Planning and Design of water supply ans sewerage scheme for a residential apartment building

l.lntroduction

As the population of the cities increases demand for housing also increases, but the

land available to meet the demand is limited. Hyderabad is one of the metros in our country

where in demand for housing is increasing exponentially to accommodate seventy lakh

population as per 2011 census. Though land is available in greater Hyderabad limits but it is

very costly and can't be affordable to a majority of middle class families living in the city.

Instead of going for a individual independent homes better to go for group housing in the

fom of vertical high rise apartment complexes to accommodate maximum number of

families by using minimum amount of land

For developing housing sector infrastructure in the form of approach roads, water

supply, sewage facility, electricity etc., are very much essential. Out of all water supply plays

a major role without which no development is possible. A well designed water supply and

sanitary facilities increase the value of property in the locality. But unfortunately the local

authorities not yet provided proper water supply and sanitary schemes to the people living in

the outskirts (suburbs) of the city. There is a need to develop water supply system and

sanitary system to decrease the load on the municipal system and to improve the hygienic

and aesthetic environment around us.

In this study an attempt has been made to plan and design a water supply and sanitary

schemes for a residential apartment complex located in the R.K.Puram-3 for M/S Vaishnavi

Constructions.

The objective of water supply scheme is to ensure the availability of sufficient

quantity of good quality water. It becomes almost impetrative to plan and build suitable

water supply scheme which may provide potable water to all living in the apartment in

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 Planning and Design of water supply ans sewerage scheme for a residential apartment building

accordance with their demands and rcquircments. The provision of such a schcme ensures a

constant and reliable water supply to that section of people for which it has been designed.

Such a scheme shall not only help in supplying safe wholesome watcr to the people for

drinking, Cooking,bathing, washingctc.,so as to keep the diseases away and there by

promoting better health among the residents. Besides promoting over all hygiene it shall

ensure a safety against fire by supplying enough quantity of water to extinguish it.

The water supply scheme proposed for a building consists of a collection, transport

and treatment of water and then distribute this to all flats using an efficient distribution

system. The water from the ground is withdrawn using the pump, put into overhead tank
S
located on the top of the building. Pump capacity is worked out using the suction head
S and
delivery head. Capacity of over head tank is fixed by studying the supply and demand
s rates.
Distribution network is designed using the Hazen William's formula and head available at

critical points also found. Treatment units to remove dissolved substances in groundwater

also designed and installed in the building. The objective of a sanitary system in
residential
apartment building is to drain out all kinds of liquid waste generated in the facility as
quickly
as possible and dispose it out safely without troubling the environment and human
health. To
maintain healthy and hygienic environment modern sanitary system is required. Such a

9 sanitary system collect, transport and dispose the liquid waste scientifically.

9
Sewage from various sanitary fittings provided in the building collected by a two pipe

system of plumbing. Two pipe system of plumbing consists of set of pipes known as soil

pipe and waste pipe. Soil pipe collects night soil and waste pipe collects sullage. In addition

to this storm water pipes provided to collect and drain storm water from roof top. Sullage

and storm water can directly discharged into municipal drains provided on the road sides,

where as night soil from soil pipe is discharged into septic tank for treatment. Design of

drainage system is made using Manning's formula and proper hydraulic gradient is provided

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Planning and Design of water supply ans sewerage scheme for a residential apartment building

to facilitate easy movement of waste water by gravity. Scptic tank dcsign is proposed

following the BIS standards providing a dctention period of 48hrs.Efflucnts from septic tank

are discharged to the ground using soak pit.

By providing the above said system in an apartment ample amount of good quality

water supplied to the residents and as well as liquid waste generated in the flats can be

drained out as quickly as possible there by promoting the hygienic and healthy environment

which in turn improve the living conditions.

2. Demand Estimation

To design a water supply scheme for a particular section/building, it becomes

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 Planning and Design of water supply ans sewerage scheme for a residential apartment building

imperative to first of all evaluate the amount of watcr availablc and the amount of water

demanded by the residents. In fact the first study is to consider the dcmand and then the

second requirement is to find source to fulfil the demand.

s

It is very difficult to precisely assess the quantity of water demanded by the public.

S Since there are many variable factors affecting water consumption certain thumb rules and

empirical formulas are therefore generally used to assess this quantity, which may give fairly

accurate results.

For an apartment building to following water demands are considered.

l. Domestic water demand

2. Fire Demand

9
Domestic water demand:
Domestic water demand includes the water required in buildings for drinking,

cooking,bathing,sanitary and gardening purposes etc. The amount of domestic water

consumption shall vary according to the living conditions of the consumers. As per IS: 1 172

-1993 the minimum domestic consumption with full flushing system should be taken of

2001pcd., although it can be reduced to 1351pcd.,depending upon prevailing conditions. It

9 varies from 135-2001pcd.

No of flats: 15 (G+5 storey, each storey 3 flats)

Assuming each flat may accommodate 6 people number of people residing:

Including watchmen quarter etc = 100

Providing 180 Ipcd of water.

3 (since
Total quantity of water required: 100* 180 lit/day = 18 m /day

Keeping seasonal variations in mind maximum quantity of water required = 1.5*normal

3
demand—I .5*18m3/day = 27m /day

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Planning and Design of water supply ans sewerage scheme for a residential apartment building

Fire Demand:

Fire demand is also considered for fire fighting. A provision should thercfore be madc

in modern water supplying system. The quantity of water required for extinguishing fires

should be easily available and kept always stored in storage tanks.

Providing an extra provision in a system to combat fire accidents by extinguish it

using water under high pressure, an extra of 1Olpcd is provided for this purpose.

Fire demand: 100*10=10001it/day= Im 3/day.Total water demand of the complex:

27+1 = 28m3/day.

3.Capacity of overhead tank

The total storage of a distribution reservoir is the summation of

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Planningand Designof water sup ly ans sewerage scheme for a residential apartment building

i) Balancing storage

ii)Breakdown storage

iii)Fire storage

The main and primary function of distribution reservoir is to mcct the fluctuation and

demand with a constant rate of supplying. The quantity of water required to be stored in the

reservoir for equalising or balancing this variable demand against the constant supply is

known as storage capacity of balancing reservoir. The balancing storage can be worked out

by utilising the hydrographs of inflow and outflow either by mass curve method or by using

analytical solution.

Supply (i.e. pumping in 2 shifts in each shift for 2hrs)

1 shift-5 -7AM

11shift-4-6PM

Each hour supply=28/4=7m

The following table gives the demand rates and supply rates. Storage capacity by analytical

method is been used here by by considering the supply and demand rates against time.

Time % of total Demand Supqly Cumulative Cumulative Surplus Deficient

volume r Demand m su I m
O-3AM 5%of28m 1.4
MAM of 28m 2.8 4.2
6-9 AM 25% of 28m 11.2 14 2.s
9-12 of 28m 15.4 14 1.4
PM
1-3AM of 28m 2.8 18.2 14
3-6 PM of 28m 2.8 14 21 28
6-9 PM 20% of 28m 5.6 26.6 28
9_12 5% of 28m 1.4 28 28

Storage capacity = maximum cumulative supply + maximumcumulativedemand —7+4.2

=11.2 m)

Assuming a liquid depth of 2m plan area of tank requiredz 11.2/2 —5.6m

Assuming L: B ratio as 2:1

and L=2B

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 Planningand Designof water supply ans sewerage scheme for a residential apartment building

.68m and L=3.35m.Provide3.35m*1.68m*2m clcvatcd over hcad tank with a free

board of 0.5m.

4.Capacity of Pump

In a water supply scheme pumps are required at one or more of the stages. A punnpis

used to withdraw water from the deep ground and lift it and discharge into overhead tank. A

centrifugal pump is employed and installed the ground. The total head 'Il' against VOucha

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Planningand Designof water supply ans sewerage scheme for a reqidential apartment building

pump has to work consists of

i) The suction lift ll.

ii)The dclivcry head lld

iii) The head loss duc to friction in thc rising main

TotalHcad (H) IL

The work done by the pump in lifting Q cumecs ofwatcr by a head H is CGQH KN .rn/sec

The water horse powcr of pump DwQH/O.735

1 HP 0.735 KW 735Watts

Brake Horse power =WHP/ O OwQH/O.7350

efficiency of the pump = 0.8

Design of pump. delivery and suction pipes.

Total Head against the pump loss to work = suction head+delivery head

H = 20m+20m = 40m

Q=28m 3/day = 3.24*104 m3/sec

Capacity of pump=O

= 0.06KW = 0.085HP 1HP(app.)

Assume the flow velocity in a pipe=2m/sec

Rate of flow, 104 m3/sec

Therefore, area of pipe A—Q/V (since Q AV)

Where area of pipe A = 4.12

d=diameter of the pipe

From I and Il we get (1—0.0143m

—14.36mm—15mm

Let us provide 15mm ø pipe for both suction and delivery pipes.

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Planning and Designofwater suppl ans sewerage scheme for a residential apartment building

5. Planning and Designof water distribution system

The distribution of water with in a building from the city mains or other sources such

as ground water can be obtained by several piping systems. Each matenal has its own merits

and demerits depending upon the local conditions. Such piping systems must however be

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Planning and Design of water su ins sewerage scheme for a residential apartment building

designed to provide unif0fi11 elpressure in all floors and places within ccflain

practical limitations. The pipin ems to be adopted will difTcr when the main supply is

used or when the overhead tan! •ly used or when the underground overhead tank supply

is used.

Piping system using unc und-overhead tank supply is been used in the apartment.

The water from the ground is awn using the pump and treated, stored in the

underground water tank. The tored in undergroundtank is finally lifted to the

overhead tank. The stored watc the overhead tank is distributed for all the flats to meet
all the demands of the resident

Design considerations for v piping systems in buildings:

The water pipe network uilding will have to be designed as to be able to supply
adequate quantity of water to a floors of the building and with adequate pressure in
even the remotest fixtures.

i,)water demand for a build

The daily water demand milding will have to be worked out by multiplying the
perceptive demand with the pop as explained earlier.

ii)Required flows for vari01 iter supply fixtures and probable demand:
The required flow rates fferent fixture are given in the table shown below These

units do not have an exact direc hematical relation with the rate of now but depend

uponfactors like the average w time of fixture.

The different types of water sul <ture units (table) and considering the probable

water demand in lit/sec can be y using the standard chart given.

Principles of Distribution a •sign.

Pipe layout is planned a rked on a scale in plan of a building. The total

developed length of the pipe lil n its source to all points and the number of fittings.

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Planning and Design of water supply ans sewerage scheme for a residential apartment building

Pressure required for the water to flow from a top is its velocity hcad after overcoming the

frictional losses in all fittings including the tap.

Pipe sizes for any riser or vertical down take can be calculated by using data on rate

of flow, loadingunits, simultaneousdemand, and frictional loss in pipes, taps and fittings.

The taps in the top floors will have the least pressure and are likely to be difficult in water

supply when lower taps are open. This problem may be overcome by balancing the available

pressure on all floors. As the pressure is higher in lower floors pipe diameters are reduced

successively to increase the frictional loss to balance the flow. However due to the limitation

of availability of only few sizes of pipes in the market it may not always be possible to

achieve balancing of the losses very accurately. In such cases a combination of different pipe

sizes may be used.

wkt,Q = AV

0.54

054

H=Q I 851
/(474.564 * = 1]

Total Head loss = Head loss per unit length * length of the pipeRefer table 5.1 for design

calculations

6. Water Treatment system

Ground water is been used to meet the various water demands of the residents in the

apartments including drinking water. As such ground water is rich with dissolved substances,

undesirablegases and also unpalatable. To make ground water into potable water a treatment

system is proposed to remove dissolved solids and also other gaseous substance to meet the

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Planning and Design of water supply ans sewerage scheme for a residential apartment building

modern drinking water quality standards.

It is proposed with the following treatment units operated in sequence.

l. Aeration system

2. Pressure filtration

3. Reverse osmosis system

Aeration system
Aeration is the method of exposing ground water to free atmosphere such that

undesirable gaseous substances such as C02 and I-IS are expelled from water and oxygen is

absorbed by the water. Oxygen makes water fresh and improves its taste. A foundation type

aerator proposed with collecting basin to treat the ground water.

Design of Aeration tank

70-90% => C02
25-40% => HS

Head: 1.2-9m (providing 1.2m)

Nozzle ø: 2.5 - 4m (providing ø > 2.5cm)

Nozzle discharge: 5 —101it (51it/sec)

Basin area required: 105 —500m /m 3/sec

Design flow: 30 m3/day = 3.47*104 m3/sec

Basin area: 320m * 3.47*104 m3/sec = 0.11m

Therefore, Ed 2 = 0.11 d=0.375 = 0.4m (app.)

Pressure filtration
Filtration is the method of passing the water through tilter media to remove colour

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Planmng and Design of water supply ans sewerage scheme for a residential apartment buddi ne

and odour. A pressure filtct ISprovxyscdfor this purpose. Water pumFd jnto the filter under

pressure and filtration is camcd out-

Design of Pressure filter

Design flow (Discharge) 30m)/day

Assuming rate of filtration: 10,000 litmr/m

Designrtow 30. 1ooolit

24 hr
Therefore, area of filter required lit = 0.125m 2
Rateoffilter
10000 m•m

SANO

GRAVEL

An example of pressure filter

Therefore, d2 = 0.125m

d=0.4m (apx)

d of filter : 0.4m

Height of tank : 2.5m

Reverse osmosis system

The reverse osmosis is the method of microfiltration using a membrane. The reverse

osmosis processes remove the dissolved substances present in water and make the water

potable. In this method the water molecules and salt ions are separated by forcing the salt

solution against a semi permeable membrane bamer, which permits the flow of water

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 Planning and Design of water supply ans sewerage scheme for a residential apartment building

through itsclfbut stops the salt. In ordinary osmosis water flows through semi pcrmeablc

membrane towards a more concentrated solution due to the effect of osmotic pressure. But in

recerse osmosis the natural osmatic pressure is opposed by exerting an external pressure on

the side containing the salt solution. In other words the osmotic pressure is reversed and this

external high pressure working in opposition to nature's low osmotic pressure forces the

water from the salt solution into the side containing no salt.

Design of discharge/capacity/flow : 30m3/day

Recovery factor : 75%

Salt rejection factor : 95%

c Design pressure : 4000KN/m2

Feed water omp : 2TC

TDS : 1000m/1

TDS dinished water : 30mg/l

Flux required : 0.82 m3/m2/day

Concentration in effluent : Cc =

=64mg/lit

Capacity of R.O.unit:
1000 + qe*67 = 30*30

Cle= 22.5 m3/day

Brain of flow : (1b (qrqe) = 30-22.5—7.5m)/day

0.95•1000
TDS in brine : 1-0.75 —3800mg/Iit

• Total flow of water : •s 30+(30-7.5) —52.5m)/day

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Planning and Design of water supply ans sewerage scheme for a residential apartment building

Flux required : 0.82m3/m2/day

7.5
Area required for R.O. membrane = 9.146m
0.82

Assumed packing density : 82 m/m

9 146
Volume of R.O. umt 62

Assuming unit volume of each module is 0.03m /module

0.1115
Number of modules : =3.75 = 4modules.
0.03

7. Design of sewerage system

The arrangement provided in a house/apartment/building for collecting and conveying

waste warer through drain pipes by gravity to join either a public sewer or a domestic septic

is termed as building drainage system.

There are three principal systems of plumbing for drainage of buildings.

l. Single stock system

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e
Planning and Design of water supply ans sewerage scheme for a residential apartment building

2. One pipe system

3. Two pipe system

A two pipe system of plumbing is proposed for the apartmcnt building. In this system

separate soil pipe and waste pipe are provided. The discharge from water closet is connected

to soil pipe while the discharge from baths, sinks, lavatory basins etc is connected to thc

waste pipe. All the trops are completely ventilated by providing separate ventilating pipes.

Thus four pipes are required. The discharge from waste pipe is disconnected from the drain

by means of a gully trip.

IS
Sewers:

A combined sewer is proposed to convey waste water from both soil and waste pipe

and discharge combinedly all the waste waters into septic tank. A sewerage system is

planned and marked the buiiding plan combined discharge i.e., both waste water flow known

as dry water flow and storm water collected from the building known as wet weather
flow
are estimated and sewer line is designed for combined flow. Discharge through each of
the
sewer line is worked out separately and the design calculation is made for the respective

discharge.

Design waste water flow

Taking QD= 30m3/day.

QDwF(Dryweather flow):30*0.8 = 24m3/day

(Wet weather flow): AIR

QWWF —
360

Where A = catchment area of stream = 24.384m * 22.86m —557.41m2 - 0.05574 Ha

I = Impermeable factor = 0.9

R = Rainfall intensity= 0.015mm/hr

AIR 0.05574-0.9-0.015
Therefore, QWWF = 2.09*I = 0.18m)/day
360 360
c
=24+0.18 = 24.18m)/day or 2.798*I ()Am A/sec.
Total design discharge = QDWF+ QWWF

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 Planningand Design of water supply ans sewerage scheme for a residential apartment building

Design of drains (using Manning's formula):

Where n = manning's coefT1cient= 0.012

wetted area
m = Hydraulic mean depth = 4
wetted perimeter

i = slope of the drain

Velocity flow in drain:

Self cleansing velocity (or) minimum velocity = 0.3m/sec

non scouring velocity (or)maximum velocity = 3m/sec

Let us provide a flow velocity of 1m/sec

Substitutingin manning's formula we get,

* 2/3* H 1/2
0.012

Therefore, WL =

Also, Q = AV

—d•d
2.798 * 104 =

d = 0.0266m = 2.66cm (apx)

*providing 5cm diameter sewer.

Table showing details of sewerst

10
Sewer QDWF QWWF design design Velocity diameter diameter Slope Difference
line (Dry (Wet discharge discharge of sewer required provided required between
weather weather two points
flow) flow) WL
AD 8 0.18 8.18 9.467*10' 0.5 1.55 0.0124 0.347

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 Planning and Design of water supply ans sewerage scheme for a residential apartment building

ED 16 0.18 16.18 0.5 2.18 0.0124 0.347

24 0.18 24.18 2.798* 0.5 2.66 0.0124 0.188

8. Design of septic tank

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Planning and Design of water supply ans sewerage scheme for a residential apartment building

Septic tank
(two

aoees O@ess
(mmbob) (mmh&)

wet• clep Op Pipe •muent

orn cottage)
(to bio bed)

tank
sy cottagere .com

An example of septic tank

Design discharge:
A septic tank is a special form of sedimentation tank with longer detention time in

which digestion of settled sludge also takes place. In other words a septic tank is a combined

sedimentation cum digestion tank. This tank has to accommodate and hold settled sludge for

its subsequent digestion, the digestion of settled sludge is carried out by anaerobic

decomposition process. Since foul gases evolve during digestion the tank is kept completely

covered on top with a provision of a high vertical vent shaft for the escape of these gases.

Design and construction features.•

Since a septic tank is a settling cum sigestion tank its design based on the following

three functions.

(i) Sedimentation to remove maximum possible amounts of suspended solids from sewage

(ii) Digestion of settled sludge resulting in a much reduced volume of dense digested sludge

(iii) Storage of sludge and scum accumulating in between successive cleanings. Hence the

tank should be large enough to provide the above requirements.

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 Planning and Design of water supply ans sewerage scheme for a residential apartment building

Sewage flow:
The maximum sewage flow into a septic tank based on number of plumbing fixtures

c discharging simultaneously. As per code, 100 users approximate units 40,the probable peak

c discharge is 2401pm.

Sedimentation:
For indich condition at temperature 250C surface area required will be 0.92m for

every 101pmpeak flow rate and depth of sedimentation is 30cm (25-30cm)

c
Sludge digestion:
c
Capacity of sludge digestion workedout to be 0.032 m /capita. As per the Indian

conditions storage of sludge,a sludge storage capacity of 7.30m / 100person recommended

c 10
for an interval of cleaning of one year is provided.

Design of septic tank:

No of users: 100 (15 flats @ 6persons/flat).

Design flow: 2401pmfor 40fixtures.

Surface area of tank @ 0.92 m2/l Olpm 0.92 = 22.05m2

10

Assuming the depth of 30cm i.e., depth d=0.3m

I. Volume of sedimentation zone = 22.08*0.3 = 6.624m

2. For digestion @0.032 m)/capita = 3.2m

3. For sludge storage @ 7.3m3/100persons = 7.3m

4. A free board of 0.3m) volume = 6.624+3.2+7.3+0.3 23.748ne

23.74b
Total depth of tank required —
volume
surface area —l.07Sm 1.1m

Provide depth 1.1m

Assuming IJB ratio as 2.5 i.e. 1-—2.5B

Surface area (12B) 22.08m2

L-7.5m,B-3m

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Planningand Designof water supply ans sewerage scheme for a residential apartment building

Therefore, dimensions of the tank are length = 7.5m, breadth —3m, depth 1.1m

9. Conclusions

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 Planning and Design of water supply ans sewerage scheme for a residential apartment building

Oyet head tank

Provide 3m*1.5m*2m elevated over head tank with a free board of 0.5m
Capacity of pump

0.1 HP (app.)

provide 15mmø pipe for both suction and delivery pipes.

Water distribution

FLOOR Pipe Diameter FLOOR Pipe diameter FLOOR Pipe diameter

No Design Of pipe No Design Of pipe no Design Of pipe

50 50 50
20 20 20
30 30 30
30 30 30
60 50 50
30 30 30
20 20 20
20 20 20
50 50
20 20
30 30
30 30
50 50
30 30
20 20
20 20

Aeration tank

Head = 1.2m

Basin area = 0.11m

d= 0.4m (app.)

Pressure filter

area of filter required 0.125m

d of filter : 0.4m
Height of tank : 2.5m

Reverse osmosis system

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Planning and Design of water supply ans sewerage scheme for a residential apartment building

Area required for R.O. membrane A = = 9.146m

Number of modules: = 3.75 = 4modules.

prains

providing 5cm diameter sewer.

Septictank
dimensions of the tank are length = 7.5m, breadth = 3m, depth = 1.1m

10.References

1. Elements of water supply and waste water disposal by G.M.Fair and J.C.geyer

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Planning and Design of water supply ans sewerage scheme for a residential apartment building

2. Water supply engineeringby S.K.Garg

3. Waste water engineeringby S.K.Garg

4. Water supply engineeringby B.C.Punmia

5. Waste water engineering by B.C.Punmia

6. IS 2065: 1983 code of practice for water supply in building,Bureau of Indian

Standards

7. IS 12183(part1)-1987code of practice for plumbing in multi-storey buildings,

Bureau of Indian standards

8. Manual on sewerage and sewage treatment-control public health And

environmental engineering organisation.1993

9. Water works engineering-syed and qasim

10. Google search for images.

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