Chemistry for Everyone

The Chemical Adventures of Sherlock Holmes: Autopsy in Blue

Thomas G. Waddell* and Thomas R. Rybolt
Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN 37403; *[email protected]

The following story is a chemical mystery with an emphasis on qualitative inorganic analysis, forensic chemistry, and medicinal
substances. This is the 15th article in a series presenting a scientific problem in mystery format in the context of the popular
and beloved characters Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson (1, 2). There is a break in the story where readers (students and
teachers) can ponder and solve the mystery. Sherlock Holmes provides his solution in the paragraphs following this break.

The Story
See https://pubs.acs.org/sharingguidelines for options on how to legitimately share published articles.

“I have ordered an autopsy, Holmes.” guidance. They have a son, a student at London University
“Capital idea, Watson,” said Holmes as he set down the who doted on his father and visited him religiously at Bart’s.
book he was reading about the life of Frederick the Great. “I What will become of him without Reuben’s support?”
Downloaded via UNIV DEL VALLE on October 16, 2019 at 20:02:04 (UTC).

will be most interested in what is discovered.” “Just the same, good fellow,” Holmes said, “we must
As these words were exchanged, London was near the maintain an open mind. If this death was not a natural one,
end of an unusually heavy snowfall. Baker Street was packed then the waters run dark around the body of your friend.
with deep drifts. Shops, businesses, schools, and universities May I suggest a carriage ride in the snow, Watson? How about
were all closed and the silence of the city was so striking as a surprise visit to the widow Hochum?”
to seem like a constant sound in itself. It was late afternoon The late afternoon sun dimly illuminated the cold, par-
and Holmes and I sat in our chairs before a lively fire that tially cleared, snow-packed streets of London. We flagged a
cast long, angular shadows around the room. Billows of smoke hansom cab, wrapped ourselves snugly in our topcoats, and
from our pipes clung to the ceiling. There was an aroma of settled in for the ride to King’s College Station where we
brandy and cherry wood. The atmosphere should have been would board the train for the village of Putting Bridge. An
warm and relaxed, but my own mood was cold and tense. hour later we were on the step of the modest home of the
An hour earlier I had arrived at our rooms at 221B Baker widow Mrs. Hochum. The door opened to my knock and
Street from my rounds at Bart’s, visiting my hospital patients, Mrs. Hochum herself stood before us, with red-rimmed eyes
one in particular. Holmes had immediately noted my sad- and a countenance sunk so deep in grief that I can surely
ness and drew out the cause. An old friend of mine from the say, I had never seen a sadder person.
Afghan campaign, Mr. Reuben Hochum, had died unexpect- “Dr. Watson!” she cried, “Dr. Watson.” And that was
edly. He had been admitted to Bart’s the week before with a all she said. I led her into the sitting room and tried to com-
crushed ankle, the result of an unfortunate home improve- fort her as best I could. Holmes paced about the room, ex-
ment project his wife had encouraged him to undertake. The amining novels arranged neatly on a bookshelf, picking up
injury as I saw it was not life threatening. Therefore, his sud- and putting down a clay figure of a Great Dane. He sniffed
den death both grieved and shocked me. Reuben was the be- the contents of an empty glass on the side table.
loved mayor of the small village of Putting Bridge. He was a “Now, Mrs. Hochum,” he uttered suddenly, “Dr. Watson
loyal public servant who had expected soon to be elected to tells me that your son is a student at London University.”
his sixth term in office. During the last days of his hospital- “This gentleman is my friend and colleague Sherlock
ization, he had complained of symptoms unrelated to his in- Holmes,” I told her gently. “You may speak freely to him.
jury or to a secondary bacterial infection that might occur. We are here to help you.”
He complained of nausea and dizziness, along with periods “He is, Mr. Holmes,” she then replied.
of headache and severe agitation. He told me that he felt like “Excellent. And may I ask what he is studying at this
every pore of his body was suffocating. His arms felt heavy. I fine institution?” Fine, indeed. Holmes well knew that I had
was determined to learn the exact reason for my comrade’s taken my medical degree there in 1878.
untimely death. “Poetry, Mr. Holmes, poetry and chemistry,” she replied.
“The autopsy will be done this afternoon,” I replied, “and “An odd combination, I know, but Reuben was irritated with
I am sure that we will be informed at once.” Robert’s—that’s my son—poetry interest. No jobs in poetry,
“Let me put forth the usual query,” said Holmes. “Did his father said. Must study something practical and useful,
the deceased have any enemies or anyone who would profit he said. Naturally I agreed. I have told Robert that I will
from his death?” honor his father’s wishes in my support of his schooling. Rob-
“Just the contrary,” I countered, “Reuben had no en- ert seems to have a natural gift for science and he is doing
emies. The people of Putting Bridge Village loved him. They quite well in all his chemistry classes. His classmates seem to
have elected him mayor five times in a row. Indeed, Holmes, love the subject, but Robert loathes the time he spends on
he was a sympathetic figure. His wife has been an alcoholic chemistry. I believe he detests anything that steals time from
for many years and I know that she will be lost without his his precious poetry. He thinks of himself as a poet, Mr.

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 Chemistry for Everyone

Holmes, very dedicated to it, but I told him he’d get over When we arrived at room 102, there was no one in sight
that nonsense. He insisted that he go to a poetry class this and we had the room to ourselves. Reuben’s personal belong-
evening at the University or he would be here now and you ings were still there cluttered about as if the man himself had
could meet him.” She twisted a handkerchief and dabbed at just stepped out for a moment. The true oddness of his sud-
her swollen eyes. den death struck me. A novel lay on a chair by the bed along
“Now, Mrs. Hochum,” Holmes continued, “we need to with a pack of playing cards and a pegboard. Eyeglasses were
know of Mr. Hochum’s close associates. Who were his friends? poised on the pillow.
Who had intimate interests in his life?” “Look here, Watson. What are these medicinal sub-
There was a pause. “Only two come to mind,” she re- stances used for?”
plied. “Rodney Mieville and Mr. Lanquist Strong. Mr. Strong On a sidewall shelf I could see a row of six bottles that
is the executive officer of Notting Hill Associates, a firm spe- had attracted Holmes’s attention.
cializing in telegraph applications, I believe. I think of him “Cocaine is used for pain such as a toothache. Chloro-
because he was running against Reuben in next week’s may- form is, of course, an anesthetic. Sodium nitroprusside is used
oral election. He’ll get it now, now that—” to treat high blood pressure. Camphor is for headache. And
“What about this Rodney Mieville?” Holmes interjected. the last two are digitalis and strychnine. Digitalis, from the
“Rodney Mieville has been my husband’s attorney for dried leaves of the foxglove plant, is a cardiac stimulant and
many years now. He and Reuben played at cribbage every diuretic. Strychnine can be used to stimulate the gastrointes-
Sunday afternoon. They played for money, Mr. Holmes, and tinal tract. Strychnine is also a legendary aphrodisiac, Holmes
my husband had run up a debt to Mr. Mieville. I objected (3). Did you know that? Anyway, I see nothing unusual here.
to the gambling, of course. But, then, I have my own prob- These are standard drugs of our modern era.”
lems. Perhaps Dr. Watson has told you.” She glanced over at “Indeed, Watson, indeed. Now, let me look around and,
the empty glass on the table. if you don’t mind, run off and find out the autopsy results.
“Watson,” Holmes said, clapping his hands, “can you And, Watson, while you are at it, also obtain a generous quan-
get us into Bart’s this evening? I should very much like a look tity of the deceased’s stomach contents.”
around.” “I’ll see what I can do,” I hesitantly replied.
“I believe so. They know me there, and they know that In fact, the autopsy report was ready and I obtained it
I was a friend of Reuben Hochum. I imagine the autopsy immediately from the basement office. My request for a jar
has been completed by now.” of the stomach contents caused a bureaucratic stir, but, even-
Mrs. Hochum gasped and put her hands over her mouth. tually, owing to my associations, I was granted a pint of the
“Perhaps we should take our leave, Mrs. Hochum,” I foul material. When I returned to room 102, Holmes was
said. deep in thought, staring, it seemed to me, at the shelf of
“Be assured that we will sort through this in due time,” medicinals on the wall.
said Holmes. “Meanwhile, if you think of anything or any- “Here is the autopsy report, Holmes,” I said, handing it
one else we should know about, here is my card for immedi- to him.
ate communication.” “Yes, let me see.” He snatched the file from my hand
On the train back to London, Holmes gazed out the and had begun flipping through the few pages. He stopped
window. He was deep in thought and I hesitated to inter- suddenly.
rupt him. “Blue, Watson!” he cried with excitement. “Blue. The
“Holmes,” I said, “whom do you suspect?” interior lining of the stomach tissue is blue! What do you
“Everyone, Watson,” he replied without turning from make of that?”
the window. “No one.” I puzzled for a moment. “It is most unusual. I would
Owing to the snow, it took us more than an hour to think that such an observation might indicate an unnatural
reach Bart’s and by the time we entered its massive structure, death caused by a foreign substance.”
the London night was dark and cold. The dimly lit corridors “Well done, Watson. You are learning my methods after
of the hospital added no cheer to my somber mood. As I led all these years. And this report suggests the very same thing.”
Holmes toward the room where Reuben Hochum died, a “It is truly nothing,” I suggested modestly, although I
large man wearing a dark coat and fedora and displaying an knew that it was possible that Holmes was conveying some
expression of alarm rushed around the corner. small sarcasm in his praise. “We must inform Scotland Yard
“Whoa there! I’m sorry,” he exclaimed as he collided with immediately if there has been a deliberate murder. Lestrade
Holmes. He paused and then hurried down the corridor and will want to look into this.”
was gone. “Oh, he will indeed,” Holmes agreed. “However, I sug-
“Who was that, Watson?” Holmes asked. gest that we return to 221B and perform some chemical ex-
“I don’t know,” I replied. “I have never seen him before.” periments. As it stands, this crime is beyond Lestrade’s limited
“Nurse,” said Holmes. “What was that man doing here?” powers. Once we have cleared things up a bit, I will inform
Holmes had detained a small woman, clearly of the hospital the Inspector and the hospital authorities. Tomorrow morn-
staff. ing is early enough for them all.”
“He was here to visit Mr. Hochum in room 102, sir. The late night, the heavy snow, and the chilling cold
We, of course, had to tell him of Mr. Hochum’s death earlier had taken their toll on me. I was exhausted. But Holmes was
today.” on the scent and the lateness of the hour and the laboratory
“Thank you, miss,” Holmes replied. work ahead made no difference to him. By the time we

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 Chemistry for Everyone

reached Baker Street he was energized like a tightly coiled you know why Reuben was murdered? Who would want to
spring. When the hansom cab stopped in front of our flat, kill him?”
he leaped out. “Too many questions, my good fellow,” Holmes replied
“Stay with me now if you can, Watson. I think that you with a determined smile. “A good night’s sleep is in order
will find these experiments most enlightening.” He hurried now. Tomorrow will give us ample time to complete our end
inside. of this most intriguing investigation.”
As I built a fire to warm the flat, Holmes prepared his Holmes undoubtedly slept well, but I did not. Formu-
laboratory corner. I could hear him setting up glass equip- las and equations from the chemical education of my youth
ment, testing burners, and arranging solutions. The cold Lon- floated in my mind’s eye as I attempted to make sense of the
don weather must have been affecting my friend also since I experiments that Holmes had performed. The identity of the
thought I heard, over the crackle of the fire, a sharp, gagging toxin had provided Holmes with a powerful impetus. What
cough coming from that distant corner. did he know that was beyond my reckoning? But sleep did
“Holmes, are you all right?” I inquired. come to me eventually and I awoke in my bed to the bright
“I am doing some steam distillations, good fellow. They sun shining through my window and to Holmes standing
are routine, I assure you, and you may remain cozy and warm over me offering a steaming cup of tea.
for a few more minutes.” “I have sent Billy off on several inquiries, Watson. He
About a half an hour later he called me to his labora- will be returning soon and you will not want to miss his re-
tory bench. port.”
“Now, Watson, listen and watch carefully. If my suspi- Indeed, soon after I had dressed and consumed the aro-
cions are correct, we will soon identify a foreign substance matic tea, the neighborhood lad Billy, whom Holmes had
and, at the same time, a prime murder suspect. Solution A, used as a messenger on many previous occasions, arrived at
right here, is a steam distillate of the victim’s stomach con- our door, stomping snow off his boots in the hallway and
tents. Solution B, next to it, is a distillate of my own stom- calling out. “Here I am, Mr. Holmes. I have found out what
ach contents. As a control, you see. We must do good science you wanted to know!” Billy served Holmes with loyalty and
here.” great enthusiasm.
“Your own, Holmes!” I cried, “but how…?” Then I re- “Come in, Billy!” Holmes clapped him on the back.
membered the retching I had heard earlier. “Waste no time, lad. What have you learned?”
“Now, I am going to do two chemical tests on each so- “Well, I took your note to the telegraph station. I tele-
lution, A and B. By the way, do you detect a familiar aroma graphed Mrs. Hochum in your name, Mr. Holmes, and I
from solution A? It may be faint. No? Well, no matter. I smell waited for the reply. She said the man you saw in the hospi-
it. Let us then continue. Here I have a filter paper circle tal hall as you described him is almost certainly Mr. Lanquist
which, it so happens, I have freshly impregnated with cop- Strong–the mayoral candidate.”
per sulfide. The paper is brown, is it not? Now, I add potas- “Capital! What else?”
sium hydroxide solution to each distillate A and B to make “So then,” Billy continued, “I showed the list you gave
them basic. A few drops of B on the brown circle, like so, me to about a dozen blokes in the neighborhood, store-own-
and what do you see, Watson?” ers I know and the like. I told them I was doing a school
“Nothing at all, Holmes,” I replied. writing project and I asked them which of the six items they
“Just so, my friend. That is what we would expect from would use in a murder mystery. Every one of them said strych-
the control, my own stomach contents. However, let us see nine, Mr. Holmes.”
if my suspicions are correct.” “Indeed, Billy!” Holmes smiled broadly.
Holmes placed a drop of the basified solution A on the “Finally, I did find the hospital security man as you in-
brown filter paper. To my astonishment, the brown color dis- structed, and he said that a container of sodium nitroprus-
appeared where the drop was placed and the white of the side was reported missing from the nurses’ station near room
original paper was revealed. 102.”
“As I thought,” Holmes muttered to himself. Then he “Well done, lad,” cried Holmes, shaking the boy’s hand
turned to me. “One more test, now, for confirmation. This vigorously. I saw Holmes pass some coins to Billy in a clan-
experiment, I think, will be especially interesting.” destine manner. Billy scampered down the stairs to Baker
I watched carefully as Holmes removed an aliquot of the Street and Holmes turned to me.
potassium hydroxide-treated distillate A, the stomach con- “Time to contact Lestrade, Watson. Time to clear this
tents of Reuben Hochum. He then added two drops of fer- matter up once and for all.”
rous sulfate solution and one drop of a yellowish ferric
chloride solution. He covered the test tube and shook it vig-
orously. He then warmed the contents of the test tube over a
low flame and added a quantity of concentrated hydrochlo-
ric acid. Instantly, a precipitate formed, a blue precipitate! STOP
“It is settled, Watson. The foreign substance in the
victim’s stomach is identified.”
“What is it?” I asked eagerly. “What is the poison? Do Can You Solve the Mystery?

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 Chemistry for Everyone

You can solve this mystery by understanding the chemistry carried out by Sherlock
Holmes and from a careful consideration of the clues provided.

1. What did Holmes learn from the chemical tests and his observations?

2. What medicinal chemical was used to kill Reuben Hochum?

3. Who killed Reuben Hochum?

Sherlock Holmes reveals his solution in the paragraphs that follow.

The Solution

“The key to this case, Watson, is, of course, the identity “The precipitate is blue, Holmes,” I said. “Is there a con-
of the poison.” As he spoke, Holmes paced and lectured, his nection between this and the blue stomach discovered in the
lit briar in hand. The smoke from the black shag tobacco autopsy?”
swirled around him. “There is!” Holmes cried. “Ferric iron and nitroprusside
“Strychnine was present in Reuben’s hospital room,” I can combine to form the very same ferric ferrocyanide com-
offered. “Strychnine is most definitely toxic. Billy mentioned pound known as Prussian Blue. The stomach of a person poi-
it a moment ago.” soned by sodium nitroprusside can turn blue! And sodium
“Certainly,” he replied. “But recall that the poison in this nitroprusside releases cyanide (6).”
case is quite volatile as I have shown by its steam distillation. “Cyanide poisoning,” I sputtered, “from sodium nitro-
Strychnine has the formula C21H22N2O2 and a correspond- prusside?”
ingly high formula weight. It cannot be distilled. However, “Sodium nitroprusside was available in room 102,” he
let’s return to the beginning. In fact, any of the six medicinal replied. “You will also note that a container of this substance
substances could be deadly in excessive amounts. Consider was missing from the nurses’ station near the room. Not a
the formulas of each: cocaine is C17H21NO4; chloroform is coincidence, I dare say.”
CHCl3; sodium nitroprusside is C5FeN6Na2O; camphor is “Does sodium nitroprusside contain cyanide, Holmes?
C10H16O; strychnine is C21H22N2O2; and digitalis is a com- I did not see cyanide in the formula you gave earlier.
plex mixture of natural products found in the leaves of the Holmes repeated the earlier formula, “C5FeN6Na2O,”
foxglove plant.” and continued, “which may be more clearly given as
Holmes continued, “But look, I have written the equa- Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]—sodium nitroprusside. The nitroprusside
tions for the qualitative analyses we performed on the portion contains five cyanide units for each iron atom. Of
deceased’s distilled stomach contents. Here they are in my the six medicinal substances it is the only one that contains
notebook. Observe that potassium cyanide in the basified test cyanide. But you are not alone, Watson. Most people do not
solution will convert the brown copper sulfide to the color- know this formula. Almost everyone would not know, almost
less copper cyanide (4). We saw this change, you will recall.” everyone.”
“So this compound releases hydrogen cyanide when in-
gested. Where does the iron in the precipitation reactions
come from?”
Holmes thought for a moment. “My guess is that iron
“Moreover, and in confirmation, examine carefully the can be released from attachments to protein by the HCl stom-
equations for the precipitation of Prussian Blue in the sec- ach acid (7). One other point. I mentioned after my steam
ond test. Prussian Blue is ferric ferrocyanide and its forma- distillation that I could detect a familiar aroma in distillate
tion in this series of reactions is a very reliable test for cyanide A. I knew then that hydrogen cyanide was present by the
poison in tissue (5).” characteristic almond aroma. It was faint. You did not detect
it. Indeed, not all people can (6).”
“How does this lead us to the murderer?” I inquired.
“Simply identifying the toxin is not so definitive.”
“I rather think it is, in this case,” Holmes responded.
“We must ask who would have motive, opportunity, and
knowledge of the formula of sodium nitroprusside—along
with the telling of a lie, I might add.”
“I am at sea on this one, Holmes.”

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 Chemistry for Everyone

“Then try the son, my friend. Robert, the son.” to kill his father then he is likewise motivated to kill his
“The son!” I was incredulous. “Surely not. Robert loved mother. We must save the much-troubled mother from the
his father.” father’s fate.”
“Not enough, I am afraid. The evidence points in his Holmes’s logic proved sound. That afternoon Lestrade
direction. Consider, Watson. Robert lied to his mother yes- and his associates searched Robert Hochum’s room in Put-
terday. He was not at his poetry class since London Univer- ting Bridge. The mattress was overturned, the closet picked
sity was closed due to the snow. Of course, this alone is not apart, and every sock turned inside out. Lestrade was about
significant, but wait. His father was pressuring him away from to call off the search in frustration when a young local con-
his beloved poetry and into the science of Chemistry, where stable observed a small glass cylinder sitting at eye level on a
he could learn the formula for sodium nitroprusside, a cya- shelf in front of a volume of Robert Browning poetry. It was
nide poison. He visited his father every day at Bart’s and had a vial of sodium nitroprusside, out in the open, in plain view
many opportunities to poison him with this substance which for all to see.
was sitting right there on the drug shelf in room 102. And I Later that evening as we sat before the fireplace of our
ask you, Watson, which of the substances on this shelf would flat each reading our own books, Holmes returned to the
any ordinary person select for a murder?” matter of the case once more.
“Strychnine,” I offered, and I saw his point. “But what “You may recall, Watson, at the start of this adventure I
about a medical person at the hospital? Someone there would was reading this same book about Frederick the Great.
surely know the that sodium nitroprusside was poisonous.” Frederick was the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786. He
“Of course,” he replied. “But someone with a motive to was king of the very same land that gave its name to the blue
kill Reuben? And the purloined vial of the poison, why would ferric ferrocyanide compound known as Prussian Blue—the
a physician or nurse need to steal it? Unlikely, Watson, most same Prussian Blue that formed in the stomach tissue of Mr.
unlikely. So, Billy’s little survey was very telling. The mur- Reuben Hochum and provided us with a test for poisoning
derer did not select strychnine. He selected sodium nitro- by cyanide. And King Frederick (8) in a letter to the French
prusside. Among the suspects with a motive, only the philosopher Voltaire in 1759 made a statement that reflects
intelligent chemistry student would do this.” an unfortunate constant of human nature that we have seen
I then remembered an event from the previous day. “The displayed in this case.
man rushing from Reuben’s room! Could he be involved? If
“…self-interest, vengeance, treason, ingratitude, will pro-
it was Lanquist Strong, the mayoral candidate, he would have
duce bloody and tragic scenes until the end of time, be-
a motive to get rid of his popular opponent.”
cause we are governed by passions and very rarely by
Holmes laughed. “Yes, that was Mr. Strong, Watson.
reason.”
Mrs. Hochum recognized him immediately from my descrip-
tion. When we saw him, recall that he was distressed. He
Literature Cited
had just learned of the death of his opponent. He doesn’t fit
as a suspect glad to be rid of his opponent, now does he?” 1. Waddell, T. G.; Rybolt, T. R. J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 981–
“No he does not,” I agreed. “But what of Rodney 982; 1990, 67, 1006–1008; 1991, 68, 1023–1024; 1992, 69,
Mieville? There was the gambling.” 999–1001; 1993, 70, 1003–1005; 1994, 71, 1049–1051;
“Mrs. Hochum told us that her husband owed Mieville 1996, 73, 1157–1159; 1998, 75, 484–486; 2000, 77, 471–
a sum of money,” said Holmes. “Why should he kill him 474; 2001, 78, 470–474; 2003, 80, 401–406.
now? Better chance for Mieville to get his money back after 2. Rybolt, T. R.; Waddell, T. G. J. Chem. Educ. 1995, 72, 1090–
the election is over. The debt is a reason not to kill him. No, 1092; 1999, 76, 489–493; 2002, 79, 448–453.
only the son had the motive and the knowledge.” 3. Waddell, T. G.; Jones, H.; Keith, A. L. J. Chem. Educ. 1980,
“But these arguments hardly constitute proof. Even 57, 341–342.
Lestrade would have trouble pursuing an arrest on this evi- 4. Feigl, F. Spot Tests in Inorganic Analysis, 5th ed.; Elsevier: New
dence.” York, 1958; p 277.
“Quite so, Watson. I agree. But let us ring up Lestrade 5. Autenrieth, W. Laboratory Manual for the Detection of Poisons
nevertheless. A search warrant can be obtained and I would and Powerful Drugs, 6th ed.; P. Blakiston Co.: Philadelphia,
venture that a sinister vial of sodium nitroprusside at this 1928; p 29.
moment lies somewhere in the quarters of Robert Hochum.” 6. Ballantyne, B. Med. Sci. Law 1970, 10, 171–174; http://
“Why would he have stolen more of this material if he forensic.shef.ac.uk/museum.html (accessed Jan 2004).
already accomplished the murder of his father?” 7. A similar case of cyanide poisoning using sodium nitroprus-
“Consider the motive. His father insisted that his son side was reported in 1931 by Fowweather, British Med. Jour-
must study chemistry and ignore poetry. His mother told us nal, 1931, ii, 344; http://forensic.shef.ac.uk/museum.html
that she agreed and planned to insist upon the same condi- (accessed Jan 2004).
tions for her financial support. We can only surmise, Watson, 8. Durant, W.; Durant, A. The Story of Civilization: Part X
but I fear that the murderous urges of the son may not be Rousseau and Revolution; Simon and Schuster: New York, 1967;
directed solely at his intimidating father. If he was motivated pp 497-498, 1000.

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