31

F.Y.B.Com.
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
SEMESTER - II
SUBJECT CODE :UBCOMFSII.5
 © UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI

Prof. Suhas Pednekar

Vice-Chancellor,
University of Mumbai,

Prof. Ravindra D. Kulkarni Prof. Prakash Mahanwar

Pro Vice-Chancellor, Director,
University of Mumbai, IDOL, University of Mumbai,

Program Co-ordinator : Dr. Madhura Kulkarni

Deputy Director
University of Mumbai, Mumbai
Course Co-ordinator : Prof. Ajit Pail
IDOL, University of Mumbai, Mumbai
Editor : Prof. Hemant Pednekar
Sonopant Dandekar Shikshan Mandali's
Arts College, PALGHAR
Course Writers : Dr. Moushumi Datta
Associate Prof. IQAC Coordinator and
Coordinator PG Geography
Nagindas Khandwala College
Off S.V. Road, Malad (W), Mumbai - 400064
: Dr. Mona Mehta
Vice-Principal (Self - Financed Section)
Nagindas Khandwala College
Off S.V. Road, Malad (W), Mumbai - 400064
: Dr. Chandani Bhattacharjee
Assistant Prof. and Director
International Initiatives,
H.R. College of Commerce and Economics,
Mumbai - 400020

February 2021, Print - 1

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 CONTENTS
Unit No. Title Page No.

SEMESTER - II

1. Solid Waste Management for Sustainable Society 1

2. Agricultural and Industrial Development 23
3. Tourism in India : Nature, Scope, Potentials, Ecotourism 46
4. Environmental Movements and Management 79
5. Map Filling 97


 I

SYLLABUS
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
SEMESTER - II

1) Solid Waste Management for Sustainable Society :

Classification of solid wastes – Types and Sources of Solid Waste ;
Effects of Solid Waste Pollution- Health hazards, Environmental
Impacts; Solid Waste Management – solid waste management in
Mumbai- Schemes and initiatives run by MCGM – role of citizens in
waste management in urban and rural areas.

1) Agriculture and Industrial Development :

Environmental Problems Associated with Agriculture: Loss of
Productivity, Land Degradation, desertification - Uneven Food
Production – Hunger, Malnutrition and Food Security – Sustainable
Agricultural practices

Environmental Problems Associated with Industries – pollution -

Global warming, Ozone Layer Depletion, Acid rain, Sustainable
Industrial practices – Green Business and Green Consumerism,
Corporate Social Responsibility towards environment

3) Tourism and Environment :

Tourism: Meaning, Nature, Scope and importance – Typology of
tourism- classification; Tourism potentials in India and challenges
before India; New Tourism Policy of India; Consequences of
tourism : Positive and Negative Impacts on Economy, Culture and
environment- Ecotourism.

4) Environmental Movements and Management :

Environmental movements in India: Save Narmada Movement,
Chipko Movement, Appiko Movement, Save Western Ghats
movement; Environmental Management: Concept, need and
relevance; Concept of ISO 14000 and 16000; Concept of Carbon
Bank and Carbon Credit , EIA , ecological footprint; Environment
Protection Acts; Concept and components of Geospatial
Technology- Applications of GST in Environmental Management.

5) Map Filling :
Map filling of World (Environmentally significant features) using
point, line and polygon segment.

Map filling of Konkan and Mumbai (Environmentally

significant features)


 1

Unit -1
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR
SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY
After going through this chapter, you will be able to understand the
following features:
1.1 Objectives
1.2 Introduction
1.3 Subject discussion
1.4 Solid Waste
a. Definition of Solid Waste
b. Importance of Solid Waste Management
c. Classification of Solid Waste
d. Sources of Waste & Composition of Waste
1.5 Effects of Solid Waste Pollution
e. Health Hazards
f. Environmental Impacts
1.6 Solid Waste Management
a. Solid Waste Management in Mumbai
b. MCGM Schemes and initiatives
1.7 Citizen Role in waste management
1.8 Summary
1.9 Check your Progress/Exercise
1.10 Answers to the self-learning questions
1.11 Technical words and their meaning
1.12 Task
1.13 References for further study

1.1 OBJECTIVES

By the end of this unit you will be able to –

 Understand the definition and classification of solid waste
 Understand the importance of solid waste management in
modern world
 Understand the citizen role in waste management
 Know the different Rules and Regulations that govern Solid
Waste Handling in Maharashtra.
 2

1.2 INTRODUCTION

The study of environment is incomplete without

understanding the relevance of waste and how to manage it. Ever
since man started exploring the planet and built a livelihood he has
been generating waste. The wastes in the olden days were mostly
degradable and hence we saw a lot less problem in handling them.

Fig. 1.1 Water - Sustainability

As society became urban and industrial the volumes of
waste increased and began the problems of disposal and
management of the waste. Today globally there is immense
attention being given to manage the waste sustainably. Waste have
also been identified as a major resource source with the ability to
recycle and reuse most of the throwaways. India is one of the
leading waste generators and hence needs to ensure its waste
management is efficient and effective.

1.3 SUBJECT DISCUSSION

Waste has emerged an important part of the study of

environment. This is due to increase in the population in the
country, which has reached over a billion people. Second the
increase in production and the consumption of goods has resulted
in greater volumes of waste. Urbanisation has also resulted in
increase in quantity of waste and reduction of space to dispose the
garbage.

Fig. 1.2 Problem of Waste

 3

Proper waste management is an essential part of society’s

public and environmental health. It ensures that the waste is
handled scientifically with all regulations in place put by the
governing authorities. Indian wastes are handled on the basis of
some regulations made by the Ministry of Environment and need to
be followed in the country. In order to manage waste in India and
particularly in Mega cities which contribute immensely to the
volume of waste production, the Government has ensured several
regulations for its efficient handling and disposal. The Municipal
Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1999, the 2006
National Environment Policy, the Plastic Waste (Management and
Handling) Rules, 2011, Hazardous Waste (Management Handling)
Rules, Electronic Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2011,
the Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules.

1.4 SOLID WASTE

a. Definition of Solid Waste

The term solid waste means material such as household
garbage, food wastes, and demolition or construction debris. It also
includes discarded items like household appliances, furniture, scrap
metal, machinery, car parts and other throwable items.

Fig. 1.3 Types of Solid Waste

According to the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and

Handling) Rules 2000, prescribed under the Environment
Protection Act 1986 by the Government of India municipal waste is
defined as, “commercial and residential wastes generated in a
municipal or notified areas in either solid or semi-solid form
excluding industrial hazardous wastes but including treated bio-
medical wastes.”
 4

Fig. 1.4 Municipal Solid Waste

Maharashtra Pollution Control Board, “solid wastes are those

undesirable useless and unwanted materials and substances that
arise from animal and human activities”.

Fig. 1.5 Solid Waste Types Pollution Control Board

The OECD, defines Solid waste “as useless and sometimes

hazardous material with low liquid content. Solid wastes include
municipal garbage, industrial and commercial waste, sewage
sludge, wastes resulting from agricultural and animal husbandry
operations and other connected activities, demolition wastes and
mining residues.”

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA),

passed in 1976,defined , "solid waste" as “any garbage or refuse,
sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment
plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded material,
resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural
operations, and from community activities.”

From the above definitions, we learn that:

 Solid waste is loosely called garbage
 Includes commercial and residential waste
 It is generated in a municipal or notified area
 It could be solid or semi solid too and includes treated
biomedical waste.
 5

The generation of solid waste can be from residential and

commercial establishments. The items that are thrown away such
as food waste, packaging material, construction waste are the core
of the waste. Generally organic and compostable materials form
more than half of the municipal solid waste in Indian cities. The
management of solid waste is associated with the control of
generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing,
and disposal of solid wastes with the best methods to enable better
public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics,
and other environmental considerations..

b. Importance of Solid Waste Study

The waste study is important for the following reasons
a. Growing population which in turn generates more waste
b. Increasing use of materials and products that are difficult to
naturally dispose
c. International and national level consciousness and responsibility
to manage waste through reduction and recycling
d.To identify cleaner and more efficient methods of disposal of the
waste
e. To have cleaner cities

Solid waste or municipal solid waste is a growing problem at

global, regional and local levels. These are created from human
and animal activities and result in discarding useless or unwanted
products. Due to increased demands for goods and services, there
is an increase in production and consumption creating more waste.
There are domestic wastes, commercial wastes, institutional
wastes and industrial wastes and medical waste under solid waste
defined by the Indian government.
 6

c. Classification of Waste

Fig. 1.7 Classification of Waste

1. Municipal Solid Waste
 Municipal solid waste consists of household waste,
construction and demolition debris, sanitation residue, and waste
from streets.

 This garbage is generated mainly from residential and

commercial complexes. With rising urbanization and change in
lifestyle and food habits, the amount of municipal solid waste has
been increasing rapidly and its composition changing.

2. Hazardous wastes
 These are the toxic, corrosive, poisonous, inflammable and
explosive due to the presence of chemicals in it.
 Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Amendment
Draft Rules, 2002, defines it as, “ any waste which can by
reason of its physical ,chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable,
explosive or corrosive characteristics causes danger or is likely
to cause danger to health or environment, whether alone or
when in contact with other wastes or substances”
 These wastes therefore require special care in handling, storing,
transporting and disposing.

3. E Waste
 E wastes are electronic waste, which need to be handled
carefully and in a specific manner.
 Metals like lead, BFR, Chromium, Mercury, Berrylium, non
metals and trace elements all of which can cause immense
health hazard.
 The e waste in the country is governed by the E waste
(Management and Handling) Rules, 2010, which looks into
 7

handling, transportation, storing, recycling and disposal of

waste.

4. Biomedical
 Hospital waste contaminated by chemicals used in hospitals is
considered hazardous.
 These chemicals include formaldehyde and phenols, which are
used as disinfectants, and mercury, which is used in
thermometers or equipment that measure blood pressure.
 Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or
immunization of human beings or animals or in research
activities in these fields or in the production or testing of
biological products.
 It may include wastes like sharps, soiled waste, disposables,
anatomical waste, cultures, discarded medicines, chemical
wastes, etc. These are in the form of disposable syringes,
swabs, bandages, body fluids, human excreta, etc.
 This waste is highly infectious and can be a serious threat to
human health if not managed in a scientific and discriminate
manner.

Fig.1.8 Biomedical Waste

5 Industrial Waste
 Industrial waste is considered hazardous as they may contain
toxic substances.
 Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic to humans, animals,
and plants; are corrosive, highly inflammable, or explosive; and
react when exposed to certain things e.g. gases.
 India generates around 7 million tonnes of hazardous wastes
every year, most of which is concentrated in four states: Andhra
Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu (CPCB,2006).
 8

 In the industrial sector, the major generators of hazardous

waste are the metal, chemical, paper, pesticide, dye, refining,
and rubber goods industries. Direct exposure to chemicals in
hazardous waste such as mercury and cyanide can be fatal.

Fig. 1.9 Industrial Waste

d. Sources of Waste
The concept of wastes is incomplete without the idea to
locate the different sources of wastes from which they are found.
These are the places from where the waste is generated. For the
proper understanding of the waste management, the study of the
source is important. It also ensures that the pollution source can be
understood and tackled.

Some of these sources are:-

 9

i. Domestic sources- eg. household

ii. Commercial sources- eg, stores, restaurants
iii. Institutional sources- eg, schools
iv. Construction and demolition-
v. Municipal-street cleaning, parks cleaning,
vi. Industrial-factories,
vii. Agricultural-crop residue, straw
viii. Sewage-post treatment

Table given below shows the types of wastes and their sources,
(compiled from MPCB and World Bank)

Type Sources
Organic Kitchen waste, yard wastes, food process, residue
Paper Paper scrap, newspapers, magazines, shredded paper,
paper cups and plates
Plastics Bottles, cups, packaging, lods, containers, cups
Glass Broken bottles, plates, bulbs
Metal Container, vessels, scrap
Inerts Construction Wastes
Others Textile form old cloth, e waste, appliances

Composition of Waste

The composition of MSW depends on a large number of

factors like food habit, culture, tradition, lifestyle, climate, and
income. In a study conducted by the World Bank, it has been
shown that developing and underdeveloped nations have a higher
amount of compostable organic waste compared to developed
nations. India shows about 50 % of its wastes to be organic and
compostable. The standard composition of waste is organic, paper,
plastic, metals, inerts, glass and others. According to the Ministry
of Urban Development, “ biodegradables make up 47.4% of the
MSW stream, followed by Metals and glass make up only about 1%
each of the MSW stream because of their high potential for
recycling. The inerts—street sweepings, drain silt, and construction
and demolition (C&D) debris—make up 25% of the MSW stream as
the street sweepings, drain silt, and construction and demolition
debris eventually find their way into municipal solid waste”
 10

1.5 EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE POLLUTION

Extensive dumping over a long period can cause

environmental pollution. Toxic releases from the wastes into air,
water and land will cause the contamination of the environment and
damage them beyond repair. Pollutants are found in the dumping of
the unsegregated and untreated wastes which are disposed into
nature. It harms the plants and animals that live in the dumpyard
ecosystem. Also it harms the humans who may suffer from multiple
forms of ailments both long term and short term.

a. Health Hazards
Emission of the toxic gases like methane, carbon dioxide,
sulphur gases from the waste may cause respiratory ailments like
breathing problems, asthma, bronchial disorders and in the long
term even clinical respiratory defects. The seepage of the toxic
elements into the water table and to the adjoining surface waters
like rivers, seas cause a widespread health impacts.
Gastroenteritis, liver infection, dysentery, diarrhea can be rampant
in the area. Skin infections and allergy to the elements may also be
seen in the vicinity of the polluted waters. Spread of diseases from
vectors like rats and rodents, mosquitoes may also be a threat to
the health of the citizens living in the vicinity of the dumpyards.
Handling of waste too needs to be hygienic or else the people tend
to be carriers of infectious diseases by coming in contact with the
waste.
 11

b. Environmental Impacts

Impacts on Land Impacts on Water Impacts on Air

Degradation of the Underground Water: Release of Gases
land due to direct may affect the water like:-
contamination from table due to the - Methane
dumping of waste basin effect - Sulphur dioxide
Surface Water: - Carbon dioxide
Contamination of the adjacent water
bodies become Highly combustible
food chain
carriers like rivers and may result in
and seas open fires
Rain: Major cause of Stench and foul
the seepage of toxic odour
material into the soil

The collection and dumping of waste cause major

environmental consequences. Land on which waste is dumped
tend to remain contaminated and may over a period of time
become degraded and unusable.Improper SWM in India has
caused the introduction of heavy metals into the food chain.
Compost from mixed waste composting plants is highly
contaminated with heavy metals. This used on agricultural fields
result in contamination of the agricultural soil with heavy metals.
Food crops grown on them when consumed introduce the heavy
metals into the food chain and lead to a phenomenon called
“biomaginification”.

Biomaginification is defined by United States Geological Survey

(USGS) as “ the process whereby the tissue concentrations of a
contaminant (heavy metals) increases as it passes up the food
chain through two or more trophic levels (plants and humans or
plants, cattle and humans)“

Unsanitary landfills can contaminate ground and surface

water resources too, when the leachate produced from the
untreated waste percolates through the soil strata into the
groundwater or is washed as runoff during rains. This leachate is
generally a strong reducing liquid formed under methanogenic
(anaerobic) conditions. The characteristics of leachate depend on
the content of various constituents in the dumped waste.

Dioxins and Furans are known carcinogenic agents i.e. they

can cause cancer in case of long term exposure. This is released
when open burning of waste take place or even when accidental
fires start due to methane releases in the dumpyards. The Deonar
fire in Mumbai was an incident in which the fire was unstoppable
 12

and caused health and environmental disorders in the city suburbs.

Odour and stench is also a problem in the areas where waste is
collected or disposed.

1.6. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Management of solid waste may be defined as that discipline

associated with the control of generation, storage, collection,
transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a
manner that is in best for public health, economics, engineering,
conservation.The study of solid waste management includes all
administrative, financial, legal, planning, and engineering functions
involved in the handling and management . Solid wastes have the
potential to pollute all the components of living environment (i.e.,
air, land and water) both at local and at global levels. The problem
is compounded by trends in consumption and production patterns
and by continuing urbanization of the world. The problem is more
acute in developing nations than in developed nations as the
economic growth as well as urbanization is more rapid.

This issue has now received the attention by international

authorities and the national policy makers including the
governments at the state and national level. Today involvement of
the citizens is the manner in which most waste management
techniques have become successful. At the international level the
awareness regarding waste began in 1992 with the Rio
Conference, for the global fraternity even though the developed
nations had already introduced the concept of hierarchy of waste
management and inversion of the waste pyramid.
 13

The hierarchy of waste management stresses on:-

a. Source Reduction –which includes:-

-- segregation at source
-- reducing the use of materials and --reusing them
--preventing them from entering the waste stream

Reducing and reusing are the most effective ways to prevent

generation of wastes. Sometimes, reusing can also happen after
collection, example where informal traders collect materials of no
use from households, reshape or repair them and sell in second-
hand markets..

b. Recycling
Wastes once generated and collected, is recycled where
the materials generally undergo a chemical transformation. Unlike
reusing a used material, recycling involves using the waste as raw
material to make new products .

c. Composting
United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) defines
composting as “ the biological decomposition of biodegradable solid
waste under predominantly aerobic conditions to a state that is
sufficiently stable for nuisance-free storage and handling and is
satisfactorily matured for safe use in agriculture. “

Composting can also be defined as human intervention into

the natural process of decomposition as noted by Cornell Waste
Management Institute.

d. Waste to Energy
Refuse Derived Fuel refers to the segregated high calorific
fraction of processed MSW. RDF can be defined as the final
product from waste materials which have been processed to fulfill
guideline, regulatory or industry specifications mainly to achieve a
high calorific value to be useful as secondary/substitute fuels in the
solid fuel industry (23). RDF is mainly used as a substitute to coal
(a fossil fuel) in high-energy industrial processes like power
production, cement kilns, steel manufacturing, etc. United Nations
Environmental Program (UNEP) defines sanitary landfilling as the
controlled disposal of wastes on land in such a way that contact
between waste and the environment is significantly reduced and
wastes are concentrated in a well defined area. Sanitary landfills
(SLFs) are built to isolate wastes from the environment and render
them innocuous through the biological, chemical and physical
processes of nature. UNEP also recognizes three basic conditions
to be fulfilled to be designated as an SLF:
a) Compaction of the wastes,
b) Daily covering of wastes (with soil or other material) and
 14

c) Control and prevention of negative impacts on public health and

environment

e. Dumping and disposal

The following are the different disposal methods of the solid
waste :-

Open dump sites-Often most practiced and easiest methods of

disposal of waste. It requires the selection of a site for disposal and
there after successive dumping is undertaken.

Landfills- One of the most used technique for waste disposal. It

includes the trenching or removal of some layers on the surface
and dumping of waste there upon. Upon closure the waste pits are
covered and left for reduction naturally. It is one of the techniques,
which have been criticized for environmental pollution of the soil
and ground water. Several countries that have used this technique
have stopped using landfills to prevent further pollution.

Incineration-The burning and reduction of the waste is another

method of waste management. The environmental concerns in this
is enhanced with emission of hazardous gases during the process
of reduction. As a method of waste management it is used
exclusively for toxic, harmful and infected waste as the process kills
the microbial contaminant. It was one of the oldest methods to
tackle hospital waste. However, the method emits gases such as
CO2 and CO as well as Carcinogenic gases such as Dioxins and
Furans, due to incomplete combustion of compositions like PVCs.
Autoclave today is one the newest methods of medical wastes
treatment which works based on wet disinfection in a controlled
environment. However, the Management of Hazardous Waste Act
has specified the methods of disposal based on the nature of the
products which need to be disinfected prior to disposal or even
elimination.

Sanitary disposal pits and compost pits- The method ranges

from covered trenching, organic breakdown with scientific
intervention. The most efficient method for some types of wastes
particularly those involving night soil and organic waste.

a. Solid Waste Management in Mumbai

Mumbai as the financial capital has a population of 16.37
million and a garbage collection of 7025 metric tons per day.(BMC).
It has been identified to have the highest generation of e waste per
annum of about 3 lakh tons. To compound it the area of Mumbai is
437.71 sq kms with a high concentration of people about 46,000
persons / sq km in the city district and 20,000 persons/ sq kms.
(Mahadevia,2005). However, out of this 7025 is solid waste out of
which 5000MT is general municipal waste, about 2000 MT is silt
 15

and construction debris and 10 MT is bio medical waste. The

Ministry of Urban Development in its manual on Waste
Management estimated in 2000 , that waste generation of the entire
country is 100,000 MT. The city has 48.5 % area under BMC in
slums( 2001 Census), while including the industrial workers also
called the chawls the numbers are 8.3 million or 70% people. The
problems of over crowding and unsanitary conditions therefore
persist.

The MSWM falls under the obligatory duties of the

MCGM.Presently, the SWM department works under the direction
and control of the Chief Engineer (SWM). He is assisted by the
Deputy Chief Engineer, Head Supervisor, Deputy Supervisor,
Assistant Head Supervisor in the Conservancy Wing. The
Transport Wing provides vehicles for transportation of the refuse
and cesspool, health services, encroachment services and other
services. Each Administrative ward is under the control of one
Assistant Head Supervisor. In order to render the services broadly
outlined above, effectively the administrative wards are further
subdivided into 48 conservancy wards. Each sub-ward is under the
control of a Supervisor. Under each Supervisor there are 5 section
Junior Overseers and one Motor Loading Junior Overseer in each
shift. Each section Junior Overseer has 2 Mukadams and 40 to 50
scavengers.There are 24 wards in the city. The city is divided into
island city wards, Eastern suburban wards and the Western
suburban wards.method of collection would need to include a door
to door collection system from all of the above outlets. The initial
systems have been upgraded to include a Clean Up Project, which
ensures that wastes both domestic or otherwise, are collected at
source in dumpers which are compacters.

These machines then carry the compacted waste to the

dump yards. These are thereafter loaded in trucks and containers
to the other disposal sites.

For the sake of collection of waste the following initiatives

have been taken by the BMC:-

1. Standardized community bins of the following type have been

purchased
2. 6000 thousand wheeled bins with lid of 1.1 m3 capacity
3. Bins of uniform design amenable to mechanical loading and
unloading
4. 2000 ( Pole mounted ) dual litter bins of 50 liters capacity.
5. Dry waste sorting centres have been created to accept e-waste
and recyclables in each ward. These are being managed by
NGOs.
 16

Transportation implies conveyance from point of collection to

the point of disposal. Motor loaders work in the city and suburbs
from 6.30 am to 1.30 p.m. in the morning shift and 1.45 p.m. to 8.45
p.m. in the afternoon shift.

There are four dump yards in Mumbai for the disposal of

municipal solid waste-

i) Deonar- is the oldest and is still operational. Most vehicles carry

waste to the yard from all over the city and also from the transfer
stations
ii) Gorai- Started in 1972 and from 2006 is being scientifically
closed. It has earned the MCGM carbon credits for the process of
closure and is a flagship green project for the administration.
iii) Mulund- Is almost defunct presently but contributed to huge
dumpings in the last 30 years.
iv) Kanjurmarg- A new site in the eastern suburbs of the city and
has a potential to become a very important dumping yard for the
city once even the Deonar grounds close.

b. Initiatives taken by the MCGM on Waste Management

The first major initiative was taken by the Honorable
Supreme Court of India in 1998, which resulted in formation of an
expert committee to study the status of SWM in Indian cities. This
Committee identified the deficiencies/gaps in the existing SWM
system in the country and prepared the Interim Report in 1999 on
SWM Practices for few cities. As a second major initiative, in
conformance with Sections 3, 6 and 25 of the Environment
Protection Act of 1986, and on the basis on the recommendations
by the Committee, the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF)
of the Government of India, developed and issued Municipal Solid
Waste (Management and Handling) Rules (MoUD, 2000). These
rules aim at standardization and enforcement of SWM practices in
urban areas.

i) Mumbai Initiative – Chakachak Mumbai / Clean up

The garbage of the city is picked up door to door and is
transported in heavy compactors to the transfer stations and
dumping yards. This has reduced the wayside open dumping that
was followed previously. Segregation is also encouraged in housing
and other communities and the Municipality aids in setting up
compost bins.

ii) Setting up of Advanced Local Management Committee-

The ALM is an identified locality or neighborhood, the
residents of which commit themselves to improve the “Quality of
Life” in the locality / neighborhood in close co-operation with the
 17

MCGM. The ALM has grown into a movement since its inception as
more and more citizens in different neighborhoods of the city have
came forward to form ALMs in their localities, driven by the efforts
of the ALM officer of the MCGM and existing active ALM groups.

iii) Stree Mukti Sangathan an NGO supported by the MCGM,

started the Parisar Vikas Program since 2002. Under the program
the SMS train the rag pickers to collect, handle and process the
waste collected and organise them into cooperatives.

Details of the Initiative-The Parisar Vikas Programme has been

initiated by the Stree Mukti Sanghatana (SMS) which is an NGO
based in Chembur, Mumbai. SMS is a Woman’s Liberation
Organisation and was established in 1975. The organisation has
directed its efforts towards the upliftment of women primarily by
creating awareness in the society about women’s issues. Since its
inception, SMS has made significant contributions to the women’s
movement in Maharashtra through various activities. The SWM
project of the SMS is being funded by ‘War on Want’, a London
based NGO, and the Central Government’s Suvarna Jayanti
Shahari Rojgar Yojna (SJSRY). The duration of the project was
from 2002 upto the end of 2005. The main strategies of the
programme involved the following: • Organisation and training of
the women ragpickers. • Improving the standard of living of women
ragpickers by understanding their problems. • Developing new
techniques for treatment of waste. • Creating zero waste situation in
cities by appropriate waste recycling techniques.

iv) Slum Adoption or the Dattak Vasti Yojna-To handle the solid
waste management in the slums.

Details of the Initiative- A Community Based Organisation

(CBO) has been involved in work related to SWM in the Prem
Nagar Slum Community since last one and a half years. The
MCGM has provided necessary equipments for the purpose to the
CBO and it also takes care of the salaries of the slum cleaners. The
project has turned out to be successful. This scheme is being put
forward as an example to motivate other slums, to participate in the
scheme. However, SAS is only meant for authorised slums. After
the successful implementation of Prem Nagar Pilot Project, in 1999,
the MCGM formed ‘Slum Adoption Policy’ (Jain 2000). A circular
followed this in 2001 for appointing an Officer on Special Duty to
educate slum dwellers about SWM.

1.7 CITIZEN INITIATIVES

General citizens can play a very important role through

public participation in the waste management system. Changes in
 18

the habits of segregation, littering, can change the approach

towards wastes.

a. Bhagidari Scheme:
Based in Delhi, the government instituted the Bhagidari Scheme for
ensuring close cooperation of the Residents Welfare Association
(RWAs), civic agencies and the government.

Highlights-
 Based on a court order for compulsory segregation of waste at
the household level from January 1, 2004.
 In December 2003 (Hindustan Times 26.12.2003), the Municipal
Commissioner of Delhi announced a system by which
segregated garbage from homes would be transported to
municipal bins through specially designed handcarts having two
compartments. He further mentioned that the segregation
system would reduce 50 per cent of the garbage going to
landfills and thereby result in cost reduction.
 In the initial phase, zones were selected in colonies like Hauz
Khas, Gulmohar Park, Vasant Vihar, Green Park, Safdarjung
Enclave and Sewa Nagar. Due to various reasons, the scheme
has not been very effective except in some colonies, where
RWAs decided to tackle the problem themselves, the scheme is
working.
b. Bangalore Agenda Task Force (BATF)-
Highlights-
 Solid waste management has been taken up for Bangalore City.
 The whole operation has been outsourced to private agencies
who provide the infrastructure right from Safai Karamcharis,
their uniforms and caps, bins, trolleys and vehicles (dumpers)
that pick up the collected waste and transport it to the
composting site on the city’s outskirts.
 The Safai Karamcharis have been given strict instructions not to
collect the waste from households if it is not segregated. Their
areas of responsibility are clearly demarcated along with their
collection schedule. These areas are under supervisors of the
contracted agency and hence, it is ensured that every place is
kept clean. This exercise also has a few snags that will be
discussed later.

c. Individual Effort in Rural Maharashtra:

A 39 year old bank cashier, Ms. Asha Shivajirao Bhise, left
her job and took up vermi-composting in a big way (Indian Express,
16.04.2004). With a total corpus of Rs. 15 lakhs, she set up a
vermi-composting project and harvested 20 tonnes of compost in
 19

40 days, which was picked up by farmers within days. It is an

example of tapping commercial opportunities in solid waste
management and total commitment by an individual.

Role of the Citizens of Mumbai

The citizens of Mumbai have to be trained in the three 'Rs' with
respect to management of wastes.

Reduce - As the budget of the Municipal Corporation indicate,

about one quarter of the budget is spent on transportation of
waste. There is an urgent need to reduce the waste by cutting
down on transportation. The reduction of waste can happen only
when we, as citizens of Mumbai, reduce waste generation in the
first place. Also they can segregate and reduce the quantity of
waste to be transported.

Reuse – Reuse of products prior to disposal is the way forward.

Plastics must be used in as little manner as possible.

Recycle - To recycle, we should segregate our garbage at source.

Wet garbage can be recycled by composting or vermi-composting
in your backyard or in the vicinity. This will produce good manure
that can be used for gardens and lawns. The dry garbage can be
given to the rag pickers who sell it to re-users.

1.8 SUMMARY

Since economic reforms in 1992 – 1993, India has

undergone rapid urbanization, which changed material
consumption patterns, and increased the per capita waste
generation rate. Since 2011, India underwent unprecedented
economic growth and the urban per capita waste generation
increased from 440 grams/day to 500 grams/day at a decadal per
capita waste generation growth rate of 13.6%. These have made it
necessary to understand and manage the waste generated in the
country. Waste management is a manner of reducing the pile of
garbage dumped into the environment. There are several methods
such as segregation of the waste, recycling of the waste,
composting of the organic part of the waste, incineration of the
waste and eventual dumping of the waste. Mumbai has attemped
as a city to handle its waste very effectively with door to door
collection and daily transportation of the project through the Project
Clean up.
 20

1.9 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS/EXERCISE

1. True or False
a. Solid waste only includes garbage in a solid state
b. Biomedical Waste is included in the Handling Rules of MSW,
2000.
c. Recycling reduces waste
d. There is a need for water bodies near the dumping yards
e. Deonar is the oldest dumping yard for MSW

2. Fill in the Blanks

a. The MSW handling Rules followed is for year_______
b. ________is released as a gas from the dump yards
c. ____________is an ailment that is associated with solid waste
pollution
d. ___________dump yard has earned carbon credits for the
MCGM
e. The project to handle MSW in Mumbai is ________________.

3. Multiple Choice Questions

a. Hospital Waste is also called_____
i. MSW
ii. BMW
iii. HW
iv. E Waste

b. Environmental Protection Act was passed in the year_________

i. 1992
ii. 1997
iii. 1985
iv. 1986
c. _____________is also defined as human intervention into the
natural process of decomposition
i. Composting
ii. Recycling
iii. Degradation
iv. Biomagnification

d. The highest % in the composition of MSW is _____

i. Plastics
ii. Glass
iii. Kitchen Waste/ Organic
iv. Inerts

e. ________is the newest dumping site for Mumbai.

i. Gorai
ii. Kanjurmarg
iii. Mulund
iv. Deonar
 21

1.10 ANSWERS TO THE SELF-LEARNING

QUESTIONS

1. True or False
1.a. False
1.b. True
1.c. True
1.d. False
1.e. True

2. Fill in the Blanks

2.a. 2000/ 2016
2.b. Methane
2.c. Asthma
2.d. Gorai
2e. Project Clean up

3. Multiple Choice Questions

3.a. (ii)
3.b. (iv)
3.c. (i)
3.d. (iii)
3.e. (ii)

1.11 TECHNICAL WORDS AND THEIR MEANINGS

 Solid Waste- All unwanted thrash that is disposed from

commercial and domestic institutions.
 Leachate: The pollutants which are carried into the water and
land bodies and cause pollution
 Biomagnification: The process whereby the tissue
concentrations of a contaminant (heavy metals) increases as it
passes up the food chain through two or more trophic levels.

1.12 TASK

 Visit a Dump yard in your town or city. Write a report on the

collection and disposal of the waste as you see it.
 Make a scrap book with a week’s record of what you dispose in
your garbage bin.
 22

1.13 REFERENCES FOR FURTHER STUDY

 Basics in Environmental Studies, Dr. Pushpendra

 Environmental Management, Swapan Deb.
 The Sage Handbook of Environment and Society, Ward, Hugh
eds.
 Environment and Sustainable Development, Sundar, I.


 23

Unit -2
AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRIAL
DEVELOPMENT
After going through this chapter, you will be able to understand the
following features:

2.1 Objectives
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Subject discussion
2.4 Environmental Problems Associated with Agriculture
A. Loss of Productivity
A1. Causes of Decline in Agricultural Productivity
A2. Effects of Decline in Agricultural Productivity
B. Land Degradation
B1. Causes of Land Degradation
B2. Effects of Land Degradation
B3.Prevention and Control Measures for Land
Degradation
B4. Desertification
B5. Causes of Desertification
B6. Effects of Desertification
B7. Prevention and Control Measures for Desertification
C. Uneven Food Production
D. Hunger
D1. Causes of Hunger
E. Malnutrition and Food Security
E1. Food Security in India
2.5. Sustainable Agricultural Practices
a. Organic Farming
b. Crop Rotation
c. Soil Enrichment
2.6. Benefits of Sustainable Agriculture
2.7. Environmental Problems Associated with Industries
A. Pollution
B. Global Warming
C. Ozone depletion
C1. Impact of Ozone Depletion
 24

D. Acid Rain
D1. Causes of Acid Rain
D2. Effects of Acid Rain
2.8 Sustainable Industrial Practices
8A. Green Business
8B Green Consumption
2.9 Corporate Social Responsibility towards Environment
9A. Advantages Corporate Social Responsibility
9B. Corporate Social Responsibility towards Environment
2.10. Summary
2.11. Check your Progress/Exercise
2.12. Answers to the self-learning questions
2.13. Technical words and their meaning
2.14. Task
2.15. References for further study

2.1. OBJECTIVES

By the end of this unit you will be able –

 To understand the environmental problems associated with
agriculture
 To comprehend the ways of sustainable agricultural
practices
 To know environmental problems associated with industries

2.2. INTRODUCTION

Environment and agriculture are closely related. Every

agricultural activity has an impact on the environment. From the
prehistoric era, when humans survived by hunting and collecting
food, the human species has intervened in the natural food chains.
When human communities became settled and started
domesticating animals and plants, their impact on the environment
assumed new proportions. Since then human agricultural activity
has continued to intensify, and over the last 150 years the rate of
intensification has accelerated dramatically.

The negative environmental impact of agricultural practices

cannot be ignored. Inappropriate agricultural practices and land
use can also have an adverse impact on natural resources, like
• Pollution of soil, water and air
• Desertification
• Fragmentation of habitats
• Loss of wildlife and plant species.
 25

Unsustainable agricultural practices are an immediate threat

to species and ecosystems around the world .Farmed areas
provide important habitats for many wild plants and animals. When
farming operations are sustainably managed, they can help
preserve and restore critical habitats, protect watersheds, and
improve soil health. But when practiced without care, create various
environmental problems and greatest threat to species and
ecosystem.

2.3 SUBJECT DISCUSSION

This unit brings out the impact of agriculture on environment.

The need for farmers today is to follow agricultural practices that
are sustainable. Sustainable agricultural practices do not only
benefit the farmers but also the customers and society as whole.
The farmers are encourages to follow simple practices such as
organic farming, crop rotation, soil enrichment etc.to preserve the
land.

Further in the unit the impact of industries on the

environment is discussed. New concepts like green business and
green consumption are suggested as sustainable practices.

2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED

WITH AGRICULTURE

The various environmental problems associated with agriculture are

as follows:

A. Loss of Productivity:
Agricultural productivity declines considerably due to floods
and the climatic change. The degradation of land, siltation of rivers,
pollution of soil from acid rains and industrial wastes are some of
the issues that are associated with urbanisation and
industrialization that are strong causes of land degradation and
decline in agricultural productivity.

A1. Causes of Decline in Agricultural Productivity

The causes of the decline in Agricultural Productivity are as
follows:

1. With the explosion in human population the agricultural land has

gradually been converted into residential and industrial areas.
2. The increasing demand for food has resulted in extensive
farming and commercialization. These practices caused serious
depletion of nutrients causing loss in the agricultural
productivity.
 26

3. The agricultural production was to be boosted up by the

application of synthetic chemical fertilizers and crops were
protected from pests and diseases by the applications of
pesticides and fungicides. These synthetic chemicals have
resulted in degradation of lands.
4. Vast areas of productive land are destroyed by heavy mining and
quarrying.
5.Frequent floods due to siltation of rivers caused by soil erosion
often leads to damage of the top soil resulting in soil
degradation.

A2. Effects of Decline in Agricultural Productivity

1. The decline in Agricultural Productivity is causing hunger in

major parts of the world. In spite of great improvements in the
food production, still about half million people are still starving
across the world..
2. Poor maintenance of irrigation system causes loss of water
through wastage and seepage. The scarcity of water affects
crop production adversely.
3. The decline in agricultural productivity has no longer left the
agriculture profitable activity for farmers. Hence, large scale
migration of people from rural areas towards cities is increasing
day by day.
4. Declining agricultural productivity compounded with natural
calamities which is aggravated by human factors is creating
acute shortage of food. Many countries have to take loans from
the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank to
import food and to feed its people.
All the factors mentioned above, heavily contribute to hunger
and poverty together with causing bad effect on local, regional
and national economies.

B. Land Degradation

Land degradation is a process in which the value of the

biophysical environment is affected by a combination of human-
induced processes acting upon the land. Land degradation is the
major consequences of direct interference of human activities in the
natural phenomenon. Land degradation means:
1. Loss of natural fertility of soil because of loss of nutrients.
2. Less vegetation cover
3. Changes in the characteristic of soil.

It is viewed as any change or disturbance to the land

perceived to be undesirable. Natural hazards are excluded as a
 27

cause; however human activities can indirectly affect phenomena

such as floods and bush fires. It is estimated that up to 40% of the
world's agricultural land is seriously degraded.

B1.Causes of Land Degradation

The various causes of land degradation are as follows:

1. Deforestation
Deforestation is taking place at a faster rate due to
increasing demands of timber, fuel and forest products which
results into degradation of land resources.

2. Overgrazing
Overgrazing refers to excessive eating of grasses and other
green plants by cattle. It results into reduced growth of vegetation,
reduced diversity of plant species, excessive growth of unwanted
plant species, soil erosion, and degradation of land due to cattle
movement.

3. Agricultural practices
The modern agricultural practices, excessive use of
fertilizers and pesticides has adversely degraded the natural quality
and fertility of the land.

4. Industrialization
Development of industries for the economic growth of the
country leads to excessive deforestation and utilization of land.

5. Urbanization
Increasing growth of population and demand for more
residential areas and commercial sectors is also one of the reasons
for land degradation.

B2. Effects of Land Degradation

1. Land degradation occurs because people are cutting forests,

woodlands and shrublands at a pace exceeding the natural
growth rate.
2. Overgrazing is the grazing of livestock above the livestock
carrying capacity which results in the decrease in the vegetation
cover.
3. Improper agricultural practices, occur when there is saturation of
good lands under population pressure which leads settlers to
cultivate too shallow or too steep soils, plough fallow land before
it has recovered its fertility, or attempt to obtain multiple crops
by irrigating unsuitable soils.
 28

4. Land degradation rsults in the displacement of people from their

natural habitat.
5. Severe land degradation affects the economic development of
nations. When the land is less productive, the food availability is
compromised which results in scarcity of food.

B3. Prevention and Control Measures for Land Degradation

Some practices for controlling land degradation are as follows:

1. Strip farming
It is a practice in which cultivated crops are sown in
alternative strips to prevent water movement.

2. Crop Rotation
It is one of the agricultural practice in which different crops
are grown in same area following a rotation system which helps in
replenishment of the soil.

3. Ridge and Furrow Formation

Soil erosion is one of the factors responsible for land
degradation. It can be prevented by formation of ridge and furrow
during irrigation which lessens run off.

4. Construction of Dams
Dams usually checks or reduces the velocity of run off so
that soil support vegetation.

5. Contour Farming
This type of farming is usually practiced across the hill side
and is useful in collecting and diverting the run off to avoid erosion.

B4. Desertification
Desertification is a type of land degradation in which
relatively dry area of land becomes increasingly arid, typically
losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife. It is
caused by a variety of factors, such as climate change and human
activities like agriculture, mining, over grazing etc.

Desertification is a significant global ecological and

environmental problem. Deserification occurs on all continents
except Antarctica and affects the livelihoods of millions of people,
including a large proportion of the poor in dry lands. Desertification
takes place worldwide in dry lands, and its effects are experienced
locally, nationally, regionally, and globally.
 29

B5. Causes of Desertification

1. Overgrazing: Animal grazing is a huge problem for many areas

that are starting to become desert. If there are too many animals
that are overgrazing in certain spots, it makes it difficult for the
plants to grow back, which hurts the land and makes it lose its
former green glory.

2. Deforestation: Deforestation, clearance or clearing is the

removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter
converted to a non-forest use. Examples of deforestation include
conversion of forest land to farms, ranches, or urban use.

3. Improper Farming Practices: Some farmers do not know how

to use the land effectively. They may essentially strip the land of
everything that it has.

4. Urbanization and other types of land development:

Development can cause people to invade forest land and kill the
plant life. As areas become more urbanized, there are less places
for plants to grow, thus causing desertification.

5. Climate Change: Climate change plays a huge role in

desertification. As the days get warmer and periods of drought
become more frequent, desertification becomes more and more
eminent. Unless climate change is slowed down, huge areas of
land will become desert; some of those areas may even become
uninhabitable as time goes on.

B6.Effects of Desertification

1. Farming becomes very difficult. If an area becomes a desert,

then it’s almost impossible to grow substantial crops there without
special technologies.

2. Hunger: Areas which suffer from desertification do not have

productive land and hence these areas don’t have enough food
available for people living in these areas.

3. Flooding: Without the plant life in an area, flooding is a lot more

eminent. Not all deserts are dry; those that are wet could
experience a lot of flooding because there is nothing to stop the
water from gathering and going all over the place.

4. Poor Water Quality: If an area becomes a desert, the water

quality is going to become a lot worse than it would have been
otherwise. This is because the plant life plays a significant role in
keeping the water clean and clear; without its presence, it becomes
a lot more difficult for you to be able to do that.
 30

5. Overpopulation: When areas becomes desert, people start

shifting to other areas and this results in overpopulation in these
areas.

B7. Prevention and Control Measures for Desertification

1. Reforestation is one of the easiest ways to eliminate

desertification from its root cause. Environmental Organizations
work in places where deforestation and desertification are
contributing to extreme poverty. There they focus primarily on
educating the local population about the dangers of deforestation.

2. Another technique that is useful is contour trenching. This

involves the digging of 150m long, 1m deep trenches in the soil.
The trenches are made parallel to the height lines of the landscape,
preventing the water from flowing within the trenches and causing
erosion. Stone walls are placed around the trenches to prevent the
trenches from closing up again.

C. Uneven Food Production

Globally, the production of food is unequal. This is because

there are two main components which are the environmental
capacity of the area, and the human capacity. Environmental
capacity is its ability ‘to accommodate a particular activity or rate of
an activity without unacceptable impact’. The climate, soil types,
and availability of water affect it. Human capacity, in relation to food
production, is the size of the population and the amount of
agricultural skill within that population.

Increasing world population, climatic change, political unrest,

social, economic and environmental problems lead to world food
problems. There are many associated reasons of food problems.
Each problem is interconnected, so if there is an influence, it will
affect all.

D. Hunger
Hunger is a condition in which a person, for a sustained
period, is unable to eat sufficient food to meet basic nutritional
needs.

D1. Causes of Hunger

1. Poverty
Poverty is the main cause of hunger in the world. This is true
in rich and poor countries alike. The largest groups of people in
extreme poverty are small farmers in developing countries. They
do not have land to grow enough food, hence their earning are very
low.
 31

2. Food Shortages and Waste

Food shortages in developing countries are common. The
people most affected are small farmers and their families who
depend on their own surplus to survive between harvests.

3. Poor infrastructure
Poor infrastructure may be a reason for hunger. Sometimes
it is impossible to transport food to areas where there are
shortages. The roads were so poor it was not possible to reach all
who needed the food to survive.

4. Climate Change
Climate change is affecting the supply of food world over
though nothing can be done by people about climate change
directly. They are affecting the environment indirectly.

5. War and Conflict

Hunger is both a cause and effect of war and conflict. Wide-
scale poverty and hunger lead to frustration and resentment with
governments that appear to ignore hungry people’s plight.

6. Nutritional Quality
People require certain nutrients to lead a healthy life, and
when they don’t consume sufficient amounts, they can become sick
and even die. Infants and young children are most vulnerable to the
harmful effects of hunger.

E. Malnutrition and Food Security

Malnutrition is a lack or excess of energy and nutrients,
essential vitamins and minerals in any one diet and it does not
mean starvation. Malnutrition increases the risk of infection and
infectious diseases.

Food Security refers to the availability of food and one’s

access to it. A family is considered food-secure when its members
are able to consume a minimum adequate and balanced diet on
regular basis. Availability and affordability of such diet, in an
environmentally sustainable scenario will enable a person to lead a
healthy life.

The term food security first originated in the mid of 1970s,

when the World Food Conference (1974) defined food security in
terms of food supply assuring the availability and price stability of
basic foodstuffs at the international and national level.

E1. Food Security in India

The Green Revolution resulted in the increase in the
production of grain in India. Therefore we were not facing any
problems of food availability. The main problem today is
 32

affordability, by the poor people of the country. In this concept, we

can interpret food security as livelihood security and also the
economic capacity to buy the food.

2.5 SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES

Sustainable agriculture is farming in sustainable ways based

on an understanding of ecosystem services, the study of
relationships between organisms and their environment. The main
objectives of sustainable agriculture practices are:
•Satisfy human food and fiber needs.
•Enhance environmental quality
•Make the most efficient use of non-renewable resources .
•Enhance the quality of life for farmers and society as a whole.

Some important sustainable measures taken up by the

agricultural sector are as follows:

a. Organic Farming
Organic farming is an alternative agricultural system which
originated early in the 20th century in reaction to rapidly changing
farming practices. It relies on fertilizers of organic origin such as
compost, manure, green manure, and bone meal and places
emphasis on techniques such as crop rotation and companion
planting. Biological pest control, mixed cropping and the fostering of
insect predators are encouraged. In general, organic standards are
designed to allow the use of naturally occurring substances while
prohibiting or strictly limiting synthetic substances.

b. Crop Rotation
Crop rotation is one of the most powerful techniques of
sustainable agriculture. Its purpose is to avoid the consequences
that come with planting the same crops in the same soil for years in
a row. During rotation, farmers can plant certain crops, which
replenish plant nutrients. These crops reduce the need for chemical
fertilizers.

c. Soil Enrichment
Healthy soil is full of life, which can often be killed by the
overuse of pesticides. Good soils can increase yields as well as
creating more robust crops. It is possible to maintain and enhance
the quality of soil in many ways. Some examples include leaving
crop residue in the field after a harvest, and the use of composted
plant material or animal manure.
 33

2.6 BENEFITS OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

1. Contributes to Environmental Conservation

Sustainable agriculture helps to replenish the land as well as
other natural resources such as water and air. This replenishment
ensures that these natural resources will be able for future
generations to sustain life.

2. Public Health Safety

Sustainable agriculture avoids hazardous pesticides and
fertilizers. As a result, farmers are able to produce fruits, vegetables
and other crops that are safer for consumers, workers, and
surrounding communities.

3. Prevents Pollution
Sustainable agriculture means that any waste a farm
produces remains inside the farms ecosystem. In this way the
waste cannot cause pollution.

4. Biodiversity
Sustainable farms produce a wide variety of plants and
animals resulting in biodiversity. During crop rotation, plants are
seasonally rotated and this results in soil enrichment, prevention of
diseases, and pest outbreaks.

5. Economically Beneficial for Farmers

In exchange for undertaking sustainable farming methods,
farmers receive a fair wage for their produce. This greatly reduces
their reliance on government subsidies and strengthens rural
communities.

6. Beneficial for Environment

Sustainable agriculture reduces the need for use of non-
renewable energy resources and as a result benefits the
environment.

2.7 ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED

WITH INDUSTRIES

An industry is a collection of companies that operate in a

related set of goods or services, which are eventually sold to
purchasers. In any country, numerous industries work together to
produce the necessary goods and services needed and desired for
its people. By convention, industries are divided into three groups:

• Primary industries are involved in the collection, utilizing, and

harvesting of resources directly produced by physical processes
(e.g., mining and smelting).
 34

• Secondary industries deal with manufacturing as they take raw

materials, convert them in various ways, and produce tangible
goods (e.g., automobile factories).

• Tertiary industries produce services for individuals and groups

(e.g., advertising).

These three groups are distinctive regarding the amount of

pollution produced in their operations. Some sectors (such as
tourism) have a close relationship with the environment, whereas
others have adopted a particularly proactive environmental
response (such as the automobile industry with regard to recycling
old cars) and still others continue to have a noticeable detrimental
impact on the environment (such as the automobile industry with
regard to exhaust emissions). Since the largest impact from
pollution (and associated waste products) is produced within the
secondary industries, this sector will be the subject of discussion.
Most economists commonly refer to the secondary industries (the
manufacturing sector) as a factory emitting large amounts of smoke
into the air.

However big or small, environmental groups help to publicize

industries that pollute. In every case, industry has important
decisions to make regarding how it conducts business. The
industrialization of the world has had a profound effect on its people
and environment. Industry has not always performed admirably with
respect to its responsibility for the pollution it expels into the
ecosystem. Nonetheless, with current governmental regulations,
the efforts of individuals and environmental groups, and the
realization by leaders of industry, themselves, that a healthy
environment is good for business and profits, the industrial
community is more effectively balancing profits with its
environmental responsibility to the general satisfaction of most
people.

A. Pollution
Environmental pollution is the condition when the natural
cycle of our environment gets disturbed and harms us. Some
harmful environmental contaminants in the form of smoke, solid or
liquid wastes get intermingled into the environment and pollute it.
Humans can keep a check on environmental pollution by limiting
their bad activities.

Pollution is classified into many categories according to the

natural resources getting affected such as air pollution, soil
pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, etc. Rate of pollution is
increasing due to the greediness of the human being to earn more
money and to fulfill their never ending desires.
 35

Some types of pollution affecting our day to day life are:

1. Water pollution
Water is one of the most important natural resources on the
planet which is one of the necessary elements to sustain life on
earth. Addition of harmful products to water which make is
unusable is commonly known as Water Pollution. These products
could be chemical, biological or physical materials that deteriorate
the quality of water and the lives associated with it. Some of the
most common water pollutants include industrial wastes (which are
directly dumped into the sea or lakes making the water unfit for
fishes and other organisms living in the water), domestic and farm
wastes, oil spills, pesticides, as well as mining and agricultural
wastes. (Pollution, Water Pollution, Air Pollution).

2. Noise pollution
It is the excessive harshness in the environment, primarily
due to sounds created by machines. It is generally caused by
loudspeakers, microphones, loud music, noise from industries, from
construction and civil engineering works etc.

3. Land Pollution
Degrading the earth's surface by improper commercial,
industrial, agricultural and domestic activities is known as land
pollution. Dumping of e-wastes and other industrial wastes into the
land causes land pollution. Insecticides, pesticides etc also harm
the agricultural land and the soil. Mining, deforestation, oil refineries
construction debris, etc are the most common land pollutants.

B. Global Warming
Global warming is a major atmospheric issue all over the
world. Global warming occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) and
other air pollutants and greenhouse gasses collect in the
atmosphere and absorb sunlight and solar radiation that have
bounced off the earth’s surface. Normally, this radiation would
escape into space—but these pollutants, trap the heat and cause
the planet to get hotter. That's what's known as the greenhouse
effect.

The effects of Global Warming are as follows:

1. Climate Change
Global warming is causing climate change. The world’s is
becoming warmer.

2. Sea Level Change

One major consequence of global warming arising out of
greenhouse effect is the rise in sea level. Four major changes take
place prior to this. They are: Thermal expansion, mountain glacier
melting, Greenland ice sheet melting and Polar (Arctic and
 36

Antarctic) ice sheet melting. Thus, the coastal cities and ports may
be submerged under sea-water. Many islands may vanish from the
earth surface as well as from the world map.

3. Water Balance
Although changes in sea-level have received much publicity,
problems of water availability are likely to be more serious and
perhaps more expensive to solve. In future, warmer world will face
water crisis in some parts while in other regions it will be wetter
than it is now.

4. Human Health
The human health is put at risk because of Global warming.
In recent years, there have been reports of spread of major tropical
diseases with changing climate. As the earth becomes warmer,
more and more people are likely to be affected by tropical diseases.

C. Ozone depletion
Ozone layer depletion, is simply the wearing out (reduction)
of the amount of ozone in the stratosphere. Unlike pollution, which
has many types and causes, Ozone depletion has been pinned
down to one major human activity i.e. industries that manufacture
things like insulating foams, solvents, soaps, cooling things like Air
Conditioners, Refrigerators and ‘Take-Away’ containers use
something called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). These substances
are heavier than air, but over time, (2-5years) they are carried high
into the stratosphere by wind action.

Depletion begins when CFC’s get into the stratosphere. Ultra

violet radiation from the sun breaks up these CFCs. The breaking
up action releases Chlorine atoms. Chlorine atoms react with
Ozone, starting a chemical cycle that destroys the good ozone in
that area. One chlorine atom can break apart more than 100,000
ozone molecules.
 37

Understanding Ozone Depletion

C1. Impact of Ozone Depletion

1. Skin cancer: Exposure to ultraviolet rays poses an increased

risk of developing several types of skin cancers, including
malignant melanoma, and basal and squamous cell carcinoma.

2. Eye damage: Direct exposure to UV radiations can result in

photokeratitis (snow blindness), and cataracts.

3. Immune system damage: Effects of UV rays include

impairment of the immune system. Increased exposure to UV rays
weakens the response of the immune system.

4. Accelerated aging of skin: Constant exposure to UV radiation

can cause photo allergy, which results in the outbreak of rashes in
fair-skinned people.

5. Other effects: Ozone chemicals can cause difficulty in

breathing, chest pain, throat irritation, and hamper lung functioning.

6. Effects on Marine Ecosystems: Plankton (phytoplankton and

bacterioplankton) are threatened by increased UV radiation. Marine
phytoplankton play a fundamental role in both the food chain as
well as the oceanic carbon cycle. It plays an important role in
converting atmospheric carbon dioxide into oxygen. Ultraviolet rays
can influence the survival rates of these microscopic organisms, by
affecting their orientation and mobility. This eventually disturbs and
affects the entire ecosystem.
 38

7. Impact on Plants: In some species of plants, UV radiation can

alter the time of flowering, as well as the number of flowers
produced by a plant. Plant growth can be directly affected by UV-B
radiation. Despite mechanisms to reduce or repair these effects,
physiological and developmental processes of plants are affected.

D. Acid Rain
Acid rain is a matter of great global concern and has become
one of the major environmental problems. The term acid rain used
first by Robert Angus Smith, the Chief Inspector of UK in 1872,
describes the “acidic nature of rain falling around Manchester. Acid
rain can describe as a condition in which natural precipitation
becomes acidic after reacting chemically with pollutants in the air”.
Acid rain is any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic,
meaning that it possesses elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low
pH).

D1. Causes of Acid Rain

Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxide, which react with the water molecules in the
atmosphere to produce acids. The principal cause of acid rain is
sulfur and nitrogen compounds from human sources, such as
electricity generation, factories, and motor vehicles. Some
governments have made efforts since the 1970s to reduce the
release of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere
with positive results.

D2. Effects of Acid Rain

It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals and
infrastructure. The chemicals in acid rain can cause paint to peel,
corrosion of steel structures such as bridges, and weathering of
stone buildings and statues. The adverse effects of acid rain can be
seen on vegetation, soil, marine resource, monuments as well as
on man. Its reaction includes change in color of leaves, premature
drops of leaves, trees die. In soil, rate of decomposition of organic
matter and formation of nitrogen fixing organisms is reduced by
acids.

Acid rain is an increasing problem in the industrial region

and effects the environment. Only developed technology can save
the world from this.

2.8 SUSTAINABLE INDUSTRIAL PRACTICES

Sustainable business practices mean the application of

sustainability principles to business operations. Sustainability can
mean a variety of things – ecological sustainability, social
sustainability or even sustained economic growth.
 39

A sustainable business is any organization that participates

in environment friendly or green activities to ensure that all
processes, products, and manufacturing activities adequately
address current environmental concerns while maintaining a profit.
In other words, it is a business that “meets the needs of the present
world without compromising the ability of the future generations to
meet their own needs.” It is the process of assessing how to design
products that will take advantage of the current environmental
situation and how well a company’s products perform with
renewable resources.

Some ways of making business sustainable are as follows:

2.8A. Green Business

The business which is concerned about the environment

becomes a Green Business. Sustainable business, or green
business, is an enterprise that has minimal negative impact on the
global or local environment, community, society, or economy. In
general, business is described as green if it matches the following
four criteria:

1.It incorporates principles of sustainability into each of its business

decisions.
2.It supplies environment friendly products or services that replace
demand for non green products and/or services.
3.It is greener than traditional competition.
4.It has made an enduring commitment to environmental principles
in its business operations.

Green businesses ensure that they use the safest

ingredients, to keep their customers and clients and their families
healthy. They also provide green living alternatives to improve
quality of life, with products and services that help in areas like
affordable housing, sustainable agriculture, education, clean energy
and efficiency, fair trade, healthy air, clean water, and more. This
business use “Three-R’s” to manage waste - Reduce, Reuse, and
Recycle.

Becoming a green business involves a learning curve where

business owners learn how other businesses have changed their
business practices, then make changes to their own practices that
are appropriate to their line of business.

2.8B.Green Consumption
Green consumerism creates a balance between the
expectations of consumer behavior and businesses' profit motives -
within the realm of environmental protection. It increasingly looks at
 40

the entire life cycle of a consumer's purchases - because a

consumer does not just buy a product, but also everything that
goes into its production, and everything that will happen in the
future as a result of that product.

Consumers need to realize that all products have an

environmental impact, however small. The concept of green
consumers also focuses on businesses and their survivability as
they respond quickly to demands of consumers for products and
services that are also environment friendly.

Green consumerism creates a balance between the

expectations of consumer behavior and businesses' profit motives.
To highlight the balance the following points are made:
 Businesses that innovate and respond quickly to consumer
demands survive best.
 Everyone has a part to play, at various levels of administration,
manufacture and use.
 A consumer has to realize that he/she not just buys 'a' product,
but understand everything that goes into its production, and
everything that will happen in the future as a result of that
product.
 All products have an environmental impact, however small. The
idea is to reduce it to the minimum.

The impacts of green products are as follows:

 There is a rise in demand for such products.
 Businesses have looked into the green process - generating
corporate environmental profiles, monitoring and evaluating
green performance, and improving corporate image as a result.
 Green products have also increased competition among
businesses to generate more environmentally friendly products.
 Eco-labeling networks that monitor and evaluate green products
have been developed in many countries..
 Governments have also taken several measures that have
supported and facilitated such businesses.
 Well-informed consumers are emerging as a new force to create
an environmentally sustainable world.
 41

2.9 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR)

TOWARDS ENVIRONMENT

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a concept whereby

companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their
business operations and in their interaction with the stakeholders
on a voluntary basis.

The concept of CSR goes beyond charity and requires the

company to act beyond its legal obligations and to integrate social,
environmental and ethical concerns into company’s business
process. What is generally understood by CSR is that the business
has a responsibility – towards its stakeholders and society at large
– that extends beyond its legal and enforceable obligations.

The triple bottom line approach to CSR emphasizes a

company’s commitment to operating in an economically, socially
and environmentally sustainable manner.

2.9A. Advantages of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

The advantages of CSR are as follows:

1. Improvement in the image of the Corporation

Corporates that implement CSR policies have increased
goodwill. People always want to be associated with the best and
the most popular company’s product and services, so in that
respect, the corporation rises in stature and becomes an important
player in its market.

2. Increased Attraction and Retention of Employees

Companies having solid CSR commitments find it easier to
recruit and retain employees. People want to work for companies
that care about the well-being of their employees and provide good
working conditions.

3. Attracts more Capital Inflow from Various Sources

A company’s image plays a huge role in attracting investors.
If the company is engaged in CSR programs, its image gets a
massive boost, and so, people invest in its operations heavily.

4. Positive Publicity
A good CSR program will always give good publicity and
even act as an advertisement for the company. It also sets the
company apart from its competitors.
 42

2.9B. Corporate Social Responsibility towards Environment

Companies while creating profit should also be aware that
they can contribute to managing their operations in a sustainable
manner in such a way as to enhance economic growth and
increase competitiveness whilst ensuring environmental protection
and promoting social responsibility, including consumer interest.

Leading corporations that have achieved CSR success with

environmental initiatives can motivate their contemporaries to
improve operational efficiency, rethink product designs, and seek
out new and innovative technology. Effective resource
management and energy efficiency are major environmental CSR
goals that are relevant for every business. This creates
opportunities for cost savings, revenue generation, and can even
influence overall brand strength through positive environmental
reputation.

2.10 SUMMARY

Conserving the environment is the need of the hour.

Development of mankind is necessary, however it should not
compromise on environment. While doing agriculture if sustainable
practices are not followed, it can result harming the land and
untimely the land may become unusable. If care is not taken while
doing agriculture the following problems may occur to the land -
loss of productivity, land degradation, desertification, uneven food
production, hunger and malnutrition.

Similarly industries also have to take the necessary steps to

protect the environment. The environmental problems associated
with industries are pollution, global warming, ozone depletion and
acid rain. Industries can help to conserve the environment by
practicing green business, i.e. making eco-friendly products.
Similarly consumers can also help to conserve the environment by
practicing green consumerism. It means consumers become
cautious and consume only those products which are eco-friendly.

Corporates can help conserve the environment by taking up

the issue as a part of the Corporate Social Responsibility. Today,
customers have a better image for companies that work on
conserving the environment. Corporates can adopt technology
which is eco-friendly.
 43

2.11 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS/EXERCISE

A. True or False
1. There is no relationship between environment and agriculture.
2. Agricultural productivity declines considerably due to floods and
the climatic change.
3. Healthy soil is full of life, which cannot be killed by the overuse
of pesticides.
4. Global warming is a major atmospheric issue all over the world.
5. Corporate Social Responsibility does not increase the goodwill if
the company practicing it.

B. Fill in the Blanks

1._____________ pollution is the excessive harshness in the
environment, primarily due to sounds created by machines.
2. The business which is concern about the environment becomes
a __________ Business.
3.____________ farming relies on fertilizers of organic origin such
as compost, manure, green manure, and bone meal and places
emphasis on techniques such as crop rotation and companion
planting.
4. ______________ is a type of land degradation in which relatively
dry area of land becomes increasingly arid, typically losing its
bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife.
5. Increasing growth of population and demand for more residential
areas and commercial sectors is also one of the reasons for
___________ degradation.

C. Multiple Choice Questions

1. Agricultural productivity declines considerably due to
__________________ .
a. Floods
b. Hunger
c. Crop production
d. Poverty

2.
_________________refers to excessive eating of grasses and
other green plants by cattle.
a. Deforestation
b. Land Degradation
c. Overgrazing
d. Overboard
 44

3. _______________ is a lack or excess of energy and nutrients,

essential vitamins and minerals in any one diet.
a. Starvation
b. Infection
c. Minerals
d. Malnutrition

4. Addition of harmful products to water which make is unusable is

commonly known as ____________ Pollution.
a. Soil
b. Water
c. Air
d. Noise

5. _________________ is when carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air

pollutants and greenhouse gasses collect in the atmosphere and
absorb sunlight and solar radiation that have bounced off the
earth’s surface.
a. Global warming
b. Acid Rain
c. Ozone Depletion
d. Pollution

2.12 ANSWERS TO THE SELF-LEARNING

QUESTIONS

A. True or False
1. False
2. True
3. False
4. True
5. False

B. Fill in the Blanks

1. Noise
2. Green
3. Organic
4. Desertification
5. Land

C. Multiple Choice Questions

1. Floods
2. Overgrazing
3. Malnutrition
4. Water
5. Global warming
 45

2.13 TECHNICAL WORDS AND THEIR MEANINGS

a. Land degradation: It is a process in which the value of the

biophysical environment is affected by a combination of human-
induced processes acting upon the land.
b. Desertification: It is a type of land degradation in which
relatively dry area of land becomes increasingly arid, typically
losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife.
c. Sustainable agriculture: It is farming in sustainable ways
based on an understanding of ecosystem services, the study of
relationships between organisms and their environment.
d. Environmental pollution: It is the condition when the natural
cycle of our environment gets disturbed and harms us.
e. Global warming: It occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) and other
air pollutants and greenhouse gasses collect in the atmosphere and
absorb sunlight and solar radiation that have bounced off the
earth’s surface.
f. Acid rain: It is a condition in which natural precipitation becomes
acidic after reacting chemically with pollutants in the air.
g. Green Business: The business which is concern about the
environment becomes a Green Business.
h. Corporate social responsibility (CSR): It is a concept whereby
companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their
business operations and in their interaction with the stakeholders
on a voluntary basis.

2.14 TASK

Find out from three Industries, the sustainable practices they

have adopted to conserve the environment.

2.15 REFERENCES FOR FURTHER STUDY

 Environmental Studies, Bagad Anjali

 Sustainable Urban Environments: An Ecosystem Approach,
Beuren, Allan et. Al.
 The Sage Handbook of Environment and Society, Ward,
Hugh eds.
 Environment and Sustainable Development, Sundar, I.


 46

Unit -3
TOURISM IN INDIA: NATURE, SCOPE,
POTENTIALS, ECOTOURISM.
After going through this chapter, you will be able to understand the
following features:

3.1 Objectives
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Subject discussion
3.4 Definitions and Meanings
3.5 Nature, Scope and Importance of Tourism
3.6 Typology of Tourism: Classification
3.7 Tourism potential in India and Challenges
3.8 National Tourism Policy
3.9 Impacts of Tourism
3.10 Ecotourism in India
3.11 History of Ecotourism in India
3.12 Importance of Ecotourism in India
3.13 Effects of Eco Tourism in India
3.14 Major Eco-Tourism Destinations in India
3.15 Promoting Eco-Tourism in India:
3.16 Recent Initiatives in Eco-Tourism in India
3.17 National Eco-Tourism Policy and Guidelines
3.18 Environmental and Socio-Economic Issues:
3.19 Eco Tourism Society of India
3.20 Summary
3.21 Check your Progress/Exercise
3.22 Answers to the self-learning questions
3.23 Technical words and their meaning
3.24 Task
3.25 References for further study
 47

3.1. OBJECTIVES

By the end of this unit you will be able to –

 Understand the nature and scope of tourism
 Understand the concept of ecotourism
 Understand types and potentials of tourism

3.2. INTRODUCTION

Economic, geographical and social studies include the study

of all those sectors which affect the economy, nature and mankind
respectively. Various sectors like banking, research, education and
many more play a vital role in the development of mankind and
countries. A sector which is recently recognized is the Tourism
sector. Though tourism is only about exploring new places and
rejuvenation, in true sense it is a lot more. It has the potential to
develop a country by contributing economically and socially to the
country and serve the mankind by offering facilities of leisure,
pleasure, recreation and vacation. However, tourism is largely
based on geographical factors as geographical factors provide
resources for tourism like topography, natural beauty, culture,
traditions and a lot more. Hence, it forms an important component
of geographical studies. On the other hand, it is a highly labour
intensive industry. This makes tourism important in social and
economic studies too. In developing countries like India, which has
a huge diversity in natural and manmade factors, tourism plays an
important role in its growth and development.

3.3. SUBJECT DISCUSSION

The tourist, the businesses providing tourist goods and

services, the government of the host community, and the host
community tourism is the processes, activities, and outcomes
arising from the relationships and the interactions among tourists,
tourism suppliers, host governments, host communities, and the
surrounding environments that are involved in the attracting and
hosting of visitors. Tourism, therefore, is a composite of activities,
services, and industries that deliver a travel experience:
transportation, accommodations, foodservices, and attractions.
Definitions of tourism and tourists vary as the basis of distance
travelled, length of time spent, and purpose of the trip.

3.4. DEFINITIONS AND MEANING

Theobald (1994) suggested that etymologically, the word

‘tour’ is derived from the Latin word‘tornare’ and the Greek word
 48

‘tornos’ which means ‘a lathe or a circle’. In simpler words, it

means to move around a central point or axis.

Fig.3.1 Tourism

One of the earliest definitions of tourism was given by an

Australian economist. Hermann V Schullard, in the year 1910 who
defined it as, “the sum total of operators, mainly of economic nature
which directly relate to the entry, stay and movement of foreigners
inside and outside a certain country, city or region”.

In 1942 Swiss Professors Hunziker and Krapf defined

tourism as “tourism is the totality of the relationship and
phenomenon arising from the travel and stay of strangers, provided
the stay does not imply the establishment of permanent residence
and is not connected with a remunerative activity.”

In 1976, the Tourism Society of England’s definition was

“Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to
destination outside the places where they normally work and live
and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes
movements of all purposes”

“Tourism is therefore, a composite phenomenon which

embraces the incidence of mobile population of travellers who are
strangers to the places they visit. It is essentially a pleasure activity
in which money earned is one’s normal domicile is spent in the
place visited”.

According to W.T.O. recommendations

Tourism comprises of all the activities related to a person’s
travelling to and staying in places outside his/her usual environment
for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and
other purposes.

From the above definitions, it is clear that tourism represents

various types of short-term travel and is variably defined for
particular purpose of the journey, its duration and other criteria.
 49

Tourism is broadly understood with the help of three major

aspects viz. Leisure, Pleasure, and Recreation.

 Leisure: use of free time for enjoyment.

 Pleasure: a feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment.
 Recreation: done for enjoyment when one is not working.

Thus, a synoptic definition of tourism could be ‘travel for

leisure, pleasure, recreation or business purposes’.

Fig.3.2 Major causes of Tourism

3.5. NATURE, SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE OF

TOURISM

 Nature of Tourism
The nature of tourism is dynamic. It has the ability to change
and grow with the changing environment.

 Scope of Tourism
The scope of the tourist industry is vast. It includes all
sectors of the economy and may be governed by public sector and
private sector in coherence. It is supported by sectors like
transportation and telecommunication, financial sector and
educational sector at a large scale. It is a highly labour intensive
industry, thus, Research and Development and Human Resource
activities form a major component of the industry.
With increasing demand for international and national
tourism, the need to discover or invent new destinations and ideas
of tourism is also increasing. Thus, newer forms of tourism are
being added every day to the existing list.

For example: Slum Tourism in Mumbai

Many foreign tourists belonging to the affluent and rich
countries of the world visit India every year. There is an increasing
trend of visiting the slum areas of India especially Mumbai to
experience the unique slum culture in the country. This is more
prominent in Mumbai because of the presence of the Dahravi Slum
which is Asia’s largest slum that has gained popularity through
cinema and other media. Movies like Slumdog Millionaire and
Bhootnath returns have contributed to its popularity.
 50

Fig.3.3 Slum Tourism

In short it can be said that the scope of tourism is unlimited

as it every small and big purpose of tourism which satisfies the
tourists in their own way and here lies the importance of tourism.

 Importance of Tourism
Tourism industry has the potential to benefit the economy on
a large scale by providing foreign exchange, exchange of goods
and services and through cultural exchange. It helps in building
image of the country in the global market and has a huge potential
for employment.

Fig.3.4 Importance of Tourism

3.6 TYPOLOGY OF TOURISM: CLASSIFICATION

Tourism can be broadly classified into the following three types:

 Domestic Tourism: It involves visiting tourist destinations
within the country of residence. For example: Citizens of India
visiting tourist destinations of India.

 Inbound Tourism: It involves tourism from one country to

another country where none of the countries is a resident country.
For example: Citizens of India going on a world tour where they
travel from one to another country besides India.
 51

 Outbound Tourism: It involves tourism to another country

besides the residing country. For example: Residents of India
visiting Dubai.

All the above forms of tourism can be combined to form

three more types of tourism

 Internal Tourism which involves movement within a country

and is a combination of domestic tourism and inbound tourism

 National Tourism which involves movement between

countries and is a combination of domestic tourism and outbound
tourism

Fig. 3.5 Internal & International Tourism

 International Tourism which involves tourism within the

countries but is a combination of inbound tourism and outbound
tourism.

Tourism Based on Purpose

Recently many new types of tourism based on the purpose of travel
and/or tourism have evolved. The list is exhausting, however
following are some of the prominent new types of tourism:

a) Religious Tourism: Visits to religious places, places of

worship and holy locations. For example: trip to the holy caves of
Amarnath, the Golden Temple at Amritsar, Mecca and Madina, etc.

b) Adventure/ Sports Tourism: Travel for the purpose of

experiencing adventure. It involves trekking, adventurous sports
etc. For example: a trip to Uttarakhand may include spots of
adventure tourism like river rafting, paragliding, river crossing,
trekking etc.
 52

Fig. 3.6 Adventure Tourism

c) Cultural Tourism: Travel to places of entertainment and

landmarks of a particular country or a place. It includes man made
events like tourism festivals, museums, musical concerts, famous
locations etc. For example: travelling to Delhi to enjoy the Qutub
Minar festival which is organized in November-December every
year.

d) Medical Tourism: Travel for medical and health purposes.

In India, Kerala has observed a rise in Medical tourism particularly
for Ayurveda in the last decade. Medical tourism is practiced due to
two reasons viz. non availability of medical infrastructure in the
place of residence and cheapness of the treatments in other
locations. India receives a large number of patients from all over
the world due to the relative lower costs of best treatments here.
Mumbai is famous for Allopathic treatments especially for cancer
and heart related problems.

e) Rural Tourism: Traveling to rural areas to experience the

lifestyle of a village is called rural tourism. It is prominent in mega
cities like Mumbai where people move to destinations in the
periphery to enjoy the bounty of nature and a life free from all the
urban stresses and tensions. Karjat is a famous rural tourism
destination arround Mumbai. When visting agricultural areas is
included in rural tourism, it may also be called as Agrotourism.

f) Geotourism: Tourism to geologically important and

extravagant places is geotourism. It includes visits to places of
visible landforms and geologically active locations like crater lakes,
fossil parks, active plate boundary locations, etc. The Siwalik Fossil
Park in Himachal Pradesh and the Lonar Crater Lake in
Maharashtra are good examples.

g) Dark Tourism: Visits to places that involve danger to life at

present or have a history brutality are a part of dark tourism. Places
that are abandoned or have been struck by a massive disaster in
the past are also visited in this of tourism. The Jallianwala Baugh
Massacre site and the site of Chernobyl disaster are most suited
examples.
 53

h) Historical Tourism: Historical tourism involves travel to

places of historical importance. Visits to forts, palaces, important
locations in history, caves, etc. is included in this. In India, the Red
Fort in Delhi, the Taj Mahal in Agra and the Victoria Memorial in
Kolkata are some of the famous examples.

i) Disaster Tourism: It is visiting the site of disaster to study

or observe the effects of a disaster either occurred recently or in the
past. The effects of the disaster in this case may not be as
detrimental as in the case of dark tourism. Also, disaster tourism is
often observed at the sites of natural disasters. Tourists may
include people ranging from politicians who visit to express
sympathy and offer help to local people who visit for research and
observation purposes.

j) Slum Tourism: When people from affluent backgrounds

visit slum areas to experience their poor conditions, conduct
research related activities and extend social service activities, it is
termed as slum tourism. It is observed in the developing countries
of the third world like India, Brazil and many African countries. In
India, the Dharavi slum in Mumbai is famous for its increasing slum
tourism due to its popularity as being the largest slum in Asia.

k) Business Tourism: Travel to other places for business

purposes is called as business tourism. Economically proliferating
places like country and state capitals, other business centres,
industrial development zones, etc. are famous business tourism
destinations. In India, all the four metropolitan cities of Delhi,
Kolkata, Chennai and Mumbai along with Bangalore, Pune,
Nagpur, etc. are famous business tourism centres.

l) Coastal Tourism: Many coastal areas are experiencing

particular pressure from growth in lifestyles and grooming number
of tourists. Coastal environment is limited extent consisting of only
a narrow strip along the edge of the ocean. Coastal areas are
becoming popular as health resorts, beach resorts and water
resorts facilities e.g.: - Wind – surfing, Scuba diving etc. The 7500-
sq. km coastline of India offers several beaches and related
attractions.

m) Yoga Tourism: India’s Greater contribution is its ancient

system of yoga and aerobics. Several short term courses or crash
courses are also offered to the tourists who come for a short visit.
For the last ten years, international yoga week is being organised at
Rishikesh. (21st June International Yoga Day)
 54

3.7 TOURISM POTENTIAL IN INDIA AND

CHALLENGES

Although India has progressed a lot since 1950s with respect

to tourism, she is still way behind the developed or even the
developing countries. India’s share in the tourist arrival has been
growing at a snail’s pace from 0.23 per cent in 1975 to 0.28 per
cent in 1980 and 0.42 per cent in 2004. This small percentage
comes under sharp focus when we see that in 2004, India received
only 2.9 million foreign tourists. Compared with this, the foreign
tourist arrivals were 6.5 million in Singapore, 9.6 million in Thailand,
10.0 million in Malaysia, 13.1 million in Hong Kong and 31.2 million
in China. West is doing better getting 29 per cent of the tourist
inflow. South, despite its beaches, temples, hills, etc. gets only 18
per cent of foreign and domestic tourists. Thus, there is great
potential for development of tourism, particularly in east and south,
which require proper tapping with immediate effect. Foreign tourists
often fail to get suitable accommodation in hotels and go back as a
dissatisfied lot. At the beginning of the millennium, India’s shortage
was estimated at 30,000 rooms. Today, the requirement is much
larger, considering rapid increase in the inflow of foreign tourists
after 2002. There is lack of appreciation of the holistic approach to
tourism development which takes into account the linkages
between environment and pressure of tourists. The result is that,
almost all the popular tourist centres are groaning under the
pressure of annual visitors and quite often facing difficult situation.

 Natural Potentials:
India has a large variety of natural phenomena and
resources of tourism. With its diverse geographical features ranging
from high mountains to low lying plains and waterbodies, India has
a lot to offer. It has the potential to satisfy all the tourism purposes
demanded by different types of tourists.

The natural potentials of tourism in India can be studied by

dividing them into three viz. high mountainous regions, plains and
waterbodies.

a) High Mountainous Regions: India has many mountain

ranges which are present in all its directions. The Himalayan
Mountains in the North and East, Eastern Ghats on the Eastern
coast, Western Ghats on the western coast, the Aravallis in the
West and Vindhya and Satpuda ranges in the Central part.
Mountains have a cooler climate and wilderness that attract
tourists. Due to altitude and topography, mountains serve as
hotspots for adventurous activities like trekking and other sports.
Hence, many hill stations and adventure spots have developed in
the mountainous regions of the country. For example: Mount Abu in
 55

the Aravallis Ranges of Rajasthan, Shimla in Himalayan Ranges in

Himachal Pradesh, Darjeeling in Assam and Coorg in Karnataka
are some of the famous hill station in India.

Fig. 3.7 Sports Tourism

b) Plains: Plains include natural features like rivers, forests and

sites of unique natural beauty like deserts. India is a country of rich
natural phenomena. There are many major and minor rivers which
are attractive from tourism point of view. Most of them also offer
sites for water sports and research. The landforms created by rivers
is a major attraction. The dams established on these rivers are also
attractive to the tourists. Forest resources like the diversity in
species of flora and fauna attract the tourists. Photographers,
wildlife researchers and students visit forests quite often. In India,
the holy rivers of Ganga and Yamuna in the North receive
maximum tourists, river Godavari, Krishna and Bhima are also
famous for tourism. The forests of Chhattisgarh and Western Ghats
are frequently visited by tourists. The Thar Desert in Rajasthan and
Rann of Kutchtch in Gujarat are all time favourite tourist attractions.

Fig. 3.8 Relief divisions

c) Water Bodies: Water bodies include oceans, seas, rivers

and associated features like waterfall and plunge pool and natural
lakes and ponds. Water bodies carve the landscape to form special
landforms and thus, attract tourist from interdisciplinary fields. The
 56

coastal tourism and island tourism are a result of the actions of the
ocean and resultant attractions. Waterfalls are a major attraction
worldwide. Even a small waterfall can attract tourists and fulfill their
purpose of tourism. On the other hand, glaciers which is frozen
water also attract people, however, not all can reach the site due to
problems associated with altitude and health. The Dhuandhar falls
in Madhya Pradesh, the Gangotri Glacier in Uttarakhand and all the
beaches and landforms created by the Arabian Sea and Bay of
Bengal are good examples.

 Man-Made Tourism Potentials:

Along with natural resources of tourism, India has developed
a large number of man-made tourist sites also. Man-made tourist
sites may include all those establishments that are created by man
with a view to boost tourism or have become famous tourism
destinations over time. This is due to the unique characteristics or
distinctive history.

The man-made tourism potentials in India can be studied by

dividing them into the following three broad categories:

a) Religious/Cultural sites: The pilgrimage sites and sites of

cultural showcase or exchange are all considered a part of man-
made tourism attractions. This is because though cultures and
religions are influenced by natural environment, they are ultimately
created or established by mankind. Since India is a country of
almost all religions residing within its boundaries with respective
cultures, it is obvious to have a variety of religious places here.
There are innumerous religious places spread across the country.
The Vaishnodevi Temple in Jammu and Kashmir, Jagannathpuri on
Odhisa and the twelve Jyotirlinga Temples across India are some
of the examples of Hindu religious places. The Golden temple in
Amritsar, Punjab; the Jama Masjid in Delhi, the Churches in Goa
are some famous examples of religious places belonging to other
religions in India. Similarly, many cultural programmes are
organized to attract tourists from all over the world. These shows
showcase India’s varied cultural regimes that are not very known to
the people. For example: The Jaisalmer Desert Festival in
Rajasthan, Khajuraho Dance Festival at Madhya Pradesh and
Rann Utsav in Gujarat which are held every year to boost tourism.

b) Historical sites: Historical sites include monuments and

places of historical importance. History has been created by
mankind, hence, all structures, places and historically important
objects are also considered to be the product of mankind’s
interaction with time. In India, there are several such monuments,
places and objects that depict its mythological and post
mythological history. These places satisfy the curiosity and
explorative attitude of researchers, historians and other interested
 57

people. The Qutub Minar in Delhi, The Victoria Palace in Kolkata,

The Stupa of Ranchi at Ranchi, Ram Bhoomi in Uttar Pradesh, forts
of Great Shivaji, all the caves like Ajanta and Ellora Caves in
Maharashtra and the site of Jallianwala Baug massacre in Punjab
are good examples of historical sites of tourism in India. One of the
seven wonders of the World- The Taj Mahal

c) Amusement/Entertainment sites: Man has always been a

curious animal and keeps finding out newer ways of satisfying and
entertaining himself. An outcome of this is the amusement parks
and other sites of entertainment. In india there are several
amusement parks like AdlabsImagica and Essel world in
Maharashtra, Akshardham in Delhi, Wonderla parks at Bangalore,
Kochi and Hyderabad and many more. Other sites of entertainment
may include examples like Ramoji Fim studio in Hyderabad, Film
city in Mumbai and Kingdom of Dreams in Gurgaon.

Overall, it can be said that India is a rich country with all tourism
potentials present here.

 Challenges Faced by India:

The challenges that are faced by the tourism industry in India are
as follows:

a) Over population and pressure on resources: India is the

second most populous country in the world. The pressure on
resources is therefore huge. The resources that India has, are
already insufficient to meet the basic needs of the population. Thus,
shelling out extra resources for an additional demand laid by the
tourism industry is a difficult task for India.

b) Lack of Infrastructure: Due to insufficient capital and

shortage of resources the tourism infrastructure is inadequate in
India. Tourism infrastructure includes transportation facilities,
accommodation facilities, availability of hygienic and multi cuisine
food and beverages and a huge manpower to extend hospitality to
the tourists. Lack of planning and expertise required by quality
development is the main cause of inadequate tourism infrastructure
in the country.

c) Political Instability: India is a politically very active nation. It

has many political parties, so the incidences of fights and riots are a
common feature here. When such incidences take place in the
country, tourists believe that it is unsafe to travel here and the trend
of tourism is badly affected.

d) Unforeseen Events: Natural or man-made disasters are

considered as unforeseen events. Recently, many disasters have
occurred in India either due to man-made causes or natural causes.
 58

Once a disaster occurs, it takes a long time for the country to

recover from the situations and bring everything back to normal.
The difficult situations of the disaster affected places do not allow
tourist to visit them and tourism is affected.

Fig. 3.9 Challenges faced by India

e) Government Policies: The role of Government is crucial in

the development of any industry. If the policies laid down by the
Government are strict, applicable and supportive the concerned
industry can develop very well, but, in India, the policies laid for the
development of tourism industry are not so strict and supportive
giving a setback to industry.

f) Lack of skilled manpower: Tourism is a highly labour

intensive industry requiring skilled labour on a large scale. Due to
lack of awareness about the scope of industry and lack of training
institutes, only a few people are able to get the training required to
suit the tourism industry. Hence, the industry is dependent on a
limited man power and is having a tough time expanding it further.

3.8 NATIONAL TOURISM POLICY

In 1982, the Indian Government presented its first tourism

policy. It took the government until 2002 to present an updated
policy document.

In the early days of independent India, quite rationally, the

Government didn't pay much attention to tourism. The first public
milestone in the history of tourism was the creation of the Indian
Tourism Development Corporation (ITDC), in 1966. This federal
organization was meant to develop tourist infrastructure and
services. On a state level, similar Corporations were established,
although unwillingly and after considerable delay. Their budgets
were small and the scales of their operations were limited.
Moreover, the tourist services they offered were generally
considered substandard and indifferent.
 59

 The first Tourism Policy (1982)

The first significant policy initiatives were taken in the early
1980s. With the prospect of hosting the Asian Games of 1982, the
Indian Government had to start thinking about accommodating,
transporting and entertaining the large number of visitors attracted
by the event. This awakened a serious public interest in tourism,
which was enhanced by the fact that tourism was India's largest
earner of foreign currency. The objectives of this policy is to
develop tourism industry in such a way that it:

1. Becomes a unifying force nationally and internationally fostering

better understanding;
2. Helps preserving Indian heritage and culture and projecting the
same to the world.
3. Brings socio-economic benefits in terms of employment, income
generation, revenue generation, foreign exchange etc.
4. Gives direction and opportunity to the youth of the country to
understand the aspirations and view point of others and helps in
greater national integration;
5. Offers opportunities to the youth of country, not only for
employment but also for taking up activities for nation- building
and character building like sports, adventure, etc.
The national tourism policy, 1982 gave a boost to tourism
and suggested improvements on various aspects like infrastructure
to support increasing tourist arrivals in India, promotion of tourism
so that India’s tourism destinations become popular worldwide and
focus on the various types of tourism potential in the country.

 The New Tourism Policy (2002)

In the Chief Minister’s Conference held on October 30, 2001,
the then Prime Minister of India, Shri. Atal Bihari Vajpayee had
highlighted the importance of tourism for the growth and
development of the country. Following this, a new tourism policy
was formulated in 2002. The Government announced the policy
with an aim to project India as a worldwide brand so as to ensure
benefits from escalating travel and trade globally and the infinite
potential in India that has not been tapped as a tourist destination.

The objectives of the National Tourism Policy, 2002 are as follows:

1. Placing tourism as a main economic growth engine;
2. Harnessing multiplier effects of tourism besides direct effects for
generating employment, development of economy providing
momentum to rural tourism;
3. As a main tourism growth driver, more focus is being laid on
domestic tourism.
 60

4. Placing India as a worldwide brand so as to benefit from

escalating travel and trade globally and the infinite potential in
India that has not been tapped as a tourist destination;
5. Private sector’s critical role is acknowledged with administration
working as a catalyst and pro-active facilitator;
6. Developing and creating integrated circuits of tourism on the
basis on heritage, culture and unique civilization in India in
partnership with private sector, states and other agencies; and
7. Ensure that tourists coming to India get mentally rejuvenated,
physically invigorated, spiritually elevated, culturally enriched
and “feel India from within”.

The policy takes into consideration seven keys that will

provide the thrust to tourism development. These are :

• Swagat (welcome)
• Soochna (information)
• Suvidha (facilitation)
• Suraksha(safety)
• Sahyog(cooperation)
• Samrachana (infrastructure development)
• Safai(cleanliness)

Fig. 3.10 New Tourism Policy

The policy suggests the following:

a) Improving and Expanding Product Development: The

policy has made suggestions for the development of tourism
destinations in India by giving region specific applicable ideas. For
example: Develop sustainable beach and coastal tourism resort
products based on a more flexible approach to developments in the
coastal zone. These sites should be primarily in the regions of Goa,
Kerala, Karnataka. The unique fairs and festivals of India like the
KumbhMela should be promoted as unique tourism product of India
as “Festivals of India”
 61

b) Creation of World- Class Infrastructure: The infrastructure

ranges from ports of entry, to modes of transport to destinations, to
urban infrastructure supporting tourism facilities such as access
roads, power electricity, water supply, sewage etc. New Tourism
Policy suggests to improve the same so that tourism can be
supported well.

c) Strategies for Effective Marketing: To effectively compete

in tourism markets India will have to shift its current traditional
marketing approach to one that is more aggressive and
competitive.

d) Creating an India Tourism Brand Position: In the

international market India requires a positioning statement that
captures the essence of its tourism product to convey an image of
the product to a potential consumer and which will become brand
India. For e.g.: “Amazing Thailand”, “Malaysia, truly Asia.”. Thus,
India came up with its campaign called ‘Incredible India’

Incredible India Campaign

In 2002, India's Ministry of Tourism launched a campaign to

promote India as a popular tourist destination. The phrase
"Incredible India" was adopted as a slogan by the ministry. The
campaign projected India as an attractive tourist destination by
showcasing different aspects of Indian culture and history like yoga,
spirituality, etc. The campaign was conducted globally and received
appreciation from tourism industry observers and travellers alike.
Iconic Indian actor Amitabh Bachchan and former Miss
World Priyanka Chopra have replaced Aamir Khan as the brand
ambassador of Incredible India.

3.9 IMPACTS OF TOURISM

Like ever industry tourism too has its positive and negative
impacts on all the dimensions of our soundings. These impacts can
be observed at both places-place of remuneration and place of
destination.

We shall study the positive and negative impacts of tourism

on the following aspects: -
 Economy
 Culture
 Environment

On one hand, tourism wields tremendous economic positive

outcomes: it is one of the world’s most significant sources of
economic outcomes and employment. However, tourism is a very
complex industry involving numerous stakeholders (sometimes with
 62

opposite interests) and requiring significant amount of resources.

As such, tourism can have very opposite effects according to the
way activities are managed. Managed well, tourism can play a
positive role in the socio, cultural, economic, environmental and
political development of the destination and as such represents a
significant development opportunity for many countries and
communities. On the contrary, unchecked tourism development can
lead to very damageable impacts.

 Impacts of Tourism on Economy:

Tourism has a high potential to impact the economy in
several ways. Following are the positive and negative impacts of
tourism on economy:
 Positive Impacts:

a) Increased domestic income and foreign currency

earnings: the travel and tourism sector generates income and
wealth for private individuals, companies and national
Governments. At international level, the money that tourists spend
in a country can make a considerable contribution to the economic
output of the country. Many developing countries are therefore
turning to tourism as a way of increasing their foreign currency
earnings which they use to improve the status of health, education
and social facilities.

b) Economic multiplier effect: At local level, revenue

generated by tourism development leads to multiplier effect. The
money that is spent by visitors in the destination area is re-
circulated in the local economy and is actually worth more to the
area than its face value. This is because the owners of travel
business are likely to spend their money locally which is actually
earned from tourists outside that area.

Fig. 3.11 Positive impacts of Tourism

c) Increased employment: Tourism’s ability to create jobs is
one of the main reasons of encouraging its development. It is a
highly labour intensive industry which has the potential to create
direct and indirect employment opportunities on a very large scale.
 63

Direct employment is offered in hotels, travel agencies and as tour

guides whereas indirect employment is offered in the associated
sectors like construction, banking and transport companies.

d) Improved infrastructure: there exists a directly relationship

between tourism and infrastructure. Tourism development
contributes to infrastructure improvements in destination areas
ranging from basic supplies like water and electricity to luxuries
facilities like airport and telecommunications.
 Negative Impacts:
a) Leakage: A leakage occurs in tourism when money is lost
from a destination area. This could be because the hotels are
owned by companies that operate in other countries and the profits
are taken away from the local area. Further, local suppliers are
often over-looked and larger travel and tourism companies buy their
goods and services centrally in order to get best prices.
Responsible tourism can help reduce the leakage.

b) Decline in traditional employment: Tourism development

can lead to the loss of traditional jobs when workers move from
industries such as farming, forestry, mining and fishing into service
jobs in tourism. This is a major problem faced by the developing
countries where people engaged in the primary activities are getting
attracted to service sector jobs for economic gains.

Fig.3.12 Negative impacts of Tourism

c) Seasonal unemployment: Seasonal unemployment can be

a problem in tourist destinations that are not active all year round,
putting extra strain on local and national government resources.
However, measures to extent the tourist season not only will create
extra revenue for business but will also increase employment.

d) Increased living costs: An influx of visitors to a holiday can

push up the price of goods and services particularly when demand
is high in peak season. This affects local people which may be to
pay higher prices for food, drinks, entertainment, transportation,
 64

etc... Extra charges may be levied on the local community to

finance facilities and services for visitors. This, makes it difficult for
the local community to survive. Regulations of prices in such areas
can prove to be beneficial.

 Impacts of Tourism on Culture:

 Positive Impacts:

a) Better leisure facilities: Demand for tourism and related

activities in a destination leads to the development of leisure and
recreational facilities which were not present earlier. This gives an
advantage to the local community as even they can enjoy the
facilities to the fullest.

b) Frequent social events: To boost tourism, the frequency

and variety of social events increases in the destination. This not
only attracts tourists from other areas but also helps the local
culture to grow.

c) Conservation of local heritage: Besides natural beauty,

cultural features like monuments and cultural landmarks also attract
tourists. Hence, local and state Government take extra efforts to
conserve the heritage structures so that they remain as attractive
as always.

Fig. 3.13 Positive impact of tourism on culture

d) Improved lifestyle: With additional leisure and economic

opportunities, the lifestyle of local people improves. An increase in
the income leads to an increased educational and health status.
This also improves the standard of living style of living.

e) Restricts brain drain: Brain drain is a result of lack of

employment and educational opportunities in the place of
residence. Tourism brings in development leading to infrastructural
development making education and employment available. People
 65

therefore do not need to travel to other countries, restricting brain

drain.
 Negative Impacts:
a) Overcrowding: Sometimes, in certain destinations, the
number of people visiting exceeds the capacity it can hold. This not
only puts pressure on resources but may also irritate the local
community as their day to day activities may get restricted and life
may not remain a simple as it was.

b) Poor sanitation: Due to insufficient infrastructural facilities

and overcrowding, the sanitation facilities are poorly managed. This
is evident especially in the case of religious tourism destinations as
people from different socio-economic-educational backgrounds
gather there and sanitation is poorly managed.

Fig. 3.14 Negative impact of tourism on culture

c) Intrusion of outsiders: People visiting a destination belong

to different societies. They are outsiders for the destination.
Sometimes, they settle there or start interfering in the local activities
which may not be accepted by the local people.

d) Demonstration effect: The local community observes the

various cultural and social values demonstrated by the visitors. The
visitors often try to portray their affluent side and this influences the
local people the youth in particular. Demonstration effect may lead
to positive and negative changes. Positive changes may include the
urge to get educated and negative changes may include the urge to
get richer through unfair means, establish liquor shops and
imitation of other cultures.

e) Increased crime and anti-social activities: Demonstration

effect may lead to crimes and anti-social activities. The
comparatively poor local community may indulge in robbery, theft
and murders of visitors to acquire their valuables or engage in
crimes against women.
 66

f) Loss of native culture: There is assimilation of the local

culture with several other cultures when visitors visit the
destination. This may lead to the loss of native culture and
associated values.

 Impacts of Tourism on Environment:

The impacts of tourism on environment are only negative which are
as follows:

a) Depletion of natural resources: Tourism leads to

overcrowding and higher demand for natural resources like water,
food and land. As more and more is supplied, the stocks start
depleting and natural resources begin to become scarce.

b) Pollution: Destinations which were earlier clean and green,

undergo pollution of all types. Increased use of technology and
luxurious products, leads to air, water, land and noise pollution.

Fig. 3.15 Impact of Tourism on Environment

c) Loss of biodiversity: Tourism areas develop tourism

activities for which they need land. Deforestation is carried on a
large scale causing loss of floral biodiversity. Faunal biodiversity is
lost due to intrusion of people in their habitat and due to loss of
their habitat in the form of individual trees and forests.

d) Depletion of ozone layer: Increased quantities of

greenhouse gases from air conditioners, refrigerators and less use
of conventional sources of energy cause depletion of the ozone
layer. In coastal tourism destinations, depletion of mangroves is
causing depletion of ozone layer.

e) Climate change: Depletion of natural resources, loss of bio

diversity and ozone depletion is leading to climate change. This not
only is affecting the local community and their indigenous activities,
but, tourism is also getting affected due to unreliable climate
patterns.
 67

3.10 ECOTOURISM IN INDIA

Ecotourism is entirely a new approach in tourism. It involves

travel to natural areas to appreciate the cultural and natural history
of the environment in such a way that care is taken not to disturb
the integrity of the ecosystem, while creating economic
opportunities that make conservation and protection of natural
resources advantageous to the local people. In other words,
ecotourism is an integrated programme that is “Nature based,
ecologically sustainable, where education and interpretation is a
major constituent and where local people are benefited."

Simply put, it is tourism with an ecological conscience. It

involves visiting fragile, pristine, and relatively untouched natural
areas, with the intention to support conservation efforts. One
observes the flora and fauna in their natural environment and cause
as little impact as possible. It is often done on a small scale and is a
great alternative to the mainstream commercial tourism. Ecotourism
is critical. We have far left behind the years when this was simply
‘important’- today it is critical. Today each one of us must contribute
towards nature. Nature has all the resources to satisfy man’s need.
Although humans have become increasingly greedy (our ‘needs’
remain the same, our ‘wants’ spiral out of control), we need, we
want but no one gives back. No one replenishes what they take.

3.11 HISTORY OF ECOTOURISM IN INDIA

Since ages, nature worship and the conservation ethics have

been an inseparable part of Indian thought and traditions. The
Indian tradition has always taught that, humankind is a part of
nature and one should look upon all creation with love and respect.

India, the land of varied geographical features, offers several

tourist destinations that not just de-stress but also rejuvenates the
tourists. India offers several ways to enjoy Mother Nature in most
pristine way. The few places like the Himalayan Region, Kerala, the
northeast India, Andaman & Nicobar Islands and the Lakshadweep
Islands are some of the places where one can enjoy the treasured
wealth of the Mother Nature. Thenmala in Kerala is the first planned
ecotourism destination in India created to cater to the Eco-tourists
and nature lovers.

The Indian topography offers an abundant source of flora &

fauna. India has numerous rare and endangered species in its
surroundings. The declaration of several wildlife areas and wildlife
hunt by several kings in the past. Today, India has many wildlife
sanctuaries and protection laws. Currently, there are about 80
national parks and 441 sanctuaries in India, which work for the
 68

protection and conservation of wildlife resource in India.

The major national parks in India for ecotourism are:

i. Corbett National Park in Uttar Pradesh
ii. Bandhavgarh National Park in Madhya Pradesh
iii. Kanha National Park in Madhya Pradesh
iv. Gir National Park and Sanctuary in Gujarat
v. Ranthambore National Park in Rajasthan.

Fig. 3.16 Balance of Trade & Tourism

There are numerous Botanical and Zoological Gardens in
India, which are working towards the enhancement of the
Ecosystem. Poaching has stopped to large extent. There are
severe punishments for poachers, hunters and illegal traders of
animals and trees. Tree plantation drives are taking place in several
places. There are several animal & plant rights organisations, who
fight for the rights of the animals and plants. Numerous
organisations and NGOs are coming forward to provide
environmental education to the common people at the grass root
level.

3.12 IMPORTANCE OF ECOTOURISM IN INDIA

In India, the emergence of alternative tourism promotes

natural and cultural events and others. Few promising alternative
tourism paths include green tourism, ecotourism, eco cultural
tourism, heritage tourism etc. Ecotourism developed in India in
1970s and 1980s. Ecotourism was globally identified as a means of
achieving twin goals of bio diversity conservation and sustainable
development. Both short-term goals and long-term goals can be
achieved without sacrificing one’s own interests. Sustainable
 69

tourism and nature tourism are umbrella concepts that include

ecotourism. The return on investment in tourism from the point of
view of employment generation is much higher compared to
agriculture and manufacturing sector.

The most significant feature of the ecotourism industry in

India is its capacity to generate large scale employment
opportunities, particularly in remote and underdeveloped area. It
offers enormous potential for utilising natural resources like
landscapes, mountains, bio-diversity areas, rivers etc. for the
benefit of people. Ecotourism is not only a travel statement; it gives
the message of our relationship with nature and its own inhabitants.
India became a very common name for ecotourism, because of its
natural resources and beauty. Ecotourism focuses on Indian local
cultures, wilderness, adventures, and environmental protection. In
India, the movement is gathering momentum with more travel and
travel related organisations for addressing the needs of the eco
tourists and promoting ecotourism in the country.

3.13 EFFECTS OF ECO TOURISM IN INDIA

Increase foreign exchange: - Ecotourism is one of the important

industries that earn foreign exchange for a country without actually
exporting any material goods. The income from ecotourism has
tended to increase at a higher rate than merchandise export in a
number of countries. Hence Tourism is considered as the invisible
form of export.

To help in the development of infrastructure facilities: -

Development and improvement of infrastructure facilities are
another important benefit offered by the ecotourism industry. A
variety of secondary industries may be promoted which may not
serve the needs of ecotourism. Thus, indirectly; tourist expenditure
may be responsible for stimulating other economic activities of a
country.

1) To help in balanced regional development: - Tourism

development greatly benefits underdeveloped regions of a country.
These economically backward regions mostly have places of high
scenic beauty which if developed for the tourism industry, will help
to bring a lot of prosperity to the local people.

2) To help in generating employment: - Tourism industry is

highly labour intensive service industry that generates employment
for highly skilled, semiskilled and unskilled labour in sectors like
hotels, restaurants, travel agencies, tourism offices, shops etc.

3) To help in maintaining peace and understanding: -

Tourism plays an important role in promoting international goodwill.
 70

It creates awareness and appreciation of other countries culture

and nature.

A fundamental requirement for ecotourism to be practiced is

control on access to an area. Various hill stations or beaches
therefore do not get categorised as ecotourism destinations
because it is impossible to control access to them. National parks
and wildlife sanctuaries are on the other hand most amenable to
regulate access and thus most suitable as eco-tourist destinations.
The Protected Area Network in the country therefore becomes the
most logical starting point for development of ecotourism. Most eco
tourists are from Europe, North America and Japan.

3.14 MAJOR ECO-TOURISM DESTINATIONS IN INDIA

1. Eco-Tourism in Kerala-A Paradise for Tourist

Kerala, which is known as ‘God’s Own Country’ is situated in
the lap of southwestern coast of India. Eco-visitors found Kerala as
a green heaven. Sandy beaches, tropical dense forests etc.
enhance the natural attraction to the nature lovers. Here we can
witness several animal species and thousands of plant species.
The Nilgiri mountain range will definitely draw tourist’s attention.
There are many wildlife sanctuaries in Kerala. In Kerala, tourism
activities are mainly based on nature and its facilities. The first
planned ecotourism destination in Asia was the Thenmala
Ecotourism Project in Kerala.Idukki is one of the districts in Kerala,
which has abundance of wide scale tourist attractions. There is
wide scope for ecotourism in Idukki.

2. Sundarban Eco-Tour- World’s Largest Natural Delta

In West Bengal, Sundarban is a place that introduces us the
real meaning of ecotourism. The world’s largest natural delta is a
name of Royal Bengal Tigers. Wildlife sanctuary, bird sanctuary,
crocodile projects are the main attractions for the eco-visitors. The
tidal rivers, water channels, large mangrove trees etc. will give us
the feeling of adventure with the essence of freshness. The
mangrove swamp in the south of West Bengal is the place where
the Royal Bengal Tigers rule. These majestic big cuts are
fascinatingly beautiful and extremely dangerous. Unfortunately
these animals are now on the verge of extinction. This marsh land
has become a sanctuary for these magnificent creatures in yellow
and black strips. Deer, antelopes, gaur and wild pigs also have
made this marsh land their home.

3. Himalayas
The whole mountain range of North India will give the
tourists a perfect picture of an eco-tour. Several places like Kulu,
Manali, Ladak, Dharmashala, Dalhosietc are specially known for its
natural beauty to the nature lovers. The eco-visitors can witness the
 71

magical glow of sunrise and sunset from the different corner of

mountain range. Himalaya ranges are famous for trekking and
camping. In different colours, shapes and heights, valleys of
mountains impress the ecovisitors by their inherent qualities.

3.15 PROMOTING ECO-TOURISM IN INDIA

The key players in the ecotourism business are Government,

local authorities, developers and operators, visitors and local
community. Each one of them has to be sensitive to the
environment and local traditions and follow a set of guidelines for
the successful development of ecotourism. In addition,
governmental organisations and scientific and research institutions
also have to play key role in development of ecotourism. Special
officers have been designated to coordinate activities regarding
ecotourism. The Forest and Tourism Departments of the states like
Karnataka, Kerala, Sikkim, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh have
specifically announced a policy for the development of ecotourism
laying special emphasis to the involvement of the local
communities. A management plan for each ecotourism area should
be prepared by professional landscape architects and urban
planners in consultation with the local community as well as others
directly concerned. Integrated planning should be adopted to avoid
inter-sectoral and cross-sectoral conflict. A first step should be to
prepare 20-year master plans for each state.

The architectural programme for ecotourism centres should

include controlled access points, roads, self-guided nature trails,
transportation options, interpretation centers, signs and adequate
but unpretentious lodging and dining facilities, docks, garbage
disposal facilities and other utilities as needed. If required, suitable
living quarters and facilities for project personnel should be
provided.

3.16 RECENT INITIATIVES IN ECO-TOURISM IN INDIA

 A project of ecotourism for development of Horsely Hill in Chittor

district of Andhra Pradesh has been sanctioned.
 The project of development of Satkosi in Orissa (Rs.4.25 crore)
has been sanctioned in which interpretation centre; landscaping,
elephant camps, trekking park, watch towers and parking
facilities etc. are proposed to be developed.
 Ministry of Tourism (MOT) has sanctioned a project for
development of ecotourism in Morni-Pinjore Hills and Sultanpur
National Park in Haryana for which Rs2.63 crore have been
sanctioned.
 72

 The project of integrated development of tribal circuit with

special focus on ecotourism in Himachal Pradesh has been
approved for Rs.6.98 crore.
 Development of Wayanad in Kerala for an amount of Rs.2.01
crore.

3.17 NATIONAL ECO-TOURISM POLICY AND

GUIDELINES

 The National Ecotourism Policy and Guidelines of the Ministry of

Tourism after considering the national policy on tourism has
identified the following cardinal principles for the development of
ecotourism:-
 It should involve the local community and lead to the overall
economic development of the area
 It should identify the likely conflicts between resource use for
tourism and the livelihood of local inhabitants and attempt to
minimise such conflicts
 The type and scale of tourism development should be
compatible with the environment and socio-cultural
characteristics of the local community and
 It should be planned as a part of the overall area development
strategy, guided by an integrated land use plan while avoiding
inter sectorial conflicts and ensuring sectorial integration,
associated with commensurate expansion of public services.

3.18 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC

ISSUES

 Environmental Issues: - One of the most disturbing facts

about ecotourism is that it is mainly promoting the intrusion into
wilderness area, national parks, isolated tribal areas and even the
areas having no trace of any permanent settlement. Tourists opting
for such tourism often belong to the prosperous strata of society
and are capable and ready to pay for everything they wish, so
consumerism becomes focal theme here. Tour operators surrender
to ever increasing demands made by visitors and to facilitate and
entertain them, they build completely artificial landscape in the
area, which have mega-resorts, luxury hotels, and shopping
centers. Such changes cost almost the entire eco system, many of
flora and fauna species lose their natural habitat and in the long run
this may even lead to species extinction. Tourism competes with
other forms of development and human activity for natural
resources, especially land and water. The use of natural resources
 73

subsequently leads to the transformation of ecological habitats and

loss of flora and fauna. Land transformation for tourism
development can directly destroy ecological habitats. The use of
resources for tourism involves an ‘opportunity cost’ as they are
denied to other sectors of economic development.

 Socio-Economic Issues: - Just because something is

marketed as ecotourism, it does not necessarily mean that the
long-term motto of providing socio-economic benefit with protection
of environment to the host areas will be achieved.

3.19 ECO TOURISM SOCIETY OF INDIA

Ecotourism Society of India (ESOI) is a non-profit

organisation with the sole aim to promote and ensure
environmentally responsible and sustainable practices in the
tourism industry. The society was formed in 2008 by a group of
eminent professionals from the tourism industry, as well
as, environmentalists under the advice of the Ministry of Tourism.
ESOI works closely with the central and state government bodies
responsible for sustainable tourism and a network of like-minded
regional / state players across the country to facilitate and support
synergy of policies, initiatives and activities at the national and state
level. The Ecotourism Society of India is dedicated to the promotion
of sustainable and responsible tourism practices within the tourism
industry. All funds/income generated are utilised towards achieving
the following objectives of the society:
 Tabulate eco-sensitive areas where tourism will have an impact
on the social, cultural and natural environment.
 Make strategies and efforts to ensure long-term (perpetual)
sustenance of the environment.
 Work with empowered bodies to establish carrying capacity and
sustainable tourism practices which include conservation of
nature and wildlife, and allow local communities to benefit from
tourism.
 Tourists and visitors’ numbers and tourism practices must allow
nature to re-generate itself.
 To work with government bodies to develop policies and codes
of conduct for promotion of sustainable tourism, and help
implement the same.
 To work towards certification of tourism service providers.
 74

3.20 SUMMARY

A synoptic definition of tourism could be travel for leisure,

pleasure, recreation or business purposes. The nature of tourism is
dynamic. It has the ability to change and grow with the changing
environment. The scope of the tourist industry is vast. It includes all
sectors of the economy and may be governed by public sector and
private sector in coherence. Tourism industry has the potential to
benefit the economy on a large scale by providing foreign
exchange, exchange of goods and services and through cultural
exchange. Tourism can be broadly classified into Domestic
Tourism, Inbound Tourism and Outbound Tourism. All these forms
of tourism can be combined to form three more types of tourism viz.
Internal Tourism, National Tourism and International Tourism. The
challenges that are faced by the tourism industry in India include
over population, lack of infrastructure and expertise and many
more. However, the national tourism policies of 1982 and 2002 are
trying to solve the problems. Ecotourism is entirely a new approach
in tourism. It involves travel to natural areas to appreciate the
cultural and natural history of the environment in such a way that
care is taken not to disturb the integrity of the ecosystem, while
creating economic opportunities that make conservation and
protection of natural resources advantageous to the local people. In
India, the emergence of alternative tourism promotes natural and
cultural events and others. Few promising alternative tourism paths
include green tourism, ecotourism, eco cultural tourism, heritage
tourism etc. Ecotourism developed in India in 1970s and 1980s.
Ecotourism was globally identified as a means of achieving twin
goals of bio diversity conservation and sustainable development.
Ecotourism Society of India (ESOI) is a non-profit organisation with
the sole aim to promote and ensure environmentally responsible
and sustainable practices in the tourism industry.

3.21 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS/EXERCISE

1. True or False
a. Pleasure isa feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment.
b. Many foreign tourists belonging to the affluent and rich countries
of the world visit India every year to enjoy its rich culture
c. Internal Tourism which involves movement within a country and
is a combination of domestic tourism and inbound tourism
d. The scope of tourism is very limited
e. Tourism helps in building image of the country in the global
market and has a huge potential for employment.
 75

2. Fill in the Blanks

a. __________(Safety) is one of the seven keys of National
Tourism Policy, 2002
b. The first significant policy initiatives were taken in the early
1980s with the prospect of hosting the _________________.
c. In the Chief Minister’s Conference held on October 30, 2001,
the then Prime Minister of India, ____________________had
highlighted the importance of tourism for the growth and
development of the country
d. Due to altitude and topography, ____________serve as
hotspots for adventurous activities like trekking and other sports
e. Along with natural resources of tourism, India has developed a
large number of _____________tourist sites also.
3. Match the columns

A B
Type of tourism based on Examples
purpose
a. Religious 1. Western Ghats
b. Medical 2. Uttarakhand after Floods
c. Eco tourism 3. Rishikesh, India
d. Disaster 4. Lonar lake, Maharashtra
e. Slum 5. Bhangarh, Rajasthan
f. Dark 6. Dharavi Slum, Mumbai
g. Yoga 7. Paris
h. Cultural 8. Shri AmarnathYatra
i. Geotourism 9. QutubMinar
j. Fashion 10. Kerala

4. Multiple choice questions:

a. What out of the following is a positive impact of tourism on

the economy?
i. Leakage
ii. Decline in traditional employment
iii. Seasonal unemployment
iv. Increased employment
 76

b. What out of the following is a positive impact of tourism on

the culture?
i. Overcrowding
ii. Poor sanitation
iii. Frequent social events
iv. Intrusion of outsiders

c. What out of the following is a negative impact of tourism on

the economy?
i. Increased living costs
ii. Increased domestic income and foreign currency earnings
iii. Economic multiplier effect
iv. Improved infrastructure
d. What out of the following is a negative impact of tourism on
the culture?
i. Better leisure facilities
ii. Conservation of local heritage
iii. Restricts brain drain
iv. Poor sanitation

e. What out of the following is an impact of tourism on the

environment?
i. Frequent social events
ii. Increased living costs
iii. Better leisure facilities
iv. Depletion of ozone layer

3.22 ANSWERS TO THE SELF-LEARNING

QUESTIONS

1. True or False
a. True
b. False
c. True
d. False
e. True
2. Fill in the Blanks
a. Suraksha
b. Asian Games of 1982
c. Shri. AtalBihari Vajpayee
d. Mountains
e. Man-made

3. Match the columns

a. 8
b. 10
c. 1
d. 2
 77

e. 6
f. 5
g. 3
h. 9
i. 4
j. 7

4. Multiple choice questions:

a. Increased employment
b. Frequent social events
c. Increased living costs
d. Poor sanitation
e. Depletion of ozone layer

3.23 TECHNICAL WORDS AND THEIR MEANINGS

 Tourism: Tourism comprises of all the activities related to a

person’s travelling to and staying in places outside his/her usual
environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure,
business and other purposes.

 Host community: The people of tourism destinations are

termed as host community

 Leisure: Use of free time for enjoyment

 Pleasure: A feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment

 Recreation: Done for enjoyment when one is not working.

 Purposes of tourism: The aim for which tourism is undertaken

 Resources: A stock or supply of money, materials, staff, and

other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization
in order to function effectively

 Tourism potentials: Resources having potential to develop as

tourist destinations

 Plains: Geographically, a plain is a flat landmass that generally

does not change much in elevation.

 National Park:An area of countryside, or occasionally sea or

fresh water, protected by the state for the enjoyment of the
general public or the preservation of wildlife.

 Ministry of Tourism: The Ministry of Tourism, a branch of the

Government of India, is the apex body for formulation and
 78

administration of the rules, regulations and laws relating to the

development and promotion of tourism in India.

 NGOs: A non-profit organization that operates independently of

any government, typically one whose purpose is to address a
social or political issue.

 Eco-sensitive areas: Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs) or

Ecologically Fragile Areas (EFAs) are areas notified by the
Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change
(MoEFCC), Government of India around Protected Areas,
National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries.

3.24 TASK

Make a travel diary with pictures of your travels so far and

differentiate the types of tourism potentials in India you visited.

3.25 REFERENCES
 Nature and Scope of Tourism, Sethi, Praveen
 Tourism: A Community Approach, Murphy, Peter
 Geography of Transport, Tourism and Management, Patel,
I et. al.
 Opportunities and Challenges for Tourism and Hospitality in the
BRIC Nations, Dhiman, Mohindereds.
 Tourism in India, Vijaya, K eds.
 Tourism in India and India's Economic Development, Roy, Kartik
 Indian ecotourism, Singh, R.
 Ecotourism Development in India: Communities, Capital, and
Conservation, Bhatt, S.
 The Encyclopedia of Ecotourism, Weaver, D. ed.


 79

Unit -4
ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENTS AND
MANAGEMENT
After going through this chapter, you will be able to understand the
following features:

4.1 Objectives
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Subject discussion
4.4 Environmental movements in India
A. Save Narmada Movement / Narmada Bachao Andolan
(NBA)
B. Chipko Movement
C. Appiko Movement
D. Save Western Ghats Movement
E. Silent Valley Movement
4.5 Concept of Environmental Management
A. Need and relevance for Environmental Management
4.6 Concept of ISO 14000 and 16000
4.7 Concepts of Carbon Credit and Carbon Bank
A. Carbon Bank
4.8 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
A. The EIA Process
B. Objectives of EIA
C. Methodology of EIA
4.9 Ecological Footprints
4.10 Environment Protection Act, 1986
4.11 Concept and components of Geospatial Technology
A. Components of Geo- Spatial Technology (GST)
4.12 Application of GST in environmental management
4.13 Summary
4.14 Check your Progress/Exercise
4.15 Answers to the self-learning questions
4.16 Technical words and their meaning
4.17 Task
4.18 References for further study
 80

4.1 OBJECTIVES

By the end of this unit you will be able –

 To understand the Environmental Movements in India
 To comprehend the need and relevance of Environmental
Management
 To explain the concept of ISO 14000 and 16000, Carbon Bank
and Carbon Credit, EIA and ecological footprint
 To understand the Environment Protection Act
 To know the concept and components of Geospatial
Technology and applications of GST in Environmental
Management

4.2 INTRODUCTION

An environmental movement can be defined as a social or

political movement, for the conservation of environment or for the
improvement of the state of the environment. The terms ‘green
movement’ or ‘conservation movement’ is alternatively used to
denoted the same.

The environmental movements favor the sustainable

management of natural resources. The movements often stress the
protection of the environment via changes in public policy. Many
movements are centered on ecology, health and human rights.

4.3 SUBJECT DISCUSSION

This Unit concentrates on the Environmental Movements in

India. Some of the movements highlighted in this session are Save
Narmada Movement, Chipko Movement, Appiko Movement and
Save Western Ghats movement. The unit further throws light on
Environmental Management and it need and relevance in today’s
times.

The unit further familiarizes the learner to concepts like ISO

14000 and 16000, Carbon Bank and Carbon Credit, EIA and
ecological footprint. The student is also introduced to
Environmental Protection Act and the need to protect the
environment. Finally the unit concludes with an understanding of
the concept and components of Geospatial Technology and
applications of GST in Environmental Management.
 81

4.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENTS IN INDIA

Environmental movements range from the highly organized

and formally institutionalized ones to the radically informal activities.
Exploitation of resources by people in India has resulted in the
disruption of balance of nature. These disruptions have led to many
conflicts in the society. The major environmental movements in
India are as follows:

A. Save Narmada Movement / Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA)

Narmada Bachao Andolan is a powerful mass movement,
started in 1985, against the construction of huge dam on the
Narmada River. Narmada is the India's largest west flowing river,
which supports a large variety of people with distinguished culture
and tradition ranging from the indigenous (tribal) people inhabited in
the jungles to the large number of rural population. The proposed
Sardar Sarovar Dam and Narmada Sagar will displace more than
250,000 people.

The movement first started as a protest for not providing

proper rehabilitation and resettlement for the people who have
been displaced by the construction of Sardar Sarovar Dam. Later
on, the movement turned its focus on the preservation of the
environment and the eco-systems of the valley. Activists also
demanded the height of the dam to be reduced to 88 m from the
proposed height of 130m.

The environmental issue was taken into court. In October

2000, the Supreme Court gave a judgment approving the
construction of the Sardar Sarovar Dam with a condition that height
of the dam could be raised to 90 m. This height is much higher than
the 88 m which anti-dam activists demanded, but it is definitely
lower than the proposed height of 130 m. The project is now largely
financed by the state governments and market borrowings. The
project is expected to be fully com-pleted by 2025.

Although not successful, as the dam could not be prevented,

the NBA has created an anti-big dam opinion in India and outside. It
questioned the paradigm of development. As a democratic
movement, it followed the Gandhian way.
 82

Save Narmada Movement at a Glance

Year: 1985

Place: Narmada River, which flows through the states of

Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.

Leaders: Medha Patker, Baba Amte, adivasis, farmers,

environmentalists and human rights activists.

Aim: A social movement against a number of large dams being

built across the Narmada River.

B. Chipko Movement
In the 1970s, an organized resistance to the destruction of
forests spread throughout India and came to be known as the
Chipko movement. The name of the movement comes from the
word 'embrace', as the villagers hugged the trees, and prevented
the contractors' from felling them.

In the 20th century, in the hills the forests are the main
source of livelihood, since agricultural activities cannot be carried
out easily. The first Chipko action took place in April 1973 in the
village of Mandal in upper Alakananda valley and over the next five
years spread to many districts of the Himalayas in Uttar Pradesh. It
was sparked off by the government's decision to allot a plot of
forest area in the Alaknanda valley to a sports goods company.
This angered the villagers because their similar demand to use
wood for making agricultural tools had been earlier denied. With
encouragement from a local NGO (non-governmental organization),
DGSS (Dasoli Gram Swarajya Sangh), the women of the area,
under the leadership of an activist, Chandi Prasad Bhatt, went into
the forest and formed a circle around the trees preventing the men
from cutting them down.

The success achieved by this protest led to similar protests

in other parts of the country. From their origins as a spontaneous
protest against logging abuses in Uttar Pradesh in the Himalayas,
supporters of the Chipko movement, mainly village women, have
successfully banned the felling of trees in a number of regions and
influenced natural resource policy in India. Dhoom Singh Negi,
Bachni Devi and many other village women, were the first to save
trees by hugging them. They coined the slogan: 'What do the
forests bear? Soil, water and pure air'. The success of the Chipko
movement in the hills saved thousands of trees from being felled.

Some other persons have also been involved in this

movement and have given it proper direction. Mr Sunderlal
 83

Bahuguna, a Gandhian activist and philosopher, whose appeal to

Mrs Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India, resulted in the
green-felling ban. Mr Bahuguna coined the Chipko slogan: 'ecology
is permanent economy'. Mr Chandi Prasad Bhatt, is another leader
of the Chipko movement. He encouraged the development of local
industries based on the conservation and sustainable use of forest
wealth for local benefit.

The Chipko protests in Uttar Pradesh achieved a major

victory in 1980 with a 15-year ban on green felling in the Himalayan
forests of that state by the order of Mrs Indira Gandhi, the then
Prime Minister of India. Since then, the movement has spread to
many states in the country. In addition to the 15-year ban in Uttar
Pradesh, the movement has stopped felling in the Western Ghats
and the Vindhyas and has generated pressure for a natural
resource policy that is more sensitive to people's needs and
ecological requirements.

Chipko Movement

Year: 1973

Place: In Chamoli district and later at Tehri-Garhwal district of

Uttarakhand.

Leaders: Sundarlal Bahuguna, Gaura Devi, Sudesha Devi,

Bachni Devi, Chandi Prasad Bhatt, Govind Singh Rawat,
Dhoom Singh Negi, Shamsher Singh Bisht and Ghanasyam
Raturi.

Aim: The main objective was to protect the trees on the

Himalayan slopes from the axes of contractors of the forest.

C. Appiko Movement
Appiko movement is the southern version of the Chipko movement.
The Appiko Movement was locally known as “Appiko Chaluvali”.
The locals embraced the trees which were to be felled by
contractors of the forest department. The Appiko movement used
various techniques to raise awareness such as foot marches in the
interior forest, slide shows, folk dances, street plays etc. The
second area of the movement’s work was to promote afforestation
on denuded lands. The movement later focused on the rational use
of ecosphere through introducing alternative energy resources to
reduce pressure on the forest.
 84

Appiko Movement,

Year: 1983

Place: Uttara Kannada and Shimoga districts of Karnataka

State

Leaders: Appiko’s greatest strengths lie in it being neither driven

by a personality nor having been formally institutionalised.
However, it does have a facilitator in Pandurang Hegde. He
helped launch the movement in 1983.

Aim: Against the felling and commercialization of natural forest

and the ruin of ancient livelihood.

D. Save Western Ghats Movement

The Western Ghats in India cover six states and have an
incredible diversity of species as also some of the finest examples
of moist deciduous and tropical forests. Preventing the ecological
degradation due to construction and other activities is the main
concern of the environmentalists.

Environmentalists in Bangalore, are reviving a plan to

conserve the vast hilly, forested region running parallel to the west
coast of peninsular India (Western Ghats), recognized as a global
biodiversity hotspot.

The ‘Save Western Ghats’ movement of the 1980s involved

over 20 local and regional people’s movements who got together to
march the length of the sector between November 1987 and
February 1988, in an awareness-building protest against the
construction of dams and power stations that destroy one of the
world’s richest habitats.

Movements under this banner influenced government policy

to stop the felling of trees in Karnataka and cancel plans for a dam
in the Silent Valley which was declared a patch of undisturbed
tropical forest and converted into a national park in 1984.

The Indian government also set up the Western Ghats

Development Programme in 1981 to ensure policies maintained
ecological balance, preserved genetic diversity and created
awareness for eco-restoration for the damage already done. But
those successful environmental movements of the 1980s had, in
subsequent decades, died down.

The Western Ghats cover 159,000 sq. km, traverse 1,600

km through six west coast states – Gujarat, Goa, Maharashtra,
 85

Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu – and house an incredible

diversity of species and some of the finest examples of moist
deciduous and tropical forests.

The Ghats, also known as Sahyadri in Maharashtra, has

5,000 species of flowering plants, 139 mammal species, 508 bird
species and 179 amphibian species. At least 325 of these are
globally threatened species. It’s a complex network of 22 rivers that
provides nearly 40% of India’s water-catchment systems.

Currently the best stretch of wilderness exists in the

Nagarahole-Bandipur--Mudumalai national park belt of Karnataka
and Tamil Nadu states and the adjoining Wynad region of North
Kerala, holding India’s largest protected population of 1,500
elephants.

In Maharashtra, private urban townships, steel and power

plants are posing a fresh set of threats to this biodiversity. Mining,
diversion of rivers, wildlife tourism and monoculture plantations in
Goa have conservationists worried.

Dams, power plants, mining and violent leftwing guerillas

threaten the ghats in Karnataka. Encroachments from agricultural
plantations, urbanisation and pollution threaten the forests in Tamil
Nadu and Kerala.

Environmentalists have decided to have a summit involving

all the stakeholders in the Western Ghats to decide upon a course
of action.

A. Silent Valley Movement

Silent Valley in Kerala has a rich 89 sq. km biological treasure
drove in the vast expanse of tropical virgin forests on the green
rolling hills. In 1980s, a 200 MW hydroelectric dam on the crystal
clear river Kunthi puzha under the Kundremukh project was to
come up. The proposed project was not ecologically viable, as it
would drown a chunk of the valuable rainforest of the valley and
threaten the life of a host of endangered species of both flora and
fauna. The Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parishad (KSSP) an NGO
started the campaign to save Silent Valley. This movement
turned out to be a public education programme in many respects.
The movement in many ways saved the ecosystem of Silent Valley
area.

4.5 CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

The ecological balance and ecosystem stability are duly

maintained by the nature itself but the emergence of modern
industrial era has disturbed the ecological balance through heavy
 86

industrialization, technological revolution, faster growth of means of

transportation, exploitation of resources, unplanned urbanization
etc.

The modern day activities of people have disturbed the

harmonious relationships between the environment and human
beings. Environmental management is thus, the process to improve
the relationship between the human beings and environment which
may be achieved through check on destructive activities of man,
conservation, protection, regulation and regeneration of nature.

A. Need and relevance for Environmental Management

The need and relevance of environmental management are
as follows:
 To recognize that there are more sustainable ways of living
 To use natural resources more efficiently
 To know the behavior of organism under natural conditions
 To know the interrelationship between organisms in populations
and communities; -
 To aware and educate people regarding environmental issues
and problems at local, national and international levels.

Environmental management is vital to conform to

environmental safety and thereby ensure sustainable economic
development.It helps the planning and allows the management to
take long term measures for effective management as well as
environment conservation.

4.6 CONCEPT OF ISO 14000 AND 16000

ISO 14000 is a series of environmental management

standards developed and published by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) for organizations. The ISO
14000 standards provide a guideline or framework for organizations
that need to systematize and improve their environmental
management efforts. The ISO 14000 standards are not designed to
aid the enforcement of environmental laws and do not regulate the
environmental activities of organizations. Following these standards
is voluntary for organizations.

The ISO 14001 standard is the most important standard

within the ISO 14000 series. ISO 14001 specifies the requirements
of an environmental management system (EMS) for small to large
organizations. An EMS is a systemic approach to handling
environmental issues within an organization.
 87

ISO 14000 is similar to ISO 9000 quality management in that

both pertain to the process of how a product is produced, rather
than to the product itself. As with ISO 9001, certification is
performed by third-party organizations rather than being awarded
by ISO directly.

ISO 16000-25: It specifies a test method for determination of the

area specific emission rate of semi-volatile organic compounds
(SVOCs) from newly produced building products or furnishings
under defined climate conditions. The objectives of ISO 16000 are:

 To provide manufacturers, builders, and end users with

emission data useful for the evaluation of the impact of building
products on the indoor air quality;
 To promote the development of improved products;
 On-site investigation of building product surfaces.

The method can be used for most building products used

indoors.

4.7 CONCEPT OF CARBON CREDIT AND CARBON

BANK

A carbon credit is a financial instrument that allows the holder,

usually an energy company, to emit one ton of carbon dioxide.
Credits are awarded to countries or groups that have reduced their
greenhouse gases below their emission quota. Carbon credits can
be legally traded in the international market at their current market
price.

The carbon credit system was a solution that came about

near the end of the 20th century, as people became more aware
that human industrial activity is potentially responsible for global
warming and environmental degradation. The premise of the
system is that a government or another body can regulate the total
tons of carbon dioxide emitted but is given some flexibility as to
how exactly the regulation is accomplished.

Carbon credit systems place a cost on carbon emissions by

creating credits valued against one ton of hydrocarbon fuel. A
carbon credit, then, is essentially a permit that allows the receiver
to burn a specified amount of hydrocarbon fuel over a specified
period of time. Credits are granted to companies or other groups
that take action to measurably reduce carbon emissions.

An Example of Carbon Credits :

An environmentalist group that works to reduce megatons of
greenhouse gases from the atmosphere plants enough trees to
 88

reduce emissions by one ton and is awarded a credit. If a steel

producer, has an emissions quota of 10 tons but is expected to
produce 11 tons, it can purchase the carbon credit from the
environmental group. The carbon credit system looks to reduce
emissions by ensuring that all countries keep their overall carbon
emissions in check.

A. Carbon Bank :
Trading in carbons credits is regarded as an economically
efficient mechanismto facilitate the transition to a low-carbon
economy; price volatility can underminethe system’s ability to meet
its economic and environmental goals. Experience - such as that of
the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EUETS) - has
shown that emissions trading systems face a number of
challengesrelated to the perceived stability of the system,
particularly price volatility.

To maintain confidence in the system and ensure

manageable compliance costs, price volatility in a cap-and-trade
system must be minimized and managed. Setting up Carbon Bank
by the government, can intervene in the carbon market to ensure
price stability, minimize manipulation and speculation, and provide
market oversight.

4.8 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

The term Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) and

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) were coined in USA, when
the preparation of these documents became compulsory in the
USA under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA),

The purpose of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is

to identify and evaluate the potential impacts (beneficial and
adverse) of development and projects on the environmental
system. It is a useful aid for decision making based on
understanding of the environment implications including social,
cultural and aesthetic concerns which could be integrated with the
analysis of the project costs and benefits. This exercise should be
undertaken early enough in the planning stage of projects for
selection of environmentally compatible sites, process technologies
and such other environmental safeguards.

While all industrial projects may have some environmental

impacts all of them may not be significant enough to warrant
elaborate assessment procedures. The need for such exercises will
have to be decided after initial evaluation of the possible
implications of a particular project and its location. The projects
which could have an Environment Impact Assessment include the
following:-
 89

 Those which can significantly alter the landscape, land use

pattern and lead to concentration of working and service
population;
 Those which need upstream development activity like assured
mineral and forest products supply or downstream industrial
process development;
 Those involving manufacture, handling and use of hazardous
materials;
 Those which are sited near ecologically sensitive areas, urban
centers, hill resorts, places of scientific and religious
importance.
 Industrial Estates with constituent units of various types which
could cumulatively cause significant environmental damage.

In India, the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA

requirement for major projects started in the early 80s.

A. The EIA Process :

There are five stages in the EIA process:

Stage 1: Defining the present environment.

Stage 2: Study of the different components of the project.

Stage 3: Measurement of the quantum and character of the

pollutant discharged.

Stage 4: Assessment of the impact of the pollutants discharged on

various aspects of the environment.

Stage 5: Recommendation of some measures to reduce the impact

of pollutants.

B. Objectives of EIA :
The objectives of EIA are to define the existing
environmental conditions of each area of the study. Generally the
area following within 10 to 15 Km radius of the project is studied in
detail and the area within 30 to 50 Km radius of the project is
studied only for major features.

C. Methodology of EIA
The methodology used for EIA is as follows:

1. Land Use: Land use maps are prepared.

2. Water uses: As study of the prevailing ground and surface water
used is done.
 90

3. Geology: Preparation of the geological map of the area is done.

4. Soil: Important soils are identified.
5. Hydrology: Information about surface and ground water is
collected.
6. Water Quality: Information about the water quality of surface
and ground water is collected around the area of the project.

4.9 ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT

All of the resources which people use for their daily needs
and activities come from somewhere, even if not from their
immediate surroundings. Food, electricity, and other basic
amenities for survival must be produced within the confines of
nature, using raw natural resources. Based on this relationship
between humanity and the biosphere, an ecological footprint is a
measurement of the land area required to sustain a population of
any size. Under prevailing technology, it measures the amount of
arable land and aquatic resources that must be used to
continuously sustain a population, based on its consumption levels
at a given point in time. To the fullest extent possible, this
measurement incorporates water and energy use, uses of land for
infrastructure and different forms of agriculture, forests, and all
other forms of energy and material "inputs" that people require in
their day-to-day lives. It also accounts for the land area required for
waste assimilation.

Footprints can be measured at an individual level, or for

cities, regions, countries, or the entire planet. Through specialized
adjustments, EF analysis can also be used for specific activities, or
to measure the ecological requirements of producing specific goods
or services.

Analysts examine the quantity and different types of natural

and manufactured materials and services used, and then use a
variety of calculations to convert this into a land area. Footprints
indicate how much "nature" is available for a defined population to
use, compared to how much it needs to maintain its current
activities. Obviously, the size of a footprint will vary depending on
the volume and different types of natural resources consumed by a
population, which will in turn depend on lifestyle choices, income
levels, and technology.

4.10 ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ACT, 1986

Environment Protection Act, 1986 is an Act of the Parliament

of India. In the wake of the Bhopal Tragedy, the Government of
India enacted the Environment Protection Act of 1986 under Article
 91

253 of the Constitution. Passed in March 1986, it came into force

on 19 November 1986.It has 26 sections. The purpose of the Act is
to implement the decisions of the United Nations Conference on the
Human Environments they relate to the protection and
improvement of the human environment and the prevention of
hazards to human beings, other living creatures, plants and
property. The Act is an “umbrella” legislation designed to provide a
framework for central government coordination of the activities of
various central and state authorities established under previous
laws, such as the Water Act and the Air Act.

4.11 CONCEPT AND COMPONENTS OF GEOSPATIAL

TECHNOLOGY

Geospatial technology refers to a combination of equipment

used in visualization, measurement, and analysis of earth’s
features. It includes the broad range of services, technical and
manufacturing professions, and products within the fields of
geography, surveying and mapping, computer science, information
science and other specialized areas of application.

A. Components of Geo- Spatial Technology (GST) :

GST comprises of three important components viz. Remote
sensing, GIS and GPS. Each of these components has a similar
base which is a product of geospatial technological processes.

There are now a variety of types of geospatial technologies

potentially applicable to human rights, including the following:

•Remote Sensing : imagery and data collected from space- or

airborne camera and sensor platforms. Some commercial satellite
image providers now offer images showing details of one-meter or
smaller, making these images appropriate for monitoring
humanitarian needs and human rights abuses.

•Geographic Information Systems (GIS): a suite of software tools

for mapping and analysing data which is georeferenced (assigned a
specific location on the surface of the Earth, otherwise known as
geospatial data). GIS can be used to detect geographic patterns in
other data, such as disease clusters resulting from toxins, sub-
optimal water access, etc.

•Global Positioning System (GPS): a network of U.S. Department

of Defense satellites which can give precise coordinate locations to
civilian and military users with proper receiving equipment.
 92

4.12 APPLICATION OF GST IN ENVIRONMENTAL

MANAGEMENT

With the help of GST, the environmental phenomena can be

properly acquired and analysed so that degradation of environment
can be minimised and its management be maximized.

Following are the specific applications of GST in

environmental management:

a. Land use and land cover analysis: Changes in the land use
and land cover is the major concern in environmental management
as it is the first step in degrading the environment. With the help of
remote sensing, images of the earth may be acquired to represent
the levels of degradation so that it can be minimised in the
endangered areas.

b. Groundwater analysis: Groundwater is essential to the living of

human beings, agriculture and natural vegetation. Due to
withdrawal of the same through wells and tube wells, it is declining
day by day. GST helps to capture the levels and control the same.

c. Watershed management: With developing concrete jungles, the

size of the watershed is declining. GST helps to analyse the same.
It helps to identify the deficit areas and gives an overview of the
prevalent conditions.

d. NDVI: NDVI stands for Normalized Difference Vegetation Index.

It is an indicator to determine the declining number and species of
vegetation in an area. It is a highly professional and reliable source
of information which can be done only by using GST.

e. Disaster management: GST helps to track the upcoming

disasters and analyse the affected areas from one distant location
itself. This helps in giving early warnings and mitigation of the
affected areas.

f. Biological conservation: With the analysis of routes of

migration of animals and natural hazards like forest fires and floods,
conservation plans for the natural areas like forests, marshy lands
and even oceans can be formulated.

g. Pollution analysis: By mapping pollution data, one can

understand the major areas struck by pollution and vice versa. This
may help in regional planning and policy formulation to protect the
environment.
 93

4.13 SUMMARY

This Unit throws light on the various environmental

movements in India ranging from Save Narmada Movement to
Chipko Movement to Appiko Movement and Save Western Ghats
movement. Further the learner is familarised with the concept of
environmental management and its need and relevance.

The learner was also made aware about new concepts in

environmental management like ISO 14000 and 16000, Carbon
Bank and Carbon Credit, EIA, ecological footprint and Environment
Protection Act. Finally the unit concluded with the understanding of
the concept and components of Geospatial Technology and the
applications of GST in environmental management.

4.14 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS/EXERCISE

A. True or False
1. Environmental movements range from the highly organized and
formally institutionalized ones to the radically informal activities.

2. Appiko movement is the northern version of the Chipko

movement.

3. Trading of carbon credits in the international market at their

current price is illegal.

4. Geospatial technology refers to a combination of equipment used

in visualization, measurement, and analysis of earth’s features.

5. The need of Environmental Management is to use natural

resources more efficiently.

B. Fill in the Blanks

1. Narmada Bachao Andolan is a powerful mass movement, started

in 1985, against the construction of huge _____________ on the
Narmada River.

2. ______________ management is the process to improve the

relationship between the human beings and environment which
may be achieved through check on destructive activities of man,
conservation, protection, regulation and regeneration of nature.

3. Based on this relationship between humanity and the biosphere,

an ecological ____________ is a measurement of the land area
required to sustain a population of any size.
 94

4. The main objective of the Chipko Movement was to protect the

trees on the _____________ slopes from the axes of contractors of
the forest.

5. A carbon credit is a ______________ instrument that allows the

holder, usually an energy company, to emit one ton of carbon
dioxide.

C. Multiple Choice Questions

1. The name of the ____________ movement comes from the word

'embrace', as the villagers hugged the trees, and prevented the
contractors' from felling them.
a. Chipko
b. Appiko
c. Save Western Ghats
d. Save Narmada

2. The ISO ____________ standards provide a guideline or

framework for organizations that need to systematize and improve
their environmental management efforts.
a. 9000
b. 16000
c. 14000
d. 10000

3. The purpose of _____________ is to identify and evaluate the

potential impacts (beneficial and adverse) of development and
projects on the environmental system.
a. GIS
b. GST
c. Carbon Banks
d. EIA

4. GST can be used for __________________ in environmental

management.
a. Motivational analysis
b. Stress analysis
c. Groundwater analysis
d. EIA

5. The Narmada Movement first started as a protest for not

providing proper ________________ and resettlement for the
people who have been displaced by the construction of Sardar
Sarovar Dam.
a. Preservation
b. Rehabilitation
c. Water
d. Atmosphere
 95

4.15 ANSWERS TO THE SELF-LEARNING

QUESTIONS

A. True or False
1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. True

B. Fill in the Blanks

1. Dam
2. Environmental
3. Footprint
4. Himalayan
5. Financial

C. Multiple Choice Questions

1. Chipko
2. 14000
3. EIA
4. Groundwater analysis
5. Rehabilitation

4.16 TECHNICAL WORDS AND THEIR MEANING

1. Environmental management: It is the process to improve the

relationship between the human beings and environment which
may be achieved through check on destructive activities of man,
conservation, protection, regulation and regeneration of nature.

2. ISO 14000: It is a series of environmental management

standards developed and published by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) for organizations.

3. ISO 16000: It specifies a test method for determination of the

area specific emission rate of semi-volatile organic compounds
(SVOCs) from newly produced building products or furnishings
under defined climate conditions.

4. A carbon credit: It is a permit that allows the receiver to burn a

specified amount of hydrocarbon fuel over a specified period of
time.

5. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): Its purpose is to

identify and evaluate the potential impacts (beneficial and adverse)
of development and projects on the environmental system
 96

6. Ecological Footprint: Based on this relationship between

humanity and the biosphere, an ecological footprint is a
measurement of the land area required to sustain a population of
any size.

7. Geospatial technology: It refers to a combination of equipment

used in visualization, measurement, and analysis of earth’s
features.

4.17 TASK

Identify the process of obtaining ISO 14000 certification for

an educational institute. Explain the process through a diagram and
suggest the advantages of implementing the same to an
educational institute.

4.18 REFERENCES FOR FURTHER STUDY

 Environmental Studies, Bagad Anjali

 Sustainable Urban Environments: An Ecosystem Approach,
Beuren, Allan et. Al.
 The Sage Handbook of Environment and Society, Ward, Hugh
eds.
 Environment and Sustainable Development, Sundar, I.


 97

Unit -5
MAP FILLING
KONKAN
Use different appropriate Colours for various symbols marked in the
Maps

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS

DISTRICTS

M.S. = Mumbai Surban District

M.C. = Mumbai City District
 98

 Administrative Divisions (Talukas)

ÒeMeemekeÀer³e efJeYeeie (leeuegkesÀ)

R = Rivers (veÐee)
 99

ROAD - RAILWAY (JeenletkeÀ - jmles - jsuJes)

 100

PORTS (JeenletkeÀ yebojs)

O Port (JeenletkeÀ yebojs)

Use Red Colour for Ports

yebojebmeeþer ueeue jbie JeeHeje
 101

KONKAN INDUSTRIES (GÐeesie)

HeÀU J³eJemee³e (Red ueeue) Yeele efiejC³ee (Yellow efHeJeUe) Flej keÀejKeeves (Blue
efveUe)
 102

POWER STATIONS (efJepeefveefce&leer keWÀês)

peueefJeÐegle (Blue efveUe)
Deew<CeerkeÀ efJeÐegle (Black keÀeUe)
DeCegefJeÐegle (Red ueeue)
 103

TOURIST PLACES (He³e&ìve mLeUs)

Leb[ nJes®eer efþkeÀeCes (Blue efveUe) efkeÀuues (Red ueeue)
 104

TOURIST PLACES (He³e&ìve mLeUs)

Pejs (Red ueeue)
Deew<CeerkeÀ efJeÐegle efkeÀveejs (Blue efveUe)
 105

PROBLEMS (He³ee&JejCe mecem³ee)

nJee Òeog<eCe (Blue efveUe) peue Òeog<eCe (Red ueeue)
 106

Hetj ÒeJeCe #es$e (Blue efveUe) pebieuelees[ (Red ueeue)

 107

oj[ keÀesmeUCes GlKeveve KeeCekeÀece

(Red ueeue) (Blue efveUe) (Green efnjJee)
 108

EXERCISES - KONKAN

Mark & Name following in the Map of Konkan

Northernmost district of Konkan (Palghar) (Map 1)

Southernmost district of Konkan (Sindhudurg) (Map 1)
District headquarter of Raigad District (Alibag) (Map 1)
District headquarter of Sindhudurg District (Oras / Sindhudurg
Nagari) (Map 1)
Two districts of Mumbai (Mumbai City & Mumbai Suburb) (Map 1)
Smallest district of Konkan (Mumbai city) (Map 1)
Ratnagiri District (Map 1)
Amboli Ghat (Map 3)
Important Ghat in the northern part of Konkan (Thal Ghat) (Map 3)
Important Ghat in the Southern part of Konkan (Amboli Ghat) (Map
3)
Bhimashankar Ghat (Map 3)
Ghat in Ratnagiri district (Kumbharli) (Map 3)
Ghats in Sindhudurg district (Phonda and Amboli) (Map 3)
Ghat, which is used for going to Pune from Mumbai by train (Bhor)
(Map 3)
Ghat, which is used for going to Nasik from Mumbai by train (Thal)
(Map 3)
Varandha Ghat (Map 3)
Nane Ghat (Map 3)
Southernmost river of Konkan (Terekhol) (Map 4)
River which is a boundary between Raigad & Ratnagiri districts
(River Savitri) (Map 4)
R. Vaitarna (Map 4)
R. Tansa (Map 4)
R. Ulhas (Map 4)
Most Polluted river in Raigad district (Patalganga) (Map 4)
R. Vasisthi (Map 4)
R. Karli (Map 4)
Railway route from Mumbai to Dahanu (Map 5)

Railway route from Ratnagiri to Sawantwadi (Map 5)

Railway route from Thane to Chiplun (Map 5)
Panvel Railway Station (Map 5)
Ratnagiri Railway Station (Map 5)
Kudal Railway Station (Map 5)
 109

Kalyan Railway Station (Map 5)

Roha Railway Station (Map 5)
National Highway from Panvel to Sawantwadi (Map 5)
Konkan Railway (Map 5)
National Highway No. 17 (Map 5)
Major Port in Palghar District (Satpati) (Map 6)
Southernmost Port of Konkan (Redi) (Map 6)
Port mainly used for the export of minerals (Redi) (Map 6)
Major Dock along east coast of Mumbai (Sasoon Dock) (Map 6)
Dabhol Port (Map 6)
Jaigad Port (Map 6)
Ratnagiri Port (Map 6)
Vasai Port (Map 6)
Murud Port (Map 6)
Devgad Port (Map 6)
Malvan Port (Map 6)
Vengurla Port (Map 6)
Harne Port (Map 6)
Rice mills in Palghar District (Map 7)
Canning near Chiplun (Map 7)
Canning near Ratnagiri (Map 7)
Canning near Deogad (Map 7)
Canning near Vengurla (Map 7)
Utensil factories in the Raigad district (Pali, Roha, Tala, Mahad)
(Map 7)
Utensil factories to the north of Mumbai (Bhayander) (Map 7)
Rice mills in the Thane District (Map 7)
Rice mills in the Raigad District (Map 7)

Ship building in Sindhudurg District (Devgad, Malvan) (Map 8)

Ship building near Mumbai (Uttan) (Map 8)
Industrial estates in Palghar District (Map 8)
Industrial estates in Thane District (Map 8)
Industrial estates in Raigad District (Map 8)
Industrial estates in Ratnagiri District (Map 8)
Industrial estates in Sindhudurg District (Map 8)
Atomic power station (Tarapur) (Map 9)
Hydel power station in Ratnagiri District (Pophali) (Map 9)
Thermal power station in Mumbai (Trombay) (Map 9)
Thermal power station in Raigad (Uran) (Map 9)
 110

Hydel power station in Raigad District (Bhivpuri, Khopoli & Bhira)

(Map 9)
Famous hill station in Sindhudurg District (Amboli) (Map 10)
Famous hill station in Raigad District (Matheran) (Map 10)
Forts in Palghar District (Map 10)
Forts in Raigad District (Map 10)
Forts in Ratnagiri District (Map 10)
Forts in Sindhudurg District (Map 10)
Sea Fort near Malvan (Sindhudurg) (Map 10)
Sea Fort near Raigad District (Janira, Alibag) (Map 10)
Fort at the headquarter of Raigad District (Alibag) (Map 10)
Famous beach in the northern Konkan (Bordi) (Map 11)
Hot Springs near Rajapur (Map 11)
Famous beach in Ratnagiri District (Ganpati Pule) (Map 11)
Famous beach in Mumbai (Juhu) (Map 11)
Temple at Marleshwar (Map 11)
Famous Ganpati temple in Thane District (Titwala) (Map 11)
Famous Ganpati temples in Raigad district (Mahad & Pali) (Map
11)
Beaches in Sindhudurg District (Tarkarli, Redi) (Map 11)
Aread of Air Pollution in Ratnagiri District (Chiplun - Lote) (Map 12)
Air pollution in Raigad District (Rasayani, Khopoli, Alibag,
Nagothane) (Map 12)

Polluted creek to the north of Mumbai (Vasai creek) (Map 12)

Air Pollution in Mumbai (Chembur) (Map 12)
Air Pollution in Navi-Mumbai (Map 12)
Deforestation near Thal Ghat (Map 13)
Deforestation near Phonda Ghat (Map 13)
Deforestation near Amboli Ghat (Map 13)
Deforestation near Kumbharli Ghat (Map 13)
Deforestation near Bhor Ghat (Map 13)
Flood prone areas in Thane District (Map 13)
Flood prone areas in Raigad District (Map 13)
Flood prone areas in Ratnagiri District (Map 13)
Landslide near Thal Ghat (Map 14)
Landslide near Bhor Ghat (Map 14)
Landslide near Kumbharli Ghat (Map 14)
Landslide near Phonda Ghat (Map 14)
Landslide near Amboli Ghat (Map 14)
Mining at Redi (Map 14)
 111

ADDITIONAL EXERCISE MAP OF KONKAN

Mark and Name the following on the outline Map of Konkan

supplied to you
Southern most district of Konkan.
Mark the railway station on Konkan railway located in between
Rajapur Road and Kudal Railway Station.
The port of Ratnagiri district experiences the problem of marine
erosion.
The area famous for horticulture in Thane District.
A famous hill station of Raigad District.

Mark and name the following on the outline map of Konkan :

A place of hot spring

A port in Sindhudurg district
Fruit and vegetable market
Most polluted river
A tourist place in Ratnagiri District

i) Northernmost district of Konkan.

Famous hill station in Raigad.
Famous religious centre at the coast of Ratnagiri.
Fishing port in Sindhudurg District.
Most polluted river in Raigad.

Mark and Name the following features in the outline Map of Konkan
Mumbai Suburban District
Amboli Ghat
Ratnagiri to Kudal Konkan Railway
Distrit Raigad
National Highway No. 17
Thane City
 112

vekeÀeµee ÒeceeCeevegmeej veener Map not to the scale

HeÀkeÌle µew#eefCekeÀ GHe³eesieemeeþer For Education purpose only
 113

MAP 5MAP 6

SECTION - IV MUMBAI
Mumbai Administrative Divisions (cegbyeF& ÒeMeemekeÀer³e efJeYeeie)
 114

(veÐee, Kee[îee, leueeJe DeeefCe mecegê)

 115

GARDENS AND PARKS (yeeiee DeeefCe GÐeeves)

yeeiee (Gardens)
GÐeeves (Parks)
je<ì^er³e GÐeeve (National Park)
 116

Map not to the scale For Education purpose only

yebojs efJeceeveleU

Hegjeleve efþkeÀeCes efkeÀveejs

 117

Oeeefce&keÀ mLeUs He³e&ìve mLeUs

 118

GlKeveve oj[ keÀesmeUCes Hetj

 119

ADDITIONAL EXERCISES MAP OF MUMBAI

7. a) Mark and name the following on the outline map of

Mumbai supplied to you : (5)
i) Creek lies between Mumbai suburb and the main land.
ii) The northern most hill of Mumbai.
iii) Highly polluted river flowing nearer from International
Airport of Mumbai.
iv) Locate any one suburban railway station on central railway
between C.S.T. and Kurla stations.
Mark the largest lake of Mumbai.
v)
7) a) Mark and name the following on the outline map of
MUMBAI :
i) Lake Vihar
ii) An area of bird sanctuary Forest area of Mumbai
iii) Area of air pollution due to chemical industry A place well
iv) known for dumping of solid waste

7) a) Mark and name the following on the outline map of

MUMBAI :
i) Railway route from Churchgate to Andheri
ii) Sahar
iii) Kanheri Caves Elephanta
iv) Haji Ali Thane Creek

7) a) Mark and name following efn the map of MUMBAI : Creek

i) between Mumbai City and Suburban
ii) Hill at the Northern Border of Greater Mumbai Large
Green Forest to the North of Mumbai Famous Sea-beach
iii)
at N.W. Mumbai.
iv)
International Airport of Mumbai.

EXERCISES - MUMBAI

Mark & Name following features in the Map of Mumbai.

City area (Mumbai City District) (Map 1)

Mumbai Suburban District (Map 1)
Kanheri hills (Map 1)
Largest lake in Mumbai Suburban District (Virar) (Map 2)
Tulsi Lake (Map 2)
 120

Powai Lake (Map 2)

Manori Creek (Map 2)
Malad Creek (Map 2)
Gilbert Hill (Map 2)
Bandra Headland (Map 2)
Cumbala Hill (Map 2)
Malabar Hill (Map 2)
Elephanta (Map 2)
Antop Hill (Map 2)
Worli Headland (Map 2)
Hill near Andheri Railway Station (Gilbert) (Map 2)
Hills at Trombay (Map 2)
Major river in the Central Part (Mithi) (Map 3)
Mahin Bay (Map 3)
Back Bay (Map 3)
Creek to the East of Mumbai (Map 3)
River Dahisar (Map 3)
River Poisar (Map 3)
Largest Green area in Mumbai Suburban (National Park) (Map 4)
Largest Green area in Mumbai City (Jijamata Udyan) (Map 4)
Largest Green area in the northern part of greater Mumbai
(National Park) (Map 4)
Goregaon Film City (Map 4)
Kamla Nehru Udyan (Map 4)
Golf Club (Map 4)
Shivaji Park (Map 4)
Green area near Mahim bay (Shivaji Park) (Map 4)
Green area between CST and Churchgate (Azad Maidan or Cross
Maidan) (Map 4)
Terminal Station of Central Railway (CST) (Map 5)
Terminal Station of Western Railway (Churchgate) (Map 5)
Metro - Connecting Andheri and Ghatkopar (Map 5)
Railway Route from Dahisar to Bandra (Map 5)
Railway Route from Mulund to Ghatkopar (Map 5)
International Airport (Map 6)
Eastern Express Highway (Map 6)
S.V. Road (Map 6)
Ali Yavar Jung Marg (Map 6)
Mazgaon Dock (Map 6)
Sasoon Dock (Map 6)
Ballard Pier (Map 6)
 121

Girgaum Beach (Map 7)

Juhu Beach (Map 7)
Jogeshwari Caves (Map 7)
Mahakali Caves (Map 7)
Shivaji Park Beach (Map 7)
Aksa Beach (Map 7)
Largest entertainment centre in the Northern part of Mumbai (Essel
World) (Map 8)
Bird Sanctuary in the Central part of Mumbai (Mahim Bird
Sanctuary) (Map 8)
Important tourist places to the South of Churchgate (Jehangir Art
Gallery & Museum) (Map 8)
Haji Ali (Map 8)
Mount Mary (Map 8)
Mahalaxmi Mandir (Map 8)
Nehru Science Centre (Map 8)
Planetarium (Map 8)
Major Pilgrim Centre for Christans (Mount Mary) (Map 8)
Major Pilgrim Centre for Muslims (Haji Ali) (Map 8)
Major Pilgrim Centre for Hindus (Siddhivinayak Mandir) (Map 8)
Flood affected area near Kurla (Map 9)
Flood affected areas in the Mumbai City (Matunga & Hindmata)
(Map 9)
Quarrying in North Mumbai (Borivali) (Map 9)
Landslide area near Central Railway (Ghatkopar) (Map 9)
Saki Naka (Map 10)
Slum area near Ghatkopar (Ramabai Colony) (Map 10)
Largest Slum in Asia (Dharavi) (Map 10)
Mankhurd (Map 10)
Shivaji Nagar (Map 10)
Air Pollution in the Eastern Suburbs (Chembur) (Map 10)
Water Pollution near Mankhurd (Map 11)
Noise Pollution near Bandra (Map 11)
Noise Pollution near Dadar (Map 11)
Noise Pollution near South Mumbai (Map 11)
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