Chapter- | Complex numbers 1.1 Complex number:'There is:no real-number x which satisfies the polynomial ‘To permit solutions of this and similar equations, the set of equation x? + complex number is introduced. Solution is x= V=1 and denoted by i= V1 (imaginary unit). We can consider a complex number as having the form a+ib where a and 6 are real Lf numbers and , which is called imaginary unit, has the property that /? +ib, then ais called the real part of z and 6 is called the imaginary part of z and are denoted by Refz} and Im{z} respectively. Complex variable : The symbol z , which can stand for any of a set of complex numbers, is called a complex. variables. Complex conjugate: The complex conjugate of a complex number 2 = a+ib is a-ib. Problem 1: Prove that =, + =; Solution : Let x tot +0; =F) AY “(uy #;) ily +2) = Cm -H) +04 +0) Prob.2 Prove that (i) 3, (i) A W) az + Re(z,Z,) a ty tile ny) Nes —b2)= am ty tis x94) Solution (iv) Absolute value : The value or modulus ofa complex variables z is defined as jel=Vaeh, if atib. Scanned. with CamScanneree +2.) +12) Problem 1.: Prove that (i) | +2) |$lz\[4[2)| (li) [2+ 2:4201S14:1 #172 Prob. 2, Prove that (i) | 2, 2,12) (li) |2,-2,1214)1-1221 iii) 1?1=121 Solution Prob.1(i) Method 1: see book , page -11 of 7.(a). +2, E42) (z, +2, 2, +2) star? +] 2p Pobe8 #825 fay P #2, az +22 ap Method 2; |#*#:! a) +]2; 0? +2Re(2,z,) S15 P +12, P 421% 1=(2 1412) Taking square root of both sides, we get sla l+ley/ Method 3: Let 2, ="e" and z, = re" (7, C086, +1, cosO,)+i(r sind, +r; sind,) Now |z; +2,]= y(r, cos, +r, c050,)° +i(r, sind, +7; sind, sir ere 42h £05(8, Oy) = eee ae ee Syn trp +2r,7, [for the case cos(G, —0,) <1.) Snth slal+la| Prob.3 : Find the value of (i) |e*| (ii) |e" | Solution : (i) le? |=|e*"” |=[e%e” |=|e*(cosy+isiny)| = fe™(cos* y +sin® y) = ve™.1 - = : 1 Je? (cosx+isinx)|= fe orrimy= (Et ii) le" |= Scanned. with CamScanner12 Polar form of Complex numbers: If Pis a point in the complex plane corresponding To the complex number (x,y), then we see from Fig. 1 that x=rcosd, y=rsind ety? iscalled ‘the modulus of 2; and 9 is called the amplitude or argument of 2, where | [denoted by arg z] is the angle which line OP makes with the positive x axis It follows that 7=x+iy=r(cos8+isin®)- By Euler’s relation, eo = cos +isind Hence we may write 2 =x +i = r(cos@ + isin@)= re”. 2.) =angz, +arg2, (ii), arg? =—arBz ty Problem 1: Prove that (i) arg -(cos8, +isin®;) Solution: Let 2, = "(cos +isin§,) and 2, Then argz,.= 9, and argz,= 8» 22, = hfe {(c0s, e088, - sind, sin 8,)+ (sind, sind, +608, cos8; } = ty {eos(, + 0) +isin(@, + 8)} So, arg(zz,)= (0, +0.) = arg +808 22~ Since there are many poesitle values for —mrE2% nd 2," BZ, EO only say that the two sides in the above equalities are equal or some values of argz, and argzy. Prob. : Express 223/37 in polar form. pe2vBieVar12 =4 Solution : Modulus=r Amplitude or argument, @ =sin' [> =sin 0° = F (radians) Then, 2-+2V3i=r(cosd+isind)= Figure 1.2 next page. Scanned. with CamScanner4 wr x 2 "Fig.2 Prob, 2: Express ~ V6 - V2; in polar form. x- Fig. 13 V6 -2 |= Vo+2 = 22 Solution: — Modulus Amplitude or argument, @ = tan“! = = 180° +30° = 210° ¢ (radians) oN or, : Mav2 Ge 0 9499 Amplitude or argument, @ = sin Shes or 30° =180° +30° =210' 7 (adians) Then, ~ V6 - 2: (cosd+isind)= AL cos7E «sin 7) De Moivre’s theore: Prove that (cos@ + isin9)"= cosnd + isin nd , where n is any positive integer. Proof: Let z, =1,(cosd, +sind,) and z, =1,(cos6, +sind,) 212; = 74 {(cos0, cos, -sin8, sin8,) + (sind, sin, +036, c0s9,)} = rr, {cos(0, + 0, )+ isin(@, +0,)} ay Sconned with CamScannerA generalization of (1) ot Oh foos(0, +0, +++-40,)+ isin(Q, +s (2) =z, (2) becomes Yt = r8(cos nO + isin 00) fr(cos 0 + isin 9) @B) the principle.of mathematical induction . ‘Assume that the result is true for the We use (cos 0 + isin oy particular positive integer k, Le. assume = (cos kO + isin kO). Then sides by (cos +isind), we find in kO)(cos @ + isin 8) = cost k + 10 + isin(. ke+1, But since the result is multiplying both (cos 9+ isin @)'"' = (cos k@ + isi ik then it is true for 2 = k+1)0 Thus if the result is true for » = true for n = 1, it must also be true 2 andn =241=3, etc. and clearly forn = 1+1= sso must be true for all positive integer. Roots of Complex Numbers: From De Moivre’s theorem we * fon 2H oil) k=0,L2e0-b n a ‘an show that if 7 is positive integer, from which it follows that there are n different values for z”, provided z #0. (942 Problem 1: Prove that "7 = os(0 + 2k) + isin( + 2ka) Proof: e(@#") =cos+isind=e", k=0, +1 +2, Problem 2: (a) Find the roots of 2° +32=0 and (b) locate values of 2 in the complex Plane. Solution: (a) Here 2° +32=0,s0 32 In polar form, =32=32(cosm + isin 2) = 32{cos(r + 2kn)+isin(x +2k=)}, k=0, £1, £2." 5 Scanned with CamScannerSince z= r(cos@ +isin0)= re” Then by De Moivre's theorem, 2 = r5(cos50 +isin50)=r'e™ = 32fcos(7+2ka)+isin(r+2kz)}, k=0, £1, £277 feof 22%). of 222) ac, k=O, £1 £2, 5 at (agi So, 2=2e5, if k=0; z,52¢5, if k=l zy=2e%, if k=3 Solution (b) : Fig.14 Problem 2: Find the roots of the followings: @ 24+7?=0, ans. z= (i) 2841-0 (iii) 27 +1=0 Problem 1: Find an equation for circle of radius 4 with centre at (-2, D in complex plane.Solution : The centre can be representedby the complex number -2+/ If zis any point on the circle, the distance from z to -2+1 is \ |z-(-2+i)|=4, Then |2+2-i|=4 is the required equation. Fig.1.5 Problem 2 : Given a complex number Z, interpret geometrically Ze’ , where «is real. ce" be represented graphically B Solution : Let Z by a vector OA in fig.1.6 Then Ze” =rete = re? A is the vector represented by OB. ication of a vector Z b: oe Hence multiplication of a vector Z by {| e amounts to rotating Z counterclockwise through angle a Fig.1.6 13° Vector interpretation of Complex numbers: Y B ‘A-complex number 2 = x-+/y can be represented asa vector OP whose initial point is the origin O and A terminal point P is the point (x.y). We sometimes call PCy) OP=xtiy the position vector of P. Two vectors having the same length or magnitude and direction but different initial points, such as OP and AB are considered equal. _ | Hence OP = AB = x+iy. 0 Fig 1.7 Scanned. with CamScannerDot and Cross Product : ‘The dot Product (Scalar Let =x +), and 2, =, +1, be two complex numbers, The Product) of z, and z, is defined by xy + yyy RefFizy 2,02; =|2 || 2; |C0s0 =: where 0 is the angle between z, and z, which lies between 0 and - The cross product of =, and z, is defined by 2)x2) 15) |] 2) [sind = xy, Problem 1: If -i4 and z,=-44/3, find (j) 2,02, (ji) 2)x2, Problem 2: Prove that area of a parallelogram having sides 2, and 2, is |2,x2,|. Solution : Area of a Parallelogram = (base) (height) M22 sind) =|2 || z, | sing zy =|2,%29|. ‘n= | 22 sin 8 a Problem: Fig. 1.8 values of z for 9%) Represent which (a) graphically th Fal = 2, (b) e+ Fig. 1:36 Scanned. with CamScannerSolution (a) The given equation is equivalent 10 |e ~ 2c 13) of Art iy +3], bea atin beri vu-9 +9 Squaring ave simplifying, this bocomes crap +y 24 y 4 10r49=0 or - G+5P ty" = 16 4, acirole of radius 4 with center at (—5, 0) a8 shown in Fig 1-36. Ij any pint? om this circle sue tat the distance from 0 pot BG. distance from P to point A(-3, 0) 0) is twice the Another Method. 3 e )=4 or E+E+S+I=0 ERl-7 stew (3) Paes os) jen +E +5) = 16 oF fe +51 = 4. {o) Tho given inequality i equivalent te ~31 < 2c +31 oF [ea < EFT FF Svaring nhs becomes 2+)? + 10c-+9> or (+S) +3" > 16. iss [e451 > 4 110 the ele of Fig. 136 “The required set thus consists ofall points exter Problem 3: Explain the fallacy + i= CED = vt =I, Hence 1=-1- AFI, so VIN=1= (0 =i) Solution: Since Scanned with CamScannerProblems 1.1 1. Find the real and imaginary parts of the following + (a) 3x+2ip-ivt Sy = 745i. 4 p42) (0-8 #3) + sfey=ve (b) 2x=3iy+ dix-2y-5-10i (©) faze" (a) f(@)= a a 2. Find two complex numbers whose sum is 4 and whose product is 8. 3. Provethat z=re”,if z=x+iy 1+ Imzs|2| 4, Prove that (i) —|z| [e— H. (b) |e +21 > 1 +1221. 10 Sconned with CamScanner