Answer Key

Mark
Q.No Key Points
allotted
PART-A (10x2=20Marks) Answer all the Questions
Q.1 Differentiate IEEE802.15.3c and IEEE802.11 ad Channel Models.

2 Marks

Q.2 Examine the atmospheric effect at millimeter wave frequencies.

i) Water Vapour Absorption
ii) Oxygen Absorption
iii) Rain 2 Marks
iv) Foliage Blockage
v) Diffused Reflections
vi) Scattered Reflections
vii) Diffraction (Bending)
Q.3 Classify four options to the choice of architecture for the front-end of a 60GHZ radio
i) Superheterodyning architecture
ii) Direct conversion architecture 2 Marks
iii) Software radio architecture
iv) Six-port technology
Q.4 Generalize the configuration of six-port radio modulator with switches and short/open
circuit terminations.
i) Development of a new modulator circuit to realize PSMS
2Marks
ii) Development of a simple, fast decoder (analog or digital) for thereceiver to obtain
output signals from the interferometer’s demodulationof digital data transmitted by
wired or wireless means
 iii) Development of digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms for PSMSmodulation
schemes and PSDS demodulation schemes.
iv) Demonstration of wired and wireless digital data transmission in alaboratory
environment.
v) Unique six-port radio is used for broadband communications
Q.5 What is the Meridonial rays?
2 Marks
A meridional ray is a ray that passes through the axis of an optical fiber.

Q.6 State the cause of dispersion.

When white light passes through a glass prism, its constituent colours (red, orange, yellow, green,
2 Marks
blue, indigo, violet) travel with different speeds in the prism because refractive index is color
dependent. This causes the dispersion of light.
Q.7 Give the expression for laser diode rate equation.
In the multimode formulation, the rate equations model a laser with multiple optical modes.
This formulation requires one equation for the carrier density, and one equation for the
photon density in each of the optical cavity modes: 2 Marks
µ=𝑀
𝑑𝑁 𝐼 𝑁
= − − ∑ 𝐺µ 𝑃µ
𝑑𝑇 𝑒𝑉 𝜏𝑛
µ=1
Q.8 List the advantages of pin photodiodes
i) PIN diodes have low noise.
ii) PIN diodes have low dark current means very low electric current flows through the
2 Marks
diode when no photons enter the diode.
iii) PIN diodes have very low bias voltage and very high reverse bias voltage.
iv) PIN diodes have large depletion regions and low junction capacitance.
Q.9 How does free space optics work?
Free Space Optics (FSO) transmits invisible, eye-safe light beams from one “telescope” to
another using low power infrared lasers in the terahertz spectrum. The beams of light in Free 2 Marks
Space Optics (FSO) systems are transmitted by laser light focused on highly sensitive
photon detector receivers
Q.10 Draw the diagram of FSO optical transmitter.

2 Marks

PART-B (5x5=25Marks) Answer all the Questions

Q.11 Describe the millimeter wave characteristics.
i) Unlicensed operation—No license from the Federal Communications Commission is 5 marks
required. (1 mark for
ii) Highly secure operation—Resulting from short transmission distances due to oxygen each point)
absorption, narrow antenna beamwidth, and no wall penetration.
 iii) High level of frequency re-use enabled—The communication needs of multiple cells
within a small geographic region can be satisfied.
iv) Fiber optic data transmission speeds possible—7 GHz (in the U.S.) of continuous
bandwidth available compared to less than 0.3 GHz at the other unlicensed bands.
v) Mature technology—This spectrum has a long history of being used for secure
communications.
vi) Carrier-class communication links enabled—60 GHz links can be engineered to
deliver “five nines” (99.999%) availability if desired. For outdoor applications, such
as back bones or by-pass bridges, a huge rain margin should be considered.

Q.12 Examine receiver without oscillator with conventional receiver architecture.

5 marks
(Diagram
2 marks
i) A simple adder and a square law detector are used in an FSK demodulator to replace +
a mixer. Explanation
ii) For a differential FSK demodulator, the basic principle of frequency discrimination 3 marks)
is used instead of a mixer or multiplier for differential detection.
iii) Only passive components are used in the FSK demodulator. The power consumption
and complexity of the demodulator can be reduced consequently.
iv) The structure of a differential FSK demodulator can be used in the RF portion of a
60 GHz receiver architecture. Thus, no signal conversion from intermediate
frequency to baseband is required. In consequence, the local oscillator and
corresponding mixer of the receiver architecture can be eliminated, simplifying
v) the entire architecture of the receiver.
Q13. Examine the stimulated Brillouin Scattering and Stimulated Raman scattering.
 Stimulated Raman and Brillouin scattering is an important technique to investigate
low energy excitations in molecules and solids
 They permit identification and study of those excitations, without direct coupling to
the optical radiation.
 stimulated Raman scattering occurs in glass fibers limits the applicable minimum
5 marks
pulse duration in optical communication systems
(2.5 marks
 Raman amplification can be used to realize broadband Raman amplifiers for optical
for each
communications and Raman lasers.
Scattering)
Physical effect of Raman scattering:
 Light propagating though a sample with polarization fluctuations can be scattered in
arbitrary direction and shifted in frequency
 If the polarization fluctuations originate from oscillations of a molecules or optical
or acoustic phonons in a solid, the process takes place via absorption or emission of
a phonon, leading to an Anti-Stokes or Stokes shift of the scattered photon

Q.14 Discuss the charatceristics of a general photo detector.

i) Spectral response relates the amount of current produced with wavelength, assuming 5 marks
that all wavelengths are at the same level of light. (1 mark for
ii) Photosensitivity is the ratio of light energy (in watts) incident on the device to the each point)
resulting current (in amperes). 115 116 Part II Optical Components
 iii) Quantum efficiency is the number of generated electron-hole pairs (Le., current)
divided by the number of photons.
iv) Dark current is the amount of current that flows through the photodiode in the
absence of any light (dark), when the diode is reverse-biased. This is a source of
noise when the diode is reverse-biased.
v) Forward-biased noise is a (current) source of noise that is related to the shunt
resistance of the device. The shunt resistance is defined as the ratio voltage (near
oV) to the amount of current generated. This is also called shunt resistance noise.
vi) Noise equivalent power is defined as the amount of light (of a given wavelength)
that is equivalent to the noise level of the device.
vii) Terminal capacitance is the capacitance from the p-n junction of the diode to the
connectors of the device; it limits the response of the photodetector.
viii) Timing response of the photodetector is the time for the output signal to
climb from 10% to 90% of its amplitude (rise time) and to drop from 90% to 10%
(fall time).
ix) Frequency bandwidth is the frequency (or wavelength) range in which the
photodetector is sensitive.
x) Cutoff frequency is the highest frequency (wavelength) at which the photodetector is
sensitive.
Q.15 Illustrate the selecting transmission wave integration of FSO in optical networks

5 marks
(Diagram
2 marks
+
Explanation
3 marks)

This functional block has the optical source, the modulator, the driver circuit and the
transmitter optics. The main function of the transmitter is to provide transmission of source
data onto the optical carrier, which is then propagated through the atmosphere to the
receiver at sufficient power level, and with sufficient signal quality that would enable data
to have recovered at the receiver. Lasers are the most important light sources for outdoor
FSO communications, while the LEDs are used for indoor FSO systems at low data rates
and short haul communications. Modulation of the light beam can be achieved by direct
modulation, which involves varying the driving current of the optical source directly in
sympathy with the data to be transmitted or via an external modulator, such as the Mach-
Zehnder interferometer.

PART-C (3x10=30Marks) Answer all the Questions

Q.16 Describe ON/OFF keying modulation scheme with block diagram of synchronous
demodulation. 10 marks
On/off keying (OOK) modulation is a modulation scheme used in control applications. This (Diagram
is in part due to its simplicity and low implementation costs. OOK consists of keying a 5 marks
sinusoidal carrier signal on and off with a unipolar binary signal. OOK is equivalent to two- +
level ASK. OOK modulation has the advantage of allowing the transmitter to idle during the Explanation
transmission of a “0”, therefore conserving power. Here input signal has two states (“1” and 5 marks)
“0”) and modulation factor is 100%
The idea of OOK is that the transmitter is on when logic “1” is transmitted and the
transmitter is off when logic “0” is transmitted. OOK receivers require an adaptable
threshold and automatic gain controller (AGC) in order to ensure an optimal threshold
setting
Two types of demodulation method, namely synchronous demodulation and envelope
demodulation.
Block Diagram:

OOK Signal Diagram &OOK Signal:

Block Diagram of Synchronous demodulation:

 Synchronous demodulation is also known as coherent demodulation, the coherent carrier for
demodulation is 2 cosð2pfctÞ, where the amplitude factor of “2” used here is for calculation
convenience, and fc is the carrier frequency used for the generation of OOK signal. During
the following analysis, the carrier phases of the transmitter and receiver are assumed to be
the same and they are dropped for notational convenience.
Q.17 Express the formula to compute the final link margin with simple millimeter wave link
and calculate the signal-to-noise ratio for the system.
• A link budget is a signal-power plan for a radio system.
• It is used to determine a proposal’s capabilities under specific operating conditions
for the standard specified data rates, ranges, and bit error rates.
• Necessary parameters to compute the final link margin:
– Path loss
– Average noise power per bit (dB)
– Average noise power per bit (dBm)
– Tolerable path loss
– Maximum operating range
1.Path loss at 1 m

where center frequency fc = 60 GHz, light speed c = 3 X108 m/s

2.Average noise power per bit (dB)

10 marks
(5 marks
Expression
Rb (Gbps) is system payload bit rate +
3. Average noise power per bit (dBm) 5 marks
Explination)
noise figure in reference to the antenna terminal (dB)
4. Tolerable path loss (dB)

where
PT is the average Tx power (dBm)
GT is the Tx antenna gain (dBi)
GR is the Rx antenna gain (dBi)
S is the minimum signal-to-noise ratio Eb/N0 for the additive white Gaussian noise
(AWGN) channel (dB)
Mshadowing is the shadowing link margin (dB)
I is the implementation loss (dB), including filter distortion, phase noise, and
frequency errors
5.Maximum operating range
 n is the path loss exponent whose value is subject to scenarios
For Line- of- sight Scenarios:

For non-Line- of – Sight Scenarios :

Q.18 Describe the mode analysis for optical propagation through fibers with significant
illustration and expressions.

Though optical fiber should support any numbers of rays for propagation practically it
isfound that it allow only certain restricted number of rays for propagation. The maximum
number of rays supported by the fiber is called Modes of propagastion.
Modes ofpropagation can be determined using parameter called V-number.
V-number (Normalised Frequency of the fiber):An Optical fibre may be characterized by
one more parameter called V-number. This determines the Number of modes supported for
propagation in the fibre.
𝜋𝑑
𝑉= (𝑁𝐴)
𝜆
where “d is the diameter of the core, λ is wavelength, n is the refractive index of the coreand
n is the refractive index of the cladding. NA is numerical Aperture. If the fiber issurrounded
by a medium of refractive index n then
2 10 marks
𝜋𝑑 √𝑛1− 𝑛22
𝑉= (2 marks
𝜆 𝑛0 Expression
Types of Optical Fibers +
Based on R I profile and Core size and Modes of Propagation Optical fibers are classified 5 marks
into Explanation
3 types, +
(1) Single mode step index fiber. 3 marks
(2) Multi mode step index fiber. Diagram)
(3) Graded index multi mode or Grain index fiber.

Single mode step index fiber: A single mode step index fiber consists of a very fine thin

core of uniform RI surrounded by Cladding of RI lower than that of Core. Since there is
abrupt change of RI of Core and Cladding at the interface it is called Step index fiber. Since
 the Core size is small the Numerical aperture is also small. They accept light from laser
source. Splicing is difficult. They are used in submarine cables.
Multimode step index fiber:
This is similar to single mode step index fiber with the exception that it has a larger core
diameter. The core diameter is very large as compared to wavelength of light transmitted.
Atypical multimode step index fiber is as shown above. The numerical aperture is large
because of large core size. They accept light from both laser as well as from LED. They are
used in data links.
Q.19 With the neat diagram explain the surface emitting LED.
• It is modified form of DH LED (Double Heterojunction LED). In this LED type, optical
fiber is butt-coupled with itself. This is shown in the figure-1.
• The surface emitting LED structure consists of thin central active layer of p type GaAs.
• This central layer is bounded by n-type AlGaAs/n+-type GaAs at the top side.
• This central layer is bounded by p-type AlGaAs/p+-type GaAs at the bottom side.
• The extreme top n+ type GaAs and bottom p+-type GaAs layers are used to provide low
resistive ohmic contacts only.
• The external optical fiber is butt connected by etching the top layers and by shielding with
epoxy resin.
• When refractive indices of both p-type and n-type materials are same, light is free to come
out from all the sides of the semiconductor device due to no confinement. However only
active region near the surface will emit the significant amount of light while absorbing from
the other parts. Hence it is known as surface emitting LED.
 Following are the benefits or advantages of Surface Emitting LED:
Optical coupling coefficient of LED with external fiber system is relatively higher.
Hence this LED offers high optical coupling efficiency.
Optical loss (due to internal absorption) is very low. This is because of carrier
recombination near its top heterojunction. 10 marks
InP/InGaAsP based LED is used for long wavelength applications. (Diagram
It offers higher efficiency with low to high radiance. 5 marks
The top n-GaAs contact layer ensures low thermal resistance and contact resistance. +
This allows high current densities and high radiation intensity. Explanation
The internal absorption in the device is very low due to larger bandgap confining 5 marks)
layers. Moreover reflection coefficient at the back crystal face is high which gives
good forward radiance.
Q.20 Draw the block diagram of FSO receiver.Explain each block with the intermediate
signal at each stage.

The receiver section includes wavelength division demultiplexer (WD-DM) which

demultiplexes the received optical signals consists of data. Further, these signals pass 10 marks
through the photodiode (PIN) which converts the signal and electrical signals are obtained. (Diagram
These signals further pass through low pass filter (LPF) preferably Bessel Low pass filter 5 marks
and at last the signals can be checked and analyzed by quality factor of signal. The +
minimum the error in the signal, the better is the overall communication. The Eye diagram Explanation
visually clarifies the successful transmission. 5 marks)
The block diagram explains the working principle of FSO transmission from transmitter to
receiver and the medium ought to be in line of sight between source and destination. The
free space optical (FSO) system transmits eye-safe optical beams of certain optical
communication band from telescopic transmitter using low power laser beams. The
transmission rays of light in FSO systems are done by LEDs or lasers focused on
extremely sensitive photo detector receivers through free space transmission medium.
These photo detector receivers are telescopic receiver lenses that able to collect the
photons to convert them and further transmit the data in form of bits containing the
different messages in form of audio signal, video signals, images, EM signals or secret data
etc. The available FSO systems offer higher data rate measurements in the range from
Mbps to Gbps and with this amount the complete wireless or free space optical (FSO)
communication systems can function over longer distances say in kilometers depends upon
weather conditions. The appropriate line of sight (LOS) between the starting point and the
ending point and with required transmitting power that is not harmful to human beings,
the optical transmission and reception is possible.