Reproduction and Development Study Guide

What are the differences between a human egg and sperm?

a. Sperm
i. Smaller + more
ii. Lifespan short 1-5 days
iii. 1 chromosome (games are haploid)
b. Egg
i. 400 per lifetime
ii. Ovaries alternate egg release monthly
iii. Fertilization drugs ↑ $ of eggs per ovulation
iv. Fertility period 12-24 hrs (small window of opportunity)

What are the physiological differences between female and male fertility?

a. Male fertility
i. 100 mill sperm a day
ii. Decreases w age + T
iii. Optimum T is 2-3* below body T
b. Infertility
i. Unable to conceive/ carry fetus to term
ii. Low sperm count/ motility
iii. Irregular menstrual cycle
iv. Hormonal problem
v. Infection
vi. Age
vii. endometriosis

What is endometriosis?

a. Endometrial cells outside uterus

b. Endometrium layers lining lumen of uterus
c. Usually occurs in abdominal/pelvic caviuty
d. pain/infertility

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

a. Implantation of zygote outside uterus - usually ovary

How is sex determined? What are m/f mortality rates at various stages of development?

a. 50/50 chance from male

 b. Y sperm differences?
i. Faster? Shorter lifespan?
c. Sperm sorting
i. Flow cytometry - strain by X or y chromosome to sort out - in case they want boy
or girl, but is not efficient
1. Enhances ratios of X : Y

Describe the basic process of zygote development.

a. IVF
i. Fertilize outside
ii. Fertility drugs iused for multipe,ovulations
iii. Eggs cultured/ fertilized/ screened + implanted
iv. Can be frozen + stored
v. Success rate = 50% and $
vi. Survival ratios
1. Fertilization - slightly higher male, and then birth, but then ina adults
2. Adult ratios M=F
vii. Mortality risk for males higher
1. F live 6 y longer on average
b. Zygote development
i. Cleavage
1. cells only divide/ no growth till implanted
2. Blastula - 1 cell thick then gastrula - 3 derm layers
a. Germination - zygote through blastulation
b. Gastrulation - 3 dermal layers form
c. Neurulation - formation of neural tube -
ii. Determined by cleavage
1. Cell fate determined early - from mRNA from mom
2. Not in vertebrates - happens in flies
iii. Indeterminate cleavage
1. Cell fate delayed
2. Vetebrates do this

What are the three primary germ layers, and how do they relate to body cavities?

a. Ectoderm
i. skin/ nervous
ii.
b. Mesoderm
i. MSK
c. Endoderm
i. alimentary/ digestive
d. Cavities
 i. Coelom - becomes cavities lined w serous membranes + divided by
mesenteries
ii. Pleural, ab, and pelvic cavities
iii. Neural development
1. Ectoderm fold → ridge → inward to from neural tube
2. Space in between becomes ventricular system

Understand developmental stages from zygoteàembryoàfetus

a. Zygote
i. 1 cell
b. Embryo
i. Multicellular - 8 wk
c. Fetus
i. > 8 wk

When are embryos sexually differentiated? How does it happen?

a. At 7 wk mark
i. Generalized ducts
ii. Bipotential gonads
b. 8 wk - sex differerntiation
i. Y chromosome products gonadotropin - male development
ii. Lack TDF testes determining factor = female development
iii. 1’ sex organ devleopment

What are the differences between primary and secondary sex organs (examples of both in both
sexes), and what are secondary sex characteristics?

a. 1’ sex organs
i. Make gametes
b. 2’ organs
i. Male = ducts,1st seminal glands,then 2nd ejaculatory duct, 3rd prostate, penis
ii. Female = uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
c. 2’ sex characteristics
i. Develop at puberty to attract mate
1. Pubic/ancillary/facial hair, scent glands, body morphology, males low
pitched voices

What is the function of the scrotum? What does it house?

a. 2 compartments w median septum

b. Spermatic cord pases thorough inguinal canal
i. Artery, vein, nerve, lymphatic
ii. Cremaster muscles - raise/ lower
iii. Ductus deferens - transports sperm
 c. T regualtion
i. Creamaster raise
ii. Dartos muscle - wrinkles skin to lift testes - if cold
iii. Pampiniform plexus - countercurrent heat exchanger w arteries

How is the descent of the testis clinical relevant in the inguinal area?

a. Hernia goes through the inguinal canal - ab wall weakness

b. As descend pull down spermatic cord + artery,nerve, vein uinot scrotum, through
inguinal canal - allows proper wiring

What is varicocele?

a. Dilation of pampiniform venous plexus

b. Failed valves
c. Bad of worms - less fertile - T regulation, pain

Hydrocele

a. Increased serous fluid in scrotum

b. Low pain, inflame, injury
c. Might need drainage

Testicular torsion

a. Rotation of testilce in scroum

b. Failure of connective tissue - gubernaculum
c. Loss of BF through spermatic cord
i. Pain → necrosis
ii. Surgical re- attachment

What do the testis do? What is testicular torsion?

a. Covered in tunica vaginalis anteriorly

i. And then albuginea - fibrous capsule
b. Septa
i. Divide into compartments containing
c. Seminiferous tubules
i. Lined w thick germinal epithelium for sperm development
ii. Interstitial cells between tubules for secreting Testosterone

Understand the function of all of the components of the male spermatic ducts.

a. Efferent ductules
i. 12 small cilliated ducts - from testes to epididymis
b. Epididymis
 i. Body, head and tail- 6m long
ii. Site of maturation + storage
c. Ductus deferens
i. Allows peristalsis for movement
ii. Muscular longest 45 cm tube through inguinal canal
d. Ejaculatory duct
i. 2cm long ductus deferens through the prostate ( + the seminal vesicle ampulla
merges into the duct here)to urethra
ii. Meets with ampula from the bladder
e. Bulbourethral gland
i. Muscles at base of penis for erection + adds lubricating fluid

How do the accessory glands contribute to the functional duct system?

a. Seminal vesicles
i. Behind bladder - seminal fluid
b. Prostate gland
i. Adds to seminal fluid
c. Base of bladder
d. Wraps aroundurethra + ductus differns
e. Makes seminal fluid
f. BPH

Know the anatomy of the penis, its various tissues.

a. Penis
i. Root
ii. Shaft
1. Loose skin allows expansion
iii. Glans
iv. Internal
1. Corpus spongiosusm - ventral - has urethra
a. Bulbospongiosus muscle at base
2. Corpus cavenosum - dorsal - ischiocavernosus muscle
a. Ends in pubic arch covered in ischiocavernosus muscle

What are the definitions of puberty and climacteric, and the difference in m/f?

a. Puberty
i. Males 10-12
ii. F 8-10
iii. Onset of gonadotropin secretion until 1st menstrual/ 1st ejaculation of viuable
sperm
b. Adolescence
i. Full adult height
What are the important male and sex hormones and their function?

a. T - is androgen
b. Gondadatropin - development testes
c. estrogen/T - balances libido
d. LH - production of T
e. FSH - sperm production

What are typical changes in sexual function with age in males?

a. Peak T at age 20
b. Declines to ⅕ at age 80
c. At age 50 - male climacteric - like menopause
i. Mood change, hot flashes
d. ED
i. 20% in 60’s
ii. Can be vascular dz

Understand the anatomy of the female reproductive system; uterus, cervix, vagina, etc.

a. Ovary
i. Almond shape
ii. Tunica albuginea - capsule like on testes
iii. Cortex makes gametes - medulla holds vessels (+ disperses)
iv. Egg produced in follicle - then released
v. Ligaments
1. Attached ovary to uterine wall - artery,vein, nerve
2. Uterus by ovarian ligament
3. Pelvic wall - suspensory ligament
4. Broad ligament - anchored to mesovarium- sheet like extends
fallopian tube/ ovaries
5.
vi. Fallopian tubes
1. Cilliated cells
2. Narrow isthmus near uterus
3. Body - ampulla
4. Infandibulum - widened fingers (hopefully captures egg)
5. In broad ligament
vii. Uterus
1. Anteverted over bladder or anteflexed
2. Uterine wall
a. Perimetrium
b. Myometrium - smooth muscle - contraction
c. Endometrium
i. Simple columnar epithelial
 1. Stratum functionalis - is shed
2. Stratum basalis - regens funcitonalais
3. Cervix
a. Neck of womb
b.
1.
4. Vulva
a. Vestibular bulbs
i. Erectile tissue corpus spongiosum
ii. Lubrication fluid
iii. Paraurethral glands - lube
1.
5. Vagina
a. Puberty
i. Estrogen transforms into stratified squamous
ii. Lube from submucosa glands
b. Outer adventitia
c. Middle muscularis
d. Tilted posteriorly
i. Urethra in anterior wall
1.

What is a PAP smear? Why is it important?

a. Papanicolaou test
b. Cervical preCA and CA
c. HPV
d. Sex trasnmitted

Understand breast anatomy, basic physiology of lactation, and the symptoms, and risk factors of
breast cancer.

a. Above pec major

b. Glandular of hypodermis
i. Nonlacting - little glandular
c. Lactation
i. SM
ii. Many triggers
d. Many lymph
e. Nipples - more melanocytes - for newborn poor sight
f. SM - allow contraction for - cold, touch, arousal
g. Mostly fat
h. Ducts
i. Active in lactation
ii. Suspensory ligaments
 i. Breast CA
i. begin Mammary ducts
ii. Easy metastasis
iii. Most is non-hereditary - some estrogen stimulation
iv. Nonlactating = little glandular tissue
v.
j. Lactation***
1. Alveoli +Ducts Induced by Progesterone, Estrogen, Prolactin
2. Stimulated porduction by ↓ progesterone + Estrogen post birth
3. Expression stimulated by - oxytocin (+ physical stimulation, auditory
ques), SM contraction

A.puberty

a. Trigger hypothalamus - bioclock

i. FSH, and LH
b. Follicle development
i. Secrete T and estrogen
c. Thelarche
i. Development of breast
d. Pubarche
i. Hair growth
e. Menarche
i. 17% body fat
ii. 22% in adults
1. Improved nutrition - lower age of onset (faster)
2. Low fat inhibits menstruation

B. Climacteric

a. Midlife - 52
b. Atrophy of woman 2’ sex organs
c. Skin thinner, bone mass ↓, cardio dz
d. Hot flashes
e. Tx
i. HRT

C. fecmae sex hormones

a. Testosterone/estrogen balance
i. Sex drive
b. FSH + LH
i. Ovulation
c. Oxytocin
i. Letdown reflex
 ii. Uterine contraction
iii. Milk secretion
iv. Euphoria
v. Bonding hormone after sex

D. oogensis + sex cycle

a. Sex cycel
i. Month when pregnancy doesn't occur
ii. Ovarian phase
1. Follicular phase
2. Luteal phase
iii. Menstrual cycle
1. Changes in uterus
2. Endometrial thickening
iv. Luteal phase
1. Endometrial thickening
b. Reproductive cycle
i. Between fertilization and birth
c. Luteal phase
i.