LECTURE 3: Properties of Materials Used in Formwork

Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport

College of Engineering & Technology
Construction and Building Engineering Department

Assoc. Prof. Elsayed Galal

LECTURE 5: Design of Vertical Formwork 2

1. General
Vertical formwork category includes:
A- Wall formworks.
B- Column formworks.
LECTURE 5: Design of Vertical Formwork 3
LECTURE 5: Design of Vertical Formwork 4
LECTURE 5: Design of Vertical Formwork 5

2. Design Procedures
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LECTURE 5: Design of Vertical Formwork 6

2. Design Procedures

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LECTURE 5: Design of Vertical Formwork 7

2. Design Procedures
LECTURE 5: Design of Vertical Formwork 8

2. Design Procedures
It is similar to slab form design but substitute studs for joists,
wales for stringers, and ties for shores.
1- Determine maximum lateral pressure against the sheathing for
appropriate equation.
2.a If sheathing thickness is specified, the maximum allowable
span based on bending, shear, and deflection is the maximum
stud spacing.
2.B if the maximum stud spacing is fixed, compute the required
thickness of sheathing.
LECTURE 5: Design of Vertical Formwork 9

2. Design Procedures
3. Compute maximum allowable stud span (wale spacing) based
on stud size and design load, considering bending, shear, and
deflection.
If stud span is already determined, compute the required size of
the stud.
4. After that, determine the maximum allowable spacing of wale
supports (tie spacing) based on wale size and load.
If tie spacing is predetermined, determine the minimum wale
size.
Double wales are commonly used to avoid drilling wales for tie
insertion.
LECTURE 5: Design of Vertical Formwork 10

2. Design Procedures
5. Check the ability of tie to carry the load imposed by wale and
tie spacing.
The load on each tie (kN) = Design load (kPa) x tie spacing (m) x
wale spacing (m)
If the load exceeds tie strength, a stronger tie must be used or tie
spacing must be reduced.
6. Check bearing stress between (studs & wales) and (tie ends &
wales). In which Maximum bearing stress must not exceed Fc.
7. Design lateral bracing to resist any expected lateral loads such
as wind loads.
LECTURE 5: Design of Vertical Formwork 11

Example
Forms are being designed for a 2.44 m high concrete wall to be
poured at a rate of 1.219 m/h, internally vibrated, at a
temperature of 32°C. The concrete mixture will use Type I cement
without retarders and is estimated to weigh 2403 kg/m3.
Sheathing will be 1.2x2.4 sheets of 19 mm thick. Class 1 Plyform
with face grain perpendicular to studs. Studs and double wales
will be 38.1x88.9mm lumber. Snap ties are 13.34 kN capacity with
38 mm wide wedges bearing on wales. Deflection must not
exceed L/360. Determine stud, wale, and tie spacing. Use plyform
section properties and allowable stress from Table 13-6 and
lumber section properties from Table 13-7.
LECTURE 5: Design of Vertical Formwork 12

Example
Allowable stresses for the lumber being used for studs and wales
are:
• Fb = 12 840 kPa
• Fv = 827 kPa
• Fc = 3 340 kPa
• E = 11.7x106 kPa
LECTURE 5: Design of Vertical Formwork 13

Solution:
Forms are being designed for a 2.44 m high concrete wall to be
poured at a rate of 1.219 m/h, internally vibrated, at a
temperature of 32°C. The concrete mixture will use Type I cement
without retarders and is estimated to weigh 2403 kg/m3.
Table 13-1 Concrete unit weight coefficient (Cw)

Unit Weight of Concrete Unit Weight Coefficient

R = 1.219 m/h < 2243 kg/m3

T = 32°C 2243~2403 kg/m3 = 1.0

w = 2403 kg/m3 > 2403 kg/m3

Cw = 1.0 Table 13-1 Concrete chemistry coefficient (Cc)

Cement Type or Blend Cc

Cc = 1.0 Type 1, II, or III without retarders 1.0

Type 1, II, or III with a retarder 1.2

Other blends containing <70% slag or 40% 1.2
fly ash without retarders
Other blends containing <70% slag or 40% 1.4
fly ash with a retarder
Other blends containing ≥ 70% slag or 40% 1.4
fly ash
LECTURE 5: Design of Vertical Formwork 14

Solution:
R = 1.219 m/h
T = 32°C
w = 2403 kg/m3
Cw = 1.0
Cc = 1.0
Lateral Pressure:
785 × 1.219
= 1 × 1 7.2 + = .
32 + 18
≥ 28.7 × 1 = .
≤ 2403 × 0.0098 × 2.44 = .
= .
 LECTURE 5: Design of Vertical Formwork 15

Solution:
R = 1.219 m/h Material ¾ in. = 19 mm Class I Plyform with
T = 32°C
face grain perpendicular to studs Table 13-6
w = 2403 kg/m3
w = 23.55 kN/m3
Cw = 1.0
Cc = 1.0
p = 28.7 kPa
For sheathing:
EI = 2810x109 kPa.mm4/m
FbKS = 326 x103 N.mm/m
FsIb/Q = 7.55 x103 N/m
 LECTURE 5: Design of Vertical Formwork 16

Solution:
p = 28.7 kPa Select stud spacing (3 or more spans)
For sheathing:
Table 13-5A, consider a strip 1.0 m wide:
EI = 2810x109 kPa.mm4/m
FbKS = 326 x103 N.mm/m
FsIb/Q = 7.55 x103 N/m = 1 × 1 × 28.7 = 28.7 /
w = 28.7 kN/m
 LECTURE 5: Design of Vertical Formwork 17

Solution:
p = 28.7 kPa
For sheathing:
EI = 2810x109 kPa.mm4/m
FbKS = 326 x103 N.mm/m
FsIb/Q = 7.55 x103 N/m
w = 28.7 kN/m
 LECTURE 5: Design of Vertical Formwork 18

Solution:
For sheathing: a. Bending:
EI = 2810x109 kPa.mm4/m
FbKS = 326 x103 N.mm/m = 3.16
FsIb/Q = 7.55 x103 N/m
w = 28.7 kN/m 326 × 10
= 3.16 =
28.7

b. Shear:
Material ¾ in. =
19 mm Class I Plyform /
= 1.67 +2

19
7.55 × 10
= 1.67 + 2 × 19 =
28.7
 LECTURE 5: Design of Vertical Formwork 19

Solution:
p = 28.7 kPa c. Deflection:
For sheathing:
73.8
EI = 2810x109 kPa.mm4/m =
FbKS = 326 x103 N.mm/m
1000
FsIb/Q = 7.55 x103 N/m 73.8 2810 × 10
= =
w = 28.7 kN/m 1000 28.7

Bending governs sheathing span = stud

spacing = l
= , = ( .)
 LECTURE 5: Design of Vertical Formwork 20

Solution:
p = 28.7 kPa Select wale spacing (3 or more spans)
For sheathing:
Table 13-5A, consider a strip 1.0 m wide:
Span, l1 = 304 mm
For studs:
Spacing, s = 304 mm
304
= × 1 × 28.7 = . /
Fb = 12 840 kPa 1000
Fv = 827 kPa
Fcꓕ = 3 340 kPa
E = 11.7x106 kPa
w = 8.7 kN/m
= ( .)
 LECTURE 5: Design of Vertical Formwork 21

Solution:
p = 28.7 kPa
For sheathing:
Span, l = 304 mm
For studs:
Spacing, s = 304 mm
Fb = 12 840 kPa
Fv = 827 kPa
Fc = 3 340 kPa
E = 11.7x106 kPa
w = 8.7 kN/m
 LECTURE 5: Design of Vertical Formwork 22

Solution:
p = 28.7 kPa Studs 38.1x88.9 mm
For sheathing:
= = 38.1 × 88.9 = 3387
Span, l = 304 mm
38.1 × 88.9
For studs: = = = 0.5019 × 10
6 6
Spacing, s = 304 mm
38.1 × 88.9
Fb = 12 840 kPa = = = 2.231 × 10
12 12
Fv = 827 kPa
Fcꓕ = 3 340 kPa a. Bending:
E = 11.7x106 kPa 100
w = 8.7 kN/m =
1000
100 12480 × 0.5019 × 10
=
1000 8.7
=
38.1 x 88.9 mm
 LECTURE 5: Design of Vertical Formwork 23

Solution:
p = 28.7 kPa b. Shear:
For sheathing: 1.11
= +2
Span, l1 = 304 mm 1000
For studs: 1.11 827 × 3387
= + 2 × 88.9 =
Spacing, s = 304 mm 1000 8.7
Span, l2 = 406 mm
c. Deflection:
For wales:
Spacing, s = 406 mm
73.8
=
Fb = 12 840 kPa 1000
Fv = 827 kPa 73.8 11.7 × 10 × 2.231 × 10
=
Fcꓕ = 3 340 kPa 1000 8.7
E = 11.7x106 kPa
=
w = 8.7 kN/m
Shear governs studs span = wales spacing = l
= , = ( .)
 LECTURE 5: Design of Vertical Formwork 24

Solution:
p = 28.7 kPa Select tie spacing (3 or more spans)
For sheathing:
Table 13-5A, consider a strip 1.0 m wide:
Span, l = 304 mm
For studs:
Spacing, s = 304 mm
406
= × 28.7 = 11.6 /
Span, l = 406 mm 1000
For wales:
Spacing, s = 406 mm
Fb = 12 840 kPa
Fv = 827 kPa
Fcꓕ = 3 340 kPa
E = 11.7x106 kPa
w = 11.6 kN/m
 LECTURE 5: Design of Vertical Formwork 25

Solution:
p = 28.7 kPa
For sheathing:
Span, l = 304 mm
For studs:
Spacing, s = 304 mm
Span, l = 406 mm
For wales:
Spacing, s = 406 mm
Fb = 12 840 kPa
Fv = 827 kPa
Fcꓕ = 3 340 kPa
E = 11.7x106 kPa
w = 11.6 kN/m
 LECTURE 5: Design of Vertical Formwork 26

Solution:
p = 28.7 kPa Wales 2 x (38.1x88.9 mm)
For sheathing:
= = 2 × 38.1 × 88.9 = 2 × 3387
Span, l = 304 mm
For studs: = = 2 × 0.5019 × 10
6
Spacing, s = 304 mm
Span, l = 406 mm = = 2 × 2.231 × 10
12
For wales:
Spacing, s = 406 mm a. Bending:
Fb = 12 840 kPa 100
Fv = 827 kPa =
1000
Fcꓕ = 3 340 kPa
E = 11.7x106 kPa 100 12480 × 2 × 0.5019 × 10
=
w = 11.6 kN/m 1000 11.6
=
 LECTURE 5: Design of Vertical Formwork 27

Solution:
p = 28.7 kPa b. Shear:
For sheathing: 1.11
= +2
Span, l1 = 304 mm 1000
1.11 827 × 2 × 3387
For studs: = + 2 × 88.9 =
Spacing, s = 304 mm
1000 11.6
Span, l2 = 406 mm
c. Deflection:
For wales:
Spacing, s = 406 mm
73.8
=
Span, l3 = 610 mm 1000
Fb = 12 840 kPa 73.8 11.7 × 10 × 2 × 2.231 × 10
=
Fv = 827 kPa 1000 11.6
Fcꓕ = 3 340 kPa
=
E = 11.7x106 kPa
w = 8.7 kN/m Shear governs wales span = tie spacing = l3
For ties: = , = ( .)
Spacing, s = 610 mm
 LECTURE 5: Design of Vertical Formwork 28

Solution:
p = 28.7 kPa
For sheathing:
Span, l = 304 mm
For studs:
Spacing, s = 304 mm
Span, l = 406 mm
For wales:
Spacing, s = 406 mm
Span, l = 610 mm
Fcꓕ = 3 340 kPa Check tie load:
For ties: = × ×
Spacing, s = 610 mm
= 2 × 3 ×
406 × 610
= × 28.7 = . < .
1000 × 1000
 LECTURE 5: Design of Vertical Formwork 29

Solution: Check of Bearing: a. Stud on Wales

p = 28.7 kPa ( ) = (2 × 38.1) × 38.1
For sheathing: = 2888
ℎ
Span, l = 304 mm
= × ( 1) × ( 2)
For studs: 304 406
= 28.7 × × = .
Spacing, s = 304 mm 1000 1000
Span, l = 406 mm 3.53 × 10
For wales: = = =
2888
Spacing, s = 406 mm <
Span, l = 610 mm
Fc = 3 340 kPa
For ties:
Spacing, s = 610 mm A
 LECTURE 5: Design of Vertical Formwork 30

Solution: Check of Bearing: b. Tie wedges on wales

p = 28.7 kPa
( ) = (2 × 38.1) × 38.1
For sheathing:
= 2888
Span, l = 304 mm = 7.11
For studs:
Spacing, s = 304 mm 7.11 × 10
= = = 2462
Span, l = 406 mm 2888
For wales: <
Spacing, s = 406 mm
Span, l = 610 mm
Fcꓕ = 3 340 kPa
For ties:
Spacing, s = 610 mm
LECTURE 5: Design of Vertical Formwork 31

Solution:
Final Design:
Sheathing: Material ¾ in. = 19 mm Class I Plyform placed with long axis horizontal.
Studs: 38.1x88.9 mm @ 304 mm on center.
Wales: Double 38.1x88.9 @ 406 mm on center.
Ties: 13.34 kN snap ties @ 610 mm on center.
610 304 304

406

406