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Template - 5 Doubly Reinforced Concrete Design

This document discusses the design of doubly reinforced rectangular beams. Doubly reinforced beams are needed when the depth of a beam is limited, either for economic or architectural reasons. The document outlines the steps to design the dimensions and reinforcement of a doubly reinforced beam, including calculating the moment capacity, reinforcement ratio, and determining the required tension and compression reinforcement areas. An example problem demonstrates how to design the reinforcement for a given beam cross-section carrying a maximum bending moment.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
137 views20 pages

Template - 5 Doubly Reinforced Concrete Design

This document discusses the design of doubly reinforced rectangular beams. Doubly reinforced beams are needed when the depth of a beam is limited, either for economic or architectural reasons. The document outlines the steps to design the dimensions and reinforcement of a doubly reinforced beam, including calculating the moment capacity, reinforcement ratio, and determining the required tension and compression reinforcement areas. An example problem demonstrates how to design the reinforcement for a given beam cross-section carrying a maximum bending moment.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CE 138 Principles of Reinforced

and Prestressed Concrete

DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED


RECTANGULAR BEAMS

By:

Engr. Muhammadnur B. Muhammad

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department
Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams

This topic is intended for fourth year civil engineering students. It is the continuation of
module 4 on design of doubly reinforced beam. At this stage, students can analyze and design
singly reinforced beams and one-way slabs and T-beams. Not always that designers can rely on
singly reinforced beams. There are times depth of beams are limited either for economic reasons
to shorten the overall height of the beam or for architectural purposes that the total depth is limited,
size of beams can be relatively smaller.
Another advantage of doubly reinforced beams is the unnecessary provision of hanger bars
can be avoided because instead of hanger bars compression reinforcement can serve the same
purpose.
Reversible transient loads like wind and earthquake loads require a minimum of
compression reinforcement to anticipate stress reversals, in this case, doubly reinforced beams are
better compared to singly reinforced.

Objectives

At the end of the module, you can:


1. Classify doubly reinforced concrete beams.
2. Compute moment strength and service load capacity of doubly reinforced concrete beams.
3. Design the dimensions of a doubly reinforced rectangular beam.
4. Compute the area of tension and compression reinforcements of a doubly reinforced beam.
5. Evaluate whether a doubly reinforced concrete beam is adequate to carry a given service
loads.

Try this!
Look around your neighborhood and try to take pictures and identify the different types
of beams that are present in existing reinforced concrete buildings. In the reinforced concrete
beams that you observed, what are the common sizes of rectangular beams?
Think ahead!
In engineering mechanics, strength of materials and theory of structures, you are familiar
with analyzing a frame. Consider a building frame, analyze it using moment distribution, in what
way will you be able to apply the results to design of concrete beams.
What do you think are the types of buildings where story heights are limited, resulting in
the design of doubly reinforced beams?

DOUBLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAMS

Concrete beams can be designed as for tension only if there is no limit to the required depth of
beam. However, in most cases commercial demands for economy requires the shortest possible
story height, consequently the designer is constrained to limit the depth of the beam to be
designed. The result of depth limitation is that concrete compression strength cannot anymore
carry the additional compression and it need to be reinforced for compression. When concrete
beam in reinforced for tension and compression the beam is called a doubly reinforced beam.
Most concrete beams used in practice are rectangular beams because of the ease in the use of
formworks and convenience in design formulas. Design of doubly reinforced rectangular beams
starts with the following given data:
M u = applied bending moment, computed from structural analysis, kN.m

b = width of beam, mm
d = effective depth of beam, mm
d ' = depth from extreme compression fiber to centroid of compression reinforcement
, mm
f c ' = specified average compressive strength of concrete, MPa

f y = specified yield strength of steel bars, MPa


Figure 5.1 Doubly reinforced rectangular beam

STEPS in Design:
Unlike in singly reinforced concrete beams, doubly reinforced concrete design has specified
dimensions, designers need only to design reinforcing bars for both tension and compression and
draw details of final design. The following are the general steps in most design situations, the
student may have their own procedure:

Mu
1. Compute nominal applied moment Mn , assume 0.90

c
2. Compute maximum reinforcement ratio,  t = 0.005 or = 0.375 :
dt
fc ' 3
max
0.85 1
E5-1
fy 8
 = 0.90

If fc '  28 MPa : 1 = 0.85


 fc '− 28 
If fc '  28MPa : 1 = 0.85 −  
 140  E5-2
Or at  t = 0.004 :   0.90
fc ' 3
max
0.85 1
E5-3
fy 7
  0.90
For Grade 40 Steel bars:
 ty   t  0.005 :
 t −  ty
 = 0.65 + 0.25
0.005 −  ty

 t − 0.0014
= 0.65 + 0.25
0.005 − 0.0014 E5-4
 − 0.0014
= 0.65 + t  0.65 + 69( t − 0.0014)
0.0145

For Grade 60 Steel bars:


 ty   t  0.005 :
 t −  ty
 = 0.65 + 0.25
0.005 −  ty

 t − 0.0021
= 0.65 + 0.25
0.005 − 0.0021 E5-4
 t − 0.001375
= 0.65 +  0.65 + 86( t − 0.0021)
0.0116
In NSCP 2010, the following equations for  are given:
Under NSCP 2001: Note:
fc ' 600 This value of  max and b , are still
b
0.85 1
fy 600 fy used in the CE Board Examinations
max
0.75 b

3. Compute reinforcement index:


fy
max max
E5-5
fc '
4. Compute nominal moment capacity if the beam is singly reinforced:
M1 max
(1 0.59 max )fc ' bd 2 E5-6
5. Compute area of steel for concrete compression:
As1 max
bd E5-7
6. Compute nominal bending moment for compression steel
M 2 Mn M1 E5-8
7. Compute area of tension steel to balance compression steel area
M2
As2 E5-9
fy(d d ')
8. Compute total area required to resist tension
As As1 As2 E5-10
As
nb = , see Table 2.3 for standard bar sizes
 2
db
4
9. Compute depth of stress block:
d fy d As f y
a max
= = E5-11
0.85 f c ' 0.85 0.85 f c ' b
10. Compute distance to the neutral axis
a
c E5-12
1

11. Compute stress in compression steel bars


600
fs ' (c d ') fy E5-13
c
12. Compute area of required compression steel bars
M2
As ' E5-14
fs '(d d ')
Example 5.1

A beam shown in Figure 5.2, carrying a maximum bending moment M u = 1150kN .m , the
effective depth is limited to 600mm and the width is 350mm. Design the steel reinforcement for
the beam without increasing the effective depth of the beam. Specified average compressive
strength f c ' = 28MPa and specified yield strength of steel f y = 420 MPa .

Figure 5.2 Beam section Example 5.1

Solution:
NSCP Discussion Calculation
2015
1. Compute nominal Assume  = 0.90
applied moment Mu 1150x 106
Mn 1277.78x 106 N .mm
0.90
2. Compute
maximum
reinforcement ratio

Because equation
E5-1 is used, there is
no need to check for fc ' 3
the assumed value of max
0.85 1
0.01806
fy 8

3. Compute fy
reinforcement index max max
0.36125
fc '
4. Compute nominal M1 max
(1 0.59 max
)fc ' bd 2
moment capacity if
the beam is singly 1002.85x 106 N .mm
reinforced
5. Compute area of As1 max
bd 3792.60mm 2
steel for concrete
compression
6. Compute nominal
bending moment for M2 Mn M1 (1277.78 1002.85)x 106
compression steel
274.93x 106 N .mm
7. Compute area of Assume d ' = 70mm
tension steel to M2 274.93x 106
balance compression As2 1235.09mm 2
fy(d d ') 420(600 70)
steel area

8. Compute total As As1 As2 3792.60 1235.09


area required to 2
resist tension 5027.69mm
5027.69
nb 4.94
After getting the 2
required number of 36
4
bars, the designer  Use 5-36mm  bars
determines how many
nr x36 + (nr − 1) x36
bars can be placed in
one row. In this case + (12 + 40) x 2 = 350
only 3-36mm  bars nr = 3.92 bars / row
can be placed in one 5 y = 2 x61
row.
y = 24.4mm
Note that for d c = 24.4 + (40 + 12 + 36 / 2)
db  36mm , the = 94.4mm Say 100mm
minimum stirrup size  h = d + d c = 600 + 100 = 700mm
is 12mm.
9. Compute depth of d 0.36125x 600
stress block a max
255mm
0.85 0.85
10. Compute
distance to the a 255
neutral axis c 300mm
1
0.85
11. Compute stress 600
in compression steel fs ' (c d ')
c
bars 600
(300 70) 460 fy
300
fs ' fy
12. Compute area of M2 274.93x 106
required As '
fs '(d d ') 420(600 62.5)
compression steel
bars 1217.85mm 2
1218.85
nb 2.48
2
25
4
Use 3 – 25mm bars
Draw details of final design

Figure 5.3 Final design, Example 5.1


STEPS in Investigation:

Investigation means determining the strength of a beam given the dimensions (b, h),
reinforcements (As, As’), and the strength of materials used in design (fc’, fy). It requires a
higher level of learning because students or formally called reviewers (the one who review the
design), they are the ones to decide whether the beam is safe or not.
1. Compute the minimum area beyond compression steel reached yield point
510 1 fc ' bd '
Amin E5-15
fy(600 fy )
2. Compute area of tension steel As
3. Compute area of compression steel As’
4. Get the difference As As ' ?
5. Determine whether compression steel reached yield:
5.1 If As As ' Amin then fs ' fy , fs ' fy , follow the following steps:
1) Compute depth of stress block
(As As ')fy
a E5-11b
0.85 fc ' b
Note: As − As '   max bd
2) Compute capacity if singly reinforced M 1 (As As ')fy(d a / 2)
a c
3) Compute distance to neutral axis c and Compute
1
dt

1 5
4) Compute capacity reduction factor 0.65 0.25 0.90
c 3
dt
5) Compute moment contribution of compression steel M 2 As ' fy(d d ')
6) Compute nominal moment Mn M 1 M 2
7) Compute ultimate moment capacity or moment strength M n

5.2 If As As ' Amin then fs ' fy


1) Compute distance to the neutral axis c from the following equation:
Tension Compression
Asfy 0.85 fc ' ab As ' fs '
600 E5-16
Asfy 0.85 fc ' 1cb As ' (c d ')
c
c
Detailed solution:
Asfy 0.85 fc ' ab As ' fs '
600
Asfy 0.85 fc ' 1cb As ' (c d ')
c
Asfy c 0.85 fc ' 1b c 2 600As ' c 600As ' d '
0.85 fc ' 1b c 2 600As ' c Asfy c 600As ' d ' 0
Asfy 600As ' 600As ' d '
c2 2 c 0 E5-17
1.7 1 fc ' b 0.85 fc ' 1b
Asfy 600As ' 600As ' d '
A B
1.7 1 fc ' b 0.85 fc ' 1b
c A A2 B
c
a
1

2) Compute depth of stress block a 1


c
600
3) Compute stress in compression steel fs ' (c d ') fy
c
4) Compute moment contribution of compression steel M 2 As 'fs'(d d')
5) Compute tension steel area to balance compression steel As 2 As 'fs'/ fy
6) Compute steel area to balance concrete compression As1 As As 2
Note: As1   max bd
7) Compute capacity if singly reinforced M 1 As1fy(d a / 2)
8) Compute nominal moment Mn M 1 M 2

1 5
9) Compute capacity reduction factor 0.65 0.25 0.90
c 3
d
10) Compute ultimate moment capacity or moment strength M n
Example 5.2

Determine the moment strength of the beam shown in Figure 5.4 if the specified average
compressive strength f c ' = 21MPa and specified yield strength of steel f y = 420 MPa . Check
the maximum permissible steel area to ensure ductile failure. Es = 200 000MPa .

Figure 5.4 Beam section Example 5.2

Solution:
NSCP Discussion Calculation
2015
1. Compute the 510 1 fc ' bd '
minimum area Amin
fy(600 fy )
beyond which
510(0.85)(21)(450)(70)
compression steel
has reached yield 420(600 420)
point 3793.13mm 2

2. Compute area of
tension steel As (362 )(4) 4071.50mm 2
4
3. Compute area of
compression steel As ' (282 )(3) 1847.26mm 2
4

4. Get the difference As As ' 2224.24mm 2 Amin 3793.13mm 2


As As '
 fs '  f y
5. Locate the neutral 600
axis fs ' = (c − d ')
c
From Figure 5.1, T =C
equate tension to
compression T = C Asfy 0.85 fc ' ab As ' fs '
and solve for c.
(4071.50)(420) 0.85(21)(0.85)c(450)
The student may also 600
(1847.26) (c 70)
use equation E5-17, to c
solve for c, where: c 145.46mm
c = A A + B2

6. Compute depth of
rectangular stress a 1
c 0.85(145.46) 123.64mm
block
7. Compute stress in 600 600
compression steel fs ' (c d ') (145.46 70)
c 145.46
311.26 MPa fy O.K .

8. Compute nominal M2 As 'fs'(d d') 1847.26(311.26)(650 70)


moment to balance 6
333.49 10 N .mm 333.49kN .m
compression steel

9. Compute area of 1847.26(311.26)


tension to balance As 2 As 'fs'/ fy
420
compression steel 1369.00mm 2

10. Compute area of fc ' 3 21 3


steel to balance  Max = 0.851 = 0.85(0.85)
fy 8 420 8
compression in
concrete = 0.013 547
As1,max = max bd = 0.013547(450)(650)
To ensure ductility:
= 3962.46mm2
As1   max bd .
As 1 As As 2 4071.5 1369.00
2702.50mm 2 As 1,max O.K .
As1,max can be solved
using  max from
equation E2-11b.
11. Compute M1 As1fy(d a / 2) 2702.50(420)(650
nominal moment to 123.64 / 2)
balance compression 6
in concrete 667.61 10 N .mm

12. Compute total


nominal moment Mn M1 M2 667.61 333.49 1001.10kN .m

13. Compute
capacity reduction 1 5
factor for flexure 0.65 0.25
145.46 3
Reduction factor  can 650
1.35 0.9
also be solve from
 t . If  t  0.005 then 0.90
 = 0.90
14. Compute the
moment capacity Mn 0.90(1001.10) 900.99kN .m

Example 5.3

Compute the moment capacity of the beam shown in Figure 5.5 if the specified average
compressive strength f c ' = 21MPa and specified yield strength of steel f y = 420 MPa . Check
the maximum permissible steel area to ensure ductile failure.
Figure 5.5 Beam section Example 5.3

Solution:
NSCP Discussion Calculation
2015
1. Compute the 510 1 fc ' bd '
minimum area Amin
fy(600 fy )
beyond which
510(0.85)(21)(375)(70)
compression steel
has reached yield 420(600 420)
point 3160.94mm 2

2. Compute area of
tension steel As (362 )(4) 4071.50mm 2
4
3. Compute area of
compression steel As ' (222 )(2) 760.27mm 2
4
4. Get the difference As As ' 3311.23mm 2 Amin 3160.94mm 2
As As '
 fs '  f y
5. Compute the (As As ')fy 3311.23(420)
depth of rectangular a 207.76mm
0.85 fc ' b 0.85(21)(375)
stress block
6. Compute nominal M1 (As As ')fy(d a / 2)
moment to balance
3311.23(420)(750 207.76 / 2)
compression in
concrete 898.57kN .m
7. Locate the neutral a 207.76
axis c 244.42mm
1
0.85
8. Compute capacity
reduction factor for
flexure
1 5
Reduction factor  0.65 0.25 1.00 0.90
244.42 3
can also be solve from
750
 t . If  t  0.005 then
 = 0.90
9. Compute nominal M2 As ' fy(d d ') 760.27(420)(750 70)
moment to balance
217.13 kN.m
compression steel
10. Compute total Mn M1 M2 898.57 217.13
nominal moment
1115.70kN .m
11. Compute the Mn 0.90(1115.70) 1004.13kN .m
moment capacity

Example 5.4

Design the beam shown in Figure 5.6 to carry a factored moment of 350kN.m if the specified
average compressive strength f c ' = 28MPa and specified yield strength of steel f y = 420 MPa .

Solution:
NSCP Discussion Calculation
2015
1. Compute maximum 0.003
c= d
depth of compression 0.003 + et
stress block
At et  0.005,  = 0.90
0.003 3 3
c= d = d =  487.5 = 182.81mm
0.003 + 0.005 8 8
a = 1c = 0.85 x182.81 = 155.39mm  100mm
Figure 5.6 Beam section, Example 5.4

2. Compute area of Mode 3 2


concrete compression i X Y
and locate its centroid 1 15,000.00 50
2 19,386.50 127.70

Ac =  X = 34386.50mm 2

y=
 XY = 93.80mm
X
3. Compute moment M 1 = As1 f y (d − y ) = 0.85 f c ' Ac (d − y )
strength if singly M1 = 0.85(28)(34386.5)(487.5 − 93.80)
reinforced
= 322.20 x106 N .mm = 322.20kN .m
4. Compute area of As1 f y = 0.85 f c ' Ac
tension steel As1 to 0.85 f c ' Ac 0.85(28)(34386.5)
balance concrete As1 = =
fy 420
compression
= 1948.57 mm 2
5. Compute area of M 350
M 2 = u − M1 = − 322.20 = 66.69kN .m
tension steel As 2 to  0.90
balance compression M2 66.69 x106
steel As 2 = = = 373.61mm 2
f y (d − d ') 420(487.5 − 62.5)
6. Compute total area As = As1 + As 2 = 1948.57 + 373.61
of steel reinforcement
= 2322.18mm 2
2322.18
nb = = 4.73 say 5
 2
25
4
Use 5 – 25mm  bars
b  5 x 25 + 4 x 25 + 2(40 + 10)
= 325  350mm O.K .
 The 5-25mm  bars can be placed in one row.
7. Compute actual d ' = 62.5mm
stress in compression 600 600
steel fs ' = (c − d ') = (182.81 − 62.5)
c 182.81
= 394.87 MPa  420MPa
8. Compute area of fy 420
compression steel As ' As ' = As 2 = 373.61 = 397.39mm 2
fs ' 394.87
Or
M2 66.69 x106
As ' = =
f s '(d − d ') 394.87(487.5 − 62.5)
= 397.39mm 2
397.39
nb = = 1.04 say 1

222
4
Use 1 – 22mm  bars
9. Draw details
Figure 5.7 Final design, Example 5.4

See if you can do this

To contrast doubly reinforced concrete rectangular beam versus singly reinforced


rectangular beams, design an 8-m span, simply supported, pedestrian bridge connecting, at the 4th
floor, two commercial buildings. 1) Design the beams using two singly reinforced rectangular
beams, and 2) Design the beams using two doubly reinforced rectangular beams. Compare the
cost of your designs.
References

ACI. (2015). Building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI 318M-14). Michigan: American
Concrete Institute, Inc.

ASEP. (2016). National structural code of the Philippines. Quezon City: Association of Structural
Engineers of the Philippines, Inc.

Darwin, D., Dolan, C. W., & Nilson, A. H. (2016). Design of concrete structures. New York: McGraw-Hill
Education.

McCormac, J. C., & Brown, R. H. (2016). Design of reinforced concrete. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.

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