Pharmaceutical Resonance 2020 Vol.

3 - Issue 1

RESEARCH ARTICLE

HERBAL FACE WASH GEL OF CY NODON DACTY LON

HAVING ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTI - INFLAMMATORY
ACTION

P. K. Mane*, Aniket Dangare

Satara College of Pharmacy, Satara

1. INTRODUCTION types of pollutants from the skin of the face. This

1.1 Skin care preparations helps to unclog pores and prevent skin conditions
such as acne. A cleanser can be used as part of a skin
The skin care preparations has grown phenomenally care regimen together with a toner and moisturizer(2).
over the years. People utilize a range of skin care
preparations, from mouth wash, from lipsticks to b) Advantages of face wash
complexion creams to foot powders and so on, in the  It helps to remove dead skin cells that helps
hope of developing a charming personality, new skin cells replace old one
protecting their bodies and avoiding bad smell. Skin  It helps to keep skin fresh and healthy.
care preparations are described as substances that are  It makes the skin to look radiant
intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled and sprayed  The mixture of dead skin cells and
on or, introduced into or otherwise applied to human excessive oil clog pores, which can lead to
body or any part of body , for cleansing, beautifying, acne white heads, blackheads and total
promoting attractiveness or altering the appearance of weary appearance. Exfoliating the pores
skin(1). regularly, avoids all the above skin
Ayurveda describes the role of various herbs like problems.
amla, haldi in cosmetic preparations. Ladies of  Removing dead skin cells that means your
eighteenth century, europe, whitened their faces with skin will develop wrinkles at a slower pace
(2).
lead carbonate without knowing what harm they were
doing to themselves-many of them died from lead c) Properties of face - wash :
poisoning (1).  The exfoliation accelerates the blood
circulation and promotes skin regeneration
1.2 Skin care preparation for face : and rejuvenation.
 Cleansing creams and lotions  Facial pores and Oily skin is caused by over
 Compact powders secretion of sebum by sebaceous glands
 Rouges which clogs the makes the skin oilier.
 Face packs and masks  Oily skin requires cleansers with herbs and
 Face washes(2) botanicals which will clean the pores and
reduce oil buildup. These exfoliating
1.3 Face Wash : cleansers contain anti-inflammatory agents
a) Definition and antioxidants that improve and nourish
the damaged skin.
A cleanser is a facial care product that is used to  Known for its beneficial properties, herbal
remove makeup, dead skin cells, oil, dirt, and other face wash is used to treat acne and pimples.
Containing rich plant-based ingredients like
neem, herbal face wash removes excess oil
without removing nutrients from the skin.
 It should be stable and should have a good
appearance.
P. K. Mane
Satara College of Pharmacy  It should soften on application to the skin.
Satara  It should spread easily without dragging.
 During application it should not have oily or
greasy feel.
 After evaporation of water the cream
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 Pharmaceutical Resonance 2020 Vol. 3 - Issue 1

residue should not become viscous. Examples ; Lycopene, Vitamin A, Vitamin C,

 Its physical action should be that of flushing Vitamin E. (5)
on the skin and pore opening rather than
absorption. Gelling agent
 A thin emollient film should remain on the Gelling Agents are ingredients that will turn water or
skin after its use (2). oil, phase into a gel, which is thickened but, without
stiffness. Emulsions thickened with gelling agents
d) Uses of face-wash will be more mobile, and fluid, than rather than stiff.
 To remove all traces of makeup every day Some of these gels will thin when force is applied
 For cleansing the skin. (thixotropic) and return to viscosity when the force is
 Anti-aging, removed. These gels make it possible to create thick
 Bath and renewal keeping the skin clean and products, that can be shaken, or stirred under high
shiny. shear, for easier bottling, or for spraying.
 Stimulates there generation of the skin cells Examples; carbopol 940, carbopol 934. (6)
and their renewal.
 Help plug the pores clear(2). Preservative

e) Agents use in face wash The primary reason for using preservatives is to make
foods safer by eliminating the influence of biological
i) Therapeutic agents use in face wash factors. The greatest threat to consumers is that of
food being spoiled, or from becoming toxic by the
Antimicrobial effect of microorganisms (e.g. bacteria, yeast,
In its broadest definition, an antimicrobial is an agent moulds) occurring in them.
that interferes with the growth and reproduction of Some of these organisms can secrete poisonous
bacteria. While antibiotics and antimicrobials both substances (“toxins”), which are dangerous to human
attack bacteria, these terms have evolved over the health and can even be fatal.
years to mean two different things. Antimicrobial are
now most commonly described as agents used to Examples; methyl paraben, propyl paraben.(7)
disinfect surfaces and eliminate potentially harmful
bacteria (3). Humectants

Anti-inflammatory The humectants are a hygroscopic substance used to

keep things moist; it is the opposite of a desiccant. It
It is the property of a substance or treatment that is often a molecule with several hydrophilic groups,
reduces inflammation or swelling. Anti-inflammatory most often hydroxyl groups; however, amines and
drugs make up about half of analgesics, remedying carboxyl groups, sometimes esterified, can be
pain by reducing inflammation as opposed to opioids, encountered as well (its affinity to form hydrogen
which affect the central nervous system to block pain bonds with molecules of water is the crucial trait).
signaling to the brain (4). They are used in many products, including food,
cosmetics, medicines and pesticides.
Anti-acne
The humectants attract and retains the moisture in the
Acne is a skin disorder that leads to an outbreak of air nearby via absorption, drawing the water vapor
lesions called pimples or "zits." The most common into and/or beneath the organism/object's surface.
form of the disease in adolescents is
called acne vulgaris. Antiacne drugs are the Examples; Propylene glycol, hexylene glycol, and
medicines that help clear up the pimples, blackheads, butylene glycol.(8)
whiteheads, and more severe forms of lesions that
occur when a teen has acne (4) Foaming agent

ii) Additives used in face wash A foaming agent is a material that facilitates
formation of foam such as a surfactant or a blowing
Antioxidants agent. A surfactant, when present in small amounts,
reduces surface tension of a liquid (reduces the work
Antioxidants are manmade or natural substances that needed to create the foam) or increases its colloidal
may prevent or delay some types of cell damage. stability by inhibiting coalescence of bubbles. A
Antioxidants are found in many foods, including blowing agent is a gas that forms the gaseous part of
fruits and vegetables. They are also available as the foam.
dietary supplements.
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 Pharmaceutical Resonance 2020 Vol. 3 - Issue 1
Examples; Sodium lauryl sulfate, azodicarbonamide, population depends on natural products for their
titanium hydride.(9) health care, because of side effects inflicted and
rising cost of modern medicine. World Health
4. Herb in face wash Organization currently recommends and encourages
a) Advantages of Herbal Cosmetics over traditional herbal cures in natural health care
Synthetic cosmetics programs as these drugs are easily available at low
cost and are comparatively safe (10).
Herbal cosmetics are the modern trend in the field of
beauty and fashion. These agents are gaining 4. Not tested on animals
popularity as most women prefer natural products Some cosmetics are initially tested on animals to
over chemicals for their personal care to enhance ensure that they are safe and effective to use for
their beauty as these products supply the body with human. However, natural cosmetics need not be
nutrients and enhance health and provide satisfaction tested on animals. These natural formulations are
as these are free from synthetic chemicals and have tested by experts in laboratories using state of the art
relatively less side-effects compared to the synthetic equipment with no animals involved (10).
cosmetics. Following are some of the advantages of
using natural cosmetics which make them a better 5. No Side Effects
choice over the synthetic ones:
The synthetic beauty products can irritate your skin,
1. Compatible with all skin types and cause pimples. They might block your pores and
make your skin dry or oily. With natural cosmetics,
Natural cosmetics are suitable for all skin types. No one need not worry about these. The natural
matter if you are dark or fair, you will find natural ingredients used assure no side effects; one can apply
cosmetics like foundation, eye shadow, and lipstick them anytime, anywhere. For example herbal
which are appropriate irrespective of your skin tone. cosmetics are free from parabens that are the most
Women with oily or sensitive skin can also use them widely used preservative in cosmetics and can
and never have to worry about degrading their skin penetrate the skin and are suspected of interfering
condition. Coal tar-derived colors are used with hormone function.to clear up mild to moderately
extensively in cosmetics, Coal tar is recognized as a severe acne. Isotretinoin (Accutane) is an oral drug
human carcinogen and the main concern with that is prescribed only for very severe, disfiguring
individual coal tar a color (whether produced from acne.(10)
coal tar or synthetically) is they can cause cancer. But
natural colors that obtained from herbs are safer(10). b) Cynodon Doctylon ( Bermuda Grass )
2. Wide selection to choose from Cynodon doctylon is a perennial grass, is one the
most common occurring weeds in India. It is
Natural cosmetics may still be a new type in the commonly known as dhub, doob or harialil; other
beauty industry but they already offer a variety of common names include durba (Bengali), garikoihallu
beauty products for all make up crazy people out (Kanarese), durva (Marathi), durva or haritali
there to choose from. One will find a variety of (Sanskrit), arugampullu (Tamil), garikagoddi (Telug)
foundation, eye shadow, lipstick, blush, mascara, and dhubkhabbal (Punjabi) . It is a resilient, perennial
concealer and many more which are all naturally grass distributed all over the world and especially it is
formulated. Furthermore, one will find locally made native to the warm temperate and tropical regions. It
natural cosmetics or those made by famous designers is a creeping grass, very tough, drought resistant,
worldwide. light green in colour, has a coarse texture, and fast
There exist large variety of herbal extracts, to name a growing. It is found in short cylindrical pieces about
few Andrographis Paniculata (Kalmegh), Asparagus 3 to 20 mm long & 2 to 3 or sometimes 4 mm in
Racemosus (Shatawari), Boswellia Serrata (Salai diameter.
Guggal), Asphalt (Shilajit) etc(10). Cynodon dactylon is a traditional medicine in India
3. Fits your budget and has a renowned position for minor treatments.
Also having wide range of antimicrobial, anti-
Natural cosmetics are not that expensive. In fact, inflammatory, anti-acne activity.(11,16,17)
some of these products are more affordable than
synthetic ones. They are offered at discounted prices Taxonomical Classification of Cynodon Dactylon
(11)
and are sold for a cheap price during sales. Just need
to survey enough to look for great deals. An estimate  Kingdom – Plantae
of WHO demonstrates about 80% of world  Division – Magneliophyta

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 Pharmaceutical Resonance 2020 Vol. 3 - Issue 1

 Class – Liliopsida IUPAC name : Poly (acr ylic acid)

 Order – Cyperales
 Family – Poaceae Other names : PAA, PAAc, Acr ysol, Acumer .
 Genus – Cynodon Chemical formula : (C3H4O2)n
 Species – Cynodon dactylon
Molar mass : var iable
I. Chemical Constituents
USES: Polyacr ylic acid and its der ivatives ar e
Cynodon dactylon plant extract contain chemical used in disposable diapers, ion exchange resins and
constituents like flavonoids, glycoside sugars, sterols, adhesives. They are also popular as thickening, dis-
steroidal saponins, phenols, alkaloids, tannins,
proteins, carbohydrate and amino acid having persing, suspending and emulsifying agents in phar-
different biological activity. maceuticals, cosmetics and paints.
II. Drug Profile of Herbal Face Wash 2. Methyl paraben
a) Herbal medicines Structure :
Cynodon Doctylon ( Bermuda Grass )

IUPAC name : Methyl 4hydr oxybenzoate

Other names : Methyl par aben
Chemical Formula : C8H8O3
Molar mass : 152.15 g·mol−1
Uses : Methyl par aben is an antifungal agent often
used in a variety of cosmetics and personalcare prod-
Fig. No.1 Cynodon dactylon ucts.

Synonym: Ber muda gr ass, har iali, dhur va. It is also used as a food preservative.

Biological source : Cynodon dactylon. Methyl paraben is commonly used as a fungicide in

Drosophila food media.
Family: Poaceae.
3. Propyl paraben
Use : Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic,
Antioxidant, Antiseptic, Anti-acne. Structure:

b) Excipient Profile
1. Carbapol
Structure

IUPAC name : pr opyl 4hydr oxybenzoate..

Other names : 4Hydr oxybenzoesäur epr opylester ;
Chemical formula : C10H12O3
Molar mass : 180.2 g/mol
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 Pharmaceutical Resonance 2020 Vol. 3 - Issue 1

Density : 1.0630 g / cm 3 unsaturated polyester resins. In this regard, propylene

glycol reacts with a mixture of unsaturated maleic
Melting Point : 96 to 99 °C ( 205 to 210 °F; 369 to anhydride and isophthalic acid to give a copolymer.
372 K ) This partially unsaturated polymer undergoes further
crosslinking to yield thermoset plastics.
Use : In cosmetics, phar maceuticals and foods.
6. Sodium lauryl sulphate
4. Triethanolamine
Structure :
Structure :

IUPAC Name : Sodium laur yl sulfate

Other Names : Sodium monododecyl sulfate
IUPAC Name : Tr is (2hydr oxyethyl) Amine Chemical Formula : NaC12H25SO4
Other Names : Tr iethylolamine
Molar Mass : 288.372 g/mol
Chemical Formula : C 6H15NO3
Density : 1.01 g/ cm3
Molar Mass : 149.19 g·mol−1
Melting point : 206 °C (403 °F; 479 K)
Density : 1.124 g mL −1
Use : SLS is mainly used in deter gents for laundr y
Melting Point : 21.60 °C; 70.88 °F; 294.75 K with many cleaning applications.SLS is a highly
Use :Tr iethanolamine is used pr imar ily as an effective surfactant and is used in any task requiring
emulsifier and surfactant. It is a common ingredient the removal of oily stains and residues.(12)
in formulations used for both industrial and consumer III. Formulation Of Herbal Face Wash
products. The triethanolamine neutralizes fatty acids,
In our formulation we have selected active agents like
adjusts and buffers the pH, and solubilises oils and Bermuda grass extract to achieve anti-bacterial
other ingredients that are not completely soluble in property. Face wash gel was formulated for that
water. purpose carbapol 940 was used as gelling agent.
Methyl and propyl paraben were used as
5. Propylene glycol preservatives. Triethanolamine was used as alkalizing
agent to achieve good stability. Propylene glycol was
Structure : added it also gives emollient effect on skin. Sodium
lauryl sulphate was added to produce foam. The
formulation ingredient and its concentration are
shown in table no. 2.
Extraction Procedure
The whole part of C. dactylon was cleaned by
IUPAC Name : Pr opane1, 2 diol distilled water and shade dried for 24 Hrs in a drying
chamber at 40–500C and powdered using a
Other Names : Pr opylene glycol mechanical blender. Approximately, 100 g of plant
Chemical Formula : C 3H8O2 powder was later soaked into 200ml of ethanol and
shaken on a platform shaker at 150rpm with
Molar Mass : 76.10 g·mol−1 temperature of 250C to obtain extract. The soaking
process was repeated three days for a complete
Density : 1.036 g/ cm3 extraction. After 3 days content were filtered out by
Melting point : −59 °C (−74 °F; 214 K) using simple filtration method and filtrates were
collected in separate vessel.(13, 14)
Use : For ty five per cent of pr opylene glycol
produced is used as chemical for the production of

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 Pharmaceutical Resonance 2020 Vol. 3 - Issue 1

Table No. 2 : For mulation table for her bal face IV. Result
wash Therefore three different batches of Cynodon
Sr. Name of ingredients Property dactylon were prepared having varing concentrations.

Ethanolic extract of Of the three batches( Table No. 2 ), F2 batch showed

1 Antibacterial optimized results for the properties of gel and
Cynodon dactylon
evaluation parameters were evaluated for the F2
2 Carbopol 940 Gelling agent
batch,
3 Methyl paraben Preservative
4 Propyl paraben Preservative
5 Triethanolamine Neutralizer
6 Propylene glycol Humectant
7 Sodium lauryl sulphate Foaming agent
8 Distilled water Vehicle

Fig. No.4 : For mulations of her bal gel batches a

F1,F2,and F3
V. Evaluation
The prepared face wash formulation was evaluated
for following parameter (15, 16)
1. Colour : The colour of the face wash
Fig. No.2 : Plant powder with ethanol formulation was checked visually.
Fig. No.3 : Mixtur e on magnetic shaker For 2. Odour : The for mulation was evaluated for
complete extraction its odour by smelling it.
Preparation of face wash 3. Consistency :It was deter mined manually.
1) Carbapol 940 was dispersed in of distilled 4. pH : pH of 1% aqueous solution of the
water and the beaker was kept aside to swell the formulation was measured by using a caliberated
carbapol 940 to form gel. digital pH meter at constant temperature.
2) Take distilled water and required quantity of 5. Spreadability : The spr eadibility is
methyl paraben and propyl paraben were taken determined by using spreadibilty testing apparatus. It
and dissolved by heating on water bath, consist of wodden block, which is provided by pulley
solution was cooled and propylene glycol 400 at one end. By this method the spreadibilty was
and sodium lauryl sulphate were added. measured on the basis of ‘slip’ and ‘Drag’ placed on
3) Further required quantity of extract was mixed the ground slidethe gel was sandwitched between the
to the above mixture and add this solution into slide load of 1 kg was kept on slab so that gel will get
the carbapol 940 gel with continuous stirring spreaded without air bubbles , Excess of gel was
and triethanolamine was added dropwise to the scrapped off . Later on, 20 kg of standard weight was
formulation for adjustment of required skin pH placed in pulley with the help of string attached to
and to obtain the gel at required consistency. hook and time required to move till the end was noted
(14) and the length of spreaded gel is also noted.

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 Pharmaceutical Resonance 2020 Vol. 3 - Issue 1

Table No. 3 : For mulation table for differ ent batches

Sr. No. Name of ingredients F1 F2 F3
1 Ethanolic extract of Cynodon dactylon 0.3gm 1gm 0.3gm
2 Carbopol 940 0.5gm 1.5gm 2gm
3 Methyl paraben 0.03gm 0.06gm 0.06gm
4 Propyl paraben 0.03gm 0.03gm 0.03gm
5 Triethanolamine q.s. 0.36ml q.s.
6 Propylene glycol 1ml 2.5ml 1.5ml
7 Sodium lauryl sulphate 1gm 2.5gm 3.5gm
8 Distilled water q.s. to 30ml q.s. to 30ml q.s. to 30ml
Spreadability was then calculated by using formula 6. Washability: For mulation was applied on the
skin and then ease and extent of washing with
S= M x L = 20 x 11 = 3.38 gm.cm / sec water was checked manually.
T 65
7. Foamability : Small amount of gel was taken
Where, S = is spreadability. in a beaker containing water. Initial volume was
L = length moved by glass slide. noted, beaker was shaken for 10 times and the
final volume was noted.
M = weight in the pan.
8. Viscosity : About 10ml of for mulated sample
T= time taken to separate the slide com was taken in the beaker and checked on digital
pletely from each other. viscometer and record the observation were
recorded.

Fig.No.7 : Foamability test

Fig. No.5 : Spr eadability appar atus.

Fig. No.6 : Washability test Fig. No.8 : Br ookfield viscometer

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 Pharmaceutical Resonance 2020 Vol. 3 - Issue 1

Table No.4 : Obser vation and Evaluation of [10] Sharma A, Shanker C, Tyagi LK, Singh M, Rao
Herbal Face wash ChV“Herbal Medicine for Market Potential in
India : An overview”. Academic Journal of
Plant Sciences 1,(2008): 26-36.
Sr. No. Parameters Observations
[11] Ekta chandel* and Bhupender kumar,
1 Colour Dark green “Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical
2 Odour Characteristic analysis of Cynodon dactylon:A Review”,
3 Consistency Semisolid World journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical
4 PH 7.4 sciences volume 4 2015,(2015), page no.
515-530.
5 Spreadability 3.38gm.cm/sec
6 Washability Washable [12] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
7 Foamability Foam appears [13] S. Abdullah, J. Gobilik and K. P. Chong.“In
8 Viscosity 4406.3 cps Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Cynodon
dactylon (L.) Pers. (bermuda) Against
VI. Conculsion Selected Pathogens”.
Herbal face wash gel containing Cynodon dactylon [14] Seema Yuvraj Mendhekar*, Pratik Bharat
extract was formulated successfully by using Thorat, Nikita Nivruti Bodke, Jadhav S. L,
carbapol 940 as gelling agent. Three batches were “Formulation and evaluation of gel
formulated, out of that, batch F2 shows better results containing neem, turmeric, aloe vera, green tea
for formation of the gel. Evaluation tests were carried and lemon extract with activated charcoal and
out for batch F2 as colour, consistency, pH, honey” European journal of pharmaceutical
spreadability, washability and foamability it showed and medical research,2017, 4(12), page no. 439
compatible results. So from the studies it was -443.
concluded that the prepared formulation can be
effectively used for facial care. [15] Harsharan Pal Singh*1, Neeraj Samnhotra1,2,
Sumeet Gullaiya3, Ishpreet Kaur4,“Anti-acne
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