Translate into English.

CflfT &~<ft fqa1~tti l2'tld:il ?

I-viii the bovs buv sweets?
••• .-1

\ifl' ~' q(t6" ~ fq31~tti lCffl2'~ ~I

res:. t/Je lady will let them buy sweet~....

(Use q~('.41 as new subject in all sentences.)

~) CSflfT mG't ©~a6\ ~ ~ ~ ~ ? q ~Ti~ l put on

~) ~ &lla>tfl ~ ©~orfl ~ ~ ~ ?
~) Of!1T STICf ~ «t\al. COT ~<Pd'ij I{ ~ ?
~) Of!1T ~;:s;cf; ~ ~ ~ fchd ltil t«ft ?
 313

"t() CflfT ©\iictfl ~ mTil' lft ?

~) OfllT ~ 'qT«I' ~ q{ ~ ?
\9) CfllT ©~ fcb:t(l" ~ fqj~q ~ ?
~) CfllT ~\il:q ~ ~ ©('( m ~ ?
~) ~~wltTU'fftrr~~?
~ o) OfllT ij i~Gt 31qfl6ii I ~ ?

il{Glla: 66{'11 spoil

314

64 USES· OF THE VERB <"~ 14'1 I

64.1 FEEL (KO VERB) Used wlth a limited class of nouns. See
section 44.

64.2 BE INSTALLED (l VERB)

Example: ~ ~~I
a:ta11'1}
All the doors were installed.

The transitive form of this use of ~5'11*11 also exists:

2 ~~~~{Cfl\jj ~~I
The workers installed all the doors.

be installed/install is only an approximate English meaning for

(;s<il*tl/cl<ill*tl. Depending on the complement, other English
meanings are preferable:

invest money

awr ac•mv fi~•

4

mil ~11116 ·~ c!l ft

~4<8t;~ if. ltet1n,•u<t1'1
For all those who invest money in buying a TV after
~CJr!ous consideration. tnai4ng t/Jou._q/Jt a lot)
 315

5 xq"{ gftf ©'i 11'1 i tauc/J . .r

Xif m-q w• 11;.a I take part In ,.Y
~.;..
-tftit (ij'i i 1"11 plant !lowers and plants
~ ©'111'11 slap
xCR ac1-0q e:c11;:c1 accuse%
xif q;:r~ cl" 11'1 l concentrate on %
X CR ~ 6'" 11"1 I pay attention to%
XCOT ifCfCfi{ ©• 11'1 I walk around in %
XCR~ 6'"11'11 prohibit X
xOfn' ~ ©•11'11 find out%
X CR Clil 6'" 11"1 I assess a tax on %

Have you given some gift in t/Je last year?

On that gift gift-tax can be assessed.

64.3 SEEM (KO VERB)

PERSON + Of;) NOUN ADJECTIVE FORMS OF ea 1"'1 I

verb agrees agrees with
with this noun
noun
316

The adj ect 1ve may be

(1) any descriptive adjective

an e:&:fl am- flq ltd ~ M• 1dl t 1

The bulldlnq seems beautiful to the man.

If the adjective is~, the construction is often translated

with like:

2 6'~~4l Cff1' ;rf ~11~4i ~ ('1tl€ft ~I

The girls like new saris.

If the adjective is i(U,

"O
the construction is often translated with
dislike:

The teacher disliked his words.

(2) a noun followed by particle mor~ like

4 ~ 311cttft '11©611©1-m ©tldl ~ I

That man see.ms like. a frult~"'f:?ller.

s ~ sfta fil~<'fl-~ ©tid'J ~ I

That woman seems like a cat.

(The above sentences are impersonal. Person + am- can be added

to make the sentences persona I.)
 317

This verb is also used to introduce clauses:

It seems that xou've stopped using flair oil nowadays/

As synonyms of this use of (ij'i ktl t, the forms ~ q~dl t,

q1(.ijq
0\
~ ~ (not q1(.ijq
0\
~) may also be used both to introduce
1

a clause or in the other formation:

3Titf Cli1' ~<rq ~ 91m~li WRft qtfflB Y'iidl aft ?

How did you like. the. ffln7?

2 ~ @•ldl iLHlw~q B1m ~ Y'$dl i fcfi" ~ ~ m

~~~I
It seems that all the irnportant people /Jave left.
318

In a related meaning, the verb fa:lct"'ll is used:

That man looks ver_)l angry.

EXERCISE 64A Rewrite each positive sentence using ~

(ifll""ll like, and each negative sentence using
iTU
'O
(641"11 dislike.

~) 4 liCll l~l· Cll1' ~ ~ qe"'a: ~ ~ I

~) 311\l CfiT 'ii'LI'!< Cf;T ~ ~ ~ qe..a: WIT 1
~) ~ tll«f ci 6'l4 ff ctn' -0 fl~j qe"'a: ~ I
~) ~'11' llT«f afi ©1•n· Cfi1' if\Sf mft tct1"11 qe"'c:: ~ t1
~) ~ \ill Cll1' ~ G1tft ~ qe;:e: ~ I

EXERCISE 648 Answer using 6'41"11 and adjective indicated in

cue. Translate.

~) ~"'S~ 1;fl ~ CfiT ::lJ. ~ C1ft' ~ ~ 6'4 tJl t?

"'
~high

~) 3Tftf Cfi1' ~ ~ m ~ wm ?
~ ijl

~) fcld:f414l' Cll1' ill'3jil ~ (6tfil ~(·~·

~) ~ CfiT il""lltij qft' 41Rw5~i ~ 6'1ff?
narrow =eEff fl TfMi a11 ey
~) m Oll1' ~ l1f'Sff ~ 6'•1tfl ~?
~ afl't 3f ltl 191

64.4 TIME-MONEY (KO VERB - COMPLEMENT TAKES it>

3
It foc:ik the man two iveeks to go to India.
 319
4

"There's a lot of spaceJ (but) it takes little electrici~v.

11

says this lad~ who uses a Vo/fas Opal 160.

EXERCISE 64C Answer questions in Hindi.

~) 31"(q' OliT Pci¥-1PciCQie;5tt ~ m ~if 1%a'9 ftl'1e n

~?
~) 31'f\l arft' Utt~ q fchd'11 ~ ©i1•11 ?
~) snq Cfi1' ~ ij' ~ ~ fl 1'1'9 if fchd'1 I ~ e6• id I ~ ?
~) 31'f\l am-~ tilc.tzt if rotid~ ~ ©it'it ?
~) ~ am-~ ~ q(&qd ~ if Potid'1l ~ ©• ldl ~ ?

64.5 BEGIN (I VERB)

In this use, the verb is always preceded by the main verb in the
oblique infinitive form:

The servant began to work.

~~=rrft~~ .. ,
2 "1Q "'l'Q'' ......... II i=il Oit;i Q

.!J/Je started to .say that It ltflas {)./(.

320 3

~ 'l:Of. -1'Ui·fel~I ~ lfiW'll~ ('.;tl'11

. ·.·
l ~.·
. ...."~
.. .··
When the sun begins ·. /
to burn vour skin.
,,,r I
. :.-~...·......... ._
• "• ~·· • • ••o
/' ./ ,........
l ~II
~
.·~,?/.. . .·····~~: ......•..

EXERCISE 640 Answer each question as in the example:

op;n~~~m~?
Has t/Je cobbler repaired the shoes ?
~ ~' ~ SPft ~ m ~~I
Np, he just started to repair the shoes.

~) ~ ~ e1\\G1 ~ <"~an1· am- em fch~1 ~'11tt1 ?

~) csp:fT ftr~ ~ ~ 'act I© ~ ?
~) ~ ~ u1srr qftan
~?
~) ~ mm,. ~ t 1('5 l&I '11 lq'"I iFIT ~ ?
~''""'' "'& "'&
~) crqy 3ft«r ~ iji1' ~ tqf\~· ?

NOTE: Sometimes the verb (ijti'"ll can be used with nouns in the
meaning begin:

4 ~ 01ft "i1Cfif\ WtT ~ I

His job has started.
5 ij 161'1 CfiT qf}'"lf ~ iJl1T I
The month ol .5awan has begun.
6
 321

65 THE HYPOTHETICAL

65.1 FORMS

The most common hypothetical forms are the following (given for
the verb ifo5;owl in the masculine singular):

simple hypothetical: "if©dl

perfect hypothetical: ~ ~

65.2 USES

Hypothetical forms are used to describe contrary-to-fact

situations

(1) in subordinate clauses introduced by 'fall

~ 'if l~d I tTT foli ~ ;=r ~ ~ I

I wished he hadn't come.

2 Cfim 'fall ~ sitt ~ ~ ~ l

l l I had an~v gatte.n mt..1re. mane._y:

3 fatid~I ~ ~ fcri' ~ ~ dl(1Cfil ~Td\3jlt M' ~I

How bad it would have been il I had waited tor him.

(2) in if-clauses

4 3ltR ~ ~ qc;a1, al qftan if~~~ I

If I had studied a lol I wouldn't have failed the exam.
322
EXERCISE 65A Answer each quest1on as 1n the example, using
the perfect hypothetical form.

~~~~@~?
Old t/Je was/Jerman c/Jarpe a lot.? ('take a lot of money.'J
~Wf, opmfcr;~~~;'f'~~ I
Ve..!>--:, fl he had on~v not char,_qed a lot.

~) ~ itq tlldil ~ 3T(tf Cfi1' i16'141 "'D

?
~) ~ 3T(tf ~ ij<il' (ij~!~ ~ ?
~) CftfT 6'~e6l ~ lif llil lit I..,. I ~ fcti:q I ?
~) ~ 3Tftf ~ ~ ~C61Tf tr~ t"fla:t ?
'°{) CftfT 311tr ~ 'ICfi 1'1 ttit ?

EXERCISE 658 Make transformation as in example, using simple

hypot het i ca 1:
311 C{tf\ lit 1'11 'if ltd I tfr, ~ foti"'I ij<il' . . ~ qI
The man wanted to eat but all the restaurants were
closed.
311"R ~ . . i1';a: ;'f' ~, dT 311({41 tctldl I
If all t/Je restaurants /Jad not been closert t/Je man would
have eaten.

~ > (ij~q,~1 ~ fotia 1tij· t"flct'1 I it 1td1 ~, Mfch"'I ©~ofi ~

ijit~~q1
~) 311({"1 ~ ~ ilTf 1'11 itltdl tfr, SPcti"'I ~ (CJUil
. ftR;f\' I
©Cfi:tl Mor ti
. wood
~) ittf ti ltil - ~© 1'1 I ii ltd\ ~, Sfch"'I ~ 3ltA' rrl'q
~tUI

~) tllt&I ~ ii@"'ll ~ q, clPcti"'I '"!i©t16il~ ~ ~ ~

~I
~> qgq1'1 CfiT~l tfFir ifltdl trr, Mfoh'1 ~ ~ ~ ~
~I if f.. +:J 1"9 guest
 323

APPENDIX
Hindi Verb Summary
A. Aspect and tense/mood forms
Most Hindi verbs consist of an aspect form followed by a tense-mood marker. Examples
are given for the verb~ in the masculine singular.
...
IMPERFECT n present
habitual ~~T ~T past
progressive ~w fillrrpresumptive
PERFECT ~~ ID: subjunctive
~ITT hypothetical

~~ future
~ (future) subjunctive

1. Seventeen verb forms are obtained by all the possible combinations above. Note
however that the habitual hypothetical form is~ ~i.e. ~ by itself.
Although the habitual hypothetical has the habitual form, its meaning is not
necessarily habitual:
3llR a:rN Jj,© ~ ~ If you had seen me yesterday ...
2. In addition to the habitual hypothetical above, other aspect forms appear without a tense-
mood marker:

a. narrative past: ~

~ 1:i° "'C9)c:r ~. ~ 1:i° ~ "'C9: ~ a''Qij"T, a:fTO ~ ~ \ifrnT, ;;ft ~ (lCfi ~ ~~ij"T, a:rfR
When I was little, I would get up every day at six, I would go to school at eight, play
outside until nine, etc.

b. simple perfect ~

3. Imperfect forms in the negative; the present tense marker is often deleted.

1:i°~if@"~ <©I I don't speak English.

a:rN if@ \ifT ~ (~) ? I You're not going?.

Note that the hypothetical form in 1. above (the narrative past) and the habitual in the
negative have the same forms. The context usually makes it clear what form is being used.
324

4. Agreement Patterns

(a) KO VERBS (3fRT know, ~ get, ~ think of)

Agreement is always with the complement:: ~ Cfil" ~ f11m I feminine singular

(b) I VERBS (all intransitives,~.~)

Agreement is with the subject.: ~ ~ orr~T I masculine singular

(c) NE VERBS (all transitives except~.~. all complex CfiVIT verbs)

(1) PERFECT FORMS

Subject takes postposition and agreement is with the direct object.. If the direct
object is followed by postposition <til", there is neutral greement (=masculine singular). For
functional (i.e., preverb is a noun) CfiVIT verbs, agreement is with the preverb.

(2) ALL OTHER FORMS: Subject takes no postposition and verb agrees with it.

(d) On the chart, all arr endings show gender-number agreement (arr,~;{ and nasalized i
only if the last term in the verb form). The underlined forms show person agreement.

B. The Compound Verb in Hindi - Summary

A compound verb consists of a main verb followed by an auxiliary verb. The main verb
retains its meaning, while the auxiliary verb affects the meaning of the main verb. All
auxiliary verbs (except 'ij"<fi"l"T ) also occur as main verbs, but usually with a different
meaning.

If the main verb is a KO verb, so is the compound:

~<ITT" ~ f11m I > \j"ij"ifif ~ ~ m I

He got the book > He was able to get the book.

If the main verb is not a KO verb, ~ is used only if both verbs are NE verbs:

NE verb + I verb: ~ fcfim"or ~ m I ~ does not occur

I verb + NE verb: ~ 3fTO ~ ~ fu"lfT ~ does not occur
NE verb + NE verb: ~ fcfim"or ~ <_;ff I ~does occur
 325

Summary Chart of the Compound Verb

Main Verb Form What Auxiliary Notes

Main
Verbs
MODALS
stem(~) all ~(I) can, be able
CfRT (I) manage to
~(I) finish, 'already'
EXPLICATORS (not used in negative)
stem(~) intransitive \lf"A'T (I)
transitive ~(NE) inward action
transitive ~(NE) outward action
VERBAL NOUN OBJECT

infinitive(~) volitional '9lWfT (I) want

'1fFRT (I) know
learn
B"'f~;:rr
etc.
(I)etc.
COMPULSION
infinitive (agrees with direct object) all ~(KO) ought to
(~.~.~) all ~(KO) is to, has to
volitional ~(KO) has to
INCEPTIVE/PERMISSIVE
oblique infinitive (~) all ~(I) begin
all ~(NE) let
CONTINUOUS
habiutal participle (~, ~. ~) all ~(I) keep on
all (I)
\lf"A'T keep on
all 3lRT (I) keep on (usually
in perfect)
PASSIVE
perfect participle (00, ~. 00) I volitional I \lf"A'T (I) I passive
ITERATIVE
perfect participle (00-masc.sing. only) I all I ~ (NE) I not used in perfect
The term volitional refers to verbs which imply a conscious effort. All verbs are volitional
except verbs with passive meaning such as ~. qep.:rr and KO verbs such as ~.
326

Hindi-English Vocabulary
~ ~ !ljG~j~ffi
All words given in the normal ~ct"I 1•1(1 order from ar to~ . Note one
peculiarity of ~ct"I 1•1(1 dictionary order: all vowels with~ (such as at or
~in~) or 311,"llfoCfl (nasalization) such as 311' are ordered before the same
vowels without these features. As a result, when the Hindi word for
'inside' is written~, it occurs later in the listing than when it is written
~ . Although both versions are listed for many of these words, look
under the other spelling when you don't find such a word The dots under
Perso-Arabic letters (~, ;n, ~etc.) are ignored in ordering, but¥ and~ are
listed after the corresponding non-dotted letters.Synonyms are given in
some cases; Perso-Arabic synonyms for Indic words are labelled Urdu,
while Indic synonyms for Perso-Arabic words are labelled Hindi. The
following abbreviations are used:
M masculine noun
F feminine noun
A adjective
ADV adverb
CONJ conjunction
pp postposition (compound postpositions with initial cf;- or em- are
ordered under the second word
NE verbs (usually transitive) which takes subject + if in the perfect.
Complex ~ verbs are in this class even though they may not be
marked with NE.
I verbs (usually intranstive), which do not take subject +if in the
perfect.
KO verbs which take an agent with postposition CfiT
 327

-------------~----------
3fc;f;' (M) issue Urdu: (M) Cl l\Nf &f
~

WT (M) limb 3'til 1'10fl (ADV) suddenly

3'ii ft(fj ff) brazier, hibachi ~ (A) good
~ (M) thumb ~ ONT) O.K.
~ ff) ring ~ (A) strange
~ CM) grape Hindi· fol fit 'f
~ British (person) ~ (M) place
~ CF/A) English Clanguage)
"
~ OfiT bus stand;
$S'T CM) egg ~ airport
~ CM) end ~ (M/F) guest
31'ffi' CM) difference Urdu: (M/F) q~q 1'1
~~1 (M) space ofl' 3Tfa fN•fi <PP) besides
3(d~~ft4 CA) interstate .• inland l.lrdu: ofl' 31<" IOI I
3'fdflf14 CA) international
3lc:t CA) inside
of; 3'tzj' CPP) inside llrdu: '¥'t Ia:1
~ (M) estimate, guess ~ CA) maximum
~ CM) darkness ~ CAOV) mostly
<'
310fi40fl CA) intransitive Urdu: 'f!t Id\ld <
31ofi@I CA) aIone ~ CM) right, authority
3'1ofii@1q<11 CM) loneliness Urdu: (M) ~

310J&, ~ (F) intelligence ~ (M) official

31'~-R CM) syllable, letter ~ CA) incomplete
Urdu: CM) ~ ~ CM) study, research
~ CAD V) often ~:q jqOfi (M) teacher
3'tl9&f ll CM) newspaper ~:q IfqOfi I CF) teacher
Hindi· CM) ff LI iii ll q;f
3TfR CCONJ) if flind1> ~ 3T'1"R CM) pomegranate
CA) next 31~6fl<::f CA) compulsory, inevitable
~ CM) experience
tlrdu: CM) d'iH~ I ~
328 3lGl' <ADV) ·now
31iCflC{ Ofit«il translate
311.&llij'i (M) discipline ~ tft <ADV) even now
cfi' 311,iji{ (PP) according to ~ appellatory particle implying
~ (A) many intimacy or contempt

31~~ (f) final rites ~ <M) pride

3"R1' (M) end 3ll.:ft <ADV) right away, just

~ <M) difference ~<:rm' CM) practice, exercise

Urdu: (M) ~ 311itl6fi'1, (M/F I A) American
cfi' 31'*fi fa <PP) according to also spelled <31tHl:Ofl'i)
Urdu: oli' 4d Ifa16fi 31tftl0fli, ca:tiHl6fiO <M) America
"¢

31-'*'""""{"'"~.+-.<'>1-~ (A)
•

int ernat i ona 1 3llfR (A) rich

~ (ADV) inside 3l'ttlT ff) mother

ot ~ <PP) inside
31l:il' (M) one bill ion

~ <A) other 31{1'3'10fld I ff) anarchy

~~ <CONJ) otherwise m <I NT) Oh hey!

~ (A) request ~ <F) request, supplication

Hindi> <F) Rf '1Jl
31"41~ CM) injustice
3Ttj' CM) meaning
Urdu: ff) ~~"*'I~
Urdu: CM) ttd<"&f
~ <A) crippled
3-lq;:ff CA) one's own 31'~ <CONJ) that is, namely
31q;:11;:i 1 <ND adopt tJrdu: <:fFfi
~ CA) separate
~ 3l1t1 <ADV) oneself,
on one's own 31<"tf lft ff) closet, cupboard
oTi' 31<"1Cf I <PP) besides
31q111;:i
3lCfUCf <M) crime
t/rdu: (M) ~
(M) insult
(= *
31~<'51'g
~' *31Rtltffi)
CM) Allah
'l>
~ <ADV) certainly
3ltR1eft CM/F) criminal
Urdu:~
Urdu: (M) tt\i1 fttt
~
~ CM) occasion
Olf1' ~~TI' <PP) in comparison to
Urdu: CM) ~
Urdu: Et '16fii<Sll6'
~ CA) illegal
~

319j~ij CM) regret, sorrow

Urdu: ~i {Ofl i;+=fl
Hindi· <M) ~ G\.

~ (A) impossible
Urdu: '1144
'l>
~~
 329
3lm (M) effect Hindi:· <M) ql1(0f
311\lj I c!J (F) freedom, independence
(q{) mR OfiMI affect
Hindi· ff) ~d'1~11
(q{) 31m ~ be affected
3ral"f (F)order,command; permission
~ if (ADV) rea 1ly, actua 1ly
!./rdu: (M) ~ order,command;
Hindi· Oll~OI if tlt'-du:(F) ~\J11\lj€'1 permission
3Hi&t (A) real Hindi> Oll~~Ofl
3TieT (M) (who le wheat) flour
31tl ILi ftioti (A) untimely
~ (F) custom, habit
31Wdl& (M) hospital
(qft) ~ 'Sl&~I form habit of
anfR (M/F) milkman/milkwoman
(qft)~ 0l~;!f lgive up habit of
311 a:tfl (M) man Hindi:· (M) ~
~----------
- - - - - - - - - - - - -'7t ' ~ (M) respect Urdu: (F) ~'f*i
(Ofil') ~ Oflfi I respect
m- (F) eye
311d\lcil ~ Muslim greeting
~ (F) fire, heat
31Tfa: (ADV)et cetera Urdu: ~
3Ticft (F) storm
311fa.otl'ffl (M/A) aborigina·l
~ (M) tear(s)
~ (A) habituated, used to
at l~;!f I (M) mirror
~ (M) order
Hindi· (M) Qft"m ~ (M) half
31 IOfitSfOfi (A) attractive
3TIClT{ (M) base, foundation
31IOfi141 (M)sky Urdu: (M) 311~4 l;!f
~
".:>
(A) modern
3tlfl<;J{ (M) end
~
".:>
(A) most modern
311ft9ft (A) last Hindi· 31f;a4
~ (F) modernity
311f{cJ{Ofil{ (ADV) at last, finally \:;>

~ (M) joy
31"flT (F) fire
~ (KQ) know (how to do st.)
3W) <ADV) ahead, in the future
~ (!) come
of; 3W) (PP) in front of
~ (M) 1/16 of a rupee
3W) ~ Cfil <ADV) in the future
3TFl"-\J1 l"iOl l(.151 (M) passerby
3f Iii 1if (M) teacher
~ (PRQ) you (polite)
~ (ADV) today
311qfu (F) objection
311\JtOfi(.15 (ADV)these days, nowadays
Urdu: (M) Qdll\lj
3'11\Jj Ia: (A) free, independent
~ q (ADV) among (themselves)
H1i1di· ~d '1
311q1a<~~f~D (F) emergency
330

~tsttc:!J (f} population 311ijl'1 (A) easy Hindi:· ~

Hindi: (F) li1'1{tl0?4 I 311ijl;:ft (F) ease Hindi> (F) ijlMdl
3Til1fft (A) thankful
3Titf <M) mango
3T{tf (A) ordinary, public -------------~----------
311tf ffi'l CR <ADV) norma 1ly ~·i 1('5~ 1'1 (M) Eng land
3114a:4\ (F) 1ncome (Ofl'T) ~·d~l4 Of'fil arrange for
hj'ndi: cF) 311<1 Hi11d1> COfiT) ~ Ofif"t I
~-Of;{ (M) income tax COfiT) ~·a 'iJ Il ofll'i I wait for
3Tim (F) maid, nursemaid Hif7d1> <OJft) Q(ft~1T Ofl(Ci I
311<:tl({ (F) import ~Ofl<(_ol <A) together Urdu: ~
3Tf<1 (F) age l./rdu: (F) 3t,I' ~OfOlll <M) horse drawn cart
C'\

31R~-tUT (M) reservation ~'i:® I (F) desire

3ITTJtf (M) comfort, rest ~\ii l\i1<:1 (F) permission
3ITTJtf B' <ADV) comfortably Hi11di: ff) ~
~ (A) economic ~\Njtl (F) reputation, respect
311<"54' <A) 1azy Hif7d1> CM) ~
~ (M) potato ~tl'il (A) this much
C'.

3llqfAOfi <A) necessary ~if meanwhile

Urdu:~ ~d1'fi'11'1 <M) ease, comfort
3i1Cl¥10fldi (F) necessity ~dCll{ <M) Sunday
Urdu: (F) ~~ld Hif7d1> <M) {~ct ll
311Cll~ (F) voice, sound ~fd~iij <M) history
Hindi:· (M) ~ voice ~ <ADV) here
3'ftPol~I< CM) invention ~ -acf{ <ADV) here and there
3TTm (F) hope Urdu: <F) dufta: ~4Ha (F) building Hif7d1> <M) l:rcFf
311~=i'i~ (M) surprise ~fi:a~l'i <M) _examination
//rdu.'. (M) d (\Ni&(
'\:I
Hif7di· (F) qf\'~U
stlt(Etl'€i''1 CM) assurance ~fta~l'i ~ take an exarn
o1)" 31 lijq IB <PP) around ~fia~l'i ~ give an exam
31 lij4 l"1 (M) sky ~UC:I CM) intention
Hindi: (M) 3f10fl IQI
 331
~©IOfil (M) locality, area 13\Sil~ CM) deserted place
ltindi: <M> ~ 13<5'11 Cl) get up, rise
~MIG\ CM) treatment, remedy 13<51<li I CND 1ift, carry
(Sf\T) ~©l\il Ofl("'ll treat, cure 13~"11 n)
fly
~@lt4=4\ (F) cardamom 13~1"11 CND fly, steal
~QllU CM) indication 13d"'i I CA) that much
~~ijl~ CM) advertisement 13dl"11 en go down, get off
~fl©l'I (M) Islam 13dil'11 <ND take off
~t1Rt54' CCONJ) therefore ~ CM) north; answer
~ CA) Christian l/rdu: CM) QOl•ll@ (north);
~flf(ij.q CADV) for this reason CM) 'i\otl&f (answer)
~~f~~~CADV) for this very reason 13~41a:~ CM) product ion
~~1~1 CM) resignation 13~<?.l CM) festival
Hindi:· CM) ~ (414 ;'t 1\3«\(ij (F) enthusiasm
.....
~kt'I I© (M) use Hindi: (M) Qtf ti I ~ CM) stomach <= [M] ~)
(Sf\TfOllT) ~~1U@ OfHtil use 13<lfl CA) sad
Hindi: CSf\T) Qtfl4 I Ohl"'I I 13a\lij{tll (M) example
!)rdu: CF) fttfll@

~ ----
-------------~ -----
d~4tf (M) aim, purpose,goal
Urdu: CM) 'IOf?fl a:
~ (F) Id <Muslim festival) d<ll~(4 I CM) industry
~ '!,ct l{Ofl Happy Id ~ CADV) there, over there
~l"'la\I{ CA) honest 3q4]ij CM) satellite
~ CM) God <Hindu) ;aqd\QI ~ sermonize
113q:;:tt lij" CM) nove 1
13qtt(4ft CA) useful
-------------a----------- dQ@&ef (A) avallable
Ji 1&1 (F) finger Urdu: ijlfe©
dl<"-11~"11 CND pull up by the roots 113q1t1 CM) solution cto a problem)
'341'1 I (1) grow d&i©"'I l (l) boil
dl l1"1 l CNE) grow '3'$T (F) hope,, ambition
aR::ffl (A) appropriate au:na: CF> hope Hli1di· ff) ~
d=tlill(OI <M) pronunciation 13uHa:C\tl <M) candidate
332
~ ff) age, life QOfiGOfi d:lct""I I <ND stare
Hindi: (f) ~
'\l)
age QOfldl ff) unity
<M) \A)Ol""f life QOfla:q <ADV) all at once, suddenly
:J{ CF I A) Urdu ~ ~ one another
13~(;"11 (I) turn upside down QOfittl'I <A) unique
\3~GI CA) overturned, opposite QOf'ICf 'i1"1 <M) si ngu 1ar
~ (M) owl ~-m <A) similar, alike
Q.

\3<r@(q (M) mention ~ mq together

(Ofif) 13~{q ofH""l I mention Q6fH QOfi <ADV) suddenly
\3~1a: (M) <musk) teacher Qdll\J'J <M) objection
Hindi: ff) 311qRi
~ <CONJ) and
------------~---------- Q~~fl*i ofH""l I to experience
~ CA) high
~ (F) height -------------~--- ------
· ~ CM) camel ~ Hey!, Oh!
~ (M) wool ~ CA) like this, such
~ CA) woolen ~ <ADV) in this way
~

* . CADV) above, on top

~ <PP) on top of, above
~ CA) upper -------------~----------
Qi&l"1 I Cl) become bored sifo CM) lip <= ~)
3'1l(ff 1 <NE) cover (oneself)
-------------~---------- 3"frt (F) direction
~ (M) loan Urdu: CM) OiWf' oO'l sffi <PP) in the direction of
~
'O
CM) season Llrdu: Off\' ~
~ (M) sage

------------~------
-------------1:!'- ~ (M) tool
T.{Oll (NLJM) one, a, an ~ (CONJ) and
l{Of\'-l{Of' ~ CADV) one by one 3fR <A) other, additional
1{0f\' ~ (A) alike ~ ~ some more, any more
'O
 333
~~someone else, some other ~ (Q) when?
. . (f) woman Hindi:· (f) ~
Ofl&ll~I (M) rubbish, junk
~ lft' even more Ofl&l i&I (M) kabob
Ofl&l'S-s"'I
.....
(F)Kabaddi (Indian game)

-------------Oli----------
Ofl<S£.C:H (M) pigeon
Ofj\<" ! CI NT) agreed
~ (M) comb
Ofj\<" ofH"1 I accept
Ofi·1~ (M) miser
~ (F) grave, tomb
~ (M) shoulder
OfiRt~ 1"1 (M) graveyard
Ofl'q 113.\S{ (M) pharmacist
Olilf\' (ADV) sometimes, ever
~ (A) several
Olilf\'-Olilfl' (ADV) now and then
Oflef (M) room
Olilf\' ~ (ADV) never
Ofl~ff (F) c1ass
Olilf\' ~ Olilf\' (ADV)
Ofl'Uill (A) unripe, raw, unfinished some ti rne or the other
~ (M) tortoise
'¢
Oli't'f (A) less, few
Oflf3"1 (A) difficult Urdu: 4f¥tl@ '¢ Ofl"Cf Ofi{"1 I reduce, decrease
Oflf3"1 I~ (F) difficu Jty Oli't'f ~ be reduced
Urdu: (F) "1~(13
'¢ OfltNfFl (A) weak
Ofl~Ol I (A) bitter
¥4~'ifl (F) weakness
~ (A) hard Urdu: ~ oOtl"{ (F) waist
~ (F) embroidery
Ofl4{1 (M) room
Ofl€H"1 (F) saving
OfittiS5 (M) lotus
(~) Ofl€Hl"11 (NE) avoid
Cfitl' ~ Cfitl' (ADV) at least
Ofl'ifr (F) story, tale
Ofi41"1 I (NE) earn
o0C: (M) height
Ofiql(13 (M) wonder
~ (F) step
Ofltft ff )shortage Hindi> (M) ~
~ 1331"11 take step(s) Ofiifl'JJ (F) shirt
Ofla:I ~d..... (ADV) perhaps Ofii:ft"1 I (A) mean
Urdu: 411lf a: Oil( (M) tax
Ofl:r<:fl (F) girl, virgin, daughter Ofifi I (NE) do
Ofiq~I (M) cloth
Ofifl&I (ADV) near, approximately
()flq~OllC131 (M) clothseller Hindi· AOfic near
Oflq lfl (F) cotton
ofi" Ofifl&J CPP) close to
334

Ofill~ CM) ten million m CM) glass

~ <M) debt, loan Hindi:· (M) ~ 01iicT CM) thorn

Ofl('fut CM) duty Urdu: CM) tfFif' OfllOfii CM) paternal uncle
Ofltt' CM) deed, fate Ofilotn CF) paternal aunt
Ofl1f.:c:tlft CM/F) employee Ofil~ l'JJ CM) paper

Urdu: CM) tfo'1 RJiq ~ CM) cashew

\0 •

~ CM) yesterday, tomorrow Oflletj I CNE) cut

Ofl<'54 CM/F) pen Ofi'IO CM) wood ( = [F] @Ofl{l)
~ (F) art Ofiidtj I CNE) spin
Ofl<'510fii( CM/F) artist Ofi'A (M) ear
~ (F) wrist Ofl'FIT CA) one-eyed person
Ofi<N;<f I CF) imagination Ofl li.-:f CM) law
Ofifcr CM) poet Urdu: CM) ~ Oflltft' CF) notebook

Ofi rota I CF) poetry Urdu: CF) ~I lttft Ofll~"'I CA) enough, quite a few
~ (M) trouble Urdu.·CF) EtOfi<ef\'tj Hindi> q:q fca

Ofi~;<fl (NE) tighten Ofi1tf CM) work

~ CF) promise, oath Ofl 144 lcil CA) successful
H1iJd1> ~Cfl@
Hindi" (F) W~ IT'~
~ CM) fault Hindi:· CM) ~ Ofil4lf t<Sfl (F) success
Ofi~ I CM) vi 11 age Hindi> CF) ~Cfi&a 1

Ofl~;<f I CNE) say Ofll{(f11tjl CM) factory

Ofi~& ltj I (1) be ca 11 ed Olll{OI CM) reason Urdu.· (F) ~
~
..:,..

CQ) where? ~ Ofll(OI CPP) because of

Ofl~l~I
t>

(F) story {/rdu: Offt ~ ~

Ofl~lctd CF) saying, proverb Ofllft~ I( CM) craftsman

Of'itT <ADV) somehow, somewhere ~ CM) work, project, vocation
Of'itT ~ <ADV) nowhere Ofl14'6flaf
('>
CM) worker

Of'itT lft CADV) anywhere at a11 OflllfCjl4 CM) program

Of'itT 3fl1: CADV) somewhere else Ofl ltf f<'54 CM) office
Ofitl-Ofitl CADV) here ·and there Urdu: CM) d\Cfld(
"
Of'itT ;:r Of'itT CAD V) Ofl Ifc:t I~ (F) actions, measures
~CM) period, time
somewhere or other
Urdu: CM) 'JJ'I jtj I
 335
Cifll6'51 (A) black
~ ~ <PRO) nothing
Cfilll' fol;' <I NT) if only '-:>

Ofim (M) dog

~'-:> (CONJ) but '-:>

fofi <CONJ) that, or

Ciflld I
'-:> ,
6fl'ffi'
'-:>
(M) kurta
Ofi4 lft (F) Miss
fohd'il (Q) how much, how many '-:>

Ofi~H (M) potter

fohdlGI (F) bo.ok Hindi: ff) 'd,WCifl '-:>

~ (Q)where to, which direction

°tt<tfl, ~ (F) chair
~ <ADV) total
fdil'11U (M) side, edge '-:>

~ (M) total; generation

cfi ~'1 ft (PP) at the side of -.:.

~ fq(1'5j0f)( (ADV) in all, total

fdilC1}1'4d savings -.:.

fdhU41
(F)

(M) rent, fare

m'-:>
(M) porter, coolie
Cifl~l6'5 (F) well-being
Hindi· (M) ~ fare "'
Ofi4~fl (F) wrestling
fdhui\e:t< (M/F) tenant -.:.
~ (M) leprosy
{4j6'5 I (M) fort '-:>

Ofle'i I (ND pound

foh&l kilogram °'
fdtl~1fq~1 (F) raisin
Ofie:'i I (!) jump
°'
fdhe fmi\ (Q) why? what for? ¥441 (ADV) kindly, please
Urdu: q~(cif 141 on1: ~
fohe 1'1 (M) farmer
~ (F) kindness, favor
fofitft oblique form of~
Urdu: (F) i)~(cif 1;:ft
fohtl"I (F)k ind, type H1i?di·(M) CJOfi'R
~ (M) center Urdu: (M) 4<6fl"}
foh\lld ff )fate Hindi· (M) ~
m
;'.;.

(M) banana
foi)fel (M) story
Ofiot6'5 (ADV) only Urdu: ~
~ (M) insect
~ (M) hair (= [M] ~)
dfll4d (F) price Hindi· (M) ~
~ (F) saffron
Ofli4dl <A) valuable
~ (F) scissors
H1i7d1:- 4~4ct 1'1
°' ~ (A) what kind of
Ofl31T (M) well
':I
~ (ADV) how
~ (PRO) something
-.:.
~ (PRO) someone
~ (A) some
'-:>
~ (A) some [singular]
OM§'~ some more
':I
~ ~ (A) some other
~ -~ somewhat
-.:. '-:>
~ 3'ITT (PRO) someone else
~~~
~ tft (PRO) anyone
'
-.:. '-:>

(PRO) something or other

336

~~~ <PRO) -------------~----------

:someone or other {q·;g~{ (M) ruins
~ ~ ~ (A) some or other ~'Jf l'i I (M) treasure
o01<ft ff) residence li1e"IM <M) bedbug
~ (M) whip ~ (F) mango powder paste
OflldctlM (M) chief of police ~ CA) sour
m <M) corner ~ (A) standing
6fl'tqM <A) tender, delicate ~ OfiM I <NE) cause to stand
Ofll'l<"dl ~ <ADV) delicately ~~ (1) stand
OfllttM (F) nightingale W~ 14' CM) wooden sandal
Oflll\<V5 I <M) charcoal ~ CM) letter
OfiTu (A) blank Hindi· <M) q;:f; ff) fil~g)
dhl f'tt41 (F) attempt, effort l9dtf OfiM I finish
Hindi: <M) Yl\M Hindi> ftttlta 06("1 I
\OJft') Ofll ~l~I 6fll"1 I try l9dtf ~ be finished
~ CPRO) who Hindi:· ff"llt('f ~
~ ·CA) which <person) l9~H"1106 CA) dangerous
~ ID <A) which l9~HI CM) danger
m-, -~ CM) crow ~ see l9d'tf'
OfllT CQ) what ~ (F) news Hindi:· <M) ff'lli.11(
~ (Q) why ~ ofH""ll inform <= ~ OfiMO
of<:fifoh <CONJ) because lCj&l(clJ( CA) cautious, watchful
m revolution(F) Hindi> . .
Urdu: CM) l&I ~:rtotjM (CJ&Ha:I< <INT) watch out
m <M) anger Urdu: (M)
.
(qlH@, lo:tflM
. <M) idea, opinion
~ (A) hot tempered Hindi: <M) R4itH
O@ltl <M/F) class lCj(t fl~I CM) rabbit
~-tul CM) moment lCJ(<!{.sf1 CM) melon
~1UT l1( CADV) for an instant lCf{l&I bad Hindi> tiifU
. (A) ~

~1111' (F)pardon Urdu: (F) qiqfl' lCJU&ft <f) defect, trouble

~ CM) area, section, field (Cjll&I (F) hoarseness, sore throat
t/rdu: CM) ~M IOfi I l9lta\'1 I <NE) buy
 337

~ (M) expenditure
~ Ofl{:t=f I spend <money) ftct@:t=tl (1) bloom
fW<''>l{l
~ (M) expense
t4i~tjl <NE) 'couah
lcti«l (F) cough
*H1itd/· ofr ~
<M/F) player
fiCJ@I~ <PP) against

~ CF) cot ftct<",:t=f I CM) toy

{Cf l{l (F) bay ftctttdfi'11 (1) slip away, move over
"·
lCfl=tl'11 <ND pull, take (picture)
lctldl-tftffi <A) well-to-do
lGJIRil (F) honor-, service mT (M) cucumber
Hindi> CF) ijerr ~
'Cl
oneself li1ild1> ~
oll l<::Jlfal <PVi for ~ (M) God <Muslim)
'Cl

H1i1di: ~, ~ * * l~la\ll
{ct"if~
C'
CA) rough, uneven
~ (f) homespun cloth \l)
(F) khurchan (a sweet)
let l:t=f~ ltti (M) cook l~©:t=f I (I ) open

lGI l:t=f I <NE) eat ~ (A) open

let l:t=f I CM) food ~ ff) happiness
lGjltflqf (A) silent H1itdi«.ltt"":t=f d I
Hindi:~ ~ (A) happy H1ild1> Ytf ""'1
\l)

n~..,.ft
-l9-1q..... (F) silence ~
\l)
(A) dry H1ild1> ijtGfl'
<;;..

lC(TU (A) salty lCf1' <M) blood Hindi· (M) t-ffi'

~ <ADV)
l'\

lGJI& I (A) empty a lot

lGfR1 (A) main, important special l\<ill'~lld CA) beautiful
fcitHISI
Hindi:· H1nd1> ~
~ ~ tR (ADV) especially ~ (M) field
ltct::c:i{l (F) rice and lent i1 mixture •~ (F) agriculture
ftct~otfl ff) window ~ Ofil:t=f I farm
ft<:;Jd 1€4 (M) tit 1e ~ (M) game
Hindi: ff) ~ t4<1'5'1 I <ND play
RGJa\4d (F) service m (F) search
Hind,~· (F) ijon " I <ND lose Cobject)
{cfl:t=f
(O{ft) f{ej({4d/ 00 OfiHI serve lcil@:t=f I (ND open
lOlflRI CF> fame Urdu: (F) •
338 ..:...
i1lCf (M) vi l Jage
(~ 184 CM) dream Hindi: CM) ~q~ I
t IFiH (F) carrot
{~1~41 (F) wish Hindi: (F) ~'£01
~ (F) vehicle
-----------n------------- rrFTl' <ND sing
rrRT (M) song
TFTT CF) Ganges
rrr<l CF) cow
11-a:T (A) dirty
~11~1 (1) sink in
i Il:tf<!ij CA) absent Hindi: 31;:aq
\D
fl-ZRf
~ l~<Sil~ ff) confusion, trouble
l 11'4<!ij 6fifl'1 I make disappear
~ il'4<!ij ~ vanish
:1101{(31 (M) republic
~ IOl<:''i3l ~ (M) Repub lie Day
n'R'ft ff) abuse
t ll~Ofi, t] l~Of'i <M/F) customer
~I fOl<:i (M) rnathernat ics, arithrnet ic
flltjtjl <ND count
rrfu" (F) speed Unfu: ff) {'fklH
"' fll{tjl CJ) fall
~ I ~eyft(l5 (A) active
f11«•fiaH Ofi(tjf arrest
rn:.TI (M) donkey "'
PIUtjl <ND drop
~l'"a:tO ) dirtiness
fllUCf~ ff) decrease
n;:a:T (A) dirty
fll&ltf'.i (M) shoe cover
fFlT <M) sugar cane
rp:r (Ml grief
ifRr (M) song

Tfilfu (A) ser-ious

~ (A) moist, wet
~ CM) hooligan, hoodlum
i Ha\A, mfyf (F) neck
~ CM) raw brown sugar
m:tr, rri:f' Cb.) hot, warm
~ CM) good quality, merit
mlft. tttff' (F) heat, summer
~ CM) teacher Urdu:(M) 3~1a\
~ (f..,) poor, Hindi:· cit; I"
~!~Oii( (M) Thursday
~ (A) wrong
[ = CM) <S{~tttRiC4H]
~ IMa"'I ff) mistake
~ 1651&1 CM) rose
llM~I (I) melt \D

t!@l&ll (A) pink

fR1;T <M> throat
t!tel WD anger Hindi> CM) ~
(B") ~ ftl&tjl embrace, hug
ij::Jitjl (I) echo
~ (F) lane
~ ~<tl~T (M) carpet
~ <NE) knead
~ (M) house [ = (M) t:f(]
~ (/1) deep
tkdu: (M) lCJl'"'ll
 339
tj1i:ft' (F) cauliflower ~;ff€11 (M) sna i l
~ (,/J._) white, (fair) skinned cflcl<" I (M) confusion
tjR;ft (F) small ball, bullet ~ (M) horse
~ (M) meat \SlllSIOl i CF) announcement
in~~I CF) cowkilling
rITT (M) attention H1i7d/·(M) e<:JF{ -----------=t:'f-----------
$ ~ (ADV) attentively ~ (A) a few
(q'l) ~ 6fl{"'11 pay attention to ilOfi<" ( (M) pastry board
~ (M) planet il#l (M) cire le, round
mtr (M) vi I lage [ = (M) fliorJ ill?.4"'1 I (NE) taste
iJcqcl (A) spicy
ilgl"i CF) cliff, boulder
------------~-------------
(q() i14~1 (I) climb, go up
ctcl' (M) hour ~ (F) ascent
blc"i I (F) incident i141~1 (f~E) cause to rise, offer
e:fc"i I 0) happen ~ (M) chi ck pea
Cf IB:tu CA) inferior, bad quality ~' aj7; (M) moon
A
~ (M) pot ~ <"411"'11 to slap
~ (F) watch, clock iJq(l4} (M) office boy, orderly
e:f"'1€tll (A) extreme 'ilQkft CF) thin round bread
e:fcitll~I (}) worry iJtq<" CF) sanda I
~ (M) home ilci1 Fi I (NE) chew
"ER: ~ CADV) every house i140fi (F) shine
tJTC CM) ghat (river bank) i1'40fi"'11 (1) shine, sparkle
efflfo'5 CA)wounded !./rc/u: \ijl<?4"l 'i114~ I CM) leather
~ ff) grass -iJ-4-;s++~I CF) skin
eft (M) clarified butter 'i1'J:ITT CM) leather worker
'tlc"i I (M) knee
~ "il14"il (M) spoon
b1141"'1 I (NE) show around
~ ~ CF) discussion, mention
(q) €114"'1 I CI) tour around
0.. (OJft') ~ Ofil"il mention
tra
0..
(F) bribe (jrdu: CF> ft~a t/rdu: <OITT> ~ Ofi{"il
€\{"'11 CNE) surround i1<'3"'11 (I) go, walk, operate
340

'il<"l''"tl (NE) operate, drive ~ (M) sign

~ (M)eyeglasses {ij-'du:CF)~ ~ (F) thing Hindi> CFJ ~
~ ~ (F) excitement ~ CM) China
ajc:, ~ (M) moon ~ ff) sugar; CA) Chinese
'iliaAl ff) moonlight ~ (F) kite, eagle
~ CF) silver- •c:(<.qOfi (M) rnaqnet
\!) -

~
ti'..
(M) knife "ifcOfl'l ~ to pinch
'!I
"ill'ill ·CM) paternal uncle !il;+il <ND choose, elect
\!)

~ (F.l paternal aunt "i'.1"1 let (M) election

\!)

~ CF) sheet, cloth ~ CA) silent, quiet Urdu: l<:Jl"'1&1

~ (F) key 'ilU"11 <ND steal
'=>
=iJF:f (F) tea "'4~1" CF) tightness
"iJ l{q I~ CF> cot, charpoy
\!)

:qtr
°" .
(F) bracelet, bangle
~ (A) all (four) ~ (M) oven
~ 3fR <ADV) in all directions 'i{'"l"11 <ND kiss
'ill<"IOfi (A) cunning ~"11 <NE) suck
=t:t 16f<1' (M) rice :crnT CM) mouse
"i'.11~"11 (NE) want, wish, love °"
"f'.i~ldJ"1
C\
CM) mouse trap
"i:f I ~il (KO) "4!il0fi CM) smallpox
VERB + 'ill~il ought to 4la1et4l ff) warning
f\JOUN + 'ii I~il need, want ~ CM) disciple
~ (CONJ) even if ~ (M) face
~ .. ~ .. CCONJ) either .. or ~ (F) injury, blow
~<!tl (F) letter ( = q;:f)
.... ~ l41"11 receive blow
{lrdu: CM) l9'8' ~ et5~ 1"11 be injured
~i~<:fl (F) little bird =tf1tt CF) peak, braid
~ (F) annoyance ~ (M) thief
f:i1<.fi I (I) be annoyed ~ (F) theft
,~ CM) picture Urdu: (M) aeof){ ~ (F) bodice
Rl"fll (f) concern, worry ~ <M) market place, square
!kdu.· (F) ~ :iflo61aH (M) watchman
R:t~MF11 <ND shout, scream ~ CA) broad, wide
 341
~~ CA) fourth ~CM) wound Hindi· CM) ~
~~ (F) one-fourth ~ CM) world
\;itj4tlftjf (I) shine, shimmer
~ CF) place Hindi· CM) ~~
------------~-------- Offt ~ Ctf) <PP) instead of
~ CF) roof Hindi:· oTl' ~~ ff
0q;:i1 CD be printed \ii~ Iltj I <NE) wake up
~ CM) umbrella \;itj('f f CF) public, people

i9'Rft CF) chest ~ <M) person

~ CM) student ::Jjtjltj I (/1.) pertaining to women

~ CF) student \i'I~ lcil CM) Sir

~ l'.;f I <I) cover, spread over ~ CM) birth
{9'Ttf CM) brand ~when

<gqqtjf <ND print \i1&f(C\kf <ADJ) very strong, violent

F@q;:11 (1) hide \i1 cit {®1"' CF) fore e
f0q1~r (ND hide \i1&f{a\~ ~ <ADV) by force
tJ'fOfitjl (1) sneeze \Jjcil ltj ff) language, tongue
ifl' yechl (exclamation of disgust) Hindi·CF) ~ <tongue)
0 "ltjtj I <ND snatch (F) ~ <language)
~ (F) holiday n
\i1--cil-l~.... CA) by word of mouth
@etjl <D leave \iitftjl (I) solidify, freeze
(;\.,

~ <ND touch :jfqf CA) assembled Hindi> ~Ofi~ol

m
CA

CA) small \iftfT Ofi{tjl collect, gather

"
01~tji CND leave, abandon Hindi· ~Ofi~<SI Ofifi I
oITT' ~ Of\t CPP) except \iil11lql{ CM) hoarder
\;1111' ~ CD gather, assemble
\i141tjl CM) time, age, period
------------~------- "'
\iJS:fltj CF) ground, floor, land
\ii4t6' CM) forest Hindi> CF) ~
G(t lffi CA) wild ~ CA) a little
::A'"iJtj I Cl) be suited, be checked ~ CF) gold thread
. "'
'5':1'51 I( CF) chain ~ C/1.0V) certain Jy Hindi: ~
342
\lJ~la ff) necessity, need
\i'll&l (F) screen
Hind/· (F) 31 ICl¥'10fld I RJJ·d\~ n (F) life
;;i;:t) (A)necessary Hindi> 311014l10fl Hindi: ::tlCi'i
~ (M) water [ = (M) qr;:ft'J ~ CA) alive
!jrdu: (F) ~
Hindi: \Jflfcla
'J'f@'il (I) burn, be jealous
---f~fd\l&lld\ long live----
;;i@q 1'1 OVD snack
~ CM) mention
\ii~~~ (F) pretze 1-shaped sweet
Hindi: (F) ~
~ (F) haste, hurry
Ofi'T ~ IOlft ~ ofH'i I mention
~ (ADV) early
fiid'i I (CONJ) as much as
'JI011'1 (A) young
Ri}Jite:ll (A) responsible
'JIC:H'i (M) soldier, youth
RTJA1a:1ft (F) responsibility
'J'IOll;:ft (F) youth
Hindi: <M) dflld\IRCI
\ifct lcil CM) answer Hin(il:- (M) 3'W
AJ&l district
~ Ci"D poison Hind~· (M) m (M)

~ ~ (CONJ) so that
~ CCONJ) where
\Jfl' (honorific particle)
~ (f) thigh
\Jfl'a' (F) victory Urdu: ~
~ (F) investigation
~ld'i I <NE) win
\111~1'11 (1) wake up
~ (I) live
~ CM) winter,cold l.hiu:(F)~
\iftu (M) cumin seeds
~' ZT1"Rf (F) caste
'3flCl'1 (M) life
~ (M) rnagic
\if0fl14
\0
CM) cold (illness)
~ (F) life, spirit
\il4&
\0
I (M) sentence Hindi> (M)Ol IOftf
\Tl 1'10fllft CF) inforrnat ion
~
':l
(M) Friday Hindi> (M) ~'3flCll(
'Ji l'l"'IT'i I (~~E) know
::JiMB
':l c-.
CM) procession
\ifR q~'i I appear
~
':l
(M) cruelty
\ifR-GL~Ofll on purpose
~ (M) shoe, pair of shoes
\if l'iC:H CM) an i rna l [ = (M) ~]
~ (F) pocket
~ (1) go
~ (ADV) as if
'Si 1q (Ti CM) Japan
~ (REL PRO) who, which
mtf (A) current, in progress
\i1l~'i I (NE) add
~ (M) net
~ l:ft whatever
 343

\ljtt (M) strength

(Cf{) \ljR ~ (NE) emphas1ze
\ijt{ ~ <ADV) 1oud1y, with force ---------- -~-----------
~ (M) know 1edge m CM) stick
\ittld'.al (F) excess :SOfii{ CM/F) burp
il1ndi·(F) ~ -:--------c: --u~d---(-~th-)- :s'*ifl ff) robbery
""~ ~ Z:"fl<l"ll (I) co 1 e WI
'¥'f la\I (A) too much Hindi: "'ltotoO ~ (F) collision \S&l6' Utt Cf) <Western) bread
¥'f la\kH (ADV) mostly ~ (M) tub
~ CM) fear ( = [M] t:fq)
~ (M) tomato
Hmd1:~ zj1f (F) leg (~f) ~ (I) fear
\iOtl©l Cf) flame [ = CM) ~] ~ (M) flashlight
;sron (F) mail, post
~ (M) ticket
\fut t~ i4~cfl (M) vo 1cano ~ _ postage stamp :S IOfiCil( CM) post office
" ~ (A) durable
'SI ~ti I (M) postman
~ (F) piece
~
------ -- ---~ ~---------­ ~. ~ (M) forehead
beauty spot °'
CM) robber
~ (F) branch
~ (M) piece
~Shi{ <F) ringing :S 1<'5'11 (NE) pour, put
~ (I) break
~ flag "'
(M) c:z.T
"' ~
(A) broken
~Mil CM) can, container
~l 1>$1 CM) fight, quarre 1 ?Z (M) change
"'
~ (F) basket "i&ll"il CNE) sink, soak
'!)

~ CM) foam ittft (F) hat "i&lfll CD sink, drown

~1~"11 CND dust, sweep °'
---------CS' ---------- ~ CNUM) one and a half
~ CM) broom ~ (F) cold
~ (F) coldness
~1~611<61 CM) sweeper m(A) cold
~ (F) Jake ~
~
(I) stop, stay
(NE) stop, name,
------------G------------
~efi'i I <I) bow decide *1' CM) manner, style
~(15fl'l1 I (I) burn ~ (M) destination, place
t1cfi (A) correct
466'1 l <ND cover
~©fll'il CNE) burn ~ CNUM) two and a half
t1cfi
"flVfT (NE) fix, correct
~ (M) lie ~(NE) beat
~ CF) slope, shield
~ CtvD swing ~ CND search, look for
:jt©""l I CNDto l erate ~ CM) heap, pile
c= all H!J tR1 OIH'i 0 iFfT (NE) carry
~fiq{l (F) hut
- (M) bag [ OVD ~]
344

------------~-------------- etMIO(\ CM) divorce

a© 1~1 (F) search
a1T (A) troubled aolT (M) flat iron plate for cooking chapatis
*1° Ofifi I (NE) harass a41tl9j Ml'"'ll come (polite)
a"~~Afl (F) health
a~1f\q:; H4'"'11 sit down (polite)
Hil7di· (M) ~~
a~~&I CF) satisfaction, relief
~ (PP) until
a~c.f){ (F) picture Hind/· (M) FBT
dOfl&i'h (F) trouble Hli7di· (M) ~
df'fH (M) thief, smuggler
dOfl<rM'h (M) for ma 1ity
• \Q •
~ dvJ) tonga [horse-drawn cart]
~ (M) (sitting) platform
ai~llOllMI CM) tonga driver·
ffiCf (M) e lernent, essence, truth
tflotjd (F)strength H1i?di·(lvl) ~
~~ (CONJ) and
ffifofl (CONJ) so that
~~ (CON.J) even so, st i 11, yet
ffNrr (A) fresh
el'"'llOGll~, d'"'ll91~
• 0
ff) salary
a1\Nicil (M)surpri se Hin (f"l) 31 l~illi
H1i1di· (M) ~ ~

a1q41'"'f CM) temperature

~ (M) brick oven [ = CM) ~]
~ (M) wire, telegram
~ (ADV) then
~ (M) star
d&ll~ ~ (1) be ruined
allll9 (F)date /-li17d1> (F) ~
aot"'llfa (F) health, condition
eilllttj ff) praise Hindi· (F) Y~f~I
ai:ft' (ADV) only then
ffi'M' CM/F) beat (of music)
("ILi~I (F) desire
Cim CM) lock
aq i~i I (M) spectac 1e, show
a I<::" Ii.£( (M) pond, pool
att'r (F) wave
d1Ml4CF) education Hi!ldi· ff.l~~-n
etlctlalf (F) plan
dl~@Ofi(M)relation Hi11d1>(M)~
dl0fo6lff)progress Hi!ldl· (F) d"i fa "\O •

Rta(lfl (F) butterfly

~ (F)di rect ion Hindi> CF) 3ffi atq (M)pilgrirnage[=~~tmrr (F)]
Offl' ~fOfft 3fn: (pp)
~if~ (M/F) pilgrim
in the direct ion of
~ CADJ) fast, pungent, sharp
~ (F)manner,kind H1i7d1>(M)YOfill
alftU (A) third [ = ~]
Offl' ~ (PP) like [ = Offl' l.liftfJ
d~RI (A) your
af\Ofil (M) method
~(AOV)immediately. Urm1:~
dMctll (F) sword ~

~ Turkey
'::I
 345
(;&5"'11
'.:I
(f) comparison[= ~&..'fTff) J ~ (A) little
01ft' o6'"'11 if
'O
(PP) compared to
( = ~ m~..'fT) 1./rdu:

~ (A) third [ = ~;aUJ

*
tf'-::>Of\ l&f~ if
~ ~ quite a bit
~ ~ (a little) while
t<:frtt (f) theory
~ ff) satisfaction
~ <A,ADV) fast, sharp, clever
ll!i1d1:- m fast, quickly -------------'({- -----------
~ (M) oil -aft1UT (A) south
f4i1' oOT ~ kerosene ~ (F) time (occasion)
~ (A) ready HJ/;iai> (F) ~
~ Oftl"'11 prepare C::lhdl<M)office Hh7di.·(M)ofil:tf f@:q
....
att1fl (F) preparation C::&l 1111 (ND suppress
~ <D float, swim <;ti' (M) breath
ITT (CONJ) then ~ (F) kindness
ffi~"'11 <ND break dJ(::.ll'ijl (M)door Hindi· (M) G:R
ffiffi (M) parrot <;fl' ff) rug
ffl6'"'11 (NE) weigh ~ (M) dozen
~ (M) renunciation; ~ (M) class
"'
resignation tif'o'l1:(M) ~@ICfjl Hindi: (F) ~ (F) <50~11 (schoo D
~~I( (M) festival ~ (M) tailor
f316fllOI (M) triangle ~ (M) pain Hindi: ff) cft\fT
~ ff) skin ~ philosophy
(M)

(Ofil') ~ Oftl:r:tl visit

-----------~------------- ~ (M) party, group
~Oh"'11 (1) tire, be tired ~~ ff) medicine
~ (A) ·tired
a:410fl <M) decade
~OftlctG (F) fatigue ~ (F) situation,condition
~Ohl:r:t ff) fatique Hinr.i1:· (F) ftitfa'
~ (M) police station
'air (M) yoghurt
~ (F) eating tray ~ (M) dowry
~Ofl:r:tl spit
<:-.
(1)
~ (M) tooth
~ <M) bag ~ (F) beard
346
<;TCJ (M) paternal grandfather ~&1<"51 CA) thin
~ ff) paterna 1 grandmother ~&11(1 a second ti me, again
<;Fi (M) gift, alms '!;q:tjl~ I (M) misuse
'2f1T (M) grain, kerne 1 ~ (F)foul smell Urdu: (F)~
a:1~2Jl <A) full of grain ~ (F) accident
(!Jt:f (M) price l/rdu: ff) arntta ¥;tA<i (M) enemy flind1> (M) ~
2Jttla: (M) son in-1aw ~ <ADJ) wicked
~ (F) liquor, medicine ~~(l<i I (ND repeat
~ (F) lenti1s ~ CM) milk
<!Jck1 (f) feast ~ CADV) far
a:1f~<;:fl (A) right (='aF1f) ~<41'1 (F) telescope
R#a (F) trouble s_~a:4f'1 WD television
feJqtj I en seem, appear ~ (F) distance
fc:tC11~ ~ (!) appear ¥m CM) bridegroom
fC:lC11;::n (NE) show ~ (A) other, second
~ WD day ~ (M) view Urdu: ff) ~
fa?i41"9 (M) 24-hour period <=tfe0fl10I CM) viewpoint
~I~ .1 (M) lnte 1lect, brain d:tCi'"'i I <ND look at, see
~ (M) heart Hindi> (M) ~ ~ (ND give
R<V36fi41 (A) romantic ~ (F) delay
fe\<"5*"1+ci (A) interesting ~ ~ <ADV) late
~:q:p:fl(F) interest Hindl'(F)~ . . (M) god
~ (M) day ~ (M) country l/rdu: (M) ~
'I>
fa:'m (F) direct ion ~ (A) native
cttc!t CF) elder sister ~ (M) death
;;t)qbfi · (M) termite ~ <M) countryside
~ (F) wa11 ~ (A) both
~Ofil<i (F) store, shop a)q~{ (F) noon, afternoon
~Ofil'iC:H (M/F) shopkeeper ~ (AJ guilty
~ "'
CM)sadness Urdu: (M)3i'i)~'flft ~ CM/F) friend Hindi: ftrn'
~ (A) double ~ (F) friendship
~ (F)world Hifldi: (M) ~ H1i7d1> (F) ftl5klL ~
 347
a)~{F1 I (NE) repeat
~ (l"J) washerman
c:{l\S;o:i I 0) run etfR (M) rneditat ion;
cm (M) phase, stage
attention llrciu: rftt
~ ~ (PP) during
ell" ~ (PP) by
~ (M) malice, hate -------------~1
:::r ____________ _
~ (A) naked
~'T ___________ _ tjOfi@ (F) copy
-------------~
con'T) 'iOfi@ OhM I copy
~ (M) profession
"10fi<'fl (A) fake, copied
er;:r (M) riches, money "16Wl l(M) map Hindi: CM) 41'"1 ~'I
b!P=lttl (M) coriander
~ CM)town, city !./rdu: (M) ~
~T'lic:t IC:: (M)thanks ONTH hank you
'1~c{l6fi CADV) nearby .Hindi.·~Ofie
~

~qOff\ (F) threat

(M) spot
* '"1'Jjc06fi/P=ldfle (PP) near
~(F)view,eyesight Hind1>(M) ~
~ (F) earth
'1'i1 l{I (M) view
~(M)religion Uniu: (M) 4~~cill
'1cft\iil (M)result H1i7di.·(M) q~ll4
errOfi (F) renown
~ (F) river
~ (F) metal; root
'.:. ~ (A) little
bl I ftfOfl (A) religious
C140fl (M) sa It
eftl:rr CA) slow, gentle
'1Llo6'1C1 (M)sa lted snack (A) salty
t:fft (ADV) slowly C14 l\Jj (F) Muslim prayer
er31T CM) smoke '141'31. q(A'i
'.:.
. I pray (Muslim)
~ (F) diameter
'.:. "11i~'11 (M) sample
~ (F) washing, washing charge
'!:I ~ (A) new
'bt("} I~ I (NE) cause to wash
'.:. ~ (/\) soft
ep (F) sunlight
~ (M) faucet, tap
~ (F) pomp
~ Ofl{'i I destroy
~ (F) dust, dirt
~ (F) vein
~ (F) dhoti
~·H:ici\1..-c:O (F)vasectomy,steri l izat ion
~ (NE) wash
'1«lci11 (M) fate
~ f;IC1 (F) washerwoman
~ (F) canal
348
'1\'514i11 CD bathe c= ~ OfifiD ~ CM) essay
~ (INT) no, not A4.3101(M)invitation [ = (M) &l(.l510fl]
'O

~ ffi otherwise Prtf"fOI <M) control

;::rroo (F) nose P=f :qq (M) rule
;:nTr (M) cobra, snake f*f:qfqa (A) regular
~ (M) dance P=l<:tl\i1'1 (M) planning
'1 lil'1 I (~JE) dance A~410fi (M) director
;11\i10fi Ct:..) delicate
'.:>
Aa:M (ADJ) fault less, guilt less
'11e0fi (M) play, drama ~ (A) poor
'1Tffi (M) relation Ai.ft CA,0\/) dependent
~ (M) maternal grandfather f::lq fdI <M) producer
'1Fft (F) maternal grandmother AOf ift <M) residence
'1 lq'1 f <NE) measure P=f~ll\9 · (M) mark, sign
;:;rtf (M) name Fft(il:q CM)decision Urm.l/CM) ~~(.l51
'1141'1
"-!>
fdtl<11 CA,DJ) i mposs i b1e Alffija CADJ)carefree Urm1.·&i fqj(fl
Hti7d/· ~ R~El CAD.J) definite ( == q(')fOfll)
'1'1(J ft tA) orange ;ftc: ff) s Jeep
~ (M) sloqan ~ (A) low
'"1 HI~ CA.) arigry ~ <ADV) below, underneath
'11 ~=ti@ CM) coconut ~ ~ CPP) under, below
~ \F) dr·ain, ditch ;:f\"ffi' ff) po Ii cy
;:rrcf boat ~ ~
(M) lernon
;:mrr 0'1.l destruction 4l@q (M) sapphire
'11~cll (M) snack, breakfast ~ (A) blue
~Oflc <ADV) near "!Ofl't''ll\9 (M)harm, loss h'1itd1>CF)~
oll' MOlic (PP) near ~
'?I~
(M) ankle dancing bells
f'16h~;11 (I) come out ~ (M) dance
ROfl 1~'11 (NE) take out, remove ~ (M/F) leader
Roflcl'1 CM) house, place '21ct@I CM) mongoose
R~l('ft=il (I) swallow ;:fre- (M) banknote
~ (ADV) daily t.lrdu: ~ ~ (M/F) servant
~ OVD death ;:fiOfl(l~""I (F) servant
 349
'°118hfl ff) job, service tRfT CM) leaf
~llf <M) justice Urdu: (M) ~"ft ICfj ~ZR (M) stone
~ llf 16'lf <M)court ilrdu: ff) 31 a:IMd ~ ff) wife
q;y (M) letter Urdu: (M) ~

q~Ofil
------ _____q _____________ _ qif (M)
(F) magazine
path, road
~ (F) line, row ~ CM) position
cRq' <M) wing q<;r~ (M) matter, substance
tRcfT CM) fan q;;:fT <M) page; emerald
q·itllfd (F) council qcfta I <M) papaya
qfsa CM) priest ~':I
<CONJ) but t/rdu: ~ 1$"1
40fi~"11 (NE) catch CR CPP) on, at; CCONJ) but
40f\"11 CD cook ~(M)curtain;vei 1 wearingCpurdah)
40fi1 CA) ripe q{d:~I (M) foreign place
qOfi 1"11 (ND cook q(il¥H (M) God
q0f)1~1 (M) deep-fried vegetable q{a:qu ff) tradition
40f0fil CA) finished, certain q{Clh5 (F) care, concern
q~f (M) side, party, aspect q{ffi CM) day after tomorrow;
q~.ft CM) bi rd day before yesterday
q~ I~ (F) turban q{fti{ <ADJ) mutual
q'il"11 CI) be digested q fl=illf (M) acquaintance
q:vifl'Efl (F) parchlsi Urdu: CF) Ol IOfj fttjlf a
q~'"'fl CO fall, lie qftf:iidCA) acquainted Urdu: 6flfc!ij'fj
qq""f I <ND study, read q flo11q CM) resu It Urdu: CM) "1dl\il I
441"1 I <ND teach qfletd<-~(M)change Urdu:<F) d&lcfl6'1
qq;T< -f©lctO CA) literate q ftctiJ"1 CM) transportation
q-alT CF) kite qft:.ll(CM) family Urdu.·(M) l~1"1a:l"1
q(i(t} I CA) thin qft~(M)labor Urdu: CF) ~
traT CM) address qf{151a: ff) council, conference
(Ofi'T) traT 6'~ 11"1 I <ND qftft~ (F) ci rcumstance(s)
find out, locate qfte{Of) (M) examiner
~ CM) husband qft~ff(F) exam Url7Z1:(M) ~'dijl"1
350
qlt~ff ~ take exam ~ qf{ <PP) across
qfteff ~ give exam qf{ Oflfl'"l I cross
q1:~n~ (A) troubled, q1@0fi (M) spinach
inconvenienced q1~'"il CND bring up, rear
q)411;:ft (F) difficulty, trouble (q{) q1~~I OfiRI <ND polish
~ .
qef(f (M) mountain trm' CADV) close, nearby
~ (M) moment ~ cntr <PP) near
~ (M) bed ft1@<131 (A) last, previous
qf~5i (AQ.J) holy ftrffi (M) father ["' CM) ~]
qf4~ (M) west Urdu: CM) iii I Ri, ({
~ 3TF1T (KQ) like cft@I (M) back, rear
~ OfH"'tl (NE) like ~ <ADV) behind, in back
~~ CKQ) like oii° ~ CPP) behind
q~"t:tl'"i (F) identity, tfk'"i I <ND beat
sign of recognition cfto (F) back
qWitl'"i<l=f I (NE> recognize ~ CF) pain Urdu: (M) ~
q~:;::i:;:; I <ND wear cfuf1' (F) generation
q~<"I (A) first cfktM CM) brass
~ (ADV) at first, previously cfF:n' (NE) drink
ct ~;B' ~ CPP) before cflm (A) ye l1ow
q~(~ (M) mountain 4\Jtlfl (M) priest
'¢

q{it'"il (1) arrive ~ (M) r·el igious merit

q~ill"'il (NE) take, cause to arrive q;f
'¢
CM) son
qfq' <M) foot qn•oflH
'¢
(M) reward
qrof) (M) syrup q(l"'f I
~
(A) old
q IG1 IA I (M) cotton pants troSf(M) man ilrdu:·(M)
'¢
S'lla:ifl, ~
qra (M) lesson CfM" (M) bridge
'¢

q IOOfi (M/F) reader qRr(t3.41 (A) masculine (gender)

'-!)

q 1(3iiq~Ofi (F) textbook

'.:;.
q~fi
~
(F) police
q"R (M) bete 1 leaf (for chewing) q~Ofi (M)book Urdu: (F)fci;a1&1
'¢

qFIT (NE) find GWOfll~ll (M) J ibrary

'-!)

qpft CM) water f/rdu: (M) fcfia l&ll91'1 I

 351
~ CF) tail YOfil{(M) manner !./rdu: ff) ~µ{
q4§~1 (ND ask YOfi l~I~ (M) publication
C\

q;:;rr (fl worship

C\
YOf; I ~kl ~ be published
q\ifT OhMI pray Urdu: ~ OfiMl YOhl~ki 6fif"ll publish
~C\
OVD east ( =tpf) ~ (A) nature
qu (A) complete
C\
t1ft:r CA) every Urdu: ~
q__tT (F) ::f.:141dl fried in oil YRf fc3hlfl ff) reaction
quf CA) full, complete CJfaijl (F)promise Urdu: CM) Cf llla:I
'"'
qioft CF) earth qfa° ~ (ADV) every day
q3 CM) page Urdu: CM) ~ yfaq~{ (M) agreement
ere- CF) trousers y{B;j~ CM) restriction
q·f€<'3" (f) penc i I Yfa:tilfttdl (F) competition
~ CM) stomach Urdu: CM) 40fi 1&1<"51
\:I •

~(M)tree [ =C{~11 Urdu: (M) a\ll<:'d (qft) ~~-TT Of) {tj I wait for
~ CM) a sweet Urdu: COflf) ~;a \1J I{ dfl(~ I
~ (M) profession Y~Of) CADJ) each
Q~ pq (M)message Hindi· CM)B..-d'.:&I q~ <ADJ) fi r·st ( =q~(\'5 ()
~ (ADV) on foot Ya>~fc=t (M) show, exhibition
~ Ofi(~I grow, give birth to Urdu: CF) i4 l~~I
Q41'il (M) scale ~ (M) province [ = (M) tJRT]
~ (M) leg, foot Urdu: CM) ~
C\

~ CM) money qtW'1 (A) principal

cfi~llOfl (F)uniform Hindi: (F);rcff ~CM) arrangement [ =af..-~&I~]
qim (M) plant Urdu: (M) ~TO(t\i.f lq
cfi;:t' (NUM) three-quarters ~ (!vl) manager
c:ftisr CM) Hindu month Dec/ Jan< =tL~=n qi..ncf CM)influence Urdu: (M) ~
Cl{(~ (M) onion yq101 (M)proof Urdu: (M) ~
C\

~ (M) 1ove !./niu: ff) '!43Mfd Y4l6f

..., (ADJ) chief, foremost
t:at 16' I <M) cup COfij) yzj)~ I ofH'i I use
~ CF) thirst Urdu: OfiTrooT ~~q I@ otlM I
~ &t~l~I
'¢
quench thirst m (M) entry, admission
utlij[ (A) thirsty Y'?ff (M) question l./rdu: (M) 'fief I(")
352
Y4i+tl ff) praise lirdu: CF) (•t1fttlfj '1il~111 <NE) tear
Y+i:r::tctlff)happiness !/rdu:(f) ~
'O
"1)142J (M)advantage Hindi:· CM) ('5Tq
~ (A) famous Urdu: t:f~I~{ Cafrr) YjP4 a:1 f<'ffli \331 '11
Yfal<:.i CM) proposal take advantage of
crR1 (MJprovince l/rdu: <M) ~
C\.
t'fll<r~'.:>l:e=f Hindu month Feb/March
Yl<:ffaon C/lJnatural <= ~) -~-lfl-ff (f) Persian
CJ ,'4+i.~.....
......... '1 (A) old, ancient ~ (F)worry Hindi> (F) fii;:a1
CJTOT CF) life, vital breath ~ CADJ) infatuated
IB:~ (ADV) in the·morning ftt.t<~ 0 CM/F)foreigner (A) foreign
[ =~] Llrdu: ~ q Hli7di· CM/FI A) R4 cl\Qft
qn...,-:tf 140fl CM) professor ft.ITT: <ADV) again, then
~ CM) province ~H'1 I CI) move about
CJTt(1 6fH11 I ob ta i n mlft (ADV) nevertheless
t.11n;:~ I fB<1" on<11 I fqj<rtf (F)film, movie(::: [M]'ii<1'5R:i51)
i:;rriRT CF) prayer qftffi' (M) tape, shoe lace
ftF:r (A) favorite qfm' (F) fee
~ (M) love CfHfld Cf) leisure time, free time
'<!)

cflOf\'11 <NE) blow

C\.

"'het'1 I 0) break
---- - ----Cfl--- - - ----- ~
C\.

C\.
CM) flower
Cfi<1'4fllft CF) cauliflower
C\.

Cfic11 I n) tear 'ti@tj I <I) puff up

CfiGT (A) torn Cfi.Of\'11 CNE) throw
tfiOff (M.ldifference fli11di'(M) ~ Cfi(tjl CNDmove s.t. in a circle
Cfjfo-,(~I CM) furlong<= 1/8 mile) '"*Mtj I (I) spread
~ (M) floor 4*('."51"1 f <ND spread
~ ([v1) fruit Cfll~tjl (NE) break, burst
Cfl6'6fl(l51 (M) fruitse1ler ~(ADV) i rnrnedlate ly H1i7d1>~ 'O
~ '+IMtci~q (PP) as a resu It of
~f{M (F) crop, harvest
~ CF.l noose
'+ilcOfl a·!) gate
 353

- ----------~----- :::r - ------ ~ CM) carpenter

Gl4;:<fl (I) increase
l;f·~ l<'SI<F; AD.J) Bengali (language)
&f~F'il (NE) increase
cit·~ IM I <M) bunga 1ow
at<;lct (M) increase
~ (A) closed
;iJ4:;q1 (A) good quality
~ ofH\11 close
cila ,., I <ND tel 1
cil·a:~ nlfr (f) cabbage
~ CF) light
~ CM) monkey
~ (A) bad
cii'a:li 11~ CM) harbor
~ (M) body
~ (F) gun
cilC::.,14 (A) infamous, notorious
(;lf.c{ldllre CM) arrangement
;ia:~·kt (A) ugly Hindi:· l.ll1'
[ ~I ~T'€1\J'} Iii]
;;i C::M;:<f I (D change
(ijofHI CM) goat
&I a:<" I (M) revenge
ciiOfltl ff) goat
ofi ~ (q) (PP) instead of
&IOfiGi lft (M) nonsense
~(F) congratulations
<!ijil('3 (F) side, armpit
Urdu: tlat HOfi
qft' (iji I@ q <PP)by the side of 'O

&f;:<ftjf (1) be made, become

&IOflft/¢fO'Rt CM) trunk, box
&f.,1'11 (NE) make, build
an~ft~1 CF) gift, tip
*·~
~
(PP)without
Ofl{'i I save (money)
Hindi>*~ &f<li IOle (F) construct ion
&f Atlltj (F) undershirt
~ CM) monkey
cifil:t=f I CD escape, be saved
Gf'2'.f l;Mf (M) statement
Gf'if I., I <ND save
~ (M) bomb
ait 'il4T1 CM) ch l1 dhood
&1la:I@ Ofl{;:<f I to le rate ( = tl~'iO
&f't.'ifl CM) chlld
\iH&f IC:: Ofl{;;I destroy
<Sil'Vifl (F) little girl
aiR:tl' (M) year [ = CM) qt'f]
&l\i'ITOll (1) sound, strike
Urdu: (M) ~
&1"'11\:f I <ND play (instrument)
&IHi;Mf I (1) rain
of; cil\iillt (PP) instead of
cillltl Id (F) ralny season
~ o'clock
of; &f llcil{ CPP) equa I to
~ (M) purse, wal1et
[ =ofi° :a 4 ftj' otft' ~]
\!)

~ (A) large, big

&Hl4a:I CM) verandah
354
~ (M) vessel &\I l'l'J I~ (M) market
~ ff) snow, ice Hind/· (M) ~ ~ (F) flood
~ (F) barfi (a sweet) ~ ff) conversation, matter
;;p::~'fM I (A) snowy ~ Ofi('11 converse
~ d'1) ernphasis, force 611d"4lct ff) conversation
6iMl~I~ (M) rape * cif'n; (PP) after
q ftiOh (CONJ) on the contrary ;rra:: ft (ADV) afterwards
~ \M) Spring Urdu: (F) ~ 611C\('3 (M) cloud
~ 0 ~JT) enough &I lcl:~ll~ CM) emperor
~ (ADV) only ~ CM) father [ = (M) ftra"rJ
61~+11 (l) settle, inhabit ~ (M) paternal grandfather,
i£1'81tjl (NE) settle, inhabit old man
~ (F) colony, settlement ~ (M) clerk
~ (F) sister ~ (A) left
61~~ (1 J flow orTt <FHirne, occasion Urdu:~
61~1tjl (NE) cause to flow ~ ~ CADV) again and again
~ (F) Spring Hind/· (M) cif~"'fl aoR~I ff) rain
~ (,A,) much, many <SilflOfl CA.) fine, delicate
~ \ADV) very, a lot ~ ~ ft (PP) about
61~4T~MI (A) multistoreyed ~ (M) hair·
&lt14fl (M) majority ~-~ (M) children
61~cfiFi CM) plural cif j(!<!) ff) bucket
~ (F) daughter-in-law oil' &I 1Cf'1_cl\ in spite of
~ie'il (NE) distribute, divide ~ (A) stale
~ (NE) tie ~ CADV) outside
<$ ~
~

~ (M) bamboo CPP) outside

~Ofi'i I
~

~ (F) arm (l) se 11, be sold

~(A)rernaining, rest Hind/· ~ f;t{<=H'1J (l) scatter, be scattered
~ (M) garden Hindi> CM) q;:oitjc ~~l~'il (J) spoil, be spoiled;
~ (M) tiger get angry
~ 0"'1) musical instrument FBI~ II~~ I 0~£) spoil
~"<'%IC\ (M) scorpion
 355
1~0'1 I (1) be spread ~ (A) aged
f;f 01'1 I (NE) spr-ead out i~tci Rt (M) Jupiter
f;i"'1<fj (F) electricity, lightning 61:~~ Riot I{ (M) Thursday
[=(M) ~] ~ - (prefix) = suffix -less
f;t fell I (F) daughter 1:e. cilfeOfie = ticketless
f&ta l'i I (NE) spend (ti me) ~Ofl{I{ CA) rest Iess
of;" ~ (PP)without L.lrdu: ofl ~ ~(A)use less, unemp Joyed
~lla:fl (F) re1atives ~Ofilll (F) unemployment
f&t~Ofl@
\:>
(ADV) complete 1y cllil;oi I (NE) se 11
~@'ii Cl) be rolled out JliiHI (A) helpless
~<:!'&} (F) cat ~~;:ft (F) restlessness
f;i~HI (A) forgotten Jl'itl~ (A) unrnatched
f&l~l (M) bedding ~ (M) son
~ OflT (A) middle ~ ff) daughter
cf;" ~ (PP) in the middle of <fui!q~I (A) i J Jiterate
~ (M) seed ~ CM) a fruit
&lld'i I (I) pass (ti me) <fuil@'i (M) rolling pin
cif\41 { (A) ill cil@'i I 0-~E) ro I I out
cilll4 Ill (F) illness Hindi· (M) WT <fuilct0fi'1i
c-... (A) foolish
~ (F) wife Hindi· ff)~ ~ CADV) undoubtedly
61(21
'-:> •
I( CM)fever Hind/· (M) \jC{'{ ~ CA) better
cij,~'i I (I) be extinguished ~ (M) eggplant
&Jifll'il
-.:;.
(NE) extinguish 4~ j;:ft (A) purple
61a1q1
-.:;. .
(M) old age ~ (F) meeting, sitting room
61falfl
-.:;. .
ff) old woman ~ (1) sit
~ (f) intelligence ~ (A) seated
~
\0
(M) Wednesday ~<31'1 r (NE) seat
&l'i'i I
'¢
(NE) knit, weave ~ (M) waiter, bearer
cilAlflc!l
'!!
(A) basic, fundamental ~ (M) ox
~
-.:;.
CA) bad Urdu: l9ll61 ~ (M) burden
cil@l'i I (NE) ca 11
'-:> &Ila@ ff) bott 1e
~
c-..
(F) drop ;fri CM) board
356
.....
(!if 16''1 I CU speak ti 1~441 l&l CA) lucky
ciJI 1~01 (M) Brahman ~. dl
tlrdt.1.· lct~I fBhfl"f
~1'3~ CM) blouse lmf (M) rice (cooked)
l1fl.ft' (F) older brother's wife
l.lTm CMHndia {l(-c7lcCM) ~T'~~l'i
-------------l:f-------------
t:ll«ft:tf CAHndian l./rdu: ~T'~~l4t
~ (M) store, storehouse l:rrft CA) heavy
~ i nforma I term of address ~~ CM) bear
l:JTfl' WDdevotee CA) devoted t:l lc:f'1 I CF) feeling
l:rffii ff) devotion ~ CM) speech
ti~ lc:t 1'1 <M) God l-TI1SIT <F) language t/n::lu: CF) ~GI Ff
ti~ 11'1 I <NE) chase away n:ttt (F) okra
l1\lFf CM) devotional song fqOfllfl CM) beggar
°Yd~1\11 I CM) nephew Cbrother ' s son) fl:r;;; (J.J different
~ (A) ugly l./rdu: &la\~c-.(d lft CADV /PART) too/a !so
t:l:tf 1'10fi CA) terrible lfRq' qji 1'11 beg
tf'FIT CI/NE) fill (up) ~ CF) crowd
tfm (ADV) plentiful
c;,_
~ <ADV) inside
tf'U (A) full ofi ~ (PP) inside
i:rilm" (M) trust, confidence ti~ 1'11 (NE) bake; cash (check)
~

itil~i::(e: CA) trustwor·thy lfCf (F) hunger

lR'5T CA) good ~ CA) hungry
l:rcR' (I'll) building Urdu: CF) ~lil(d lf h<.T3 CM) geography
lOIRllSlf (~) (M) future (tense) iia CM) ghost
Urdu: ~ 1~·a:1 l{oOfl 1<'3 CM) past tense
+nTr CF) bhang, marijuana i:r;;:rr CNE) roast
°'-
'414'1 I (~,JE) guess ttftr CF) earth
°'-
~ (M) brother t1ftl0fl1 CF) role
°'-
l.lTfT (M) part Urdu: (M) fm:m ~ CA) brown, gray
1"11~1'11 (I) run, flee ~ CF) error
G'.

~CM) fate l.·'l-L1l1.·(F) [5f:ifl"fd 11<"'1 I Cl) forget

 357

~ ff) visit, meeting; gift rnTI: (~) (M) crocodile

!Jrdu: ff) 't<" IOfitd
.\::)
q'i'.0( CM) mosquito
ll\ittj I (NE) send 14"4!>'la:14' (F) mosquito net
~ (F) sheep Ll4.9&1"' ff) flsh
'4~41 CM) wolf 4~<tHM/F)laborer Hindi: (M)~
~ <M) secret ~ CF) labor, labor charges
~ (F) water buffalo tl\Jj&j$1 <A) strong
~ (M) water buffalo G\Jidf{ (,~) helpless, obligated
· ~ CM) brother [ = (?)Iii HJ
'
'41'31'1 (M) meal i+iJ'itj CM) subject Hindi:- CM) Poibftt
im 6fil;>t I eat tfjfl' (M) fun, pleasure
'416fitj I (I) bark q'ijlctt (M) joke
tl~C::ll (A)tasty Hindi> to11Re
tfG{ (M) peas
----------~J:f-------------- qa- (M) opinion, vote
tRi (negative particle) not
i:i~ IM CM) Mars tkl@&i (M)meaning Hindi· CM) ~q
11~ 1(150( I{ (M) Tuesday ~ (f)help Hindi· ff) fl\11ttat
"'
q~ Iltj I (NE) order <Offt) ~ Ofi(tj I help
m (M) tooth powder qer (M) honey Urdu: (M) ~
"'l>

tifGJ<."5 CF) f1 oor; goal qbT{

\::)
<A) pleasant (sound)
~ 6flM I accept ~<1 (A) central
°'
"
Hindi> ~16fill 6fiMI q;:f (M) mind, heart
t(;s<tl ff) group, gathering 4tjill~I (A) favorite, desired
ttm (M/F) minister urdu:(M) ~ 4tjtlifqj¥ <A) favorite, desired
~ (M) May J.'{;u Ofi(i=f I <ND forbid
~ (f) corn tftj ltj I (NE) celebrate
tlOfi~"I ff) spider "ftj 1;oi I <ND persuade
40hl"1 CM) house Lftjlt) ff) restriction
q0f15fl) (F) corn tf~lfJitj <M) entertainment
.....
40flcft (F) fly ti~ I~{ (A) beautiful
tfm <CONJ) but tl{C!J'l'11 (A) rnascul ine
358

~ (I) die ~ (F) mother tongue

(Off\') '"H"td cf'I(~ I repair '"ffqf CM) forehead
~ (M/F)pat ient Hindi> <M) U1ft ~ (M) medium
~ (F) wish J:fA' (M) respect
46'4<" (M) velvet q 1'1'11 (NE) believe, accept
4~141<'3
'¢
(A) busy Hindi:· &q ~ J:fA' &l ~il suppose
1'1~1~{ Hindi>~
(A) famous J:fFIT (CONJ) as if
1'1B<'31 (M)problem Hindi> ff) ijtfµ;t I ~ Ofil'il excuse H1ndi.·~-ttrr Ofil'il
4Bl©I (M) spices tflqft (F) excuse H1i7d1:·~fq'T
~ (M) gums tfl4<'31 (M) matter
1"I f01 a: (F) mosque 4ltff <M) maternal uncle
4~4 II (A) expensive tf1tft (F) materna 1 aunt
1'1~411~ (F) inflation 4146'1 "
(A)ordinary Hindi.· Blc:muT
\:»i

q~,61 <M) importance tf lliOfil(M) wife's parents' home

4~,0l'{vf (A) important 4 il'i I (NE) beat, kill
4~616f (M/F) lover till 'S 1<'3'11 <NE) ki 11
°'
~ (F) kitchen-maid ofi tfTI: (PP) because of
~ (M) palace i:rrrf' (M) way, path
tf ~BB Ofil'i I feel tfl©" (M) goods
°'
tf~IU\51 I CM) king qm (F) garland
4{51~1ffh (F) superpower 41~0fi (M) landlord
4~©1 (F) lady ~ (M) gardener
4tl'11 (M) month [ =tfra] '"I l~ff known
ql (F) mother ( = [F] tfRIT) 4 !<'5l4 8f'i('1 I find out
°'
Urdu: (F) 61 l<ra:I 41<'34 ~ (KO) know, seem
°'
tfll'r (F) request, order trm' (M) month
tti41'1 I (f~E) ask for ftle'i I (l) dee rease, fade
4l41Y'i (M) application ftle 1'11 (NE) reduce
q l°'J1'1 I (NE) scrub, scour ~ (F) clay
41 fiifi (M) matches ~ Ofil" ~ (M) kerosene
[ = ff) fa:lilB©l~J ~ (F) sweets, candy
trraT-fe«:rr parents [ =ql -6fl"Cf] fllol~ctl<"I (M) sweetseller
 359

finl CM)friend L/rdu: CM) ~ ~ (F) death

'Q

ftRt' ff) green pepper q <PP) in

fq&'i I <I) meet ~ <M> frog
fll(131'9 I CND mix ~ (F) table
ftlB I& Cf)examp le Hi!fd1:· CM)l\3 dJ~lOI Ll4ttlt1iil Lady, ma'am
ftlt4' (M) carpenter it:1' <PRO) mine, my
ftrijOI (M) mixture ~ CM) fair
rftor (A) sweet it~'ia (F)toi 1, labor Hindi: (M)qft~
¢ft CM) clerk
\Q
it~til'i (M/F) guest
~ CM) face, mouth
'1:1
Hindi.· CM/F) ~
J40fia:ti I (M) court case
\Q
il~lell l;ft<flkindness H1nd1><F)arm
~
\Q
CA) main C3't 1460l) tt~(cill 14l Thank Cyou)
af; tid IR;fOf'i accordi nq to q <PRO) I, me
~
'¢

fl!i1dl' *
31"1tl ll
CM) child
'1:1
~·

~ CM) white flour

~ (M) field
'l>

~ CA) free
\Q "'
H1i7d1:· R:~
\ ; . , - ••
4ffi (A) dirty
'1&1
'l>
ll6fi congratulations q):cft CM) cobbler
'14~'9<ADV)
'l>
possible H)i7d1>~ ~ CM) sock
Ifi1i' OVD rooster ~ (F) car, motor vehicle
'Q

l'.flff
\I>
(F) hen rfteT CA) fat, thick
9,<6 IOf'.ild (F)meet ing Hli1di.· (f) ~ ~ CM) pearl
14 ~(13 (A)difficult Hilfdi.· Oflfa'i
'1:1
tjl'{ CM) peacock
Llf0fill'91 <NE) smile
\I> \I>
~ CM) chance) opportunity
Ll'E'i<'.'541'9 Muslim H1i7d1> (M) ~
'1:1

Llft(fqi{
'l> •
(M/F)traveler ~ <ADV) present
(;\.

Hind;> CM/F) ~ ~ CF) death

L!#\&k1
'l>
CF) trouble tft@:r CM) weather
q~&ikl
'l>
(F) love H1i7d1:· CM) ~ ~ CF) mother's sister
Ll~<t&I
'¢
CM) neighborhood
4i ICflcJl
c-
(F) peanut
~ CA) foolish
~
a-
(f) statue
360

-- -- -- ---tr---------- ----- -----':{'-----

~ (M) machine trT <M) color
ll~l'li (M) confidence, be 1ief ~lafl (F) dish
H1i1d1:· <M) fdf 4ct I~ ttll (M) blood {Jrdu: (1'1) ~
~Offl'li Ofll'1 I believe leff ff) protect ion, security
/-11i?di: PEt~l~ 6fi<'11 Urdu: ff) ~~ l\ijd
~ (M) sacrifice (Olft) {~ff/ ~'{il\ljd Ofi{'11 protect
~ (CONJ) if Urdu: 3lm Rct"il (ND keep, put
~ CPRQ) this; he, she, it ~ ff) composition
~

;qm here f-CFfT (ND create

o1l' ~ at someone's place «'1" (M) gem
~ right here '{if CM) chariot
:!TI (CONJ) or «ft' ff) waste
~ (F) trip {Jrdu: (M) ~ m (F) report
:qr;ft' (M/F) traveler, passenger ~di{
.., (F) speed Hindi: (F) rrfa'
f/1du: <M/F) J:lijRll
'=> •
l« (M) juke, pleasure
~ (F)memory Hindi> ~ ~ ff) receipt
~ Oflfl11 remember ~ en: (M) kitchen
~Uct""l I memorize ~ ff) rope
~ \CONJ) i.e. Hli1di' 3lirfu'..... ~ ~ CM) way of life
~ (M) friend (familiar) ~ (1) 1ive, remain
$ (M) war Urdu: CF) \llfl' {d~Of I~ I CA) inhabitant
ll'li 1'1 <M) Greece
'¢
~ CF) black mustard seeds
<f (ADV) thus UZ-ffi (M) demon
4)H1dl (F) ability ~ (M) rule
:it"l\J1'1 I (F) pl an Urdu: (M) tF"1'ti<il I lfjf <M) secret
~ <F) capital
(l\Ji;:f\l?f (F) politics
U\1t1" CM) king
-mf1' (ADcJ) willing, agreeable,
agreed Hli1d;;· B~tfa
 361
U'5fllC1~
. (A) we 11-being
",:) Titt (F) bread
U\itf <M) state U;u <ND cry
~ ClH'11 govern ll&l;:ft (F) light Hindi: (M) Y6fl IQI
mt (F) night
u;:ft (F) queen --- ----- --~------- -----
Uli llJOI <M) the Ramayana MOfi~"I (F) wood ( = [M] OJira)
u<:f' (F) opinion, advice 6'ofil( (F) line
~ CM) nation @~ 1'11 (I) be installed
(l~qfa CM/F) President @~ 1"11 <KO) feel
(lel(;{
A
(A) national ~ (ADV) approximately
U0T (M) path, road (Y5it1an CADV) continuously
~ <F) way @ill"11 CND install, apply
ft0Ri11Cll631 CM) rickshadriver 6'\S6fl I OVD boy
ftOl 1\if CM) custom M~OfO CF) girl
flti'le:H relative (~) 6'~"11 (I) fight
ft¥ta ff) bribe HifJd1> ff) ~ ~ (F) war
ftIB (F) method. custom &dlY) I WD joke
;Qfi"1 I (I) stop (13Cfi\Jf ~
..... (M) word fl1/1di· CM)
~ ff)interest Urdu: CF)fa:@::zttcft ('5J:&f I (A) long, tall
'6qtJT (M) rupee ~ (M) clove
fiLf IM CM) handkerchief @AA (F) Jassi (a drink)
~ (M) form, beauty ~ (f) wave
~ CM) Russia <"iH'1"1 (M) garlic
' Q.

~fltRH"1 CM) desert ~ (M) blood

~ ff) sand ~ <M) hundred thousand
~ CF) railroad 6' IGtCI lcil (A) unmatched
~ CM) silk ~ ff) lottery
mift CA) silk, silky ~ CF) stick
UOfi"1 I (NE) stop @la\~I (NE) load
Un' (M) disease <151'11 (= ~ ~) <D bring
~ CADV) daily ffil1 <M) profit llrdu: (M) <ijltfC!]
<l'JJl"11 CA) daily Ml<Oibfi CA) v1orth(y) Hindi: tj\TI:r
362
~ CF) truck ~ CADV)et cetera Hindi: ~
~ CM) red ~ (M) weight
<'nMe"1 CM) lantern ~ CF"J reason Hindi· CM) Ohl{OI
f(;sTr CM) gender Offt ~ ~ CPP) because of
~{4"11 CNE) write Hina>> o1i' 6fl 1(0 I
f(;5{q I (A) written ~ CM) minister Hli1d1:· CM) 1:f;ft'
~ CF) script ~ CM) bridegroom
Rt5"{1 ltfj I CM) envelope erFITCCONJ)otherwise Hindi.·~ifl'
cf;° ~ CPP) for·, in O('der to qrf' (M) c1ass
m- ~
CM) plunderer, robber crcff' CF) un i for rn !/rdu: CF) cfl ~llOfi
~<!"11
(;'.
(I) steal orsf' CM) year Urdu: (!vj) Bm
('5 fcli"1 <CONJ) but Hindi:~ 21isf~1ioff)birthday <= [MJ \li::ttf:;;:p
~ "°
(t-1) eirticle, writing !/rdu: (M) ij1<'5Pll~
<'5lct0ti CM) writer CflS1i' (F) rain [ = CF) iill~I]
~ "ilM"'il take s.t. somewhere ~ CM) Spring ( = [M] ~)
65' \5fRT take s.t. somewhere tkdu: (F) ~
<'5e"11 CD lie down ~'.:> (F) thing Urdu: (F) ~
~ CNE) take ~ <PRO) that; he, she, it
.... .
Ml6fk151 CM) democracy ~ <ADV) there
'
&IOfl'E'fl.TT .
lower house <Parliament) ORfl' (A) the same
ffifT CM) people ~ (ADV) certainly, truly
ffieT (M) water jug ct IOftl (M)sentence Urdu: CM) G'l'"l<"'
'.:>
I
~ CM)· iron Of kWEHIJI (M) surroundings
- CM) blacksmith Urdu: (M) 41~~
~e:;:i I (I) return qld5'1 (M) perforrnance (of music)
~1e1•t1 <NE> return 611<.:Qt("I <M) rnusica l instrument
_____________q _____ _ Of 14fi <ADV) back
61 lqtf Ofll~ I (NE) return
OIOhlMd (F) law practice C41<:idJ (M)prornise Hind1:·CF) Yfaijl
OIOfl"IM CM) lawyer Etr<:r'I!> (F) air,wind 1,.1,rdu: (F) ~
CfTfi CM) ti me 21 l{IOI«) Varanasi (8enares)
Cll~letdfl CAD.J)rea1 l/rdu: 3H"li'I
 363
et 1~q q: 1n re a1ny oroV:::f'lfR'iJ if
fEi¥1R4<Ql6'<'.1 (M) university
<f ~ CPP) for ( = cf ~)
~¥Jl'84'<:1 CA) reliable
{.lra£1: cf li1 IRn
fB1¥tl'8 CM) confidence, belief
~ CADV) Bravo!
Pol¥41"rl Ofl'l'AI believe
{/rdu: ~I 1&1141
Urdu: <'.i~l:t=tOfl
~-.-{:t=t~I
Pcf Ofl lft (M) deve 1opment
fclq' CM) poison Urdu: CM) ~
faiOflftia CM) developed
R41Sl<:i CM) subject Urdu: CM) t1'311i"1
f;ttott k1 CA) famous
roi::c:t l{<M) i dea,op inion Urdu(MW?<'.116'
m (M) salar·y Urdu.·CF) d:t=tl<;>Cille
~ (F) dancing gir·l
~'d'\<:i CA) financial
~Gfl~Ofl (A) wedding-
roie:~n <M/F) foreigner <A) foreign
~ CA) Iike that
Urdu: f?1j j.1 0
~ (A.DV) ordinarily
forco1' (F) knowledge
&:j~<'.1 CM) satire
Rf aJ 1qf (M) student
Oti ffti CM) person
fBl<tl@<'.1 (M) school
o:q fffii ta CA) personal
~ (M) God
OtiGft~ CF) order, system
~ (F) process
atctel{CM)behavior WliU,·(M)-~65
.......Ci'.Ofi~
fcrq~{ CM) opposition
Olltd CAOJ) busy U!liu: tl~l~lC'5
<$ fBiq{la cPP) against
o<'.116fl(OI CM) · grammar
~ CM) department
Olf lql( CM) business
~ CA) various
fc;iq111 (M) airplane
Urdu: <M) ~ -'ii.....
el~'Ji ~I
- - - - - - - - - - - - -'( --------
~ ~ <PP) against
fcrttc1 CM) opposition
$ti1' CF) doubt
~ (M) doubt
fc51@1<'.id CF) foreign land, England
~f0fi05 (F) face, appearance
fe)011~ (M)wedding Urdu:<F) ~
&l#l (M) sugar Hindi> (F) ~
1"61&116' (A) !1uge
~ (F) power, energy
fBl4'1tSt (A) special Urdu: ~
41d 1~c:!l (F) century Urdu: (F) ~
~tittlfOI (M) adjective
~I Met ll <M) Saturday [=CM) ~1;:f1:c:t{]
~~ (M) rest
~ (M) word {/rdu: CM) (15<1?_'3')
~ (M) universe
~~a:8hl~I (M) dictionary
364

Ql&<!JEft'.'ft Cf) word 11st ~ Ofi{tj I begin

~l{Gld CM) soft drink Him:/1:- ~ 6fl~ I

~llftl ..a:1 (A) embarrassed ~ (M) zero

~ ff) liquor ~ <M> adornment
~Hild (F) mischief m (M) 1ion

WR (M) body ~ CA) rernaining Urdu: ~

~ (F) condition ~ (M) mourning
~ (F) shame, embarrassment ~ (M) noise
~ (M) honey Hindi:· CM) J:fCT ~ (!vi) fondness, hobby
'¢

~ CM) city Hindi· CM) ~ ~ Mr.

mra- (F) peace ~
!/rdu: (F) .1\4dl Mrs.
mcft' CF)rnarriage H1i1d1>(M) ~
~lltja:ll ff) glorious - - ----- - -~--------------
.
~II&! 141 \A.DV) Bravo! Hindi> ~ ~ CM) crisis
mrr (F) evening +fofHI (A) narrow
~llfGM ~ (1) join ~ilo:tf I (F) number
~ll~<;CADV) perhaps Hh1c1;~· 6fla:1fila.... ~ CM) confluence
~ (11) emperor, king ~(i rra (!vi) music

~ (/J.J imperial ~ (M) saint

~16fll'4d (F) complaint m (M) orange
~IOflH (M) victim, prey ~ (M) message Lhcfu:~
. "'
~ll l'fi I (M) ascetic
fu~fOO (Ml teacher
Wr~ff(F) education {/nh:CF) dl<"ltf ~ CA.) complete
..:,..

~tel=t:tll (M) good manners ~ (1) be careful

m (ADV) quickly !/rdu: ~ ~ (ADJ) possible U1/l;;qJ4~il1
..:,.. ~

rnmnvD mirror, glass . ~ <ADV) carefully

..:,..
~ (NE) manage, control
tfllTh ~
<A) compound, united
~9.flcH{ (M) Friday lkdtJ.' (M) ~ ~·"!Th ST~{( (M) compound letter

~I Rnll 1 CI NT) Thanks ~·llTh

"::>
~ 31qf{ofl1 <M) U.S.A.
"¢

~ CA) pure fl"!"ffi ~ (M) United Nat ions

~ (A) auspicious <tfctl C:a:ld I (M) correspondent
 365
~ (M) world Urdu: (F) ~ ~ CPROJ every, all
fl·t'Ojja ff) Sanskrit ~ ~ everywhere
e·~ra (F) culture ~ m everybody
mif'F1 (M) institution ~ (M)proof Hindi· CM) yq 101
fl0fl<i11 (I) can, be able to fl&\ifl (F) vegetable
ft0fi4('0fi (A) transitive ~ (F) counci1
~<A) hard fflft (A) a11
fll~l (F) harshness fltl~""i I <ND understand
~CM) truth ~ lM) ti me Urdu: CM) afffi'
fl'ittf"if (ADV) really
\I) of; ff11'<:f CPP) at the ti me of
ftilil I (A) truthful fl4t41ff)problern tt,ra/J:(M) ttfl@I
~ (F) punishment Hindi:·(M) <ts' fl41'il I{ CM)news Urdu: ff) l9m
~N't l:r:t I <ND decorate tl'll'ill( q;f (M) newspaper
fi\i\51i=f (M) gentlemen l/ro(c (M) 3H~cil I(
fl~Ofl street
(F)
flq l\ii CM) society
fl~<i1 I <I) rot
f141\i1Clla: (M) socialism
fl<~ (M/F) member o1l' flLll'i <PP) equa 1 to
~ <ADV) always lin:lu: Wim ftlilfta (F) end l./,rdu: (M) ~
~ ff)century ~~'7di:(F) ~1a1~<:0 ~~11' (F) summary
~ beloved
(M)
of; ei:flq CPP) near
fl"*1l61 (M) satisfaction ~ (M) ocean
ft..-a:~I (M) message l/rdu: <M)~~ J14
\:I-"
tf~e;:it <ND gather, collect
~ (F) agreement e1q R1 (F) property
flq:r:t f (M)dream l.lrdu: CM) {~ l&I ~ (M) relation
fltalt (M)week Urdu: (M) ~Y?_dl Urdu: CM) al<rMOfi\I) •

~ (M) journey Hindi> ff) ~

tp:l10T <A.> possible
tlq:;~<A)successful l!rdu: Ofilq:tilt;t
flUkl (F) counter opinion
ttq:;@a I ff) success tlt41"1 CM>respect Urdu:(F) ....
~--¥31,. . d
l./rdu:ff) Ofiltt~lcifl Bfhiffisd (A.) contained
~ (M) page Hindi: (M) q3 tttilM:r:t (M) conference
~ (F) cleanliness ij"{ CM) head Hindi· (M) fm
~ (A) white
~H:Ofll{ff)goverhrnent Urdu: tijbfitld
366

'fl{6fllfl CA) governmental ffiZ-R CA) literate(=~)

!./rdu: \i61i4dl mTR (M) sea
fHa:cf (M) headache ~ (F) sari
•~Ha:ll (M) leader '81~ (ADV) together
~ (A) easy l/ra(1: lil'flFi afl trfif <PP) together with
m (F) sarod ~ (M) ways, means
~ (F)winter,cold Hind/· (F)~ ~ (A) ordinary l./n.iu: 414<efl
'\1)

'8ofolfiil41'i (ADJ) all-mighty ~

GI.
(M) holy man
~~ CA) best of all ~CA) clean;clear Hindi: ~
<a@ 14 (M) Muslim greeting ~ ofl('i I clean
'fl© ltf d (F) good hea 1th 181&1'1
'\1)
(M) soap
'fl@bh (M)behavi or Hind1> (M)oltCf~ I(
GI.
fl 14~Jl (F) stuff
~ one and a quarter ff 144 (ADV) in front
t1;FSl f© (M)quest ion
m(M)rnorning
Hil7di· (M)

Urdu: ff) ~
t]1fT * 'fl 1q;!f <PP) in front of
fl 141 f~Ofi (!.,) social
~ (,il,[lV) in the morning ft ILi ltj <M) stuff, baggage
~ (M) father-in-law ftltf l:;::?;f (A) compared to normal
'-.:>

~ (A) inexpen~;ive ~ CL\DV) in the evening

f{~tj I CND bear ( cill{C::lfk'I 6fl{tj D (1fU (A) entire, whole, all
'fl~tfd (/1,) agreed Un.1~1: u\ift ftT(9 (M) year Hi!7d1> CM) Cf'Sf'
'fi~ 1'46fi <M) assistant ftl@flll'a (M) birthday
'fl~llld I ff) help, aid [ (F) q-a:c:] Himit·> <M) \i1:rtl fa::;; (F) Of6tl ll'o
~~IU (M) support ~(M)brother-1n-law(also abuse)
~ ~ (PP) by means of ~ CA) careful
~ CA) correct ft IOltj (M) month of rainy season
~ {F) (girl's) girl-friend mtl" ff) mother-in-law
~ <M) bull ff l~if <M) sir, gentleman
m (M) snake ftl~ff <M) courage l/tdu: (f)~tqd
~ (F) breath tll~~ (M) literature
!fiiqiRtOfi CA.) cultural ~ (M) lion; SinghCproper name)
BT <PART) like, sort of ~i ile ff) cigarette
'fi I~ fah@ <F) bi cy cl e ~ {F) irrigation
 367
~eli&I( CM) September ~ (A) dry Urdu:~
\:I

feaH (M) sitar fl=tl'11 (F) information

°'
fff~ru (M) movie, cinema ~ .:;,,.
<ADJ) cotton
fftq1~ CM) soldier, policeman ~ (M) sun
l"B4c\11 CD shrink (in fear) ~ ff) face, appearance
fir{ <M) head /jnfu: <M) ffi ~ CM) sun
°'
f~Ha:cf (M) headache ij<:ifCA (M) sunrise
°'
~ CA.DV) only Hindi> Ofk.fo3 <4.0fl""f I <ND warm, bake
cfi f«cn" (PP) besides C= cfi 31<'31610 ~ <PP) from, compared to, since
Wl<:i\11 <ND 1earn m- CM) second
~ (A) straight, honest ffi) <M) merchant, wealthy man
~ (ADV) straight ~ ff) army Urdu: ff) ~
~ (NE) sew ~ (M) apple
~ (M) pig ~ (M) bean
m (M)
~

~ CM) happiness ser (2 lbs.)

~ CA) happy <4err (F) service Urdu: ff) ft~a:qa
~$ 11.1 f CND suggest fu° CF) trip
~$161 (M) suggestion ffi=t:t;::i I CNE) think
~ (I) improve ~ en sleep
~ <ND improve ~ (M) gold [ (M) m]
~11"1 I <ND listen, hear al\11( CM) goldsmith
fl"i 1"11 <NE) te 11, rel ate
~ .
~qCf H (M) Monday
~ (A)beautiful Urdu: l2!_at~ra ~ OVD beauty
~ ff) nut of the Areca palm Wct'1 I (NE) entrust
~ CF) morning, in the morning ~ (M) good fortune
~~fT (F) security Urdu: (F) lct~l~f"ld
'\'!)

~ (F) water jug ~(A) lucky

~ CF) peace Hindi: (F) ~I If.:a
~
~ qu;s@ CM) solar system
~ CF) facility ~~1'1 (M) station
~ u~) convenient ~ CM) stove
~ (ADJ) 1azy ~ (A) stunned
fllC1"1 I
~
<ND dry m <F)woman Urdu: (F) ~
368
~,fjf(;5'~ I (M) feminlne (gender) ~ CM)right, privilege
~~ (M) place !./rdu: (F) ~ Hindi: (M) ~
fi~ (F)situation Llrdu: (F) ~ ~Of\aH CA! one who has the right
t>
ft:~ (A) steady ~~ ldfjcl (F) truth
'RR Ofll"1 I bathe [ = "1~ 1"11] ~ of\{"11 digest
~ CA) clear Llrdu: ~ ~ thousand
~ (F) ink ~ (I) move away
fqa''i (A) free Urdu: 311~1a\ ~Gl"il CNE) move aside
~a'"la I ff)freedom Urdu: (F)3f 1\if 1<{1 ~~dl6' (F) strike
+cta'"la I ~CM) Independence Day ~
.....
CF) bone
[ = (M) ~ 1°2\Cftl] ~~ (fl palm of the hand
~ CM) nature·, character ~~ (F) hammer
[= (F) . ] ~ (F) limit, talent
~ oneself Urdu: ~ ~
~Yldl CM) week Hindi· (M) tttal~
~ (M) voice Llrdu: (F) 3'il"T'"l61"'1"'1'1~~ ~
" (PRO) we
~ (M) gold [ CM) ~] ~tfo5 I (M) attack
+ct I~ la CM) welcome ~41{1 (A) our
~ CM) taste Urdu: (M) tfjJT ~ CAOV)always Hind/' ~
~lfa:l?!CA) tasty Urdu: '4\§Ja\ll ~ (A) each . every
~ ~(M)Independence ~ CA) green
Day [ = CM) ~a'"la I ~] ~U'i I (NE) defeat
tcfl~ CM) selfishness ~ (M) plow
~16fo3tcifl CA) perpendicular ~@Ofil (A) light
('\

+c1 IOflll Ofifil (ND accept, agree ~ (F) turmeric

~ (f)air, wind Hindi· (F)

~ ~ (M) airport
~ \ifijl~ CM) airplane
-----~------------- Hind/· CM) fcl:q 1'1
~~llL(I (M) uproar ~~Oh@I (F) handicraft
~

Jt1"1I (I) laugh ~

QI i'ye<;'·~'.'
~ (F) laughter. 'gl~tfl (M) digestion
~~ (M) hand
 369

~~, CMJ elephant

~<INT) oh! <exclamation of pain)
~IHI (I) lose
~ (M) condition
~l@a (F) condition
ftc!1' CF) Hindi
~ CM/F) Hindu
~~~l"i(M)lndia Hi!7di: (M) i:rmf
~ (M) welfare
~ ff) Hindi
~ (M/F) Hindu
~ ....~kf l""f (M)lndia Hl!7d1> (M)i:n«f
~'15FiJ<:1 (F) protection, security
~Ula CF) courage Hi!7d1> (M)tl l~'li
~ (M) deer
mM""ll (1) move
~MF"ll (NE) move, stir
~ft l&I (M) account
~ (M) part
~ emphatic participle
~ (M) diamond
~(M) comrnand H/17(1!> (F) ~

~ (M) heart Urdu: (M) fa:M'

~ (ADJ) surprised
~ CM) hotel
~ Cl) be, happen
M° CF) Holi
~f~llf ll (A) careful
~l~llf lfl (F) care, cleverness
mf$1lflfl ~ <ADV) carefully
370

adverbs (and postpositions) 138 koii <fili 34,37

bagair, binaa 'without' 152 kuch ~ 34,37,41
'begin'~ 319 lagnaa ~(feel cold, etc.) 67
body parts 284 modals ~. q-r.:rr, ~ 75
causative 239 ne verbs 14,18
'cold' ~with~ 67 number 345
complex verbs with~~ 22,237 paanaa q-r.:rr (modal) 77
compound verb 138 participles 182
continuous with ~/\ifTifl/3W!T 341 passive 286
cuknaa ~ (modal) 305 past perfect 128
direct causative 77 permissive with~ 311
doubt, subjunctive~ 239,240 physical inability 296
explicator *11 / ~ 224 possibility subjunctive 99
explicator ~ 217 postpositions, compound 138
explicators 215 prepositional constructions 152
'fear' ~with~ 68 present perfect 128
future 48 presumptive 124
future subjunctive 104 relative clause 271
'heat''Rlfr with~ 67 s'Gayad ~ 1 CfiG:lf""ltj_ 104
honaa~ 264 saknaa ~ (modal) 75
'hunger' ~ with ~ 67 se ~'since' I 'ago' ~ 262
hypothetical 264 'seem'~ 315
I verbs 67 simple perfect 3,128
'if' clauses 321 'since' ~I 'ago' ~ 262
imperative 17 stative~ 264
imperfect participle 101 subjunctive 86
indefinites 71 suggestion subjunctive 92
indirect causative 182 'thirst't:ll""IB with~ 67
'install' 34 verb conjunction with~ 157
intransitive/transitive 239,241 waalaa ~ 'about to' 258
iterative \jf'f'l[T, oo + ~ 314 'when'~ clauses 97
kar ~ constructions 157 'without' "Rrn", ~ 152
ko verbs 16 wish subjunctive 94