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Number System

The document defines and provides examples of several types of numbers: 1) Natural numbers which exclude 0. 2) Whole numbers which include 0. 3) Integers which include both positive and negative whole numbers. 4) Rational numbers which are numbers that can be expressed as fractions. 5) Irrational numbers which cannot be expressed as fractions and include numbers like √2 and π. 6) Imaginary numbers which include numbers like i and are related to solving equations like x2 = -1.

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Samith Nishshanka
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25 views

Number System

The document defines and provides examples of several types of numbers: 1) Natural numbers which exclude 0. 2) Whole numbers which include 0. 3) Integers which include both positive and negative whole numbers. 4) Rational numbers which are numbers that can be expressed as fractions. 5) Irrational numbers which cannot be expressed as fractions and include numbers like √2 and π. 6) Imaginary numbers which include numbers like i and are related to solving equations like x2 = -1.

Uploaded by

Samith Nishshanka
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1. Natural numbers.

ℕ = {1,2,3,4 … … … … … … … }

2. Whole numbers
𝑊 = {0,1,2,3,4 … … … … … … … }

3. Integers
ℤ = {… … … . −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 … … … … … … … }
ℤ+ = {1,2,3,4 … … … … … … … }
ℤ− = {−1, −2, −3, −4 … … … … … … … }
ℤ+0 = {0,1,2,3,4 … … … … … … … }

SAMITH NISHSHANKA(BSC) 1
4. Rational numbers
ℚ = {𝑝/𝑞|𝑝. 𝑞 ∈ ℤ and 𝑞 ≠ 0 }. 𝑝/𝑞 is must be in its simplest form.

Examples
1 3
, − , 5, −2, 3.5, 1.33333
2 5

5. Fraction
{𝑥/𝑥 = 𝑝/𝑞, 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ ℤ, and 𝑞 > 𝑝}
Examples
1 5 3
, ,−
5 7 8

6. Finite decimal
Examples
1 3 2
= 0.5, = 0.75, = 0.016
2 4 125

7. Recurring decimal
Examples
1
= 0.333 … . . = 0. 3̇
3
6
= 0.54545454 … . . = 0. 5̇4̇
11
5
= 0.74287428 … … . . = 0. 7̇428̇
7

8. Irrational numbers
𝒑
When p and q are integers, an irrational number cannot be expressed as 𝒒.
Irrational numbers cannot be expressed as finite decimals or recurring decimals. But it can be
expressed as infinite decimals.
Examples
√2, √3, √5, 𝜋, 𝑒

 Prove that √2 is irrational.


𝑝
Assume that √2 is rational. Therefore, √2 = 𝑞 where 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ ℤ
Getting the square of the both side,
𝑝2
2 = 𝑞2 , 2𝑞 2 = 𝑝2 ……. (1)
2𝑞 2 is divisible by 2(even) and then 𝑝2 is also divisible by 2.
Therefore 𝑝 is divisible by 2.then 𝑝 can be written in the form of 2𝑘 where 𝑘 is an integer.
𝑝 = 2𝑘, 𝑝2 = 4𝑘 2
Substituting 𝑝2 = 4𝑘 2 to (1), 2𝑞 2 = 4𝑘 2 and 𝑞 2 = 2𝑘 2
Therefore 𝑞 2 is divisible by 2. And also 𝑞 is divisible by 2. 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞 Both has a common factor
therefore the statement is false. √2 is not a rational number.

SAMITH NISHSHANKA(BSC) 2
9. Imaginary numbers.
Roots of the equation, 𝑥 2 + 1 = 0 cannot be written on the number line.
𝑥 2 = −1
𝑥 = ±√−1
𝒊 is represented as √−1 ,
𝑖 2 = −1

10. Surds
Surds is a sub set of irrational numbers. Irrational numbers that contain the radical sign √ are
called surds.
Examples
√2, √5 , √7
When working with surds we may use the fallowing properties.
If 𝑥 > 0 , 𝑦 > 0,
2
(√𝑥) = 𝑥 = √𝑥 2
√𝑥𝑦 = √𝑥 × √𝑦
𝑥 √𝑥
√ =
𝑦 √𝑦

EXERCISE

1. Convert the fallowing recurring decimal to fractions.

I. 0.222…. VII. 0.586586…..


II. 0.333… VIII. 0.357357…
III. 0.555… IX. 0.35555….
IV. 0.888… X. 0.512222…
V. 0.232323… XI. 0.30454545….
VI. 0.575757… XII. 0.1275275275........

SAMITH NISHSHANKA(BSC) 3
2. Prove that the following numbers are irrational.
I. √3
II. √5
III. √7
IV. √6
V. √11

3. Rationalize the denominator and simplify the fallowing’s

2 √5
I. VII.
√2 (√7+√5)
6
II. (5√7+1)
√3 VIII.
(5√7−1)
III. (√3 − √2)(√3 + √2)
√3 √2
2 IX. +
IV. (√2 + 1) √2 √3
(√5−√3) (√10−√6)
V.
(√3+1) X. +
(√10+√6) (√5+√3)
(√3−1)
2
1 1 XI. (√2 − 1) (3 + 2√2)
VI. +
(√5+1) (√5−1)

4. Simplify fallowing imaginary numbers.

1
I. 𝑖3 V. VIII. (1 + 𝑖)2
𝑖6
II. 𝑖8 1 IX. (1 + 𝑖)4
VI.
III. 𝑖5 1+𝑖 X. (1 − 𝑖)3 (1 + 𝑖)5
1 1 2 1
IV. 𝑖 −10 VII. 1+𝑖
+ 1−𝑖 XI. (2−𝑖)2 + (1+𝑖)2

SAMITH NISHSHANKA(BSC) 4

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