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Cell Division

Mitosis and meiosis are both types of cell division, but they have important differences: 1. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells for growth and repair, while meiosis produces four non-identical sex cells (sperm or egg) for sexual reproduction. 2. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through crossing-over before separating, resulting in genetic diversity. Mitosis does not involve chromosome pairing or crossing-over. 3. Meiosis involves two cell divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II), while mitosis is a single division that duplicates the parent cell's chromosomes.

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Shin Thant Ko B10 June Section
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85 views

Cell Division

Mitosis and meiosis are both types of cell division, but they have important differences: 1. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells for growth and repair, while meiosis produces four non-identical sex cells (sperm or egg) for sexual reproduction. 2. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through crossing-over before separating, resulting in genetic diversity. Mitosis does not involve chromosome pairing or crossing-over. 3. Meiosis involves two cell divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II), while mitosis is a single division that duplicates the parent cell's chromosomes.

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Shin Thant Ko B10 June Section
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© © All Rights Reserved
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GED Life Science

Cell Division
Sayar Min Min Thet
Two Types of Cells and their Reproduction

Cell

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Types of Cell

Binary Fission Mitosis Meiosis Types of Reproduction

Asexual Sexual
Cell Division
A cell reproduces by a process called cell division. Cell division occurs in
three stages.

1. First, the cell’s nucleus makes an extra copy of its deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
molecules, which carry the genetic instructions for forming new cells.
2. Then the nucleus divides into two parts, each containing an identical copy of the
DNA.
3. Finally, the “parent” cell divides into two identical “daughter” cells
Mitosis
Mitosis is the name for the second stage of cell division, when the cell’s nucleus
divides in two. Mitosis occurs in four predictable phases, each of which is
described in the following table. Remember that the cell starts mitosis with two
copies of the DNA, and ends mitosis as two identical cells, each containing one
copy of the DNA.
Key Words
Cell Division
• Cell division is the process by which cells reproduce themselves and make more of the
same kinds.
• Cells must divide when they reach a certain size.
• At a certain point, the cell is no longer able to take in nutrients and get rid of wastes fast
enough to maintain itself.
• Cell division allows multicellular organisms to grow bigger and replace old or injured cells.
Many of our cells, such as those of our skin and nails, are being replaced each day.
• Your blood cells are constantly duplicating to replace blood cells that are worn out.
Cell Division
• Cell division allows for simple organisms to reproduce themselves.
• Reproduction is a process by which a cell or an organism produces offspring.
• Many organisms begin as a single cell.
• As it divides, one cell becomes two cells.
• Then 2 cells divide to form 4 cells, followed by the formation of 8 cells, 16 cells, 32 cells,
and so on.
• More complex organisms have more complex processes of reproduction, but the end
result is the same—more offspring or organisms of the same kind.
Cell Cycle
• Unlike cutting an orange in half, a cell cannot slice itself down the middle to reproduce.
• Cell division is a complex and well-orchestrated process.
• Recall that cells require energy to complete cellular tasks. One of those tasks is powering
the cell cycle.
Cell Cycle
• The cell cycle is the life cycle of cells in which they
grow, reproduce, and die.
• The eukaryotic cell cycle in animals and plants
involves several stages, including growth and
preparation for division.
• As you can see in the illustration on this page,
eukaryotic cells spend the longest period of time in
the interphase portion of a cell’s life cycle.
3 Stages of Interphase
• Interphase is the period during which the growth and development of a cell occurs. There
are three stages of interphase—cell growth and development, the copying of its
chromosomes, and preparation for cell division.
• During the first stage of interphase, the cell is rapidly growing and making enzymes and
proteins.

• During the second stage of interphase, the cell makes a copy


of its chromosomes that reside within the nucleus. The cell
cannot divide until the DNA making up its chromosomes is
duplicated. If a cell did not replicate its DNA, the next
generation of cells would have only half of the total genetic
information. This is similar to making a copy of a photo of you
and a friend, but only giving your friend half of the picture.
3 Stages of Interphase
• Once the cell has made a copy of its DNA, the cell
moves into the third and last stage of interphase.
The cell grows larger until it is ready to begin cell
division. There are two ways in which the cell can
divide. One way, called mitosis, leads to two
identical new cells. The other way, called meiosis,
leads to the formation of four new cells, each of
which has half of the genetic material. Mitosis will
be discussed first. Meiosis will be discussed in
relation to the process of sexual reproduction.
Interphase

o Nucleus is visible
o Nuclear membrane is present
o Nucleolus & chromatin is present
o Chromatin ( DNA strands ) replicate & make exact copies
which are attached by means of a centromere.
Prophase
o Nuclear membrane disappears
o Nucleolus is no longer visible
o Chromatin strands condense & coil , appearing
as linear structures attached by a centromere . In
this condensed state , the structures are called
chromosomes ; each one in the pair is called a
chromatid.
o Spindle apparatus consisting of microtubules
form at opposite poles of cell from centrioles .
Metaphase

o Chromosomes move toward the center of the cell


o Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the
chromosomes
Anaphase

o Chromatids are pulled apart at the centromere &


move towards the opposite poles .
o Spindle fibers pull the chromatids apart
o Each chromatid is now a single chromosome
o There is a complete set of chromosomes at each pole
of the cell
Telophase

o A nuclear membrane reforms around each set of


chromosomes
o Nucleolus reforms
o Chromosomes uncoil , forming chromatin
o Spindle fibers disappear
o In animal cells , division of the cytoplasm (
Cytokinesis ) occurs as follow :
o In animal cells cytoplasm is pinched in half to form
two new cells
o In plant cells a cell plate forms , dividing the
cytoplasm into two new cells .
Daughter Cells

The DNA within each new daughter cell is identical to that of the other and is
identical to that of the original parent cell .

Daughter Cells

Parent Cell
Mitosis Educational Video
Mitosis Overview

o Mitosis is a continuous process of cell division which occurs in all types of living cells.
o Mitosis involves four basic phases – prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
o Mitosis is the process where the division of cell occurs by asexual reproduction.
o In mitosis, the nuclear membrane is broken down, spindle fibres (microtubules)
attach to the chromatids at the centromere and pull apart the chromatids.
o When the chromatids reach separate ends of the cells, the spindle fibres disintegrate
and a nuclear membrane rebuilds around the chromosomes making two nuclei.
o Each nucleus is identical to the original nucleus as it was.
Meiosis

Meiosis is a special type of cell division that produces reproductive cells. You
probably know that reproductive cells (eggs and sperm) unite to produce the
first body cell of a new organism. Reproductive cells have half the number of
chromosomes found in a regular body cell, so they must be made by a special
process. Meiosis occurs in two stages: meiosis I and meiosis II. Both stages are
described in the following list. As in mitosis, the cell makes a copy of its DNA
before starting meiosis. You’ll notice that the steps of meiosis are similar to the
steps of mitosis, but with a few important changes.
Prophase I

DNA condenses into structures called chromosomes


and the nucleus disappears. Matching pairs of
chromosomes trade segments in a process called
crossing over.
Crossing Over

Recall that at the beginning of meiosis, a cell has two copies


of each chromosome. Before the chromosomes are
separated and new cells are formed, they go through a
process called crossing over. Look at the following diagram.
An arm from each chromosome literally “crosses over” the
other, allowing the arms to trade segments. Notice in the
diagram that the chromosomes have traded alleles of the
“B” gene.
Look at the two chromosomes shown on the right side of the
following diagram. Each chromosome is now made up of one
original chromatid and one chromatid with a new
combination of alleles. When these four unique chromatids
separate during meiosis, no two reproductive cells will have
the same combination of alleles.
Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I

Metaphase I. Chromosomes line up in matching pairs.

Anaphase I. One chromosome from each pair moves to the opposite side of the cell.

Telophase I. The cell splits in two


Prophase 2

Two cells have the same number of chromosomes as the original. Unlike
prophase I, during this phase, there is no new replication of DNA.
Meiosis II

o Prophase II. Two cells have the same number of


chromosomes as the original. Unlike prophase I,
during this phase there is no new replication of
DNA.
o Metaphase II. Individual chromosomes line up in
each cell.
o Anaphase II. Chromosomes split into chromatids.
Chromatids move to opposite sides of the cell.
o Telophase II. A nucleus reforms around each set of
chromatids. Each cell splits in two again.
Meiosis Overview
➢ Meiosis is the form of nuclear cell division that results in daughter cells that have one-half the
chromosome numbers as the original cell.
➢ In humans, this means the chromosome number is reduced from 46 to 23.
➢ The germ cells undergo meiosis to give rise to sperm and eggs.
➢ The joining together of a sperm and egg during fertilization returns the number of the
chromosomes to 46.
➢ Meiosis consists of meiosis I and meiosis II. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes are
separated into different nuclei.
➢ This is the reduction division; chromosome number is divided in half. Meiosis II is very similar
to mitosis; chromatids are separated into separate nuclei.
➢ As in mitosis, it is spindle fibers that “pull” the chromosomes and chromatids apart in meiosis.
Meiosis Educational Video
Comparison Between Mitosis and Meosis
Comparison Between Mitosis and Meosis
Thank You!

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