Ordinary lipherential Equations Onfr i: wet ° | Mea Cqpation, sith Constant Coobficients Seond Order homogeneous capiation ~ Tnitia) Value Problems - Lineax dependence and independence - Wronskian And a mula for Wronbkian - Non- homogeneows equation of Orde, two. Chapter Q: Section 1 bo 6. Linean equations uth Constant Coefficients Homogeneous and hon- homogeneous equation of Order H-Antkia) Value Problems - Annihilator Method +o Aolve Non- homogeneous Capation. Chapter a: Seckion 1 to Ul. Lineay equation with Vostiable Coohpieiants (nikia) Vatue Problems - Existente And Uniqueness theorems — Solutions +2 Aolve a Non - homogeneous Sgpabion - Wronskian re {nea dependents ~ eeeccten of the Ordon a homogeneous tion - Mog 2n cous eapaton ustth Genes colons “The Vogendre Cqyation . Chapter 3. Sections ! to 8 Comit section 9) Uns 4y: | Lineon equation with Sequlan Singular Polnty | Second Orden eqpations With raqulay Siingulan ‘Poiats— Ezceptional Cases - Bessel eqpation, Chapters 4 : Section 3,4 And 6 to @ Comit Actions 5&4) Te: bnir 5 Existence cand Uniqueness 4 Abdlutions -to peat Order eqpations : Equation with Vasiable Separated - Exack eqpation ~ Method Aucessive Approximation =the Aipschity Condition - Convergence 4 the Aucersive Qpproximation and the existence theorem ag a ET TESS osee dees + ie rofl] . Unit | Linear equation Lith Constont Coo fpfcient» TIptreduction » A leas Ai} ferential eqpration orden with — Constant Coetpicient Bs of th form ay + ay y=) (n-» | oY FAY ay ny = bLW 0) | Whore — 40, UW, Aa,... ay Are Complex Constant | And bx) % ome Complex Valued funtion on ar | Imonval TL Divide the first equation by 4, | Mae De yO 4 an yO a blx) | ‘ ae J rea a a4 Qo yrs Pry Pay. + Py = $oD >) pT eta. and Flxr= blo Oe " > Whee Py Ob | New Jet * : Yims Py Pa yr ada. + Pops LY) @ beromes LYd> FO > &) TQ $lay=» , then Ley = yan yrs LP ee ts Called a Homogeneous Hen - TH fego then Lly)= 402) fs Called as Non - We give a Meaning to '1', A O dlifgerential Operates Which Operates On functions Wwhtich heave n derivates On T And transtorm lord §:-—> Llp) Whose Vettue qa x yx ae Legtor= gM bo+ PB ty +. ePMBOO 8) og i » ap (MD. Le Be BMPR + Ped | fnear equation 4 first Ordos “The first Order Alness ipherentoe 2quration se given by, | yl acey = bG) st lalhere O And b Are piinttions dafinad on an Firtewol Ls , 4} bl) 20 ) then Yi tay = 0 fe a homogeneous eqpsarkI0n| Senses oh yray = ° F to! % Constant and J %& the Fok ylsoy =o of y'tay -o —>u) ly on | thon, pi+ag =6 ox dz , Moulkiply On bothsides @ vu | OF BIL Qe%Y -0 ry Sts olde leg ys ox Sn, | me , vd ze | (ee7p)' 0 lgy age -02 a olution of ylrays ben The fist 6Y¥d0y —Non- Homogeneous Aipjeantiog | eqpation % given bys y' Fay < bx) Where ‘a’ % Be Constant an bx) b oO Continuo us punceion on ome Intewwal I. ler Pla be “the olution 4. $4.04 = bla) ax Multtply by e ety aerg = bx) 09% » (0 %B)'= bled ‘ cTnbegrattng , ; : \ ed =» J bowe date 0g F bere" di+e , where (x, %&T] — Xe . 1 2 04. BC se’, whee Blas femelod | % > g = 24% [etayyeT ee 27 Bix) + ce” Py the Aolution of Yay = bly | ' | ble Yy=o Tb OV Ba. voot ‘of the apace | Capatiyn Pir =o / | This / @quation has Arco Stool, ay Wy Ya There axe Bree Possibints Vm es| 4 Setord Erde, Homogeneous esprati Ly = y+ ay'+asyso Consides -the Second Ordes: homogeneous equation With Constant Coe} hicient LY) = yl ays Qayeo 20) Where a, and a, ae Constants ith We know that , The first Order equations wi Constant Cooppicients ';ay=0 has c Aoluson e72% the Constant Le! % the | Adlution of Fra <6 rol) Now, 1 (e¥% = (e¥®)"4 a, Ce™%)!+ an e™ | = (ev y)'p a ey + a20%% = Vert 4 aye™+ Q,e™% Lert) = eY* [x74 ayy ras) Let%)=o . FL Y*4ayy+Qa=0 . (i.e) 4 fs the olution of the Charrearckesttabic Polynomial Yr ayraa = Pld (say) 7a Lev)=0 ff} ww! fe a Yook of ‘the Gpedrasic | Squcttion Ply) = 0 “This equation hos two 00's Say and ra | thete ate three Possibilities op. Ne ate Steal and YF *. Y1,7%2 Que Seal and Wo % Y),¥s Ovte Complex fn this Case the *reots oie Complex Conjugates . Cases: Me ert and e@% gue the olutions of equations) Le) =o , Lle™*)-0 Whee -coexeeo denote $id =e and gtx -e%r | ClaSen : These wo Aoltttons cre. ‘Vinenaly independent | On the teal line | Considey ‘the linea, Combination | C9, + Caps =o=> Cems ae divide by & > |t Ge Gra 205 oN Wd Since @ Crt 45 Cy =0 And G=o Heno the olution ¢, and fs aye IMnoaaiy Faclepencent Cose ij: Y=vs Wet g)(o-e%% % One “the 4oluttons Now, we find the Othey —Solution gata) 20 thar g, and Gs Wie linearly Foclepencent . CD > pins YP +artar = Cr)” = Ye amt Q)=- ay And A= 97 us yr any'enty a Consider datz) = 2e"* Lge) = LTren) = Te") L oy, [xe 1*Te0™" - (12444078) 9 C20 y, rel + ¥*Cxem) | YiCaettn peMt) 4 Oy, ay | - Aye NE + yr yoMlt | " = Ye yenteyet® ay2x0™ Aye + VP HEM (rae dyPate™ © yveae")+ aye ayer | Wale -gor74 ent] Yi? x Co) > Gala=- xe" %& a Solution a) | Clase gtv=e"% and grto= xe" ase linearly | independent . Suppose that Ch +g, =o pS 8YX | D> Gel +axe | > eM*™ [4 4G%) -o > Grtar-0 LT -e' +0] D> =o An Ca=0 = gilz) and G2Cx) one linesiy Fnclepencient YiLoo tahela, *.G $, % the Aetution of the liphorertiol eqpotien then C4, % Oho the olution of “the Clijjerrential equation - * Tq and axe linearly Independent Adlubons o} fr one option | ten CG. + Cohn % Alo a Solution “the. dijjerential eqpation | for LI gio) = LL, gitz + ta gat)) | © tg qeojt bP es gsty] Ce Cg Coy +cat Cgat) =O Lv Gib oie olm of Mpb=e] bos 44,00 +abla % the Jenerol Aotution of “the differential eqpertion " ” Coxe iii: me |i | der Tis o+ip and Ya= d-fp | Gow = Gg, + Cag. lx) | = Cem 4 cert = ceCXtipix , 6 (Ip) = ce %elBt 4 Ge%™ on IPe = exx [oge'P% cae7'PX) = a 1 CAFC, [eospxtisinpa)+ Co[ taspx-isinpx)} F @AXF Cey4ca) Cosprt FCe-G) Sinpx} . Xx A tospx + BSinpa) | Where A=G+e , B= Fle-) -—dezxr) | The genset Aplution glx) of sthe eapation | ylisay'+ Qsy so, —esxseo % Qgsouiated with the | gpadyotic eqy1otion Pio= YP +artarsoSuppose vj And Ya te tthe Aolutions of Pode, \ enonal Solution 4 this equatio, - then the yi Ouylr aay =o given by oe. Gem + c.e* * GC +c2%) e% *. e%*[ ACtospx + BSinB x) Whore Y= Atip | Theorem | : ‘|~Y ler a,,02 be Constants and Consider the Lay) = yl ay! + Oy =o cthe Chosjackoxjsbic | Equation ' Vina. One distince. Yooks Polynomial Ppl = 174+ Ar+a, then the purckions 4, gto= eT and Gal) =2%* ay And Ga Ae inoct b the -Aoclutions, Llyd=0 Cose AX) ii oY % & Aepeated oot pl) “then “the fyi | define4 by Gia = OM And “drld= Ke" axe “the | 2olusions q Liyd=o GD (Problews i. oe [Find ah the olutions of The pottowing j (yl ay=o Sein: yl dy =o Diy - hy =o @*- 4 dy =e “The Characteristic Polynomial f V-y=0 ray . yet” > Yad » ¥S-2 ~The Steet, Ayre Wal and Unequal The Yeneyal olution fs Plxy= Ge >**+Ge>* where C And G Axe Constants. w ay" ay'= 0 Sein: By"s dylan 3D°y+ 2Dy =0 (@d*+a0)y =O| The Chariattortstte Polynomial % BrP dy 6 ¥C3x+2) =o Yeo B¥+2=0 ye | ae 3 e Stools ore Meal and un “The General olution Th Pla) = Ge 1c,0° 73% | Whee Cy and GC. ate Constany | W "+loy =o Soin: | Yietey =o | Dyt lbp =o (D>+Ibdy =o | The Chayactoristic Polynomial Te Yr 4b =0 | v=-yi -. The Hoobs axe Complex And Unequal ~The General Aoution 1% Glas eo% [Ales (yi) + BSinwin wv "Lo ‘ ne sig! yee D*y=0 The Characteristic Polynomial 9a y=0 Y=o . The tools OW1e teal and equal | The General Aoution % plas CGtcaxye™. v.| y+ Ginny! aiy =0 Soin: yt Bie Dy! Biy=0 “The Chosiactenistic Potynemial BB Y* + (3i-D¥- 31 =o y?> + Y3i-y¥- Bi =o TCy+ 3ip- Cv+3id=0Th Cer} (r+ 37) =0 a Y-]=0 5 ¥43i =0 ean Ye -3) 2 Stocks aye 22a! Ord Une ; eat . The Gener at Aolution 4 pla = Ge Fe ny the Yoots 9 Si the egu1a tion YY so “I Fina au als hying . i gm= , $tyy=2a Sain: d"+y 20 4) The Chosiactonistic Polynomial F% Vel =0 Yesaj The Yenesal Aotution oh O) is Pto=) Ptoar Ss $(%) = lo) =0 Gix= Awsa+ BSint —s (a $i) = -ASin1+ Btosy 30d % $lMs)=2 > A (25 (0) + B Sin (0)'= | D Al + Bo x4 Ss Ae, 2D Aws y+ BK Sin Wa =e AO +B, =e O+ Beg B-2 The -Aotution & pla) = Corr + ISiny and 9! im=o Solr: plo) =0 => A les0 + BSino=6 $'m- © Al +B.o =o A=o 2 ~AShn On) + Beoscr Alwsot BSinod =o Al + B-0=0 A=o0 P's) =0 > -ASIn Wa + B Costs #0 ~ Ay + BO =0 -~A=o Azo The olution 9 l= B Sina in. cy | | | WwW} glo)=0 and ¢ (Ma) =0 Sein: qtor=o > Awsort BSino=0 | Azo | §CYs)20 >. A cosltys) +B Sin(Ts) =0 | O+t BI=0 | Beo “The olution 1s gla) =0 | The function glo =0 vx % the olution for | Lty) = ys any! + Qa=0 ts Called the +#riviol doWHon e Hy =0 K Note 9: ve | “The equation Nene wry =o where '&) fs a poslke | Constant 13 Qalled the haymonie OA4Ulated ion, x Consider the eqpation byw + Ry'tdyso where be Oe Positive Constants a.|,Compute the, Solutions. fer an the poltowing Caron 1 Be ee : Te Tr Re e jp Re i ; b. Show thar al Solutions tends to Yao as Yoo per each of the above _ (aees! i >o =0 40 sl ple Bleos 4 equation %% soy’ “The given wp ~ Lyla Ryl+ ty <0 > 4) ea c 4 i+ Byte =O b cL . : The Characteststic Polynomial bP ¢ V4 By +d xo ae] + ‘. ri . ; Y= -R4 [Re PUY BO Te —s (2) ee 2 4 llben eee p- >e “Rs Ea Lu a Te ———_ 2 Y= -R4 fae ne ) L Jee ; E -Ty 2 = “The olution o OD Fy BIM= Gens Gorm “Py + Ra fe. Guo= cel ARIE hed tli Vo Suppose Rey, eo te D> Ys -R al Vieve “The Genosiat olution te $OO= Cg seaxje © Ya) i) Suppose Rp? _ AL 20 fee he Then the oot, the Characteristic nomial Axe Complex —numbex Poy ! Then eRe rf £f fem oo a Y=a a en OP The poe olution fs | dws oh [At ( fake aye tem ERIE] b, | Cored 7 | plo = eee ee 2)e + Ge e In Parte) S = oe EEE) ae EVER” | “RY a ‘ond L r|w | | or) vk «fz | | >-kR+/Pla wy > fosede 4 oe? | L Le >o. | | Coen C eae cs, gas +c. xe Rade = Geeanye® t | = 0 . | Since “Bs negative U Y | Casedniy: iw As 123 | wc - | Since od = ® hegative | For each OL “the above three Cases the Aolukion fends t WI A XI “| Trion Value Problems fer Aelond Ordey eqpations An Inftiat Vatue Problem fer Lyi=5 Ba Problem A ) ffoctng Q Aolution ¢ Aatispying lw)=ot, PUm)-B whore ‘, fe Aome Steal numbor a a, Ove two aiven Constant . The Tfkid Value Probtem % denoted” by Eta Y Ged="%, 0%) = B "Note: “An nol Condition % a Condition on tho Aclution ot Some TnfHal Pole | Peta: Fiabe ° theovem nee? For any’ Stead number a an Constants o, B We) Hoe ext a olution ¢ “the Trfkiat Valus | Problem Ley)=o , y Laod=at YM) =B On ~a O) ts the Qenesial olution 4 ty)=6 Suppose Las) = o, $'U)=B >) Diy O) wer to dx’, Played cy + © gs!) 3 0) ‘AS PO) = C $il%) + Code (%) = of § 26] | And fo) = CB) + Ca Gol (6) = B Now, we Clofin “that there Cxfst Unique Vob| for G and Co Ged Th Ahow thet the cletesiminant 4| | Coeficiente eqHaHon | (3) Bs nok “aque | G2) | Gtr inal po Plex) 4! xe) Ge) Tea 4 la) $3! (70) - Galo) $,'Cxo)#o a | | | ‘ess | $i tn= ene Ond Patze™? yay Gron ») 2 bilo =¥e™ ang 9a! ba) = Y,e%2 | $i Ce) bats) © Ba C40) B,"Cx0 #0 Cby 4) “EP )EveP)_( eh) (yenw) oO | = go (Wt) by Cae wte Do vagy, ang ect?) | . . for pinite Vosues 4 : Yyve | Gase Giiy : es a \ ‘ad —~ Fit =e" Got ane Haye lve wit | Pid =e" ang fallx)= Wey, FeV) ey a4) poOSE A= ie Age Yi Xe yews ote faa = @ Vt, ett ] ' Xo Vi 14+¥)%0 errte ( 14Yy26 ~ ay) = @ 220 a) = 2% +d -. Th ‘both the Cases. the Cekernfinant of loefpicient % not. Ler “ Thore @afst Unique Value bor G- and ca 1} G and CG ore the Uni Constants -Sakskying Cr) thon the funttion P= Gf +c fo wit be he ddlukion. yal olz2- Noto J: VA Measure the tno of f and g' 1s given by lid can = [Ipexi? +i giGaj> Chere we Considey only the | Positive Agpores) j Note g | The fhe of 1 fs measure by k=trlaltiaay | Noteg: Mh Board cane any te Constants Qbitele bra? | om xt} Theorem 3 a} =—_7 : lok be Any olution i) Lyp=y"+ay4 aay <0 On Qn “nkexval ZT Contafrtng a Polnk %o then r ay} xez, Werle Ke 2 Ui Salle IP Cxoy [Je #l 2-%0! Where Igcarll= [dias igy|> and k= t+lal+laal Rosas ° Gifven f & a olution o Laps ajveasy =6 | 2 bn Qg'+ Ang.=0 > Or) fee w= I genl®? 0 | = I geal? +] goo] = G(x) FG) + gl) rics= $F 4 opr , _ \ OP t PE + OB + OUP Le plone gon * Toy. @, Woes u's Jul = | pp! + gig reg sp gl El ge lai gel tig ee | P"F') * LPL tip igl + tpl gal +1 pI = Uauign sipnipr sigtigel stati “ta = ei), = Mp rgy td lpligt) : luy é Lp righ + 21 pg) 68) > Pl + agl+ arg =0 gus ~ ag! aap (a) becomes » Lui 2 aipig't +2194 (1 ag'- a9] ~ QU ogy +2 tp) [Tlad'+as¢]) = diondr+ diol lbag'+ larg] = Qigig + dlp [rar rg +loai¢] = Algigh + QP atipy+a lp} last ig) © IPH A + Qlalig*+ Alazl Ip g] = QIBHG [r+lass] + Ql aig? 3) We know that QIAN) = Jal? tbl? () > Juco) 2 Ci+tasi)El peor 1y!@ey?] +2 lait gt = [i +lasp+ dha) lela) + [it fal) { gc = [20+ lal+)as1)) 1 lOy)FaL1+1a,)4 => @&) - ay yah iD) eT NBO [gla] '¢ — dkula JWT Skule» 5 Wy) D -AkulD £ win) 4 Akula) Ine? uo Now Constdey the tight nequality ee anlo & Akula) > W-Qkuw 20 3) Mutspty bothsldes by enkz > ek Talay ~Akutw) 40 D> [endkx un]! 26 4 X>% We Tnke grake fom Xo to X on bothsides | Wwe ger, dj [eos woo), 4o | 2 OPN wae 8 il aa) ee , XP, => OPK Ula) 2 QP Uli) » XP Ao > Uz) 2 erkla-xw) tilxe) 1 X>% 3 Mfc? & ele 2) typ “Taking Aqpare rook Oh botrsides ? Neco < ek) I gel) > Cle) ~dkutx) = uly Prvteedtng as bopove. » We gee Hptredn ER %) dex —> lo) Hp 27% (5) and le), gives, ; Nh Plxer eR) 2 IPCI 2 UplxyI)e HPs @) Ph) 2> 2 whene cal = JIocay12+ [peal and. k=t+lasl+laa) | Stentor yy 4, Le%, We ger Idcall eX 2. tgewll & lg Cx) lo*O* 1s lw) A) and Ce) : | Pig cae!" 2 Ngeny & I pCustle H2-*%) Hene the theorem pyre" Theoxem 4 — Cuunigueness theorem) | let a ond B be any v0 Constants and let 2 be Any Steal fumber On Any Fkorival I | Combating t, there Cxfst Ckmost One —dolution g of the TniHal Value ‘Problem Lty)=0 | YCro) =a, Wee BPF Preap: . Prey Suppose C By theovem 3) vs We know ‘thar: the Pnibial Value Problen, 1 . | Aotusion . oO Suppose thare exis More than One Aolutti, lor 4 and Y be two Solution of the % Value Problem Ly) =0 On an Mkowol TD Contafiieg %o ‘ , | L(p)=0 And Ltw)=o on 7 B lr.) =a And UC») = 08 { * | 9! Ct) = B And Wlre)=B lor p= b-y >0 | LU) = Led-y) | = 1G)- Ly) = 6. = 0 Also por) = (b- wero) = $l%) - y (> Q- gy . ° ¥"Ca0) = C$ - p)'Cr) I | = bev) - live) = BP LOp)=o = 6 With Px) =o and Hlx)= 6 Now , P)=6 PNY) ps0 —y ) Ty the Previous theorem A ~kIZ-%) oI "4 lle Cxo)He = NVM NC rey pe KCX-20) ay ges > 0 ($-wla=o ,¥ er D> bto- Gla=0 , ¥xezN° Wen > $lo= play), Wrer > hey . F atmost One Solution for the fnffal Value | Problem on I. any i 3 alt 1 sthe ‘Initial Value Problem “Theorem_5 . eGWwwowe ; ‘Loe igs be two Aolutions of Ly)=0 ven 4 ditw='e%™ and galey=e7* Fnease “iF rs’ And dilxy= eM | nd Gaby = were fnlase Y=%a- es Qnd ¢2 Que a tuo Constants the funtion Ge Cibir gs 1, a. olution” of Lty)=0" on ~co4 x4eb Convertsely ho ts any olution Ll =0 on -eotx200 there adie unique Constants C1)Ca uth That bq dtd Base: | Given ‘thar’ q, and fy. ate Huo Solutions of My =o Auth that git =e and gow = e"* fl ov) $e hoo re” and $4) =xe"* f, "=% ma) m0 The Function ge Cpitop. % Oo Aolubon of Myo Whore 0),¢2 Are any two Constants g, and gd. are AActetions of Ley =o > kpyso and 1d.) =0 —stD Now Ld) = LCeyg,t Caga) CG, L (pi) + co LCs) = C0+Ci0 = 0 > $ & a Aolution of HHyI=0 ta Convene pee q @ any olution 4 Ly)=0 On ~ondres folk % bea: Heal numbey. and Let blr.) =o land gto) = B , Where and B axe Constants bron by €xlstanw theorem stheasen fs a Adlution Y a sy) =? AU) ee Tr eT eedWlrr=a and W'lw=p 4 ‘the form Pee Fer Whee Ga aie uniquely detoumined YR By Uniqueness theorem $= P Hena the Convorse L8neax Clependence Oud Tndependence NS “Two funcions g, and 4, Aetfned on 1 one Said #0 be linearly Gebong, on Ethene exfst two Constants C56 hob both Zor Such thar C, 4b, +. G.=0 V rez : The functions Fi and $s ase | Wheaity frdependent on T. Tp they ase not lineoaty dependent there Consien the detent, ad aca i val = Gido'~dagil fs betone 0 ~~ Wronskian of Ge Te isa junction and 9s Value at x & | denoted by Wg, $2) 00 omy, | Thervem 6 | : ms) Two olution g,, $2 Ce) Ly) =o ase linest! x oe ae Tnclependent Oy On Fnkerval I, th Wl Cr, Ba) (20 #0 a) d1,¢2 Are Aolutions of Lw=o —> WD Necessary past : Suppose Wld,d2)Cx) Fo LET lor G,¢: be Constants Such that CibiCx) tlagsiad=n Vxer ~— Ca) ditt Wert ‘al Cit) + Cagitlay~o ¥xexr sea for a fPeed 14 the Captation 2) and (2) “Are |“ bineoy _ homogeneous euotion Aabayied by 6) tao . Now , the determinant of. Coeff ithens-MGI | h a +o “The determfnant Coettident %s nok Le Cetonnant 4 ppictent Ts nok eqpal > he Aolutions Cy) nd ¢, axe Unique Cleaty Cy=0 and Cr=0 sq -Aolutton D> C= Ca=6 % the onl Aolution 4 (2) and (3) » br, bs ove Freonty fd ependen on Comietse Port * Assume that , and gb. ore lnesaty | {independent on = | Cid : W Cor, da) (0 #0 ¥ vez : | Suppose thar thee t an eT uth thar | W Chy,$2) C40) = © > Loiga'- Gopi] lt) =0 SM Conmiden Ci diltoy + Ca ga Czod=0 “> OY and ¢4,!l20) + Ca pa! (40) =-0 > &) Now, the Ceteiminant | Coeticient of LH) and (5) =o (by “) ' >. The Aystor o} eGpation Cy) :and C6) hos Aolutibn Ci C2 Where AHeast One of Fhose Constant fs Not exo Lor G; C2 be Suth a Aolutton Lot Cig, + Copa = Y ay) 3) Lis b Cog, +eapa) = Ci Cg) + Cabs) = Gotc.o0 C “gx ane Aolns of Lyo | = 0 Abo Ui) > WCu)=0 ) > w'lrw)=0 By Unigpianass “theorem plxdeo ¥ XET (6) > Tip t Oda =6 2 C=0 And Geo Cy boo axe Lt) Bur we have & and Ca axe Auth “thatr they de tot’ both — 6% Sfnulbaneously ~ Quy Qssuumption that WiCgs $s Iv) 25 5 twYon Wb, Gs) CO fo Y xes a) Wet wo) Boom A: wo Let g, 9 the wo Solutions q Lyp=0 on fntonval I And tet % be any Pein: fy = then 4, and $2 One |fheanly independent on the Fnbetval 3) Fh WW Cpr, $2) lt) FO. bY etuen , and Fs arte two Aolttions o kly)=o : ar on an Prtosval I and Xp -be Any Pofnt to T Lok “Us assume tak $i and pa’ uw lineostly Fndependent ; By previous “theorems” .. Wg, 60x) FO. V NEE W Chi,Ga) (ozo V KEL in Poorti cular © Convene "Pome: eee cg Suppose thak Wi (d,, $s)Cx0)#0 ler ¢, And 2 be tuo, Constants, Suth thor Ch hla) + Copal) =O 4rer, 2d | Cala) + Ggatr ) @) ang a) >, Cy Br (we) + Cagalys=o \2 IFS) CO B,\(te) + C2 Pah(te) 20 pil) alte) Gi! C1) a! Cx) | = W ($1193) Cr) +0 Cgiven) > F unique Values for Gand Ca dats ying (3) But Ci=0 and Cx=0 Aatisties ca) DP Csaro & ‘the Only Solutions c) ‘ > 4 andl ga axe. lineaaly Shel opendent on I The deteimtnant 4, ‘foeppicient’ =a TES &: “A5" so" Ler 454, be ang +wo linenony Snclependent Aolutions of Lty)=0 on an frbewal T° every Arxiutions pley dX) =p Can bo Hetumn Uniquely an $= Og, + Cogs Where Gla ae Constants , UR $, and gf. are any two Fnoaxly P%alepenclent Aolutions o Llw=o Oh an Fntenve) E > fs a Aolution of Lly) =o let 2% be a point on T we have, Wd, dr) #o uth “thar Plre=t. And g'lxo)= B Now Considen “the egjusdion Cbrlto)+ Ca$a Cro)= Bl%)-w CiPilte) + Cas! Cto) = B'(to) =P The determinant op Coofpicient of G and Ca at” fs Wld,,$2)(t) #0 < There 8 a Vnigut. poly of Constants ¢ and co atis ying the Equation (1) Choose C) And Cr. to be “these Constants and Ack = Ggyrcag then | Y C0 = CrPilto) + Cats Ct)= X= BCI) YCx)= C BMte) + CaPa"(x0)= PB =P Cae) By Unigpeness theorem, prs Hence Every Adlution 4 Lap = so i 4 the em $ Hag rod, > t.a. Show thot the fundions dads lepine by Pier, | Gates etal ove linearly Fnclependent ppri-coarewe | | Compute the Wronskian 0} These funckions | De the Hesulks 4 port (ad and fart (6) Contradici: Theorem 6 ? Explo8n your anstooyasec): X40 Gila-a?, Pola) Ll-x)=~ x? > CO Gila) + CadsCx) =o 2 0224 Ga) =0 2) Also D> AQx-Qearx=0 4) Nek ej-0 9% 4) (0) x74 Co C-x2) <6 —tavreg Co =o _C=Q 20 The” Rodin are Vineasily Foclopendent Gsetit): 220 P@=22, datw) = XCa) = 2> D> GH 2)+ Ply =o 2 Ot*t Gara ae) Abo, > Aq AGX=p D(H) der G=o Fo “0 > 0 (22) + Ca¥ : Canteo Ceo laren) e functions ate. Ninenaty ‘independent b — 40 from 6) and (a) NOB Ga) 0 - het ol+ip and a-ip Co,p Oe teat) be the Sook of He Characteristic Polynomial . a. Show that, and qo” “depied | by gyta= ce ips and galr-e 8 Sinpx aie the Sokition of th ge “et b. Compute. WH, $2) and Show thar $1 da ane Linearly Independent on any fntorvol I. : Gon. a. tee bly)= yi ay'+ day =u) Consider) = cae tospx | Lg) = fer voap 2" +0, Ce lopp x} +03 [6% cosp 2) = [eo%% ston) p +ilcos px)e%t, a) + a,fe%'(-ainpadp + spree) + ae espa - | “BL e%* (tospa) pp + CAinpx)e%® ot) | ales Camp pe (eoapxre®* a] + a, [-pessinpr+ae' *Conpr) tare tbsp ~ ~ emf. B° lospr -op sinpx - eipsinpx +a spe -Q,P sina + Od Corpx ~+ Oa oop } * e977 Ctospar[- pa“ et as} + (Sinpx) aug} Ligid= e%% { Atospas BSinBz} —> (a) Griven that, dtip, d-ip oie 10ots 4 the Chanattorlstic Polynomial o pee Where A= 7 BE Qt aa | B-~[aop +@B] cre Constants | Gtiven that, o+ip, ofp vie Hoobs of the Chaactortatic PolynomiaL of Ly) =0 |an he Grenexal Aolutten w% . ‘) ean [ Atspr + 8 Sn Pu => 03) * (8) and (3) wre Almilon Gily th a Aolubon ob ty)=o lly Je (a = edt Sin pz TH a Aolutton 4 ty s | e ot Cos pa - and ea SInpx aye Adluticn, . o hty) = yieaylt asy =o | b. Given that | tot- atip bo the Aco of the Chase! Polynomial The Chasiackenistic polynomial fs 7495. 4 Ye -O,rJQ?-yar <= — 94 Si?Cya,~ a5) | a a = ~Gtijya,-aji? 2 A+ip a Ti r : ae -& pe J 22-3? » Pla 28 toy Ba Prtx) = e 4% sin pa | re (= ete pSinpa) gs'a)= [a cinpa+ Boospe WC$, 92) = asp a wot 24% ginpr . ae . | oN Latospe- BSinpz) ey Sinpx + Pespr | = (e%)e42) | Coltospe SinBx+ p 65 pz) ~ C& Cosp agin pr- B sin’P| [ te P lop +sinpx) F emt pn on 2 @- ur = « len * N Bae Fo APs a,t so and CHU dy {| WP), $2) #0 $1, fo. ae “the olution 6} Jr oy'rosy = and wl hg to Bis dx ote Kingaony Independent on 24 inlet | Hen ce Proves : ee ee eeA formula for Wronskian ni if) Theorem 9° “ a $9. axe two —olutions of Leo on on wn | Goloval IT Conkafring & Point wo, then WIC ha) Ca) = O7M™*) LCG, da) Cw) | ol va) Griven that Gtx), Gale) aie Aoluéions of Le yleay't ay =O. 9 D> "+ ag! tasd-0° 0) Oxf. S Ad, +98' bs + 026g. ~o DW 2" Bt WON Mabe, =0 Uy) "a+ %CPs'd,~P'b2)=0 —> | &®-@) > U pag = VAL kT Wh bx = ee ay O10) bs'0x) W = $y 95!~ ga 9) w= 4) galt O'.!— £ bs gpa!) F iba! + G' Gs! - Bs Gite palgh $3" "Gs 9,,! : W'+ QW =o wy =a TThtegrating bothsides tvte - Jy Ae = -Saidete (5) betomas 2 dog We are, DW =e 7 US, = EF er ht ¢ Na) = Cera sy, le) Put %=% W (10) = ce” tito : ae cam Wve) sty), Substitute (1) in (ey Wla)= Cerre © - nn: 2 eg re \ee qu wl) | ) ~ =a % - wear= 2" Wlrwe Woe el 2-209 | ob. Noo - bomeg eneous eqpation of orden two Qsider -the Mon- homogeneous Cqptatin, \ Lape yl yt aay = blz) 0) twheje bla) by Sbine Continuous, function on o, Frtonval 2, Hs Suppose Xp fs a Pasiticutas olution 44 Equation And ox , any Othen —Aotuttion.. * sthen, C . Ax pe ba” and LO x)= btm) | Now, Consider L(x xp)= LO) = LOxp) = bla) blx) Soy EO 5 F Dx-xXp & a@ Aolution of the homage neous Cayation Myy=o > &) But Wek, Any Solution of @) fs of the ‘form 69,46 whee $, ang 3, aie Tineoaty. Independent doles qh G). Cy and ce are Constants By Uniqueness theorems , thove '@xfsr Unique | Constants and ca dutch that X- pe GH read, Xs 1G, +o. + Xp | Note: | To find the Pavtitulay olution of He Non- homogeneous Coration Considey “the foltowing osu: Pre wd, Ug. Where gilxo.and g3(x) aye lino! Aotutions 4 Hy) =o And w= ~ Tater bx) dy fo WCB ds) Us=, -F Bice) dr ee Di+ | Theorem tor of / | e | _Bolution Wp given by Wp 4 Reco}: lok ble) be Conkinucus on an Fntorval x Bveny Aoluttion 9 of bp = bexy on + Can be Writlen a Pe Wptahitcags wher Yp f o Pantiuslay olution on Ty $, and gr Axe two - linearly Independent Solutfen of Liyp=e And Cy) and Co Qe Constants . 4 Pasticulox tae FL pater pala) itz) fate MG Converse every Al 9, 20 . Weg Bo) CE) Yt MY Buch: Be a Aolution 4 Kyp= OO Idle, Know that ,.. Fert Selon o} ity) =o of Hho form Cig + capale? —PC? where CG and G QHe Constants and g, and ga Fact Tiek linesilyy, teaependert s0lunen7): tion, Cr) Cannot bo a’ Adlution oF Ly) = BL) | Suppose we allow Cr bs beteme funcons G1, 82 Cmeed tick be Constants ) on ZT and Chee Whether there. de a -dolubon 4 Ly) = (0) oh the form Uy git Ugo. - This Proredure 9% Known . as the. Vaxiation of Copstant - a Suppose We hove a olution of Lly)= bl») | sthe form. Ug, + Usha Where uy and Us One functions, , “LCUig) tUaga) = bOO LCG) + Uap) = ug unless blw=0o O LT: Ur Ga)"+ a Cu Brt usps) —- Qa(in d+ Ura. = BOD > [wg't tu! y+ Us al Ua! J+ a, Ciyg,! tug + usheulds oe tpt tt] 7% Cunghct tags) Site > ]ug4 oy ru, Bie us $, + Vagal + Ua! Balt ts! ga! push.) + aif og + ub, +t, Balt uals | +2 6g, tU29s) = BOO SUL Gla, gi' aa Bile ua lga"s orga! + aaga) ta luigi + [ud rus" Bat a Fuld, rus! ga] = BG) D heotiged+2 Cun pst ual pal) + Cuj"g rua") + ayCu'd, tua baJ= bla)D AL, ry! gal} + [ui prtus' ge] 4 orLen9,#t3!ga) =bly Bf Syl + gous! = ©, then (Gus'+ gs 02") 6 S pute go's gust plus'=o > op Substitute (@)and Wy) th @) ulpteualga! = bod —> () ayn? 4 Wwe Qn fod dw functions by And u, Aakiaying equation (3) and (4) Hen, Ug, + Unga? Key) = biad Now (sand (6) ate Iineas equation tm uj and. WIth. the letenminant. of Coefpiciont. - eB omn Bur J, and g, axe . linsomty Fade pendent 2 Wy, fr). #0 There exist Uniqua olution Uy and Un! Sadist C3) and te) (x 6) > brGs'ul + . bolus! 0 © )x gs > Pipaul-a gy alta! = ben) da © [BW gi psJu) =~ bIdbs ? ING Ba) = ~ bla) ga tila) = ~ bl Ba(a) , WG, ba)(2) neg eitng Werte 2 ftom “Ad to | 3 tox Wog-- * J $20 bed ‘de tg => %o WG, da deey © Now, B) xa! s a a ane (xo > BiB! + Bs! B us = bog Me) PR a Be dtp )ugr = ~blag TWH, bay ute ~ 600 9, 2. alge bly 4) 1% g eye —————— nee , >lll EY si Integrating * y.r.to 2%, prom % ox Uses) = J bl) bu oe WC, 92) Cb) We Ula, (00+ Ursdard dala) se Pasticulay Bolukion Oh Lty>= be) Up =-Pula) bw fa) to W(f,,ga)lt) dé oo) dt + fa (x) BLD) ay "te WEB, aye) Y, = 7160 p.t2)- bile golb)} ele) ee WLG,, b2)CH) fs 0 Porttiaan Solution of My) = bla) Convene * | Consider Y= Up gtrcags, With Usua) Notation | LCS L (p+ OH + Ca) | ~ LOW + LCG) +h Clogs) \ “ Lee) + CLC) + Coed.) \ bla) + C).0 ¢ Sao btn) ltw) = pla)