AIR POLLUTION

CONTROL
MODULE 4
Unit 1: MAJOR AIR
POLLUTANTS
PARTICULATES
 DUST
▪ Dust is defined as solid particles that are
- entrained by process gases directly from the
material being handled or processed
- direct offspring of a parent material
undergoing a mechanical operation
- entrained materials used in a mechanical
operation
 FUME
▪ A fume is also a solid particle, frequently a
metallic oxide, formed by the condensation
of vapors by sublimation, distillation,
calcination, or chemical reaction processes.
The particles in fumes are quite small, with
diameters from 0.03 to 0.3 μ.
 MIST
▪ A mist is an entrained liquid particle
formed by the condensation of a vapor
and perhaps by chemical reaction.
Mists typically range from 0.5 to 3.0 μ in
diameter.
 SMOKE
▪ Smoke is made up of entrained solid
particles formed as a result of
incomplete combustion of
carbonaceous materials.
Smoke particles have diameters from
0.05 to approximately 1 μ.
 SPRAY
▪ A spray is a liquid particle formed by
the atomization of a parent liquid.
Sprays settle under gravity.
Measurements of Particulates
 PM10
▪ The measurement of PM10 has been
historically done by using the high-volume
sampler (or hi-vol).
The high-volume operates much like a vacuum
cleaner, forcing up to 86,000 ft3 of air through
a filter in 24 hr. The analysis is gravimetric; the
filter is weighed before and after, and the
difference is the particulates collected.
 PM10
▪ The air flow is measured by a small
flow meter, usually calibrated in cubic
feet of air per minute.
 PM10
▪ Woodburning stoves are apparently
particularly effective emitters of small
particulates of the PM10 variety.
 PM10
• The particulate concentration measured by a
high-volume sampler is often referred to as total
suspended particulates (TSP) to differentiate it
from other measurements of particulates.
Another widely used measure of particulates in
the environmental health area is respirable
particulates, or particulates that could be
respired into lungs.
 Gaseous Pollutants
▪ substances that are gases at normal temperature
and pressure
▪ vapors of substances that are liquid or solid at
normal temperature and pressure
→CO →Ozone and other oxidants
→HCs →SOx
→ H2S →CO2
→ Nox →CH4
 Gaseous
Pollutants
MEASUREMENT OF GASES
 GASES
▪ The earliest gas-measurement techniques
almost all involved the use of a bubbler.
Simple (but now seldom used) bubbler
technique for measuring SO2 is to bubble air
through hydrogen peroxide, causing the
following reaction to occur:
SO2 + H2O2→H2SO4
MEASURING
Expressed in ppm in volume basis
GASEOUS
POLLUTANTS
 GASES
▪ One of the better third-generation
methods of measuring SO2 is the
colorimetric pararosaniline method, in
which SO2 is bubbled into a liquid
containing tetrachloromercurate
(TCM).
MEASUREMENT OF SMOKE
 SMOKE DENSITY
▪ The density of smoke has for many
years been measured on the
Ringlemann scale, devised in the late
1800s by Maxmilian Ringlemann, a
French professor of engineering.
VISIBILITY
Unit 2: SOURCES AND EFFECTS
OF AIR POLLUTION

1. Threshold
2. Total Body Burden
3. Time versus dosage
4. Synergism
 Threshold
▪ The existence of a threshold in health
effects of pollutants has been debated for
many years.
Several dose-response curves are possible
for a dose of a specific pollutant (e.g.,
carbon monoxide) and the response (e.g.,
reduction in the blood’s oxygen-carrying
capacity).
 Total Body Burden
• Not all of the dose of pollutants comes from
air.
For example, although a person
breathes in about 50 μg/day of lead, the
intake of lead from water and food is about
300 μg/day.
 Time versus Dosage
• Most pollutants require time to react,
and the time of contact is as important
as the level.
 Synergism
• Synergism is defined as an effect
that is greater than the sum of the
parts.
SULFUR AND NITROGEN OXIDES
AND ACID RAIN
PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG

—SOMEONE FAMOUS
OZONE DEPLETION
GLOBAL WARMING

Big numbers catch your audience’s attention

 CLIMATE CHANGE
(Global Warming)

𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒏 𝑰𝑵 = [𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒂𝒄𝒌 𝒕𝒐 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑶𝑼𝑻]

 CLIMATE CHANGE
(Global Warming)
𝑩= 𝑺𝝅𝑹𝟐
Where:
B = rate at which solar light energy strikes earth, W;
S = the solar constant, estimated as 1370 W/m2
πR2 - area receiving this radiation
- measured as the area of earth’s shadow
CLIMATE CHANGE
(Global Warming)
CLIMATE CHANGE
(Global Warming)
 CLIMATE CHANGE
(Greenhouse Effect)
 CLIMATE CHANGE
(Greenhouse Effect)
AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL
MODULE 4
 Unit 3
Air Quality
Standards
At the end of this unit, you should
be able to:

● Assess risks associated with air

emissions and evaluate pollution
prevention, treatment or control as
needed to reduce risk.
 TREATMENT OF EMISSIONS
● Selection of the correct treatment device requires matching
characteristics of the pollutant with features of the control
device.
● The various air pollution control devices are conveniently
divided into those applicable for controlling particulates and
those used for controlling gaseous pollutants. The reason, of
course, is the difference in sizes.
𝑋1
𝑅1 = 𝑥100
𝑋𝑜
An air pollution control device is to
remove a particulate that is being
emitted at a concentration of 125,000
μg/m3 at an air flow rate of 180 m3/s.
The device removes
0.48 metric ton per day. What are the
emission concentration and the
collection recovery?
GIVEN:
Xo = 125,000 μg/m3
Q = 180 m3/s
X1 = 0.48 metric ton per day.

𝑚3 𝜇𝑔 1𝑥10−6 𝑔 𝑔
𝑋𝑜 = 180 125,000 3 𝑥 = 22.5
𝑠 𝑚 1 𝜇𝑔 𝑠
assume density of 106 g/MT
𝑀𝑇 𝑔 1𝑑 1 ℎ𝑟 𝑔
𝑋1 = 0.48 𝑥 106 𝑥 𝑥 = 5.5556
𝑑 𝑀𝑇 24 ℎ𝑟𝑠 3600 𝑠 𝑠
𝐹𝐸𝐸𝐷 = 𝑅𝐸𝑀𝑂𝑉𝐸𝐷 + 𝐸𝑆𝐶𝐴𝑃𝐸𝐷
22.5 = 5.5556 + 𝐸𝑆𝐶𝐴𝑃𝐸𝐷
𝑔
𝐸𝑆𝐶𝐴𝑃𝐸𝐷 = 16.9444
𝑠
 𝑔 1 𝜇𝑔 𝑠
𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 16.9444 𝑥 𝑥
𝑠 1𝑥10 𝑔 180 𝑚3
−6
𝝁𝒈
𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝟗𝟒𝟏𝟑𝟓. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟔
𝒎𝟑
5.5556
𝑅1 = 𝑥 100
22.5
𝑹𝟏 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟔𝟗𝟏𝟔%
Control of Particulates
Cyclone
Bag (or fabric) Filters
Spray Tower or Scrubber
Electrostatic Precipitator
Control of Gaseous Pollutants
 Wet scrubbers, as already discussed, can remove gaseous
pollutants by simply dissolving them in the water.
Adsorption is a useful method when it is possible to bring
the pollutant into contact with an efficient adsorber, such as
activated carbon.
Incineration or flaring is used when an organic pollutant can
be oxidized to CO2 and water.
Dispersion of Air
Pollutants
 1
𝐹 3
∆ℎ = 2.6
𝑢ത 𝑆
𝑔𝑉𝑠 𝑑 2 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑎
𝐹=
4 𝑇𝑎 + 273
𝑔 ∆𝑇
𝑆= + 0.01
𝑇𝑎 + 273 ∆𝑧
Where: Δh = plume rise above top of stack, m
𝑢ത = average wind speed, m/s
ΔT/Δz = prevailing lapse rate, the change in temperature
with elevation, °C/m
Vs = stack gas exit velocity, m/s
d = stack exit diameter, m
g = gravitational acceleration, 9.8 m/s2
Ta = temperature of the atmosphere, °C
TS = temperature of the stack gas, °C
F = buoyancy flux, m4/s2
S = stability parameter
 A stack at a power station has an
emission exiting at 3 m/s through a stack
diameter of 2 m. The average wind
speed is 6 m/s. The temperature at the
top of the stack is 28°C, and the
temperature of the emission is 167°C.
The atmosphere is at neutral stability.
What is the expected rise of the plume?
Given: If neutral stability: ΔT/Δz = 1◦C/100m = 0.01◦C/m
Vs = 3 m/s
d=2m 𝑔𝑉𝑠 𝑑 2 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑎 (9.8)(3)(22 )(167 − 28)
u = 6 m/s 𝐹= =
Ta = 28°C 4 𝑇𝑎 + 273 4(28 + 273)
Ts = 167°C 𝐹 = 13.5767
*neutral stability 𝑔 ∆𝑇
𝑆= + 0.01
𝑇𝑎 + 273 ∆𝑧
Required: Δh 9.8
= 0.01 + 0.01
28 + 273
𝑆 = 6.5116𝑥10−4
1 1
𝐹 3 13.5767 3
∆ℎ = 2.6 = 2.6
𝑢𝑆
ത 6(6.5116𝑥10−4 )
∆𝒉 = 𝟑𝟗. 𝟑𝟖𝟏𝟓 𝒎
● Dispersion is the process of spreading the
emission over a large area, thereby reducing
the concentration of the specific pollutants.
2 2
𝑄 1 𝑦 𝑧
𝐶(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) = exp − +
2𝜋𝑢ത 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑧 2 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑧
 2 2
𝑄 1 𝑦 𝑧
𝐶(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) = exp − +
2𝜋𝑢ത 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑧 2 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑧

Where: C(x,y,x) = concentration at some point in the coordinate space,

kg/m3
Q = source strength, or the emission rate, kg/s
𝑢ത = average wind speed, m/s
𝜎𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎𝑧 = standard deviation of the dispersion in the z and y directions
y = distance crosswind horizontally, m
z = distance vertically, m
z is in the vertical direction, y is horizontal crosswind,
and x is downwind
𝐶(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
2 2
𝑄 1 𝑦 𝑧−𝐻
= exp − +
2𝜋𝑢ത 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑧 2 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑧

𝑪(𝒙,𝒚,𝒛)
𝟐 𝟐
𝑸 𝟏 𝒚 𝟏 𝒛+𝑯
= 𝐞𝐱𝐩 − ൝𝒆𝒙𝒑 −
𝟐𝝅ഥ
𝒖𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒛 𝟐 𝝈𝒚 𝟐 𝝈𝒛
𝟐
𝟏 𝒛−𝑯
+ 𝒆𝒙𝒑 − ൡ
𝟐 𝝈𝒛
𝐶(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
2 2
𝑄 1 𝑦 𝑧−𝐻
= exp − +
2𝜋𝑢ത 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑧 2 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑧

𝑪(𝒙,𝒚,𝒛)
𝟐 𝟐
𝑸 𝟏 𝒚 𝟏 𝒛+𝑯
= 𝐞𝐱𝐩 − ൝𝒆𝒙𝒑 −
𝟐𝝅ഥ
𝒖𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒛 𝟐 𝝈𝒚 𝟐 𝝈𝒛
𝟐
𝟏 𝒛−𝑯
+ 𝒆𝒙𝒑 − ൡ
𝟐 𝝈𝒛
 2
𝑄 1 𝑦
𝐶(𝑥,𝑦,0) = exp − 𝑎𝑡 𝐻 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 0
2𝜋𝑢𝜎
ത 𝑦 𝜎𝑧 2 𝜎𝑦

𝑄
𝐶(𝑥,0,0) = 𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝐻 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 0
2𝜋𝑢ത 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑧
Given a sunny summer afternoon
with average wind, u = 4 m/s,
emission Q = 0.01 kg/s, and the
effective stack height H = 20 m, find
the ground level concentration at
200m from the stack.
*From table: atmospheric stability is Type B
*From graph σy = 30m and σz = 22m.
*Note that maximum concentration occur on plume centerline, at y
= 0.
2 2 2
𝑄 1 𝑦 1 𝑧+𝐻 1 𝑧−𝐻
𝐶(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧) = 𝑒𝑥𝑝 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝 − + 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −
2𝜋𝑢𝜎
ത 𝑦 𝜎𝑧 2 𝜎𝑦 2 𝜎𝑧 2 𝜎𝑧
𝐶(200,0,0)
2 2 2
0.01 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 1 0 1 0 + 20 1 0 − 20
= 𝑚 𝑒𝑥𝑝 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝 − + 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −
2𝜋 4 𝑠 (30 𝑚)(22 𝑚) 2 30 2 22 2 22

−𝟕
𝒌𝒈
𝑪(𝟐𝟎𝟎,𝟎,𝟎) = 𝟕. 𝟗𝟕𝟔𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎
𝒎𝟑
 FA#1 – Assignment by pair
A fertilizer manufacturer emits HF at a rate of 0.9 kg/s from
a stack with an effective height of 200 m, the average wind
speed is 4.4 m/s, and the stability is category B.
a. What is the concentration of HF, in micrograms per cubic
meter (μg/m3), at ground level, on plume centerline, at 0.5
km from the stack?
b. Calculate also the ground level concentration at 1.0, 1.5,
2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, and 4.0 km from the stack. Plot the results
as concentration versus distance.
FA#2 - Assignment by pair
A major catalog auto parts company advertised a book with the title of How to Bypass
Emission Controls. For merely $7.95 (plus shipping and handling) you could find how to get
from 14% to 140% better gas mileage, increase acceleration and performance, run cooler
and smoother, and have longer engine life. The book included easyto-follow instructions for
both amateurs and professionals.
It is not illegal to tamper with your own car. You may not pass the emission inspections in
most states, but modifying your car is not against the law.
When permission was asked from the mail order company to reproduce the ad in this book,
they refused permission. If it is perfectly legal, and they are providing a public service, why
would they not allow their ad to be reproduced?
Reconstruct the management board meeting where this request was discussed. Make up
characters such as the company CEO, the VP for marketing, the legal counsel, etc. Create a
dialogue that may have occurred when this request was discussed, ending with the decision
not to allow the ad to be reproduced in this book. How did ethics come into the discussion
(if it did at all)?
Thanks!