Introduction Some Basic concepts Statistics is a field of study concerned with 1- collection, organization, summarization and analysis of data. 2- drawing of inferences about a body of data when only a part of the data is observed. Statisticians try to interpret and communicate the results to others. i Data: *The raw material of Statistics is data. *We may define data as figures. Figures result from the process of counting or from taking a measurement. For example: +- When a hospital administrator counts the number of patients (counting). +- When a nurse weighs a patient (measurement)Types of variables Quantitative Qualitative Quantitative Variables Qualitative Variables It can be measured in the usual any characteristics are not SENSE: capable of being measured. For example: Some of them can be ordered - the heights of adult males, (called ordinal) and Some of - the weights of preschool them can’t be ordered (called children, nominal). - the ages of patients seenina - dental clinic. For example: - classification of people into socio- economic groups -.hair color Types of quantitative variables (___ Discrete] [Continuous | Adiscrete variable Acontinuous variable is characterized by gaps or can assume any value within a specified interruptions in the values relevant interval of values assumed by the that it can assume. variable. For example: For example: - The number of daily - Height, admissions to a general thet hospital, welght, - skull circumference. - The number of decayed, missing or filled teeth per childNo matter how close together the observed heights of two people, we can find another person whose height falls somewhere in - elementary between. a inan = school.Types of qualitative variables Asthename implies it consist of whenever qualitative observation “naming” or classifies into various q mutually exclusive categories Can be ranked or ordered according to fe some criterion. For example: . For example: - Male - female - Blood pressure (high-good-low) - Grades (Excellent — V.good —good —fail) - Sick - well - Married — single - divorced EE * A population: It is the largest collection of values of a random variable for which we have an interest at a particular time. For example: The weights of all the children enrolled ina certain elementary school. Populations may be finite or infinite.Exercise: 6: For each of the following variables indicate whether quantitative or qualitative variable: {a)The blood type of some patient in the hospital. Qual Nominal (b) Blood pressure level of a patient. (Qualitative ordinal) (c) Weights of babies born in a hospital during a year. Quai (4) Gender of babies born in a hospital during a year. Qualitative nominal (e) The distance between the hospital to the house Quantitative continues () Under-arm temperature of day-old infants born in a hospital. Quantitative continues ative continues Q7: For each of the following situations, answer questions a through d: (a) What is the population? (b) What is the sample in the study? (c) What is the variable of interest? (d) What is the type of the variable? Situation A: A study of 300 households in a small southern town revealed that if she has school-age child present.All households in a small (a) Population: southern town. 300 households in a small (b) Sample: southern town. (c) Variable: Does households had school age child present. (qd) Variable is qualitative nominal. uation B: A study of 250 patients admitted to a hospital during the past year revealed that, on the average, the patients lived 15 miles from the hospital. (a) Population: All patients admitted to a hospital during the past year. (b) Sample: 250 patients admitted to a hospital during the past year. (c) Variable: Distance the hospital live away from the hospital ‘Variable is Quantitative continuous. (d)Descriptive Statistics Frequency Distribution for Discrete Random Variables Example: No. of Suppose that we take sample | decayed of size 16 from children ina primary school and get the following data about the number of their decayed teeth, 3,5,2,4,0,1,3,5,2,3,2,3,3,2,4,1 To construct a frequency table We need three columns: 1.Variable name 2.Frequency (f):how manmber 3.Relative frequency(R.f)= Frequency /n Representing the simple frequency table using the bar chart We can represent the above simple frequency table using the bar chart. We can get: 1. The sample size? 2. Number of children with decayed teeth=2? 3. Relative frequency of children with ° decayed teeth =4? 00 100200300, 4.00 Nurber of decayed teethThe range (R). It is the difference between the largest and the smallest observation in the data set.[R=Max —Min] ee ee Sum of frequency =sample size=nMeasures of Central Tendency Ameasure of central tendency is a measure which indicates where the middle of the data is. The three most commonly used measures of central tendency are: The Mean, the Median, and the Mode. The Mean : It is the average of the data. The Population Mean Population mean: let X,.X.,X be the population values of the variable usually unknown), then the population rmeants ==, then we use the sample mean to estimate or approximate. The Sample Mean:or Average) let x,,X3,.»,%y be the sample values of the variable, then the sample mean is x ==“, The sample means an estimator ofa population mean Example Here is a random sample of siz 10 of ages, where W242, Yo*28 795 28,10 61, 15231, 10= 23,17 50,26 34 9232, 200837. a tte meemenesezsesseszear_ w emt Properties of the Mea * Uniqueness. For a given set of data there is one and only one mean. * Simplicity. It is easy to understand and to compute. * Affected by extreme values. Since all values enter into the computation. 36.6 Example: Assume the values are 115, 110, 119, 117, 121 and 126. The mean = 118.The Median: When ordering the data, it is the observation that divide the set of observations into two equal parts such that half of the data are before it and the other are after it. * If nis odd, the median will be the middle of observations. It will be the (n+1)/2 “ ordered observation. When * If nis even, there are two middle observations. The median will be the mean of these two middle observations. It will be the mean of the [ (n/2)28, (n/2 +1)" Jordered observation. When n = 12, then the median is the 6.5" observation, which is an observation halfway between the 6" and 7" ordered observation. 11, then the median is the 6"" observation. Exampl For the same random sample, the ordered observations will be as: 23,28,28,31 Since n= 10, then the median Is the 5.5" observation, Le. = (32434)/2 = 33. Let the same random sample, the ordered observations will be as: 23,20,20,31 [32] 37.42,50,61. Since n= 9, then the median Is the 5" observation, le. = 32. Prot ofthe Median: ‘= Uniqueness. For a given set of data there is one and only one median, ‘= Simplicity. It is easy to calcul © Itis not affected by extreme values as is the mean. The Mode: It is the value which occurs most frequently. If all values are different there is no mode. Sometimes, there are more than one mode. Examp!i For the same random sample, the value 28 is repeated two times, so it is the mode. Properties of the Mode: + Sometimes, it is not unique. * It may be used for describing qualitative data. * — Itis not affected by extreme values1The Range (R): + Range =Largest value- Smallest value = X, — Xs * Range concern only onto two values + Example 2.5.1 Page 40: * Refer to Ex 2.4.2.Page 37 * Data: * 43,66,61,64,65,38,59,57,57,50. + Find Range? + Range=66-38=28 2.The Variance: + It measure dispersion relative to the scatter of the values a bout there mean. ‘a)_ Sample Variance ( $?) 5? = EEG where x is sample mean Find Sample Variance of ages, <= 56 Solution: ‘St= [(43-56) ? +(66-43) 2+.....+(50-56)?]/ 10 = 900/10 = 90 b)Population Variance (6) : oN 2 a ZEAE) wnere, Lis Population mean 3.The Standard Deviation: is the square root of variance=Vvariance a) Sample Standard Deviation =5 = VS? b) Population Standard Deviation =0 = Vo?