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Basic Equations and Plane-Elasticity Theory

The document discusses plane elasticity theory and its application to 2D problems. It covers: 1) The basic equations governing 3D elasticity problems and the simplifications made for plane problems. 2) Plane stress and plane strain assumptions and the resulting governing equations. 3) Introduction of Airy's stress function to solve for stresses and displacements in plane problems. 4) Forms of Airy's stress function in polar cylindrical coordinates and its use in solving problems with cylindrical symmetry like a hollow cylinder under pressure.

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Sharjeel Ahmed Shakeel
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71 views

Basic Equations and Plane-Elasticity Theory

The document discusses plane elasticity theory and its application to 2D problems. It covers: 1) The basic equations governing 3D elasticity problems and the simplifications made for plane problems. 2) Plane stress and plane strain assumptions and the resulting governing equations. 3) Introduction of Airy's stress function to solve for stresses and displacements in plane problems. 4) Forms of Airy's stress function in polar cylindrical coordinates and its use in solving problems with cylindrical symmetry like a hollow cylinder under pressure.

Uploaded by

Sharjeel Ahmed Shakeel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Equations and Plane-Elasticity

Theory

Dr. Syed Muhammad Asad Akhter


Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
NED University of Engineering and Technology

Dr. Asad Akhter Naqvi


Formulation of the Problem
➢For 3-dimensional elasticity problems, there are 15 unknowns which must be
determined at every point in the body, these unknown quantities are
• 6 Cartesian components of stress
• 6 Cartesian components of strain
• 3 components of displacements
➢We can attempt to determine these unknowns if we know
• The geometry of the body
• The boundary conditions
• The body force field as function of position
• The elastic constants

Dr. Asad Akhter Naqvi


Formulation of the Problem
➢15 independent equations are required to solve 15 unknown quantities.
Equations are stress equations of equilibrium

Strain displacement equation

Stress-strain relationship

Dr. Asad Akhter Naqvi


Field Equations
➢Combining strain-displacement and stress-strain relationships, we will get stress-displacement
relation

➢Now, there are nine unknowns and nine equations, three stress equilibrium and stress-
displacement relation
➢By combining stress-displacement and stress equilibrium equation

➢Once displacements are known, we can determine 6 - stress and 6 – strain components. (Recall
concept from FEA) Dr. Asad Akhter Naqvi
Main problem
• These equations cannot be solved analytically. We solve it numerically to find
approximate solutions.
• Any analysis software uses these equations and determines displacement values.
• Therefore, the analytical solution of 3D elasticity problems is quite difficult to
obtain, and the number of problems that have been seen solved in an exact fashion
to date is surprisingly small.
• Plane problems (equivalent 2D problems) can be solved more readily than the
general 3D problems. Since certain simplifying assumptions can be made in their
treatment.

Dr. Asad Akhter Naqvi


The Plane-Elastic Problem
➢To be classified as a plane elastic problem, the problem must have the following
characteristics:
Geometry:
➢A plane body consists of a region of uniform thickness bounded by two parallel
planes. According to geometry,
1. If the thickness ‘t’ is small as compared to dimensions in parallel planes, the
problem is classified as plane stress problem.
2. If the thickness is large compared to the dimensions in the parallel planes, the
problem is classified as plane strain problem.

Dr. Asad Akhter Naqvi


The Plane-Elastic Problem
Loading:
➢Applied surface load and/or body forces must be non-varying in the direction and
cannot have components in the 2D directions.
➢The applied load cannot exist on the top and bottom surfaces

Dr. Asad Akhter Naqvi


Plane stress:
➢Example; A vertical beam having a thickness ≪ the dimensions in x and y.
➢The assumption for the plane stress problem is that the stresses in the z-direction
are zero on the parallel surfaces and t is very small, the stresses in the z-direction
cannot grow to any applicable values. Thus, for plane stress;

➢Therefore the stress equilibrium equation would become

➢The compatibility equation of interest is

Dr. Asad Akhter Naqvi


Plane stress:

➢From the condition of equilibrium

➢Differential eq. 1 w.r.t “x” and eq. 2 by “y”

Dr. Asad Akhter Naqvi


Plane stress:
➢Adding we have

➢Placing the above value in the earlier equation.

Laplacian
Dr. Asad Akhter Naqvi
operator
Plain Strain approach:
➢(Object is 3D but considering strain as a function of x and y only)
➢For the plane strain problem, ‘t’ is large. In this state, the strain in the z-direction
is small and for limiting case.

➢And strains are in the x and y directions and are not the function of z.

➢For plane strain problem;

Dr. Asad Akhter Naqvi


Plain Strain approach:

➢Similarly.

➢By applying the same procedure, we will have

➢In the case of nobody forces,

Dr. Asad Akhter Naqvi


Airy’s stress function
➢In-plane elasticity problem, we have three unknowns ϭxx , ϭyy & τxy that must
determine which will satisfy field equations and boundary conditions.
➢Normally, we replace the stress by strain via Hook’s Law and then express the
strain as a function of the displacement components u & v. Finally, a system of
two differential equations in two unknown u & v would results.
➢Occasionally, it is, however, convenient to introduce single unknown function ф
(x, y) related to unknown stress. So, those equilibrium equations

are satisfied. Induced we assume that

➢The function ф (x, y) is called Airy’s stress function.


Dr. Asad Akhter Naqvi
Airy’s stress function
➢There may be or lot such functions that can represent the stress field satisfying
these equilibrium conditions along with boundary conditions. But, out of these,
there is only one function that can satisfy the stress combability equation for plane
problems. For Plane Problems

➢This is a biharmonic equation that can also be written as

Dr. Asad Akhter Naqvi


Dr. Asad Akhter Naqvi
Dr. Asad Akhter Naqvi
Two dimensional Problems in Cylindrical coordinates

Dr. Asad Akhter Naqvi


Airy’s Stress Function in cylindrical coordinates

Dr. Asad Akhter Naqvi


Forms of Airy’s Stress Function in Polar cylindrical coordinates
• The equation ∇4 = 0 is a fourth-order biharmonic partial differential equation
which can be reduced to an ordinary fourth-order differential equation by using a
separation-of-variables technique, where

• The resulting differential equation is an Euler type which yields four different
stress functions upon solution. These stress functions are tabulated, together with
the stress and displacement distributions which they provide, on the following
pages.
• One of the stress function obtained can be expressed in the following form:

Dr. Asad Akhter Naqvi


Forms of Airy’s Stress Function in Polar cylindrical coordinates
• The displacement associated with this function can be determined by integrating
the stress displacement relations

• Where 𝑢𝑟 and 𝑢𝜃 is the displacement in the radial and circumferential directions


and 𝛼1 , 𝛼2 and 𝛼3 are associated with the rigid body displacement.
• It should be noted that the stresses in this solution are independent of 𝜃, hence the
stress function should be employed to solve problems which have rotational
symmetry.
Dr. Asad Akhter Naqvi
Consider the long hollow cylinder as shown in figure, which is subjected to an
internal pressure Pi and an external pressure Po. The inside and outside radii of the
cylinder are denoted as a and b respectively.

Dr. Asad Akhter Naqvi


𝜎𝑜 y

𝜽
x

𝜎𝑜
Dr. Asad Akhter Naqvi
Stress Distribution in a thin infinite plate with a
circular hole subjected to Uniaxial Tensile load

Self Study

Dr. Asad Akhter Naqvi

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