Geometry (2D)

Complementary & Supplementary Angles:

➔∠A & ∠B are said to be complementary, if ∠A + ∠B = 90° &
Complement of ∠A = 90° - ∠A
➔∠A & ∠B are said to be supplementary, if ∠A + ∠B = 180° &
Supplement of ∠A = 180° - ∠A

Ex1. Find the measure of an angle, which is equal to one-fifth of its

complement.
Sol: Let, the measure of the angle = ∠A
1
Given, ∠A = (90 - ∠A) → ∠A = 15°
5
Parallel lines & Transversals
→ ∠1 = ∠3 , ∠2 = ∠4 , ∠5 = ∠7 , ∠6 = ∠8 (Opposite ∠s)
→ ∠1 = ∠5 , ∠2 = ∠6 , ∠4 = ∠8 , ∠3 = ∠7 (Corresponding ∠s)
→ ∠4 = ∠6 , ∠3 = ∠5 (Alternate interior ∠s)
→ ∠1 = ∠7 , ∠2 = ∠8 (Alternate exterior ∠s)
→∠1 + ∠2 = ∠2 + ∠3 = ∠3 + ∠4 =
∠1 + ∠4 = ∠5 + ∠6 = ∠6 + ∠7 =
∠7 + ∠8 = ∠5 + ∠8 = 180° (Linear ∠s)
→ ∠4 + ∠5 = ∠3 + ∠6 = 180° (Interior ∠s)
→∠1 + ∠8 = ∠2 + ∠7 = 180° (Exterior ∠s)
Ex2. In the given figure, lines l and m are parallel.
If ∠1 + ∠6 = 120°,then find ∠4.

Ex3. In the given figure AB||CD, CD||EF, BC||DE

and ∠BCD = 30°. Find ∠DEG.
Triangles
♦ If a, b and c are the respective lengths of the sides of
a triangle, then
a+b>c →❶ &
a–b<c →❷

Ex4: In triangle ABC, AB = 6 cm, BC = 11 cm and CA = x cm. What is the

range of x ? (in cm)

(1) 6 < x < 11 (2) 4 < x < 6 (3) 5 < x < 17 (4) 6 < x < 17 (5) 3 < x < 16
♦ Each external angle = Sum of opposite internal angles
θ = ∠A + ∠B

Ex5: In the given figure, ∠ABC = 2∠ACB and ∠ACD = 130°. Find ∠BAC.
Types of triangles (Based on angles)

❶ Acute triangle: All angles are less than 90°

𝑎 2 + 𝑏2 > 𝑐 2

❷ Right triangle: One angle measures 90°

𝑎 2 + 𝑏2 = 𝑐 2
1
Area = 𝑏ℎ
2

❸ Obtuse triangle: One angle measures greater than 90°

𝑎 2 + 𝑏2 < 𝑐 2
Types of triangles (Based on lengths of sides)
❶ Scalene triangle: All sides with different lengths
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
Area = 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐) where 𝑠 =
2
𝑎𝑏𝑐
Area = = 𝑟𝑠, where r = radius of smaller circle &
4𝑅
R = radius of bigger circle

❷ Isosceles triangle: 2 sides equal in length

𝑏
Area = 4𝑎 2 − 𝑏 2
4

❸ Equilateral triangle: All sides with equal measures

3
Area = 𝑎2
4
Ex6. The given triangle is a/an ____

(1) Acute triangle (2) Equilateral triangle (3) Obtuse triangle

(4) Isosceles triangle (5) Right triangle

Some important cases of right-angled triangles
❶ 30°- 60°- 90° triangle ❷ 45°- 45°- 90° triangle

Ex7. In a right-angled triangle PQR, ∠P = 90° and ∠Q = 30°. If PR = 6√3

units, then what is the perimeter of the triangle?
Some important concepts of equilateral triangle

→ Height of an equilateral triangle =

→ Radius of the larger circle(circumcircle) OR
Circumradius, R =
→ Radius of the smaller circle(incircle) OR
Inradius, r =

Ex8. An equilateral triangle has a side of 18 cm. Find the inradius of the
triangle.
Some important terms to remember in a triangle
❶ Perpendicular Bisector: The line which bisects any side of the
triangle in right angle.
❷ Angular bisector: The line which bisects any angle of the
triangle.
❸ Altitude(height): The line drawn perpendicularly from any
vertex to the opposite side.
❹ Median: The line drawn from any vertex to bisect the opposite
side.
❶

❷ ❸ ❹
Angle bisector theorem
• If AD is the angle bisector of ∠BAC in ∆ABC, Angle
𝑨𝑩 𝑩𝑫
bisector theorem states that, =
𝑨𝑪 𝑪𝑫

Ex9: In a triangle ABC, AD is the angle bisector of ∠BAC. If the length of

AB is 2 cm, AC = 3 cm and BD = 1.5 cm, then find the length of CD.
Apollonius theorem
• If AD is the median of ∠BAC in ∆ABC, then
𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐴𝐶 2 = 2 𝐴𝐷 2 + 𝐵𝐷 2 𝑜𝑟 2 𝐴𝐷 2 + 𝐶𝐷 2

Ex10: In triangle ABC, AB = 3 cm, AC = 5 cm and BC = 6 cm. What is the

length of the median AD drawn to the side to BC?
Geometric centers of a triangle
❶ Circumcenter(C): The point where all the
three perpendicular bisectors meet.
Then, PC = QC = RC = R(Circumradius) &
the circle thus formed is called Circumcircle
Also, ∠QCR = 2(∠QPR), ∠PCR = 2(∠PQR) &
∠PCQ = 2(∠PRQ)

Note: In case of a right-angled triangle, C lies

at the midpoint of the hypotenuse.
♦So, Distance from the 90° vertex to the midpoint
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
of the hypotenuse & Circumradius, R =
2
Ex11: In a right-angled triangle ABC, right angled at B, D is the mid
point of the hypotenuse. If the length of AB is 12 cm and BD is 6.5 cm,
then find the area of triangle ABC
❷ Incentre: The point where all the angular bisectors meet.
Then, IP = IQ = IR = r(inradius) &
the circle thus formed is called incircle.
∠𝐴 ∠𝐵
Also, ∠BIC = 90 + , ∠AIC = 90 + &
2 2
∠𝐶
, ∠AIB = 90 +
2

Ex12. The bisectors of ∠B and ∠C of triangle ABC meet at I. If ∠BIC =

115°, find ∠A.
Q. In a triangle ABC , I is a point which is equidistant from all sides of the triangle . If
angle B is 76 degrees. Then find angle AIB + angle BIC = ?
❸ Orthocenter(O): The point where all the altitudes meet.
Here, ∠BOC = 180° - ∠A , ∠AOC = 180° - ∠B &
∠AOB = 180° - ∠C
Note: The Orthocenter of a right-angled
triangle lies on the 90° vertex.
❹ Centroid(G): The point where all the medians coincide. It is also
known as the ‘Centre of Gravity’ of the triangle.
Important points about Centroid:
→Centroid divides each median in the ratio 2:1.
i.e, AG:GE = BG:GF = CG:GD = 2:1
→All the 6 smaller triangles are equal in area.
→In an equilateral triangle, all the 4 geometric centres coincide.

Ex13: G is the centroid of triangle ABC. AB = 24 cm, BC = 18 cm and AC

= 30 cm. If D is the mid-point of AC, then find the length of GD.
Similar triangles:
Two triangles are said to be similar if they have the same shape but not
necessarily the same size. Simply, all the corresponding pair of angles
will be equal.
➔Also, ratio of all the corresponding sides, as well as
perimeters, altitudes, medians, etc are equal.
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶
i.e, = =
𝑃𝑄 𝑄𝑅 𝑃𝑅
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐵 2 𝐵𝐶 2 𝐴𝐶 2
➔ ={ } = { } = { }
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 𝑃𝑄 𝑄𝑅 𝑃𝑅
One important case of similar triangles:
If, DE⫽BC , then ∆ABC ∽ ∆ADE
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸 𝐷𝐸
Then, = =
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐶

𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
Basic Proportionality theorem: =
𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐶

Ex14: DE is parallel to BC. AD : DB = 3 : 2. If EC = 4 cm, then AC = ____.

Also find DE : BC.
Quadrilaterals
→A figure enclosed by 4 straight lines is called a quadrilateral.
→Sum of all the 4 angles will be 360°
Types of Quadrilaterals:
1) Parallelogram
2) Rhombus
3) Rectangle
4) Square
5) Trapezium
1) Parallelogram:
Rules: ❶ Opposite sides are equal & Parallel
❷ Opposite angles are equal
❸ Sum of any pair of Adjacent angles is 180°
❹ Diagonals bisect each other
Area = b × h

2) Rhombus: Rhombus is one form of parallelogram. It follows all the

rules of a parallelogram.
Additional Rules: If d1 & d2 are the 2
❶ All sides are equal. diagonals, then
𝟏
❷ Diagonals bisect each other at 90° Area = 𝒅𝟏. 𝒅𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
&𝒂= 𝒅𝟏𝟐 + 𝒅𝟐𝟐
𝟐
3) Rectangle: It is another category among parallelograms
Rules: ❶ Opposite sides are equal & Parallel
❷ Opposite angles are equal
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑙 × 𝑏
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 2 𝑙 + 𝑏
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝑙 2 + 𝑟 2
4) Square: Square is one form of rectangle. It follows all the rules of a
parallelogram.
Additional Rules:
❶ All sides are equal.
❷ Diagonals bisect each other at 90°
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑎2
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 4𝑎
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 2 × 𝑎
(5) Trapezium:

1 . 4-sided figure (quadrilateral) Area= ½ x (Sum of parallel sides) x Height

2. pair of sides are parallel

3. Sum of angles pair between parallel line is 180 degrees.