© 2022 IJRAR August 2022, Volume 9, Issue 3 www.ijrar.

org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)

Voltage Stability Assessment of Power System with Increasing

Energy Wind Penetration
1
Aparna Girnale, 2Prof Vaishali Chavhan
1
MTech Student, Electrical Power System, G. H. Raisoni University, Amravati, Maharashtra, India.
2
Professor, Electrical Power System, G. H. Raisoni University, Amravati, Maharashtra, India

ABSTRACT
It is crucial to comprehend how wind generators affect the dynamics and stability of the energy system given the rising rates of wind
power generation's penetration into the world's energy networks. The use of power generators that do not adapt to power transformers,
which partially or completely dissipate electrical energy, is a characteristic of wind generators that sets them apart from conventional
power generators used in conventional power systems. These features include interruptions and limited forecasting of wind turbines.
Due to these distinctive characteristics, wind generators have the potential to alter the voltage stability, frequency intensity, and rotor
angle stability of existing networks. There are major research gaps regarding the stability of electrical energy in rich wind networks,
with an emphasis on the work described in this thesis, according to a thorough examination of the existing literature in these fields.

Keywords: - Voltage stability, the IEEE14 bus, DFIG, error localization and detection, and microgrid security.

1. Introduction
Due to the low cost of producing electricity, a significant amount
of the world's electricity is still produced using fossil fuels. As a
result of these initiatives, these renewable resources are now practically available everywhere, in contrast to traditional energy
more widely used in the energy sector, which calls for an urgent sources, which are concentrated in specific regions of the world
knowledge of their effects on the stability of the power system, [1]. From a technical and financial perspective, wind power is
particularly at high levels of penetration. the most promising of the renewable energy sources. Since
Wind power is the process of employing wind turbines to ancient times, people have used wind energy for tasks like
transform wind energy into electrical or mechanical energy. pumping water, grinding grain, and sawing wood. Since the turn
Using torque on the rotor, air power is released by allowing it to of the 20th century, wind energy has discovered a new use in the
blow through rotating blades. The size of the ridge and the wind production of electricity from tiny wind farms ideal for farms.
speed affect how much energy is transported. and residential neighbourhoods atop big, power grid-connected
wind farms [2].
1.1 Wind Power Infiltration The energy system's ability to sustain a stable working
The ratio of the average quantity of energy generated by wind at environment and achieve appropriate balance under typical
any given period to the total energy supplied to the grid during circumstances is known as school system stability. What network
that time from all sources. For instance, if 1000 megawatt-hours disruption is this? [9] A short circuit in the power cord, a loss of
(MWh) of energy are delivered to the grid in a given amount of a sizable generator, or other large-scale interference in the power
time, with 200 MWh coming from a wind power generator, the network are only a few examples of how this interference in the
input of wind power at that moment is 20%. power network might be minor or huge [10]. The rotation angle
of the rotor and the stability of the voltage can be used to
1.2 Background categorise the stability of the power system [9–10]. The voltage
Demand for alternative energy sources has grown as a result of stabilisation relates to the ability of the power system to maintain
environmental worries, the depletion of fossil fuels, and rising a suitable voltage across all of its buses, whereas the rotation
energy needs. Renewable energy resources now have more angle of the rotor refers to the synchronism in the synchronous
potential to be integrated into power networks thanks to recent machines in the power system. Low signal stability and short-
developments in renewable energy technologies and falling term stability are two subcategories of rotor angle stability. The
energy unit costs. More significantly, renewable energy sources electricity system's capacity to retain synchronisation when
are minor disturbances develop is known as small signal stability.

IJRAR22B3544 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 457
 © 2022 IJRAR August 2022, Volume 9, Issue 3 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)
Contrarily, transient stability refers to its capacity to preserve while also increasing the dependability and power of wind
synchronism in the face of significant temporal perturbations [9]. turbines [12]. fundamental wind. As indicated in the diagram, the
For the energy system to fundamental wind power conversion system comprises of a wind
turbine, an electric

run securely and dependably, stability is a crucial challenge.

Concerns concerning the stability of the energy system are now
much higher than they were in the past due to the expansion of generator, power cords, and loads. wind turbines that are straight
connections, the addition of new renewable technologies, and and horizontal. The most prevalent type of wind turbine is a
how well those technologies operate under pressure [10]. horizontal wind turbine, which operates on a horizontal axis; the
1.3 Motivation
Technology has made it possible to use wind power to produce main type is a straight wind turbine.
electricity on a large scale. The advantages of nature and the
declining cost of wind technology have made wind energy a
resource that can compete with traditional power generation
methods. For the reasons outlined above, the flow of air into the
electricity networks has greatly grown and will keep growing.

1.4 Objective
To research the effects of various wind input levels on a power
system's small signal's stability. Figure 2 System for converting wind energy
To assess how other network components affect strong wind
intensity from a stable viewing power. rotor shaft vertically. Grid wind farms are mainly type of
To research how a weak distribution network's weak stability is horizontal wind turbines [12]. These turbines can also be
affected by the entrance of wind energy. classified as types of fixed speed. In wind turbines of fixed
To investigate how the stability of a small grid signal is affected speed, the rotor is connected to the generator, and the stator
by variations in the characteristics and input level of renewable winding is connected directly to the grid. For flexible wind
resources, including converter-based power supply to wind turbines, a DFIG-based generator, a permanent synchronous
farms. magnet generator and a rotary synchronous generator are used.
2. The effect of wind power penetration on Among them, a flexible wind technology that uses a DFIG-based
generator is the most popular wind technology today. In this
stability thesis, DFIG-based generator-powered flexible wind engine
Due to its technological and financial superiority over the other
technology is considered to analyze stability.
renewable resources, wind power is one of the most important
renewable resources used for energy generation globally. Aside
from that, the wind integration has already had positive effects by 4. Based on DFIG, a Wind Generator
reducing the costs associated with running the power system and Fig. 3.1 displays a schematic of Air Generator Based on DFIG.
eliminating carbon emissions from the production of electricity. The rotor side is fed by a back-to-back pulse wide modulation-
Additionally, the capacity value of the power system is increased based voltage source inverter with a standard DC connector,
by the integration of wind power into power networks. while the stator is connected to a three-phase grid. The power
Technically speaking, integrating wind power is unrestricted; switch next to the rotor gives mechanical amusement while the
nonetheless, such integrations must assure the stability of the supply side converter regulates the power flow between the DC
power system and must not compromise reliability. A power and grid connector. The rotor-side converter functions at various
system is built to endure a variety of shocks, both major and frequencies based on the speed of the blades, whereas the supply
small, but the dynamic characteristic. Even if a power system is side converter operates at a grid frequency. In order to manage
built to endure a variety of small and big disruptions, the the rotor speed and voltage, the converter is set up as a current
behaviour and interaction of the generators already present, source with two variables: the d-axis rotor current and the q-axis
including the wind generators, dictate the power system's rotor current. adaptable DFIG-based model.
dynamic behaviour. Due to its robustness, affordability, and Wind speed model, aerodynamic model, voice angle control
simplicity in construction, constant speed technology continues model, driving machine model, and DFIG model are the parts
to be used in the majority of wind farms today. that make up the wind generator. There are four components to
the wind speed model: fundamental wind, storm, outflow wind,
and random air.
3. System for converting wind energy
In contrast to the wind-based energy system, which depends on
the availability of flexible air from nature, the conventional
power system is regulated by power output. But in today's world
of economic competitiveness and technological growth, wind
power is a significant source of energy. In addition to other
renewable energy sources, wind power has the advantages listed
above, making it an obvious choice for state-scale power
generation. Wind kinetic energy is transformed into electrical
energy or other forms of energy by the wind energy conversion
system. In addition to other resources, wind power offers the
natural friendliness and advantages indicated above, and it has
grown significantly over the past ten years [11]. Technology Figure 4.6 Air Generator Based on DFIG
advancements have decreased the cost of power generation units

IJRAR22B3544 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 457
 © 2022 IJRAR August 2022, Volume 9, Issue 3 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)

5. Healthy Condition Simulation Model in

MATLAB Table 5.1.1 IEEE 14 Bus system MATLAB Simulation
transmission line data

Figure 5. MATLAB Simulink model of Healthy Condition

The whole MATLAB Simulink model of the suggested route,
which uses the IEEE 14 sub-bus system, is shown in Figure 5.1.
The sub-system model is built to accept reads in a variety of fault
modes.

5.1 IEEE 14 Bus Subsystem

The whole IEEE bus system model 14 is depicted in Figure 5.1.

The transmission line, inductance, and power between each bus
bar and the resistance line are displayed in table 1. While loads
are connected to the remaining bus system, there are five
generators connected to bus bars 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8. Data for the
IEEE 14 bus system loading and the bus bar generator are shown
in Table 2.

Table 5.1.2: IEEE 14 Bus system bus bar and generator data for
MATLAB Simulink model

Figure 5.1 IEEE 14 Bus Subsystem

The MATLAB simulation of the IEEE 14 Bus Subsystem is

displayed in Figure 5.1.

IJRAR22B3544 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 459
 © 2022 IJRAR August 2022, Volume 9, Issue 3 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)

5.2 Model of Faulty Condition Simulation in MATLAB 5.4 Results of Simulation for a Healthy Condition

5.4.1 The system's three-phase voltage

Figure 5.2 Model of Faulty Condition Simulation in MATLAB

5.2.1 IEEE 14 BUS Under Faulty Condition

Figure 5.4.1: IEEE 14 bus system three-phase voltage in good
condition

Figure 5.4.1 displays the system's three-phase voltage recorded

per unit under typical conditions. The three-phase voltage per
unit is displayed on the upper axis and has a constant magnitude.
The lower axis displays time from 0 to 0.1 seconds.

5.4.2 Penetration Results for healthy condition

Figure 5.2.1: MATLAB IEEE 14 Bus System Under Faulty

Condition Simulink Model
Figure 5.4.2: Wind Penetration Results for Healthy Condition
5.3. Statcom-based MATLAB Simulation Model of the
Mitigated Condition
5.5.5 Results from a Simulation for a Faulty Condition

5.5.1 Measurement of three-phase voltage

t
Figure 5.5.1: When the LLLG failure occurred, between 0 and 5
seconds, the three-phase voltage per unit of the system.
Figure 5.3. Statcom-based MATLAB Simulation Model of the In the case of an LLLG failure on bus 7 in the system, Figure
Mitigated Condition
5.5.1 illustrates three phases of power per unit measured on a
small grid system. Three phases' voltage is shown on the top
axis, while time is shown on the y axis.

IJRAR22B3544 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 460
 © 2022 IJRAR August 2022, Volume 9, Issue 3 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)

5.5.2 Results for the penetration level for a defective situation

Figure 5.5.2 Results of Wind Penetration for Faulty Figure 5.6.1: When using statcom, three phase voltage per system
unit
This outcome demonstrates how the Penetration level is affected The three-phase voltage, which is growing in magnitude after
by the Fault after it occurs. As we can see, this is changing due of utilizing statcom for mitigation, is shown on the upper axis.
a problem that was created at bus 7 in the IEEE 14 bus system.
5.6.2 Results for the condition with Reduced Penetration
5.5.3 GENSET outputs indicate a problem

Figure 5.6.2 Results for Wind Penetration in a Mitigated

Condition

This outcome demonstrates how statcom usage affects the

Penetration level. As we can see, the penetration level has
changed.
5.6.3 Results for the Mitigated condition from GENSET

Figure 5.5.3 GENSET outputs indicate a problem

Results for three-phase voltage, three-phase current, direct

voltage, active power, and reactive power are obtained from this
figure.

5.6 Results of Simulation for the Mitigated Condition

5.6.1 Measurement of three-phase voltage
When an LLLG failure occurred at bus 7 in the system, Figure
5.6.1 depicts the three-phase voltage per unit measured at bus bar
7 of the IEEE 14 bus microgrid system.

Figure 5.6.3 Results for the Mitigated condition from GENSET

IJRAR22B3544 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 461
 © 2022 IJRAR August 2022, Volume 9, Issue 3 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)

Results for three-phase voltage, three-phase current, direct

voltage, active power, and reactive power are obtained from this
figure. [4] T. R. Ayodele, A. S. O. Ogunjuyigbe, and B. B. Adetokun,
"Optimal capacitance selection for a wind-driven self-excited
5.6.4 Power Characteristics of Turbines reluctance generator under varying wind speed and load
conditions," Applied Energy, vol. 190, pp. 339–353, 2017.
[5] A. S. O. Ogunjuyigbe, T. R. Ayodele, and B. B. Adetokun,
"Steady state analysis of wind-driven self-excited reluctance
generator for isolated applications," Renewable Energy, vol. 114,
pp. 984-1004, 2017/12/01/ 2017.
[6] B. P. Heard, B. W. Brook, T. M. L. Wigley, and C. J. A.
Bradshaw, "Burden of proof: A comprehensive review of the
feasibility of 100% renewable-electricity systems," Renewable
and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 76, pp. 1122-1133,
2017/09/01/ 2017.
[7] T. W. Brown, T. Bischof-Niemz, K. Blok, C. Breyer, H.
Lund, and B. V. Mathiesen, "Response to ‘Burden of proof: A
comprehensive review of the feasibility of 100% renewable-
electricity systems’," Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, vol. 92, pp. 834-847, 2018/09/01/ 2018.
[8] B. Kroposki et al., "Achieving a 100% Renewable Grid:
Operating Electric Power Systems with Extremely High Levels
of Variable Renewable Energy," IEEE Power and Energy
Magazine, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 61-73, 2017.
[9] GWEC, "Global Wind Report 2019," Global Wind Energy
Figure 5.6.4 Characteristics of Turbine Power Council, 2020, Available: https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-
2019/.
[10] Z. Tang, D. J. Hill, and T. Liu, "Two-stage voltage control
6. Conclusion of subtransmission networks with high penetration of wind
This thesis examined the impact of strong wind on low-frequency power," Control Engineering Practice, vol. 62, pp. 1-10,
oscillatory pathways and determined the role those various 2017/05/01/ 2017.
regulatory mechanisms played in that rotation. This thesis also [11] A. B. Almeida, E. V. V. d. Lorenci, R. C. Leme, A. C. Z. D.
examines the possibility of such control devices to enhance the Souza, B. I. L. Lopes, and K. Lo, "Probabilistic voltage stability
transient stability of integrated wind power systems. This thesis assessment considering renewable sources with the help of the
examined the impact of wind power on the power stability of a PV and QV curves," IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 7,
distribution farm with a wind farm when linked to the weaker no. 5, pp. 521-530, 2013.
section of the server since power intensity is a significant issue in [12] P. Raja, M. P. Selvan, and N. Kumaresan, "Enhancement of
the distribution network. In order to enhance the design of voltage stability margin in radial distribution system with
microgrids that house a collection of incoming and outgoing squirrel cage induction generator based distributed generators,"
DGs, the resilience of a small microgrid network signal was also IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, vol. 7, no. 8, pp.
evaluated. 898- 906, 2013.
[13] L. Chen, Y. Min, Y. Dai, and M. Wang, "Stability
7. Future Scope mechanism and emergency control of power system with wind
Due to the large input of wind power and the considerable power integration," IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 11,
increase in the consumption of renewable energy over the past no. 1, pp. 3-9, 2017.
several years, problems with the voltage stability of the [14] A. B. Attya, O. Anaya-Lara, and W. E. Leithead, "Novel
transmission and sub-transmission system may arise shortly. concept of renewables association with synchronous generation
8. References for enhancing the provision of ancillary services," Applied
Energy, vol. 229, pp. 1035- 1047, 2018/11/01/ 2018.
[1] B. B. Adetokun, A. I. Adekitan, T. E. Somefun, A. Aligbe,
[15] M. B. Wafaa and L. Dessaint, "Approach to dynamic
and A. S. O. Ogunjuyigbe, "Artificial Neural Network-Based
voltage stability analysis for DFIG wind parks integration," IET
Capacitance Prediction Model for Optimal Voltage Control of
Renewable Power Generation, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 190-197, 2018.
Stand-alone Wind-Driven SelfExcited Reluctance Generator," in
[16] M. Darabian and A. Jalilvand, "Improving power system
2018 IEEE PES/IAS PowerAfrica, 2018, pp. 485-490.
stability in the presence of wind farms using STATCOM and
[2] B. B. Adetokun, J. O. Ojo, and C. M. Muriithi, "Reactive
predictive control strategy," IET Renewable Power Generation,
PowerVoltage-Based Voltage Instability Sensitivity Indices for
vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 98-111, 2018.
Power Grid With Increasing Renewable Energy Penetration,"
[17] Australian Government Geoscience Australia, “Wind
IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 85401-85410, 2020.
energy”, 2018. [Online]. Available:
[3] A. Sharif, S. A. Raza, I. Ozturk, and S. Afshan, "The dynamic
http://www.ga.gov.au/scientific-topics/energy/resources/otherren
relationship of renewable and nonrenewable energy consumption
ewable-energy-resources/wind-energy.
with carbon emission: A global study with the application of
[18] Clean Energy Council, “Clean energy Australia report”,
heterogeneous panel estimations," Renewable Energy, vol. 133,
2016. [Online]. https://www.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/policy-
pp.
advocacy/reports/clean-energyaustralia-report.html.
685-691, 2019/04/01/ 2019.

IJRAR22B3544 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 462