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Frequency Distribution:: Tabular Presentation For Qualitative Data

This document discusses various methods for presenting qualitative and quantitative data through tables and graphs. For qualitative data, methods include frequency distribution tables showing counts of categories, relative frequency showing proportions, and bar graphs, pie charts, and Pareto charts. For quantitative data, frequency distribution tables organize data into equal class intervals showing counts in each, histograms use bars to show class frequencies, and cumulative frequency polygons and curves display cumulative totals. Stem-and-leaf plots separate values into stems and leaves to visualize distributions for discrete data sets.

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24 views

Frequency Distribution:: Tabular Presentation For Qualitative Data

This document discusses various methods for presenting qualitative and quantitative data through tables and graphs. For qualitative data, methods include frequency distribution tables showing counts of categories, relative frequency showing proportions, and bar graphs, pie charts, and Pareto charts. For quantitative data, frequency distribution tables organize data into equal class intervals showing counts in each, histograms use bars to show class frequencies, and cumulative frequency polygons and curves display cumulative totals. Stem-and-leaf plots separate values into stems and leaves to visualize distributions for discrete data sets.

Uploaded by

masrawy edu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2:Tabular and Graphicsal presentations

Tabular Presentation for Qualitative Data


Frequency distribution: Qualitative Data frequency distribution lists each category of data and
the number of occurrences for each category of data.

Relative frequency :is the proportioso observations within a category and is found using the
formula Relative frequency (RF) = frequency of each category/ number of observations (n)

percent frequency :of any category is the relative frequency multiplied by 100.

Notes:
The sum of relative frequency must equal one
The sum of the percent frequency must equal 100%

Graphical Presentation for Qualitative Data


Bar graph:constructed by labeling each category of a data on the horizontal axis and the frequency
of the category on the vertical axis,Rectangles of equal width are drawn for each category.
The height of each rectangle represents the category's frequency or relative frequeney.

Pie Graph:is used to present the relative frequency of qualitative data,


A pie graph is a circle divided into sectors. Each sector represents a category of data. The area of
each sector is proportional to the frequency of the category.

Pareto Graph: is a bar graph in which the Theight of each bar represents frequency or relative
frequency. The bars are drawn in decreasing (descending) order of frequency or relative frequency.
Tabular Presentation for Quantitative Data
Frequency distribution:shows the number of times each value occurs in a set of data

Relative frequency:for any value is given by dividing the frequency fi by the total frequency as
follows
Relative frequency =Frequency of each category /Total sum of frequencies=

Percent frequency:for any value is given by multiplying the relative


frequency by 100%(‫)ﻣﻜﺮر‬

Frequency Distribution for Continuous Data


we use the frequency distribution to organize the continuous data by grouping the data into intervals
(classes) of equal length (width)

frequency distribution:(quantitative data) is a table that shows classes or intervals of data entries
with acount of the number of entries in each class. The frequency f of a class is the number of data
entries in the class.

To construct the frequency distribution for quantitative data, we follow the following guidelines:

(R) is given by R = Max - Min.

The number of classes should be between 5 and 20

Find the class length (width) : Class length = Range/ Number of Classes

Find the class limitsRemember that classes cannot overlap

Relative and Percent Frequency Distribution

percent frequency:for any class is given by multiplying the relative frequency by 100%.

Cumulative Frequency Distribution


Ascending(ACF):cumulative frequency distribution Lor discrete data displays the total number of
observations less than or equal to the category]

Descending(DCF):cumulative frequency distribution for discrete data displays the total number of
observations more than or equal to the category.
✔ or❌
The ascending cumulative frequency for the first class is equal to zero

The ascending cumulative frequeney for the last class is equal to the sum of all frequencies.

The cumulative relative frequency is given by dividing the cumulative frequency by total frequency

The ascending relative cumulative frequency of the( first class equal zero )

The ascending percent frequency of the first class equal zero

The ascending present cumulative frequency for (the last upper limit is equal to 100%)

Graphical Presentation for Quantitative Data


Bar graph (for discrete data):

Histogram:A histogram is a column graph that displays frequency distribution for quantitative data.
The class limits are narked on the horizontal axis and the frequency of each class are measured can
the vertical axis,(without any spaces between them)

rectangle whose width is the class length and whose height is the frequency.

Frequency Curve (free hand-smooth curve): is a graph to identify a shape of the distribution of the
data.

Polygon Curve (by straight lines)


Step Polygon :Ascending and Descending Cumulative Frequency Step Polygon for Discrete Data
A cumulative frequency step polygon is a graph device represent the cumulative frequency for the
simple frequency table for the discrete data.

Ascending and descending cumulative frequency curve

Stem and Leaf Plots


stem-and-leaf plot. In a stem-and-leaf number is separated into

stem (for instance, the entry's leftmost dits)

leaf (for instance, the rightmost digit)

The leaf of a data value will be the rightmost digit


Stem-and-leaf plots is lose their advantage when the data sets are Large or when they consist of a
large range of values

Nora Al suliman 🎈

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