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2nd PU Physics Formula at a Glance 1 2pr
E=
4o (r − a 2 ) 2
2

01 Electric Charges and Fields

For short dipole,
1) Total Charge:
1 2p
Q = Ne E=
N is total number of excess or deficiency of electrons 4o r 3
e = 1.6 × 10‒19 C, Charge of the electron 2a is dipole length of the electric dipole
p is dipole moment of the electric dipole
2) Total Charge of the System: r is the distance between the dipole and the point
Q = Q1 + Q2 + …+ QN
Q1, Q2, …, QN are individual charges of the system 9) Electric Field due to Dipole (on equatorial line):
1 p
3) Coulomb’s Law (Force between Two Charges): E=
4 o 2 3
(i) for air/vacuum medium (r + a2 )2
1 Q1Q2
F= For short dipole,
4o r2 1 p
(ii) for other medium E=
4 o r 3
1 Q1Q2
F= 2a is the dipole length of the electric dipole
4o r r2
p is dipole moment of the electric dipole
Q1, Q2 are charges of the system r is the distance between the dipole and the point
r is the distance between the charges εo is permittivity of free space/vacuum
εo is permittivity of free space/vacuum
εr is relative permittivity of the medium 10) Torque acting on the Dipole kept in Uniform Electric
Field:
4) Electric Field at a Point:  = pEsin 
F
E= p is electric dipole moment of the electric dipole
q E is the uniform external electric field
F is force acting on the charge ‘q’ placed at that point θ is the angle between p and E
εo is permittivity of free space/vacuum
5) Electric Field at a Point due to an Isolated Charge:
1 Q
E= 11) Linear Charge Density:
4o r 2 Q
=
Q is the isolated point charge
r is the distance between the charge and the point Q is total charge on the wire
εo is permittivity of free space/vacuum ℓ is length of the wire

6) Electric Flux through a given Area: 12) Surface Charge Density:

 = E  S = EScos  Q
=
E is electric field S
S is area of the surface Q is total charge on the surface
θ is the angle between E and S S is area of the surface

7) Electric Dipole Moment: 13) Volume Charge Density:

p = q  2a =
Q
q is the charge of the dipole V
2a is the dipole length Q is total charge in the volume
V is the total volume
8) Electric Field due to Dipole (on axial line):
14) Gauss’ Law (Total Flux through a Closed Surface):

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Q tot r is distance of the point from the dipole centre
tot = θ is the angle between r and p
o
Qtot is total charge inside the closed surface εo is permittivity of free space/vacuum
εo is permittivity of free space/vacuum
4) Potential due to Uniformly Charged Shell or Sphere:
15) Electric Field due to Uniformly Charged, Straight, (i) Outside the Sphere:
Infinitely Long Wire: 1 Q
Vout =
 4o r
E=
2o r
λ is linear charge density of the wire (ii) On the Surface of the Sphere:
εo is permittivity of free space/vacuum 1 Q
Vsurface =
r is distance between the point and the charged wire 4o R

16) Electric Field due to Uniformly Charged, Infinite, (iii) Inside the Sphere:
Plane Sheet: 1 Q
 Vin =
E= 4o R
2o Q is charge on the sphere
σ is surface charge density of the sheet r is distance of the point from the centre of the sphere
εo is permittivity of free space/vacuum R is radius of the sphere
εo is permittivity of free space/vacuum
17) Electric Field due to Uniformly Charged Thin
Spherical Shell: 5) Relation between Potential and Electric Field:
(i) Point Outside the Shell: V
1 Q E=−
Eout = 
4o r 2 δV is change in potential between the two given
points
(ii) Point on the Surface of the Shell: δℓ is the perpendicular distance between the two
1 Q given points
Esurf =
4o R 2
6) Potential Energy of System of Charges:
(i) Potential Energy of Two Charges in the Absence
(iii) Point Inside the Shell: of External Field:
Ein = 0 1 Q1Q2
Q is charge on the sphere U=
r is the distance of the point from the centre of the 4o R12
sphere Q1, Q2 are the charges of the system
R is the radius of the sphere R12 is the distance between Q1 and Q2
εo is permittivity of free space/vacuum εo is permittivity of free space/vacuum

02 Electric Potential and Capacitance (ii) Potential Energy of Three Charges in the Absence
1) Electric Potential at a Point: of External Electric Field:
W 1  Q1Q2 Q2 Q3 Q3Q1 
V= U=  + + 
q 4o  R12 R 23 R 31 
W is work done in bringing charge ‘q’ from infinity Q1, Q2, Q3 are the three charges of the system
to the point without accelerating it R12 is the distance between Q1 and Q2
R23 is the distance between Q2 and Q3
2) Potential at a Point due to an isolated Charge: R31 is the distance between Q3 and Q1
1 Q εo is permittivity of free space/vacuum
V=
4o r
Q is isolated point charge (iii) Potential energy of Two Charges in the Presence
r is distance of the point from the charge of External Electric Field:
εo is permittivity of free space/vacuum 1 Q1Q2
U = Q1V1 + Q2 V2 +
4o R12
3) Potential due to a Short Dipole: Q1, Q2 are the two charges of the system
1 pcos  R12 is the distance between Q1 and Q2
V=
4o r2 V1 is potential due to external field at Q1
p is electric dipole moment of the electric dipole V2 is potential due to external field at Q2

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εo is permittivity of free space/vacuum N is the total number of capacitors connected in
parallel
7) Potential Energy of the Dipole in a Uniform External C is capacitance of each capacitor
Electric Field:
U = −pE cos  12) Energy Stored Inside the Capacitor:
p is dipole moment of the electric dipole 1 Q2
(i) U =
E is the external electric field 2 C
θ is the angle between E and p 1
(ii) U = CV 2
2
8) Polarisation of a Substance 1
p (iii) U = QV
P = net 2
V Q is charge stored in the capacitor
p net is net dipole moment of the substance C is capacitance of the capacitor
V is total Volume of the given substance V is voltage across the capacitor

9) Capacitance of the Capacitor 13) Energy Density Inside the Capacitor (Energy stored
Q per unit volume of the capacitor):
(i) C = 1
V u = o E 2
Q is charge stored in the capacitor 2
V is voltage across the capacitor εo is permittivity of free space/vacuum
E is electric field between the plates of the capacitors
 o KA
(ii) C = 03 Current Electricity
d 1) Electric Current:
εo is permittivity of free space/vacuum
q Ne
K is relative permittivity of the medium between the I= =
plates t t
A is area of each plate q is charge flown through the cross-sectional area of
d is distance between the plates the conductor in time t
N is number of electrons flown through the cross-
10) Effective Capacitance of Series Combination: sectional area of the conductor in time t
(i) for N non-identical capacitors: e = 1.6 × 10‒19 C, charge of the electron
1 1 1 1
= + +−−−−+ 2) Instantaneous Current:
CS C1 C2 CN dq
CS is effective capacitance of the series combination I=
dt
CN is the capacitance of the Nth Capacitor
dq
is the rate of flow of charges inside the conductor
(ii) for two non-identical capacitors: dt
CC
CS = 1 2 3) Resistance of the Conductor:
C1 + C2
V
CS is effective capacitance of two capacitors in series R=
I
C1, C2 are the capacitances connected in series
V is voltage across the conductor
I is current through the conductor
(iii) for N identical capacitors:
C
CS = 4) Resistance of the Conductor:
N L
N is the total number of capacitors connected in series R =
A
C is capacitance of each capacitor
ρ is resistivity of the material of the conductor
L is length of the conductor
11) Effective Capacitance of Parallel Combination:
A is area of cross-section of the conductor
(i) for N non-identical capacitors:
CP = C1 + C2 + C3 + . . . . . + Cn
5) Current Density Inside a Conductor:
CP is effective capacitance of the parallel I
combination j=
A
CN is the capacitance of the Nth Capacitor
I is current through the conductor
A is area of cross-section of the conductor
(ii) for N identical capacitors:
CP = NC

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6) Conductance of the Conductor: 14) Temperature dependence of Resistance:
1 R T = R o [1 + (T − To )]
G=
R R T is resistance of the material of the conductor at
R is resistance of the conductor temperature, T
R o is resistance of the material of the conductor at
7) Conductivity of the Material of the Conductor
reference temperature, To
1 α is temperature coefficient of resistivity
=

ρ is resistivity of the material of the conductor 15) Power Dissipated in a Conductor:
V2
8) Microscopic form of Ohm’s Law: P = VI = I2 R =
R
j = E V is voltage across the conductor
j is current density I is current through the conductor
σ is conductivity of the material of the conductor R is resistance of the conductor
E is electric field inside the conductor
16) Effective Resistance of Series Combination:
9) Drift Velocity of Free Electrons: R S = R1 + R 2 +  + R N
eE R1, R2, …, RN are resistances connected in series
vd =
m
e = 1.6 × 10‒19 C, charge of the electron 17) Effective Resistance of Series Combination
E is electric field inside the conductor (Identical Resistances):
τ is relaxation time RS = NR
m = 9.1 × 10‒31 kg, mass of the electron N is number of identical resistances connected in
series
10) Current through the Conductor: R is resistance of each resistor
I = n A e vd
n is number density of free electrons inside the 18) Effective Resistance of Parallel Combination:
conductor 1 1 1 1
= + +  +
A is area of cross-section of the conductor R P R1 R 2 RN
e = 1.6 × 10‒19 C, charge of the electron R1, R2, …, RN are resistances connected in parallel
vd is drift velocity of free electrons RP is effective resistance of parallel combination
11) Conductivity of the Material of the Conductor: 19) Effective Resistance of Two Non-identical Resistors
 ne2   connected in Series:
= 
 m  RR
RP = 1 2
n is number density of free electrons of the conductor R1 + R 2
e = 1.6 × 10‒19 C, charge of the electron R1, R2 are resistances connected in parallel
τ is relaxation time
m = 9.1 × 10‒31 kg, mass of the electron 20) Effective Resistance of Parallel Combination
(Identical Resistances):
12) Mobility of Charge Carriers: R
v e RP =
= d = N
E m N is number of identical resistances connected in
e = 1.6 × 10‒19 C, charge of the electron parallel
vd is drift velocity of free electrons R is resistance of individual resistors
τ is relaxation time
m = 9.1 × 10‒31 kg, mass of the electron 21) Terminal p.d. of the Cell:
E is electric field inside the conductor V =  − Ir
ε is e.m.f. of the cell
13) Temperature dependence of Resistivity: I is current drawn from the cell
T = o [1 + (T − To )] r is internal resistance of the cell
 T is resistivity of the material of the conductor at
temperature, T 22) Equivalent emf of Series Combination of the Cells:
o is resistivity of the material of the conductor at Eeq = E1 + E2 + . + E N
reference temperature, To E1, E2, …, EN are emfs of cells connected in series
α is temperature coefficient of resistivity

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23) Equivalent Internal Resistance of Series Combination θ is the angle between B and v
of Cells:
req = r1 + r2 + . + rN 2) Lorentz Force:
r1, r2, …, rN are internal resistances of the cells F = qE + qv  B
connected in series
E is electric field in the region
24) Equivalent internal Resistance of Parallel B is magnetic field in the region
Combination of Cells: v is velocity of the charge
1 1 1 1 q is magnitude of the charge
= + +  +
req r1 r2 rN
3) Magnetic Force on Current Carrying Conductor:
r1, r2, …, rN are internal resistances of the cells F = I Bsin 
connected in parallel I is current through the straight conductor
ℓ is length of the straight conductor
25) Equivalent emf of Parallel Combination of the Cells: B is the external magnetic field
E E E  θ is the angle between B and
E eq =  1 + 2 +  + N  req
 r1 r2 rN 
E1, E2, …, EN are emfs of cells connected in parallel 4) Radius of Orbit of Charged Particle moving
req is equivalent internal resistance of the parallel Perpendicular to the External Uniform Magnetic:
combination of the cells Field
mv
r=
26) Unknown resistance connected in the left gap of the qB
meter bridge: m is mass of the charged particle
 l  v is velocity of the charged particle
R = S
 (100 − l )  q is magnitude of the charge
l is balancing length B is the external magnetic field
S is standard resistance connected in the right gap
5) Frequency of Revolution of Charged Particle Moving
27) Potential Gradient of the Potentiometer Wire: Perpendicular to the Magnetic Field:
qB
=
V f=
L 2m
V is voltage across the potentiometer wire m is mass of the charged particle
L is length of the potentiometer wire q is magnitude of the charge
B is the external magnetic field
28) Comparison of emfs of two cells:
1 l1 6) Time Period of Revolution of Charged Particle
= Moving Perpendicular to the Magnetic Field:
 2 l2 2m
ε1 is emf of the 1st cell T=
qB
ε2 is emf of the 2nd cell
l1 is balancing length for the 1st cell m is mass of the charged particle
l2 is balancing length for the 2nd cell q is magnitude of the charge
B is the external magnetic field
29) Internal Resistance of the Cell:
R(l1 − l2 ) 7) Radius of the Helix when Charged Particles Moves
r= with Certain Angle to the Magnetic Field:
l2 mvsin 
R is external resistance connected to the cell in r=
qB
parallel
l1 is balancing length obtained for emf of the cell m is mass of the charged particle
l2 is balancing length obtained for terminal p.d. across v is velocity of the charged particle
the cell q is magnitude of the charge
B is the external magnetic field
04 Moving Charges and Magnetism θ is the angle between B and v
1) Force on a Moving Charge in Magnetic Field
FB = qvBsin  8) Pitch of the Helix when Charged Particle Moves with
q is magnitude of the moving charge Certain Angle to the Magnetic Field:
v is velocity of the moving charge  2m 
p = v cos   
B is the external magnetic field  qB 

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m is mass of the charged particle 15) Line Integral of a Magnetic Field around a Closed
v is velocity of the charged particle Loop:
q is magnitude of the charge
B is the external magnetic field
 B  d = 0 Ienc
μo is permeability of the free space/vacuum
θ is the angle between B and v
Ienc is current enclosed by the loop
9) Velocity of the Charged Particle which Moves 16) Magnetic Field due to Infinitely Long, Straight, Thin
Undeflected in a Crossed Electric and Magnetic Conductor Carrying Current:
Field:
I
E B= 0
v= 2 r
B μo is permeability of the free space/vacuum
E is the external electric field I is current through the wire
B is the external magnetic field r is distance of the point from the wire
10) Cyclotron Frequency: 17) Magnetic Field Inside the Solenoid:
qB B = 0 r n I
fc =
2m μo is permeability of the free space/vacuum
m is mass of the charged particle μr is relative permeability of the medium inside the
q is magnitude of the charge solenoid
B is the external magnetic field I is current through the solenoid
n is number of turns per unit length of the solenoid
11) Kinetic Energy of the Charged Particle Coming Out
of the Cyclotron: 18) Magnetic Field Inside the Toroid:
q 2 B2 R 2 B = 0 r n I
K=
2m μo is permeability of the vacuum
m is mass of the charged particle μr is relative permeability of the medium inside the
q is magnitude of the charge toroid
B is the external magnetic field I is current through the toroid
R is radius of the dees of the cyclotron n is number of turns per unit length of the toroid
12) Magnetic Field at a Point due to the Current Element: 19) Force per Unit Length between Two Parallel, Thin,
 Id sin  Straight, Current Carrying Wires:
dB = 0
4 r 2  I I
f= 0 1 2
μo is the permeability of the free space/vacuum 2d
dℓ is length of the current element μo is permeability of the free space/vacuum
I is current through the current element I1 is current through the 1st wire
r is distance between current element and the point I2 is current through the 2nd wire
θ is the angle between r and d d is distance between the wires

13) Magnetic Field due to Circular Current Loop on its 20) Magnetic Dipole Moment of a Current Loop:
Axis: m = NIA
 N I R2 N is number of turns in the loop
B= 0 3 I is current through the loop
2(R 2 + x 2 ) 2
A is area of the loop
μo is permeability of the free space/vacuum
I is current through the circular loop 21) Torque Acting on a Current Carrying Loop kept in
R is radius of the circular loop Uniform Magnetic Field:
x is distance of the point from the centre of the loop  = mBsin 
N is total number of turns in the coil
m is magnetic dipole moment of the loop
B is the external Magnetic Field
14) Magnetic Field due to Circular Current Loop at its
Centre: θ is the angle between B and m
 NI
B= 0 22) Magnetic Dipole Moment of Revolving Electron:
2R
evr
μo is permeability of the free space/vacuum  =
I is current through the circular loop 2
R is radius of the circular loop e = 9.1 × 10‒19C, charge of the electron
N is total number of turns in the coil v is speed of revolution of electron

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r is radius of the orbit of the electron 2) Magnetic Field due to a Short Bar Magnet (or Small
23) Gyromagnetic Ratio: Current Loop or Short Solenoid) at Far Equatorial
 e Point:
G= =  m
2me B= 0 3
μℓ is magnetic dipole moment of the revolving 4 r
electron μo is permeability of the free space/vacuum
ℓ is angular momentum of the revolving electron m is magnetic dipole moment of the bar magnet
e = 9.1 × 10‒19C, charge of the electron r is distance of the point from the bar magnet
me = 9.1 × 10‒31 kg, mass of the electron
3) Time Period of SHM of Magnetic Dipole in Uniform
24) Current Sensitivity of the Galvanometer: Magnetic Field:
 NAB I
SI = = T = 2
I k mB
ϕ is deflection produced in the galvanometer I is moment of inertia of the magnetic dipole (needle)
I is current through the galvanometer m is magnetic dipole moment of magnetic dipole
N is number of turns in the coil of the galvanometer B is the external magnetic field
A is area of the coil of the galvanometer
B is radial magnetic field around the coil 4) Potential Energy of a Magnetic Dipole Inside a
k is torsional constant of the spring Uniform Magnetic Field:
U m = − mBcos 
25) Voltage Sensitivity of the Galvanometer m is magnetic dipole moment of the magnetic dipole
 NAB B is the external magnetic field
SV = =
V Rk θ is the angle between B and m
ϕ is deflection produced in the galvanometer
V is voltage across the galvanometer 5) Magnetic Flux through a Surface Area:
N is number of turns in the coil of the galvanometer B = BScos 
A is area of the coil of the galvanometer B is the external magnetic field
B is radial magnetic field around the coil S is the area of the surface
k is torsional constant of the spring
R is resistance of the coil of the galvanometer θ is the angle between B and S

26) Shunt resistance for Converting Galvanometer in to 6) Horizontal Component of Earth’s Magnetic Field at a
Ammeter of Range (0 – I): Place:
Ig BH = B cos θ
rs = RG B is earth’s total Magnetic Field at that place
(I− Ig ) θ is the angle of dip at that place
Ig is full-scale deflection current of the galvanometer
RG is resistance of the galvanometer 7) Vertical Component of Earth’s Magnetic Field at a
I is current range of the ammeter Place:
BV = B sin θ
27) Series Resistance for Converting Galvanometer in to B is earth’s total magnetic field at that place
Voltmeter of Range (0 – V): θ is the angle of dip at that place
V
R = − RG 8) Magnetisation of the Sample:
Ig
m
Ig is full-scale deflection current of galvanometer M=
RG is resistance of the galvanometer V
V is voltage range of the voltmeter m is total magnetic dipole moment of the sample
V is the total volume of the sample
05 Magnetism and Matter
1) Magnetic Field due to a Short Bar Magnet (or Small 9) Relative Permeability of the Material:
Current Loop or Short Solenoid) at Far axial Point: r = 1 + 
 2m χ is magnetic susceptibility of the material
B= 0 3
4 r
μo is permeability of the free space/vacuum 10) Susceptibility of the Material:
M
m is magnetic dipole moment of the bar magnet =
r is distance of the point from the bar magnet H
M is magnetisation of the material
H is the applied magnetic intensity

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B is change in flux associated with the coil
11) Magnetic Intensity Inside the Solenoid: R is resistance of the coil
H = nI
n is number of turns per unit length of the solenoid 5) Mutual Inductance between the Two Coils:
I is current through the solenoid 
M= 2
12) Magnetisation of the Paramagnetic Material:  dI1 
 
B  dt 
M=C 0
T  2 is magnitude of the induced emf across the
C is Curie’s constant for given paramagnetic material secondary coil
B0 is the applied magnetic field dI1
T is absolute temperature of the paramagnetic is rate of change of current through the primary
dt
material
coil
13) Magnetic Susceptibility of the Paramagnetic
6) Self Inductance of the Coil:
Material:
 
=C 0 L=
T  dI 
 
C is Curie’s constant for given paramagnetic material  dt 
μ0 is permeability of the free space/vacuum  is magnitude of the induced emf across the coil
T is absolute temperature of the paramagnetic
material  dI 
  is rate of change of current through the coil
 dt 
14) Susceptibility of Ferromagnetic Material above
Curie’s Temperature: 7) Mutual Inductance between Two Coaxial Coils:
C M = or n1n 2 r12
= ( T  TC )
(T − TC ) μo is permeability of free space/vacuum
T is absolute temperature of the ferromagnetic μr is relative permeability of the medium between the
material two coils
TC is Curie’s temperature of the ferromagnetic n1 is number of turns per unit length of the inner coil
material n2 is number of turns per unit length of the outer coil
C is Curie’s constant for given ferromagnetic material r1 is radius of the inner coil
ℓ is length of the coils
06 Electromagnetic Induction
1) Magnitude of Induced emf across a coil: 8) Self Inductance of the Coil:
d L = or n 2 r 2
= B
dt μo is permeability of free space/vacuum
d B μr is relative permeability of the medium inside the
is the rate of change of magnetic flux linked to coil
dt
n is number of turns per unit length of the coil
the coil
r is radius of the coil
2) Total Magnetic Flux Linked to the Coil:
9) Energy Stored Inside an Inductor:
 = NBA cos 
1
N is number of turns in the coil U = L I2
B is the external magnetic field 2
A is area of the coil L is inductance of the inductor
I is current through the inductor
θ is the angle between B and A
10) Maximum Induced emf of AC Generator:
3) Motional emf across a Moving Conductor: εo = NBAω
=B v N is total number of turns in the coil of AC generator
B is the external magnetic field B is the external magnetic field
ℓ is length of the conductor A is area of the coil of AC generator
v is speed of the conductor ω is angular frequency of rotation of the coil of AC
generator
4) Charge Flown through the Coil:
 B
q = 11) Instantaneous Induced emf across an AC generator:
R  = NBAsin 2t
N is total number of turns in the coil of AC generator

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Z = R 2 + ( XC − XL )
B is the external magnetic field 2

A is area of the coil of AC generator

ω is angular frequency of rotation of the coil of AC R is resistance of the AC circuit
generator XC is capacitive reactance of the AC circuit
07 Alternating Current XL is inductive reactance of the AC circuit
1) Instantaneous AC Voltage: 12) Maximum Current in Series LCR Circuit:
v = v m sin t im =
vm
R 2 + ( XC − XL )
2
vm is peak value of AC voltage
ω is angular frequency of the AC signal
vm is maximum voltage across the series LCR circuit
2) Instantaneous AC Current: R is resistance of the AC circuit
XC is capacitive reactance of the AC circuit
i = i m sin t
XL is inductive reactance of the AC circuit
im is peak value of AC current
ω is angular frequency of the AC signal 13) Phase Difference between Current and Voltage in AC
Circuit:
3) Average/Mean Value of AC Voltage:
 ( X − XL ) 
v=
2 vm  = tan −1  C 
  R 
vm is peak value of AC voltage XC is capacitive reactance of the AC circuit
XL is inductive reactance of the AC circuit
4) Average/Mean Value of AC Current: R is resistance of the AC circuit
2i
i= m 14) Resonant Frequency of Series LCR Circuit:

1
im is peak value of AC current f0 =
2 LC
5) rms Value of the AC Voltage: L is inductance of the AC circuit
v C is capacitance of the AC circuit
V= m
2
vm is peak value of AC voltage 15) Bandwidth of Series LCR Circuit:
BW = 1 − 2
6) rms value of the AC Current: ω1 is upper cut-off frequency
i ω2 is lower cut-off frequency
I= m
2
16) Quality Factor of Series LCR Circuit:
im is peak value of AC current
 L 1
Q= 0 = 0 =
7) Time Period of AC signal: BW R 0 CR
1 ω0 is resonant angular frequency of the series LCR
T= circuit
f
f is frequency of the AC signal BW is bandwidth of the series the LCR circuit
L is inductance of the series LCR circuit
8) Angular Frequency of AC signal: C is capacitance of the series LCR circuit
 = 2f
f is frequency of the AC signal 17) Average Power of AC Circuit:
V2
p = V Icos  = cos  = I 2 Zcos 
9) Inductive Reactance of the Inductor: Z
X L = 2fL V is voltage across the AC Circuit
f is frequency of the AC signal I is current through the AC circuit
L is inductance of the inductor ϕ is phase difference between the current and voltage
Z is impedance of the AC circuit
10) Capacitive Reactance of the Capacitor:
1 18) Power Factor of AC Circuit:
XC = PF = cos ϕ
2fC ϕ is phase difference between the current and the
f is frequency of the AC signal voltage
C is capacitance of the capacitor
19) Frequency of LC Oscillations:
11) Impedance of the Series LCR Circuit:

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1 R is radius of curvature of the spherical mirror
fo =
2 LC
2) Mirror Equation:
L is inductance of the circuit
1 1 1
C is capacitance of the circuit = +
f v u
20) Turns Ratio of the Transformer: f is focal length of the spherical mirror
N v is the image distance
T= s u is the object distance
Np
NS is number of turns in the secondary of the 3) Linear Magnification due to a Spherical Mirror:
transformer h v
NP is number of turns in the primary of the m = I =−
hO u
transformer
v is the image distance
21) Output Voltage of the Transformer: u is the object distance
hI is height of the image
N 
vout =  S  vin hO is height of the object
 NP 
NS is number of turns in the secondary of the 4) Snell’s Law:
transformer sin i n v 
= n 21 = 2 = 1 = 1
NP is number of turns in the primary of the sin r n1 v2  2
transformer i is the angle of incidence
vin is input voltage to the transformer r is the angle of refraction
n21 is RI of the 2nd medium w.r.t. to 1st medium
22) Output Current of the Transformer: n1 is RI of the 1st medium
N  n2 is RI of the 2nd medium
i out =  P  iin
 NS  λ1 is wavelength of light in the 1st medium
NS is number of turns in the secondary of the λ2 is wavelength of light in the 2nd medium
transformer
NP is number of turns in the primary of the 5) Lateral Shift due to a Parallel Sided Glass Slab:
t
transformer LS = sin(i − r)
iin is input current to the transformer cos r
i is the angle of incidence
08 Electromagnetic Waves r is the angle of refraction
1) Displacement Current: t is thickness of the glass slab
d
ID = o E 6) Normal Shift:
dt
RD
 o is permittivity of free space/vacuum NS =
AD
d E
rate of change of magnetic flux in the region RD is the real depth
dt AD is the apparent depth
2) Corrected Ampere’s Circuital Law: 7) Critical Angle:
 B  d = o IC + o I D n
n dr = d =
1
μo is permeability of free space/vacuum n r sin iC
IC is conduction current iC is critical angle for the given pair of media
ID is displacement current ndr is relative RI of the denser medium w.r.t. rarer
medium
3) Speed of Light in the given Medium nd is RI of the denser medium
1 nr is RI of the rarer medium
v=

8) Equation for Refraction Through Spherical Surface:
μ is permeability of the given medium
n 2 n1 n 2 − n1
ε is permittivity of the given medium − =
v u R
09 Ray Optics and Optical Instruments n2 is RI of the medium in which refracted rays are
1) Focal Length of the Spherical Mirror: present
R n1 is RI of the medium in which incident rays are
f= present
2 v is the image distance

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u is the object distance r2 is the angle of incidence at the 2nd interface
R is radius of the spherical refracting surface
17) Total Deviation Produced in the Prism:
9) Lens Makers Formula: δ = i1 + i2 – A
1  n2  1 1  i1 is angle of incidence at the 1st interface
=  − 1 −  i2 is the angle of refraction at the 2nd interface
f  n1  R1 R 2  A is angle of the prism
f is focal length of the lens
n2 is the RI of the material of the lens 18) RI of the Material of the Prism:
n1 is the RI of the surrounding medium
 A + Dm 
R1, R2 are radii of curvature of spherical surfaces of sin  
the lens n 21 =  2 
A
sin  
10) Thin Lens Formula: 2
1 1 1 Dm is minimum angle of deviation of the prism
= −
f v u A is angle of the prism
f is focal length of the lens n21 is the relative RI of the material of the prism w.r.t.
v is the image distance its surroundings
u is the object distance
19) Deviation Produced due to Thin Prism (A < 10°):
11) Linear Magnification due to the Lens: Dm = (n21 – 1) A
h v A is angle of the prism
m= I = n21 is the relative RI of the material of the prism w.r.t.
hO u
its surroundings
v is the image distance
u is the object distance 20) Magnification Produced due to Simple Microscope:
hI is height of the image (i) image at least distance of distinct vision:
hO is height of the object  D
m = 1 + 
12) Power of the Lens:  f 
1 D is least distance of distinct vision (= 25 cm)
P= f is focal length of the simple microscope
f
f is focal length of the lens (ii) image at infinity:
D
13) Equivalent Focal Length of Thin Lenses in Contact: m=
(i) for Two Lenses in Contact: f
f f D is least distance of distinct vision (= 25 cm)
f eq = 1 2 f is focal length of the simple microscope
f1 + f 2
f1 is focal length of the 1st lens 21) Magnification Produced due to Compound Microscope:
f2 is focal length of the 2nd lens  L  D 
m =   
(ii) for N Lenses in Contact:  f o  f e 
1 1 1 1 L is tube length of the compound microscope
= + + ... + fo is focal length of the objective
f eq f1 f 2 fN
fe is focal length of the eyepiece
fN is focal length of the Nth lens D is least distance of distinct vision (= 25 cm)

14) Equivalent Power of N Thin Lenses in Contact: 22) Angular Magnification Produced by Telescope:
Peq = P1 + P2 + P3 +  + PN  f
m= = o
PN is power of the Nth lens  fe
α is angle subtended by the image at eye
15) Equivalent Magnification of N Thin Lenses in β is angle subtended by the object at eye
Contact: fo is focal length of the objective
m = m1  m 2  m3   m N fe is focal length of the eyepiece
mN is magnification due to the Nth lens
10 Wave Optics
16) Angle of Prism: 1) Doppler Effect:
A = r 1 + r2 (i) Relative Change in wavelength
r1 is angle of refraction at the 1st interface

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 v radial
= 7) Position of nth Dark Fringe in YDSE:
 c
vradial is radial component of velocity of the light ( 2n − 1) D
x n =
source form the observer 2d
c is speed of light in vacuum n is order of the dark fringe
λ is wavelength of light emitted by the source λ is wavelength of the light
D is distance between slits and the screen
(ii) Relative Change in frequency d is distance between the slits
 v radial
=
 c 8) Fringe Width of the Fringes of YDSE:
vradial is radial component of velocity of the light D
=
source form the observer d
c is speed of light in vacuum λ is wavelength of the light
ν is frequency of light emitted by the source D is distance between slits and the screen
d is distance between the slits
2) Path Difference:
(i) Constructive Interference (Bright Spot): 9) Condition for nth Secondary Maxima in Single Slit
x = n Diffraction Experiment:
n is order of the bright spot 
λ is wavelength of the light x = a = (2n + 1)
2
a is size of the slit
(ii) Destructive Interference (Dark Spot): θ is angular position of nth order secondary maxima

x = ( 2n + 1) λ is wavelength of the light
2
n is order of the bright spot 10) Condition for nth Secondary Maxima in Single Slit
λ is wavelength of the light Diffraction Experiment:
x = a = n
3) Phase Difference: a is size of the slit
(i) Constructive Interference (Bright Spot): θ is angular position of nth minima
 = 2n λ is wavelength of the light
n is order of the bright spot
11) Width of the Central Maxima:
(ii) Destructive Interference (Dark Spot): 2 D 2  f
W= =
 = ( 2n + 1)  a a
n is order of the bright spot a is size of the slit
λ is wavelength of the light
4) Resultant Amplitude of Two Identical, Coherent D is distance between slits and the screen
Waves After Interfere: d is distance between the slits
focal length of the lens used to get sharp image

A = 2a cos  
2 12) Distance Till Ray Optics is Valid (Fresnel’s
a is amplitude of either of the wave Distance):
ϕ is phase difference between the waves a2
Zf =
5) Resultant Intensity of Two Identical, Coherent Waves 
After Interference: a is size of the slit
λ is wavelength of the light

I = 4Io cos 2  
2 13) Resolving Power of the Telescope:
Io is intensity of either of the wave D
ϕ is phase difference between the waves R=
1.22 
6) Position of nth Bright Fringe in YDSE: D is size (diameter) of the aperture
λ is wavelength of the light
n D
xn =
d 14) Limit of Resolution of the Telescope:
n is order of the bright fringe 1.22 
λ is wavelength of the light  =
D
D is distance between slits and the screen
d is distance between the slits D is size (diameter) of the aperture
λ is wavelength of the light

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15) Resolving Power of the Microscope: 6) Momentum Associated with the Photon:
2n sin  h
R= p=
1.22  c
n is RI of the oil between object and the objective h = 6.6 × 10‒34 Js, Planck’s Constant
2β is angle subtended by the diameter of the objective ν is frequency of incident radiation
lens at the focus of the microscope c is speed of the light in vacuum
λ is wavelength of the light
7) Wavelength of Matter Waves:
16) Limit of Resolution of the Microscope: h h
= =
1.22  p mv
d min =
2n sin  h = 6.6 × 10‒34 Js, Planck’s constant
n is RI of the oil between object and the objective p is linear momentum of the particle
2β is angle subtended by the diameter of the objective m is mass of the particle
lens at the focus of the microscope v is speed of the particle
λ is wavelength of the light
8) Wavelength of Moving Electron:
17) Malus Law (Intensity of Emergent Light from the h h h 1.227
= = = = [in nm]
Analyser): p 2mK 2meV V
I = I0 cos2  h = 6.6 × 10‒34 Js, Planck’s constant
I0 is intensity of polarised light falling on the analyser p is linear momentum of the electron
θ is the angle between pass-axis of the polariser and m = 9.1 × 10‒31 kg, mass of the electron
the analyser K = eV, kinetic energy of the electron
e = 1.6 × 10‒19 C, charge of the electron
18) Brewster’s Law (Brewster’s Angle): V is accelerating potential
i B = tan −1 ( n 21 )
n21 is the relative RI of the 2nd medium w.r.t 1st 9) Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle:
medium h
x p  =
2
11 Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation: Δx is uncertainty in the position of the electron
1) Energy of the Photon Δp is uncertainty in the momentum of the electron
E = hν h = 6.6 × 10‒34 Js, Planck’s constant
h = 6.6 × 10‒34 Js, Planck’s constant
ν is frequency of incident radiation 12 Atoms
1) Angular Momentum of Revolving Electron in an
2) Work Function of the Metal: Atom in the nth Orbit:
W = hνo  h 
h = 6.6 × 10‒34 Js, Planck’s constant Ln = mvn rn = n  
 2 
νo is threshold frequency of the metal surface ‒31
m = 9.1 × 10 kg, mass of the electron
3) Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation (Maximum Kinetic vn is speed of the electron in the nth orbit
Energy of Photo Electrons): rn is radius of the nth orbit
h = 6.6 × 10‒34 Js, Planck’s constant
1
K max = mv 2 = h − W = h − h o
2 2) Energy of the Photon Released during Transition of
h = 6.6 × 10‒34 Js, Planck’s constant Electron from Higher Energy Level to Lower Energy
ν is frequency of incident radiation Level:
νo is threshold frequency of the metal surface E = h = E i − E f
W is work function of the metal surface h = 6.6 × 10‒34 Js, Planck’s constant
m = 9.1 × 10‒31 kg, mass of the electron ν is frequency of photon radiated
v is speed of the photo electrons Ei is initial higher energy level of the electron
Ef is final lower energy level of the electron
4) Maximum Kinetic Energy of Photo Electrons:
K max = eV0 3) Radius of nth Orbit of Hydrogen Like Atom:
e = 1.6 × 10‒19 C, charge of the electron n 2 h 2 o
V0 is stopping potential rn =
mZe2
m = 9.1 × 10‒31 kg, mass of the electron
5) Stopping Potential: rn is radius of the nth orbit
V0 [in V] = K max [in eV] h = 6.6 × 10‒34 Js, Planck’s constant
Kmax is Maximum Kinetic Energy of Photo Electrons

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εo is permittivity of free space/vacuum M1 is mass of the of the 1st isotope
Z is atomic number of the atom M2 is mass of the of the 2nd isotope
e = 1.6 × 10‒19 C, charge of the electron X is percentage of abundance of 1st isotope

4) Speed of the Electron in nth Orbit of Hydrogen Like 2) Radius of the Nuclei:
1
Atom: R = R 0A 3
Ze 2 R0 = 1.2 × 10‒15 m, a constant
vn =
2nh o A is mass number of the nucleus
h = 6.6 × 10‒34 Js, Planck’s constant
εo is permittivity of free space/vacuum 3) Mass Defect of Nucleus:
Z is atomic number of the atom ΔM =[Zmp + (A − Z )mn ] – M
e = 1.6 × 10‒19 C, charge of the electron Z is atomic number of the nucleus
A is mass number of the nucleus
5) Kinetic Energy of the Electron in nth Orbit of mp is mass of the proton
Hydrogen Like Atom: mn is mass of the proton
Z2 e 4 m M is experimental mass of the nucleus
Kn = 2 2 2
8n h o
4) Nuclear binding Energy:
h = 6.6 × 10‒34 Js, Planck’s constant Eb = ΔMc2
εo is permittivity of free space/vacuum ΔM is mass defect of the nucleus
Z is atomic number of the atom c is speed of the light in vacuum
e = 1.6 × 10‒19 C, charge of the electron
m = 9.1 × 10‒31 kg, mass of the electron 5) Binding Energy per Nucleon of Nucleus:
E
6) Potential Energy of the Electron in nth Orbit of E bn = b
A
Hydrogen Like Atom:
A is mass number of the nucleus
Z2 e 4 m
Un = − 2 2 2 Eb is binding energy of the nucleus
4n h o
h = 6.6 × 10‒34 Js, Planck’s constant 6) Binding Energy in MeV:
εo is permittivity of free space/vacuum Eb = ΔM[in amu] × 931
Z is atomic number of the atom ΔM is mass defect of the nucleus
e = 1.6 × 10‒19 C, charge of the electron
m = 9.1 × 10‒31 kg, mass of the electron 7) Activity of the Radioactive Sample:
A = λN
7) Total Energy of the Electron in nth Orbit of Hydrogen λ is decay constant of the radioactive sample
Like Atom: N is number of radio active nuclei left in the sample
Z2 e 4 m Z2 (13.6)
En = K n + Un = − 2 2 2 = − [in eV] 8) Number of Nuclei Left in the Sample:
8n h o n2
N = N0e−t
h = 6.6 × 10‒34 Js, Planck’s constant
εo is permittivity of free space/vacuum N0 is initial number of nuclei in the sample
Z is atomic number of the atom λ is decay constant of the radioactive sample
e = 1.6 × 10‒19 C, charge of the electron t is time elapsed
m = 9.1 × 10‒31 kg, mass of the electron
9) Half-Life of the Radio Active Sample:
8) Wave Number of Emitted Photon When Electron 0.693
T1 =
Makes Transition: 2 
1  1 1  λ is decay constant of the radioactive sample
= R 2 − 2 
  nf ni  10) Mean-Life of the Radio Active Sample:
λ is wavelength of photon emitted 1
R = 1.097 × 107 m‒1, Rydberg’s constant =

nf is orbit of final energy state
λ is decay constant of the radioactive sample
ni is orbit of initial energy state

13 Nuclei 14 Semiconductor Electronics

1) Weighted Average of the Masses of the Element 1) Relation between Hole Concentration (nh) and Free
having Two Isotopes (Average Mass of the Element) Electron Concentration (ne) in the Extrinsic
m  X + M 2  (100 − X) Semiconductor:
M= 1 nenh = ni2
100 ni is intrinsic charge carrier concentration
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