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Chap 7

This document provides basic definitions and concepts related to polymers. It defines a polymer as a large molecule built by repeating monomer units that are covalently linked. The degree of polymerization refers to the number of repeating units in a polymer molecule. Polymers are classified based on their origin, the chemical reaction used to create them, and their structure and end use properties. Key classifications include natural vs synthetic polymers, addition vs condensation polymerization reactions, and elastomers, fibers, resins and plastics based on their mechanical properties and applications.

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28 views

Chap 7

This document provides basic definitions and concepts related to polymers. It defines a polymer as a large molecule built by repeating monomer units that are covalently linked. The degree of polymerization refers to the number of repeating units in a polymer molecule. Polymers are classified based on their origin, the chemical reaction used to create them, and their structure and end use properties. Key classifications include natural vs synthetic polymers, addition vs condensation polymerization reactions, and elastomers, fibers, resins and plastics based on their mechanical properties and applications.

Uploaded by

Swe Zin Zaw Myint
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 7

High Polymer
Basic Definitions
Polymer
-Is a large molecule built by the repetition of small , simple
chemical unit called monomer.
-Covalently –linked
-103 to 107

Monomer
-simple molecule with two or more binding sites through
which it forms covalent linkage with other monomer
molecules to form the macromolecules.
e.g alkenes, vinyl chloride, adipic acid ( two bonding sites)
NH3, H2O , CH3CH2OH are not monomers
Polymerization
-The chemical reaction in which a monomer is converted to the
polymer under specific conditions.
-Monomer initiator required Polymer

vinyl chloride peroxide PVC


Cl

n[ CH2=CH –Cl ] [ CH2 - CH ]n

Functionality
No. of bonding sites present in a molecule of the monomer.

CH2 =CH2 (ethene) bonding sites =2 functionality = 2 bifunctional

CH3-CH =CH2 (propene), CH2 = CHCl (vinyl chloride),


OH - OH

CH2 - CH2 di-ol [H2N-(CH2)6 –NH2] hexamethylene- Diamine,


Degree of polymerization(DP)
The no. of repeating units present in a polymer molecule.

n[ CH2= CH2] [CH2 - CH2 ]n

n = a whole number , the degree of polymerization

Molar mass of = degree of x molar mass


addition polymer polymerization of monomer

Mn = DP x molar mass of monomer

Polymer do not have the same DP and show variation in molar mass.
# only average DP and average molar mass (Mn) #
Molar masses of polymers
(i) Number average molar mass Mn
(ii) Weight average molar mass Mw

(i) Number average molar mass Mn

n1M1 + n2M2 + …….. + niMi niMi


Mn = =
n1 + n2 + ………… + ni ni

n1 = molecules have molar mass M1 n2 = molecules have molar mass M2

Mn is the ratio of the sum of molar masses of individual molecules to


the total number of molecules in the mixture.
(ii) Weight average molar mass Mw

w1M1 + w2M2 + …….. + wiMi wiMi


Mw = =
w1 + w2 + ………… + wi wi
w1 = the mass of polymers with molar mass M1
w
Numbers of moles n= , w =nM
M
n1M21 + n2M22 + …….. + niM2i niM2i
Mw = =
n1M1 + n2M2 + ………… + niMi niMi

Mw Distribution ratio
Mw Mn , 1
Mn

Mw
= 1, the polymer is homogeneous & contains polymers of same chain length
Mn

> 1 The degree of heterogeneity of the polymer


Classification of polymers
1. Origin of the polymer
-Natural -Synthetic (man made)
Starch, cellulose, protein,silk, polyethene, polystryene,
jute,wool rubber PVC, bakelite

Some polymers are semi-synthetic polymers which are modified natural


polymers, cellulose acetate & cellulose nitrate.

2. Nature of the chemical reaction


Addition Condensation
•Olifinic monomer (=) *two different monomers
• no elimination of by-product *elimination of by-product
•DP x Mr of monomer *DP x Mr of repeating units
e.g PVC , polyethene ,plexiglass e.g nylon, polyester , bakelite
3. Structure and end use
Elastomers Fibers Resins plastics
Large elongation Thin thread -like Low molar mass in Polymers:
when stretched, liquid or semisolid Molded into desired
retain their shape on form. articles by
releasing force.
Temperature&
pressure
Polymer chain is No deformation. They may undergo
long & coiled and Long chain molecular further
in between chains strains held together polymerization ---
only weak force of by H-bonding. plastics (HMM)
attraction .
Flexible. Rigid. Intermolecular Intermolecular
Intermolecular force intense. Fit. force are neither
forces low, chains Crystallinity high nor low.
do not fit . permanent Rigidity, stability,
mechanical
Pg 228 strength at T &P.
Natural rubber, Wool, silk, cotton , Phenol – PVC, Plexiglass,
Buna-S rubber nylon ,terylene, formaldehyde PMMA

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