Rela Kron aterp btw pixels, netghbourod and Asyucrey 4 pinela- wo Netghl ourlyed ol Pinel. Cay Ut ON, cs 4 Meigbours 1 the ack 4 hongontal and Vertical neigh ie x | oul « * oN, Cr): Megpral vaighbowa: a ack of Ligge nal wybbane ©) Neh) o- Netdhbourk Wrton J 4-nityhbous ond Lesprot Wri ghbourg No Ce) = ON, UO Ng Ce)2 x Y A » Connetivity | Adjaciney!- Ting piaele that Ore vrtsh ours Gnd have +4 Jame ry Luyel are odjacid, 4- adjancy (Binavy images &) 8- adjancy 6 ie 8 2d seuny Gray Scale Image oo ° 54 12 £8 stay GO a - ~ ockyocancy o 150 234 4 -ad \ ooo ao} 400 as i 4 70 TAY 8G =i} = vet connect 3 41,3,2, __. pet © m- adj ouncy (mixed adjaesney) Vehiy o iy} oO ty ee! on es bt o © «Ke o i co Lo ° o\ eo o\ a o MM ik tee pimels can be adjouuk tocuyh eo adjacdney 2 g- odgaciny Hee woe have te pve prety hk 4 -adjauney net to 9-adjacmey. Piston Measure between Pineels eee eas bE Pandy be ptoela with coordinates cuir) amd (4,) Aabhectrvely . rT CB) vee abn S Euclidean dato Be 2 = [a+ 42] D- City block lisdemer (pr By dite): a Loe Pe ditto Da (be) = [a] + [9-6]Ex.@ Te pinela with Ba ciatomer 22° from cya) dorm the fallowing contours foconatant Latent: Canter pain 2 241 2 2 1° 1 2 251 2 2 Th pinele with vy = 1 are Be 4 - neighbours 4 OON)- Z). Cheaaboard Aistanee ( dg distances) | cme eoe Oe ee De (ray = mar(teal, (8 #0 ExO Ma pincls with pg ciatonte <2 fem Cn form te following contourr. f cenatonk dtatanct : w pie » wv p ry nMDigttes pad a cligibel posh Cor curve) from bistel pb wit ceodinasa CterMe) to pinel 3% with Coordimeds Comr Yn) AO. ArUEKH of disknet iptocela with coordi naks OG), OKI - C0, Sa whe poms Cte, 32) ond Qtr, Yur) ave adyaumk for 1st Sn, ue Be angie qo path 3H Ota, Yo) = Gta, tate Pate ta a cloaul path: We con olin 4-, @-, or m bath, depending on Hu ty te adjauney speci Hed. ; Wk $ be a Auback 4 pinela th on image. Tie pinela Pp amd 9 art paid to be connected Mos Vh Move tails a path bekween Hum conntaliny entirely of pimela th 8. For ony fined p th S, A Ace A pinela Hed ot conmerted +o ‘ma wed & comneate) componect of S. Bh Vb a only a, one compomt, aud Hot combo rant U6 connester|, Mun Bim colts a comestal Atty Hohket Ro velbveyerk a subset of pitela In on image. We colt Roa Aaffon -f He Tmage if R fx a connect At. Two riginn Re SS ce ees Ond Rj ave aatd +o be adjaunk Mf Huty unten fama a eo Conneetel Ack. Ragin thet ove nok adjacuk are Kate to be disjoit Lod I ° |e out oo} ve ith ods (WS °o 1 0 \ =) KS a© Pm V= ay, Hare TR no pats blo p oml 2% 2067 Ir nog Mraluded J A Ack V. ® V= fact a 3 2 g tT a3 a 6 t ¢ A 3 6—2 i ae car Gud 6 2 N77. 3 5. .3 8 3 OS s toa 3s eae eee Cee Ro4 \ aa He a 3 6 a 5 oan There ta no patr bles bom 9 @ Gresicur 3 \ Q hieaae ° ie “2 \ 1 a 1 4 \ pelo * . Coordinnks 4 plu) = Go) « ZO = (0,3) « DaCbt) = (w-si + (9-t = [3-4] + (0-a) = 6 Pe(b 8) = man ([x-sl, 1 y-t/) = Teen aos 3 tov Bees, Y= {ory a) Petre tx apart —bhe panel __g4 (0 Dom Distemesd Bt Ya Adfiad on te Abarat ovpath bles hr pomia. Teta dLisansr bolo 2 points, bmads one voluss AHL preela along Hu path os well o% jae voluk J Huly Wighboura. py ——_—_oior Tmbportouk Nokes Ts D4 ead Pg dxatens between p amsl JZ are incikendack 4 ory paths Shak might extste bo tH poiudts be cetyze Mane ciatencea Trvdve only to coordinates 4 He pointe Busan D An tmrage AEB VaR ArOwr below. Lak V be ee hee 4 papel retusa ams to alia conmestivily ta Me Tmag. Compute Pa, Dg end Bm addvtancls bw pircels pom L gy W N= [xa w vas (ash Ceordinattn -\ bux) = (6,0) w w gas =) GA) De (be) = [X-a] +1 9-4! = lo-4) + Lo-*h = B onita Be Cpe) = max Cjasl, (et) = + wisAixth metic cberetions Sen Ree ES ens DTW covvirbondi Tare ave aay Operations wick ave carried out betwen Z . iu OAL Piel pater. thu Four ottimeht chesebons are difind i Reine Reduclien, OW Addition » St8 4) = $Oqay + FCM, Crane Radne Oi Dect eee dou = O60 - JOEY & Tmoge Enhencemenk ©) Mak, Modt radios ? yey Hy Pedi (oh Boy qi pli q eadiny Ki ina uy “Ubk pli cabin : bows) = $ COX) & GO, 4) w or a ten Ora s © diWinion Vous) = fooy = YOu © Shading conection Some Tn ortact bolnte: Fmborteut bolts O % the veRute tw & tloabny pei nw buy round eff Hu value @ me ay YEbuth: ts “chove “Aud “pince| range, Adlick Hu man range value BL RULE below die pixel Tome, Adback He min vengy wee, @ Sh ae re RULE VATinGudty usta Tk an gerd. : 8 ExO © Wee to lo lop 5 ae Ge ea # o-oo - 3 Oo to° te howiea OPerationx on Trager: Wo any ® oon Gib Not A ' ‘0 ° too 8 t 6 oo | ° l t: Ho ils ° 6 ae! oot © oo ot -o- @o - --.6 2 o-oo oo —co0 ee " i orsTage Pork operations —[ Trarttomatio’] penis inae = tee Wy art a method f image prochading in wlich each pixel M dhe Cubput Twege ta only dubendad ubon He covrtabonding pirtel tn He whic Image ond ta ndibendiut of HR Lecadion or neighbouring pines Wek Th! be He gray valu ak a point (us) of He Pepa Imoyt BOR) and TA be He grey wale ak a pola Gunn f He cutbat Troye $ Ov), Aen Be poiut operation com be difined OA S= TQ) Whee T tA Ha oink cherction 4% cartath geay- lel mabping velation ahib betwee Hu oxiginal Image and HK oubpuk Image. Bistont kind 4 brecus: (0-255) To = (L-1)) GO Pighkal negative . SaCb-1y-n le Lea = 2 =8 J shay a GY oq cutped imag, range gy | bt mee Highest Prd vole 2g y : A =! 36 Lis be 0-8 alosn ds, bos 12 cle ~ ae AARuming Ate Twos de be =e > PK Imes, oe hee 2 oa a Zz (uomber 4 bike}, LTA &% »(@ Thyesh olching wih T= h=8 lH =3 L-1 Lr p4 s = ° okey + 0 } ° Sfofy fy Tada jo Image Hreabolding ta a Fechvriques in Image Tee OY Proc rning Wed te Atgymont on tmoge Into Acabinct vextons ox object bared on Plorel internal ‘ : Hil | values. Vk Involves selling @ Meoenhold value do sthorate pies into @ orca: thore that meta Grtan crite Cloreqroundy and there cho net mt , Libbing 2 Wit Y= 2 one Nes COXwaya given tue valuts Sor Lee Tmage Cr pbing oF Image mraseing CPI ng ie l-t=4 cupuk Pnage g Ll os 2 sre 5 a t = ala Of, ~otaridtice FI oe Tma ye clibping A o@ bros in DIP lluve a Pov-ton fan image 1 Ackiclesl OF Tglakee and’ te reat 4 de iniege Vs he moved or mads tranapaveut.G) Bit - plane Sketmy!- We need rat, S-bE blane Mse ee tse lay ‘ Plane ae plane First COnvert tis Tabut Image inte bina 9 = oc09 Output Tmege ~ 90) X- e169 = or . 5 Ge 5 Alpe ar Mar AB = B alebe for Linn Be = T k= number 4 bite = Cle ak) K=8Sr , ogh Odkwrufaea) hogandhmie Tran ced S = c Mey uan Cor a conatanb ond TE ig Qaaumed that KO where qrtetent valia tk tab Imag a jag R= number qin)? + ; =e Range 0 — [20 Sk syse = ak @M c= yee 7 tea, 4b) Wwe, cat Clan Us eg, Cee ney = bg ay = aoe 7 a \s deg, UA) = R08 Bo ould — a [omley, CA) = NAS So a = oe: Kaye CM = AS SD ae [ieee Om oe ne “Ph ay = aw ao] le el a peeing ete Oy od ost alias ty ecay = AG we B Bet pe Lee) = 2 ~~ 2 WM ca F a] 128 = te Be came ney 1g, CLO hte) Tea 8 7g,.08 eee eee vo G\xto4 % IAA ae au 24 fay ona 120 Jeyxgos & 1as-88 = 180 er N° lowias —% fie-ge “ya * al fox wat Wass¢ = 120 wae y ~ sneer = RIA = ro ae exci aa = tayeag = PH Wlake os loaDE Raer ines x Srongfer motion: Gamma Correction — a , Trea for mation: y TKI! Enhances shadow detach, ond darkena SiG, $ bag areca alt eg ighae, 7 Whe Cand Y Ore positive comes NablyAta ond Brablins dork Ex. Given = =o : ven c= lo ond Y =02 out pak Ty Trbur Tmage 3 3 2 2 2 a za aia No = 256 = 3 EO e260 =2 4° =2 a = 2 ae =2 ae = 2 BaQ-50 = 2 aq: Image Enhancement en The proeng sy, manipulating tee Image ro qyck He renault A more, “% Auiteble Ahan tu original ter Apeettic. abbticutont. Techniques Combing Hon, Spatial domain, 2 : Ctavelvee, & combination Clavelves diveet Gee tee al Atal mt Ries eNehet etirid requngy coma Mavipulation 4M Fa, pexahy Spiny ) bixets.) the themaderm of On Tac )W Spakial domain @ Niategram Equalis ation BU Revfevm tha Liwtoyram equalization for an 8 x8 Image a1 Abou ee anette lamar d 15.)—4-1-43 Pixela, |: |e it |+ a L pest aameome uence Wivtraram oy Trpak Trmage Histoyan Gray Lively Number of POR) = a Sh Sx eAualliggtion toad Rxela (Pog) . coe S a Ola! otal °-48) 4 F 8 e128 OAc {-8eo za 2 " o-t12 prea BOC 3 4 K ereaas 0: 5005 3.5035 + a to ose O6Sls 4.5455 5 5 is o+a34 08405 6.2835 c t fe 0 0625 0°453 GOT! 7 7Ex2> Pestovon integram equintigation Sor tu following Image | °o 2 4 . 2 o-08 o-12 S04 5 * ° 3 on S04 a 5 2 0-28 \ 00 sce : ° 8 bee 4-60 4 t © BY lee 1-00 7 N= 25 Gray Levels ° 2 “4 Sa ; number | plxds g 8 7 a +D Wiatogram matching (abe citi cation) EEL Grtees ele eee ene oe aa @ 98 Pven by hiategram ©. @ Grey Lnelx ° \ aR 3 4 5 co F ce zo lo OC Number Take Mo frat and lant column + Win tog vam w& ae ee we Yant Awe colums $ Wigtegran cay &) @) « Gray Uve] — Hthtog vam Cauabigahin Wirtogram Equadigedion MH Vy ley . byeh &) ° ° i fo) ‘eS 2 ° 5 ® © f © e 6 &. a ee ee 7 Goay tye o 2 3 + 5 & 4 pet ° ° o go 80 10 1 ZoExar Given Wirt gran A Ce), meodity Wustogram f@) OA given by Watogran Cb) Ca) Ser lively 0 |, x i 3a 245 122 8] MPEY bitele Cryy 790 tozs- aso 656 b) : Ber 6 + Gray livel ° 1 2 3 ne “end Cl4 Nember 4 pina 6 o Git 813 [2% "8Niatogram mateling or Hiatogram Sbecification trans fovmedion of Or image Ao thot ita Wategram mater o Abecitred | nite ence Ki mtogram FT goat Lintegvom equaligation in to produ on output Vege thot her a flattened Listegram. # THs geal Lintegy am matehing (te take on input Image Ona Generate an output image drat ta bane upon Hae Ahshe YO Bhecitic Cor stlerter) Lintegoam, ExO: Giver Kintogram @ 2 (6), modify Limtogrom cay aa Yen by Lp tegram w. @ s@rytyd of 1 2 3 * 5 6 F Noo Pines. 749 Joxs 850 656 329 245 [24 8) (&) Gray Level o 1 2 3 + i G t Ne. -4 bined, ° O 64 BIS faze BIS etyFundamentals | spatial Fiterng THE home (title? x borrowed from frequmney demain prectaaing. St barically yelews to accebbling (Parsing ) or Aajecking curkain frequimey Components. A filter thok pasaea tow brequincien im cabled Lewbaxs filter, . HA (tks Hat parrcr f Ligh treqyaneter ta cabled Lighbors 4G Mew: We con accomblianh a Amilar Ameoothing Aivectly on We ‘moe ‘adh LOnIng Abotial filters Colne catld masks, Rerntle temblo dan and Loin dowry. TF heredity @ Correlation e : fou * 909 = to GG my den Hore gen = fo Fem). gourmrden 2 ~* Ly conjugate 44 Sir bet T= 10,0, 1, 0,0} be an image. Uning the maak K= L320), perform Ha convolution. ® 26 padding precisa bor convolution Tr convdution proasa, we have to rotate Hy dernel by Lect, es 3 B23 Bx t axo + zxe =6 © © © © 1 © g ao Outbuk tA © Located at Hu Bere Jeo padding Padding Canter biel th Tnitras Position Template 5 9 aa FFE ota cesGib Porition opie one phiht Template In alitted by one bid, 3 CNe oO Baqi Fined output Cos aeon ( Porition abt a Abilis Templede 1a Abibtel by one bit again 3a i? Ceo \ ocoo 3 ‘ ©) Portion abky 3 AWA e223 Oe OS) 6) at sel a oo 2 Smiterly, we cum pruceed. 3 correlakion: a eanen, AB MET = ho,0,1, 0,0} be an Imag. Bring the mea k K = 43,28), perform Bu comelaton O° ser0 Padding prouan ter correlahon 328 Bare © cS © 1 O96 gg a —> 3eo podding “Seo padding Wh) Thi avad boston Tembleg he. 3 8 4 3 Onoep ° a o @ ° °Cd position, abt one Abibts 3 3 io. 20 CeO ISO rg os owP UY Porition abi +we Alipts 3 2 dD S eo 6 \ ° 0 08 a Curpuk 1A Binal ouipuks 0 o8 23°00 O32. kt T= 3 8 be an image and K=(! 2) = 3 > + be a kernel Cmeak). Pevferm convolution and correla hen, D Convetuckon “ 2 Rotate Re ened by Iaet 1 3 + eet era + | -2) (3 i) 3+ out put ober re ) ° a) o 6 ° tered = 3 3 °o oe 7 o = | ° 3 6.0 oo a IG ° ki = ie >) 2@ 4 0 0 = 3 b) Ahikt by one bit a 45 © 3 3st0 ° ° 3 > ° i oo 9 O©) 3 39 C8 o o3 o .8@ pean ol COwuwn € oO Goeo WM 3 4 € 6 ss ee " eta o 0 9 = \a © 0 © see ° Ss o 8 [b) Te hernel by eek. for correlation, Perform hu rame Artes without 9 0 24 0 3.0 oO rotatingroti ts <éea9 eee eeere! oF 2Smoothing Spakiot RUeing ee pepe aaa # Smoothing fin ore Uned her bhusing and neine veduction, Fy Buring WR urned tn Prebrocsaning tasks, Auch ci vemevell + Amal drei k trom an image pres to ohjech extraction. 4 Noine veduction can be acomphi Mute, by bluaring with a Entar ARM ond ola by non-Uneer Aitionng «| Smeotlning Shakil biieiny aN Liner Adtoing Non inter fellas Core = Atatighe Alter) Mea. ot ie. F pines Wei gteteal Seusrion Medion — max mi Overage — hiltey filler ithe haley : Jyibter F Smeothing Linear bose “Thy are atko known an averaging filters Cor) Leubuas filler GR hey are aim bly Ae average 4 fe pirela containd in dtu ned A Me Aker mask, Ts brocixn © whos? chonsiions tn nAUUA IK an image with riduad NEIRE Aaduckon. Wtengitves uolich, ubtimaely Lads +e © Bor Wher Thus Fitter, ath He coef ctedy are egal, ty ji y it 5 : > mark 3x3 ® Weighted average - (aveey trem) ave +e oukpuk Location. mort (Was) Weigak te picelkntay t zig 1¢* * »@r L 2 maak t@ Gousgion Midker- te weigicka ove Aamblis 4 ad Grouranion functor 9 | Cte) E ahd = \ - SS Cp Gauanion Se ees Sanichion) eos oo — Abd chy. \6 2 4 2 > mak 1 ail > uned te bluy edger and yeduct contrark. > aimilar to midion Cbter buk ta hoster. Non- Lintar Cordsr- statistcay bible . ng ee CaO : / wu pene ta boned oy Ree ordering, Cromking ) t. Pixela conteivud ww tue Mage area @ encombaaged by He AgLer, nd. on riblacing We vols -) He etntey pircel With AK “volur delevminid by Hu nowking arault. Wo miction filter Aind dur medion a OU Ru pixel, volun, Ama” Llker — btw! star mininnd nt AoW. BO pire valine BD. Moo fidker - Hind MA mardimum of alt He pircel volun: AL! Connicy Hu image below and calculate Hu. subbed mh Ae Pinel (2,2) 4 Ameo Haitng tn dene wring. 3X3 nbd haing AU Hu 4ultes below: » Bon | Mean -Hitev 5 b) WAKA OY erage fiber 2 D midtan they ; A) Mn Aber Bx SD mon they ~ - 4 °o@-W Box fi ttert- 4x f \ i 1 2 Fg Lexis axa sere a xr Oxi + axle 2X +oxrtixt] et = e424] = 4.¢7 = 5 G tz tublaud by 5 4) Weightesl diMer ! fe load A +2 ees = 7 = jg [7 + let Ht arate let ato tty] = Legs & = t Lei] = Ss6ase 5 & ta rebloud by 5 D Median titer: 9, 1 a, 4 fl 6, 7,28,9 Median = 5 d) min Aitte 1 Min relur = 0 © men hte t man volur = 9 G2 Conaider po Aellowing 4 x4 Tmege. Apply abl Hu below - Mentiond ttiera ond wah Hu output WD Bex | mean AR Lew D Weignted average tutte B56 1g a Is + ) Teedion fed fey 6 oi 4 4 Din fibre ° Se lo mn 5Fewo Imbortont Quationn a Why Miclion filter 12. better teom tan mean filter? An Medion Atte ta Mermally ured to veduur noire ih cn Image, Atmilay te Mu eta Atlter. However, 1 often Sleek 0 beter Seb thon oan ki in Precewy ing wrttat Atal tr an trrene | Medktan Jitter hos Heo moty Odvouteytns Tee midian tk a more robust average thon Ha mean Onl ao a Angle Vey unvebresentative pixel ha rbd WIN nek attert tu mudltan value Aigni cantly. Sima He mution value UAE ockuslly be He valid) one a Re Pie\siina: aie Wha jhe meelran Aitter clota net ertate NEW Unrealingio Pivtel voluus whin He hth Atradd ia Om edge. Wurteve, Mb ia mock be they ot Prederving Abore CAPA Moon de min Atty, aE Note man Hitter TA better ok duabing with Gauraian notae than madion Uber _ ® mason iki A better af chiding with Aalt ond Pepper notae thon ncn Ag Dew.BA Wile clown a ew obbrockis te dual width mrARIng edge bowls Ayer a dew abhroaechin to doling voith nM Aang edge piney ores D Omik MIARING binela Ten works with acme Sibtern. Can odd extra code omd Alow down (pro cenring tod. Vevene Tabieady with either all niche or alt black, pinela. ® Rebiicoke Lordy pine ber wa AUbbeac, ue heave on ImageD Trumeate ta image 5) Allowo pinela wre around te image. Con cause Aome Atrange Image arkfada. * Bee padding X Pinel Aablication 0 oo oc 0 Ly oa 33 ee lee) \ foc ss ole 5 € jo ela 5B ¢ p a @ So 4 @ Sa © 6 o 0 © i 23 3 * Wrabbing piney 31 a 7 aut eae, el4 5 ¢ fa 917 8 3 I 2 3 L